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Chen X, Zou B, Yang Z. CircACTR2 attenuated the effects of tetramethylpyrazine on human kidney cell injury. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:273-284. [PMID: 38427129 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-024-10001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the active ingredients of Chuan Xiong that has been reported to have effects on numerous diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Whereas, related molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We aimed to explore circACTR2's role in TMP-mediated protective effects on DN. In vitro DN condition was established in human kidney cells (HK-2) by treating high glucose (HG). CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry assay were used to observe cell viability and survival. Oxidative stress was determined by the associated markers using kits. The release of inflammatory factors was detected using ELISA kits. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot were utilized for expression analysis of cricACTR2, miR-140-5p, and GLI pathogenesis-related 2 (GLIPR2). The binding between miR-140-5p and circACTR2 or GLIPR2 was confirmed by dual-luciferase, RIP, and pull-down studies. HG largely induced HK-2 cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which were alleviated by TMP. CircACTR2's expression was enhanced in HG-treated HK-2 cells but attenuated in HG + TMP-treated HK-2 cells. CircACTR2 overexpression attenuated the functional effects of TMP and thus restored HG-induced cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. CircACTR2 bound to miR-140-5p to enhance the expression of GLIPR2. MiR-140-5p restoration or GLIPR2 inhibition reversed the role of circACTR2 overexpression. CircACTR2 attenuated the protective effects of TMP on HG-induced HK-2 cell damages by regulating the miR-140-5p/GLIPR2 network, indicating that circACTR2 was involved in the functional network of TMP in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Chen
- Department of endocrinology, Taihe Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 59 Tuanjie West Road, Taihe County, Fuyang, 236600, Anhui, China.
| | - Bin Zou
- Department of endocrinology, Taihe Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 59 Tuanjie West Road, Taihe County, Fuyang, 236600, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of endocrinology, Taihe Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 59 Tuanjie West Road, Taihe County, Fuyang, 236600, Anhui, China
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2
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Feng Y, Ren Y, Zhang X, Yang S, Jiao Q, Li Q, Jiang W. Metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine targeting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway for hypoglycemic effect in type 2 diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1373711. [PMID: 38799166 PMCID: PMC11116707 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1373711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the tightly intertwined connection between the insulin resistance pathway and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and its associated targets is essential for hypoglycemia and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, metabolites isolated from traditional Chinese medicine has received more attention and acceptance for its superior bioactivity, high safety, and fewer side effects. Meanwhile, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the metabolites present in traditional Chinese medicine possess better bioactivities in regulating the balance of glucose metabolism, ameliorating insulin resistance, and preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In this article, we reviewed the literature related to the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine improving IR and possessing therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, focusing on the hypoglycemic mechanism of the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetes mellitus and elaborating on the significant role of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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3
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Chapple B, Woodfin S, Moore W. The Perfect Cup? Coffee-Derived Polyphenols and Their Roles in Mitigating Factors Affecting Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Molecules 2024; 29:751. [PMID: 38398503 PMCID: PMC10891742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing health concern with an estimated 462 million people having been diagnosed worldwide. T2D is characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose and insulin resistance, which culminate in a diminished function of the β-cell mass in its later stages. This can be perpetuated by and result in inflammation, excess reactive oxygen species production, obesity, and the dysregulation of multiple cellular pathways. Many naturally occurring small molecules have been investigated in terms of their roles in modulating glucose homeostasis and β-cell function. Many of these compounds can be found in commonly used sources of food and drink. Interestingly, a correlation has been observed between coffee consumption and T2D incidence. However, the specific compounds responsible for this correlation and their mechanisms are still somewhat undetermined. This paper reviews recent research findings on the effects of several polyphenols that are either found in coffee or are metabolites of compounds found in coffee (enterodiol, enterolactone, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, kaempferol, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid) on glucose homeostasis and health complications associated with glucose dysregulation, with a special emphasis on their potential anti-diabetic effects. The factors that affect polyphenol content in coffee are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Moore
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA; (B.C.); (S.W.)
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Alkanad M, Hani U, V AH, Ghazwani M, Haider N, Osmani RAM, M D P, Hamsalakshmi, Bhat R. Bitter yet beneficial: The dual role of dietary alkaloids in managing diabetes and enhancing cognitive function. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38169069 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of diabetes and its association with cognitive impairment, interest in the use of dietary alkaloids and other natural products has grown significantly. Understanding how these compounds manage diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) is crucial. This comprehensive review explores the etiology of DCD and the effects of alkaloids in foods and dietary supplements that have been investigated as DCD therapies. Data on how dietary alkaloids like berberine, trigonelline, caffeine, capsaicin, 1-deoxynojirimycin, nuciferine, neferine, aegeline, tetramethylpyrazine, piperine, and others regulate cognition in diabetic disorders were collected from PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, Science Direct, and other relevant databases. Dietary alkaloids could improve memory in behavioral models and modulate the mechanisms underlying the cognitive benefits of these compounds, including their effects on glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, vasculopathy, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that dietary alkaloids hold promise for improving cognition in diabetic patients and could open exciting avenues for future research in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Alkanad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, India
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Annegowda H V
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, India
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Pandareesh M D
- Center for Research and Innovations, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT, Mandya, India
| | - Hamsalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Cauvery College of Pharmacy, Cauvery Group of Institutions, Mysuru, India
| | - Rajeev Bhat
- ERA-Chair in Food By-Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Li Y, Li F, Ding M, Ma Z, Li S, Qu J, Li X. Chuanxiong Rhizoma extracts prevent liver fibrosis via targeting CTCF-c-MYC-H19 pathway. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:82-93. [PMID: 38375042 PMCID: PMC10874761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepatic fibrosis has been widely considered as a conjoint consequence of almost all chronic liver diseases. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuanxiong in Chinese, CX) is a traditional Chinese herbal product to prevent cerebrovascular, gynecologic and hepatic diseases. Our previous study found that CX extracts significantly reduced collagen contraction force of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Here, this study aimed to compare the protection of different CX extracts on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis and investigate plausible underlying mechanisms. Methods The active compounds of CX extracts were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Network pharmacology was used to determine potential targets of CX against hepatic fibrosis. Bile duct hyperplasia and liver fibrosis were evaluated by serologic testing and histopathological evaluation. The expression of targets of interest was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot. Results Different CX extracts were identified by tetramethylpyrazine, ferulic acid and senkyunolide A. Based on the network pharmacological analysis, 42 overlap targets were obtained via merging the candidates targets of CX and liver fibrosis. Different aqueous, alkaloid and phthalide extracts of CX (CXAE, CXAL and CXPHL) significantly inhibited diffuse severe bile duct hyperplasia and thus suppressed hepatic fibrosis by decreasing CCCTC binding factor (CTCF)-c-MYC-long non-coding RNA H19 (H19) pathway in the BDL-induced mouse model. Meanwhile, CX extracts, especially CXAL and CXPHL also suppressed CTCF-c-MYC-H19 pathway and inhibited ductular reaction in cholangiocytes stimulated with taurocholate acid (TCA), lithocholic acid (LCA) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), as illustrated by decreased bile duct proliferation markers. Conclusion Our data supported that different CX extracts, especially CXAL and CXPHL significantly alleviated hepatic fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia via inhibiting CTCF-c-MYC-H19 pathway, providing novel insights into the anti-fibrotic mechanism of CX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiaorong Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Zhu Y, Zhai S, Li B, Zhao Z, Xie J, Ren T. Wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt Juices Grown at Different Altitudes Regulate Blood Glucose in Type 1 Diabetic Mice via the PI3K/Akt Pathway. J Med Food 2023; 26:831-842. [PMID: 37890111 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore hypoglycemic effect of wild Rosa roxburghii tratt (RRT) juice at different altitudes on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The T1DM mouse model was induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and the experiment included a normal group (NC), model group (MC), wild RRT juice groups high (HF), medium (MF), low altitude (DF) and cultivated control group (PC). During experiment, food intake, water intake, body weight, and fasting blood glucose were measured. After 28 days of administration, glucose tolerance, glycogen level, lipid profiles, and antioxidation levels in serum and liver were measured, and histomorphological changes of liver and kidney were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results showed that wild RRT juice reduced blood glucose level, alleviated liver and kidney tissue damage, improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and attenuated oxidative damage in T1DM mice. Western blot showed that wild RRT juice at grown at different altitudes significantly increased protein abundance of PI3K, Akt, and GLUT2 in liver of T1DM mice. In conclusion, wild RRT juice from different altitudes improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and oxidative damage in T1DM mice, which may be attributed to activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Overall effect: MF > PC > HF > DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Suzhen Zhai
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Wang G, Liu Z, Liang D, Yu J, Wang T, Zhou F, Chen W. Aqueous extract of Polygonatum sibiricum ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14402. [PMID: 36226981 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the protective effects and elucidate the mechanisms of aqueous extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (PSAE) on glucolipid metabolism during the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). C57BL/6J mice fed with 60% high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection to simulate the occurrence process of T2DM. PSAE was administered daily by oral gavage during the experiment. The results demonstrated the protective effects in mice supplied with PSAE on the indicators of glycolipid metabolism (body weight, fasting blood glucose, the area under the curve, hemoglobin A1c, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and liver triglyceride) compared with the Model group mice. Furthermore, PSAE can ameliorate insulin resistance in mice liver by activating phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway signaling. Overall, our research suggested that PSAE can effectively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism during the development of T2DM as an alternative functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease which is characterized by abnormal metabolism of glucose and lipoid and nowadays it has been one of the most representative chronic systemic progressive metabolic diseases. Polygonatum sibiricum is a traditional Chinese galenical and it also can be used as food ingredients. PSAE is the aqueous extract of Polygonatum sibiricum. 34% polysaccharides were detected in PSAE and it can effectively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism during the development of T2DM in mice. Thus, PSAE might be a promising functional food for regulation of glucolipid metabolism and the study also provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of food about Polygonatum sibiricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Di Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinchuan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fuding Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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8
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John A, Howarth FC, Raza H. Exercise alleviates diabetic complications by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade and mitochondrial metabolic stress in GK diabetic rat tissues. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1052608. [PMID: 36531176 PMCID: PMC9751475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1052608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, obesity (referred to as "diabesity"), and metabolic syndrome associated with increased insulin resistance and/or decreased insulin sensitivity have been implicated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in energy metabolism. The precise molecular mechanisms of these complications, however, remain to be clarified. Owing to the limitations and off-target side effects of antidiabetic drugs, exercise-induced control of hyperglycemia and increased insulin sensitivity is a preferred strategy to manage "diabesity" associated complications. In this study, we have investigated the effects of moderate exercise (1 h/day, 5 days a week for 60 days) on mitochondrial, metabolic, and oxidative stress-related changes in the liver and kidney of type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Our previous study, using the same exercise regimen, demonstrated improved energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in the pancreas of GK diabetic rats. Our current study demonstrates exercise-induced inhibition of ROS production and NADPH oxidase enzyme activity, as well as lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in the liver and kidney of GK rats. Interestingly, glutathione (GSH) content and GSH-peroxidase and GSH reductase enzymes as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were profoundly altered in diabetic rat tissues. Exercise helped in restoring the altered GSH metabolism and antioxidant homeostasis. An increase in cytosolic glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase, and a decrease in mitochondrial Kreb's cycle enzyme was observed in GK diabetic rat tissues. Exercise helped restore the altered energy metabolism. A significant decrease in the activities of mitochondrial complexes and ATP content was also observed in the GK rats and exercise regulated the activities of the respiratory complexes and improved energy utilization. Activation of cytochrome P450s, CYP 2E1, and CYP 3A4 was observed in the tissues of GK rats, which recovered after exercise. Altered expression of redox-responsive proteins and translocation of transcription factor NFκB-p65, accompanied by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), SIRT-1, Glut-4, and PPAR-γ suggests the induction of antioxidant defense responses and increased energy metabolism in GK diabetic rats after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haider Raza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,*Correspondence: Haider Raza,
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Chi MH, Chao J, Ko CY, Huang SS. An Ethnopharmaceutical Study on the Hypolipidemic Formulae in Taiwan Issued by Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900693. [PMID: 36188612 PMCID: PMC9520573 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately one-third of ischemic heart diseases are due to hyperlipidemia, which has been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. This study was aimed to disassemble and analyze hypolipidemic formulae sold by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacies. Using commonly used statistical parameters in ethnopharmacology, we identified the core drug combination of the hypolipidemic formulae, thereby exploring the strategy by which the Taiwanese people select hypolipidemic drugs. Most important of all, we preserved the inherited knowledge of TCM. We visited 116 TCM pharmacies in Taiwan and collected 91 TCM formulae. The formulae were mainly disassembled by macroscopical identification, and the medicinal materials with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) >0.2 were defined as commonly used medicinal materials. Subsequently, we sorted the information of medicinal materials recorded in the Pharmacopeia, searched for modern pharmacological research on commonly used medicinal materials using PubMed database, and visualized data based on the statistical results. Finally, the core hypolipidemic medicinal materials used in folk medicine were obtained. Of the 91 TCM formulae collected in this study, 80 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were used, belonging to 43 families, predominantly Lamiaceae. Roots were the most commonly used part as a medicinal material. There were 17 commonly used medicinal materials. Based on medicinal records in Pharmacopeia, most flavors and properties were warm and pungent, the majority traditional effects were “tonifying and replenishing” and “blood-regulating.” Besides, the targeted diseases searching from modern pharmacological studies were diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The core medicinal materials consisted of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, and the core formulae were Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang and Xie-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang. In addition, 7 groups of folk misused medicinal materials were found. Although these TCMs have been used for a long period of time, their hypolipidemic mechanisms remain unclear, and further studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Han Chi
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chao
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Ko
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shyh-Shyun Huang,
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10
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The Oral Tumor Cell Exosome miR-10b Stimulates Cell Invasion and Relocation via AKT Signaling. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:3188992. [PMID: 36072619 PMCID: PMC9398826 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3188992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An exosome derived from a cancer cell has been identified to regulate intercellular communication. However, the roles of oral cancer-derived ectodomains in tumor metastasis need to be investigated further. We investigated their roles in oral cancer cells in this paper. The enforcing effect on oral cancer cells was attributed primarily to miR-10b, a gene with a high level in exosomes that is transferred to recipient cells via oral cancer-derived exosomes. Exosomes were obtained by exosome isolation reagents. Also, exosome identification and analysis were performed by electron microscopy. The expression of miRNAs was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Also, invasion and migration experiments were performed to assay and evaluate the function of exosomal miR-10b. Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-10b promoted oral cancer cell behaviors, according to the findings. Finally, it was discovered that AKT signaling participates in regulating exosome-mediated invasion and migration of oral cancer cells and its activation reduced the inhibitory effect of miR-10b knockdown on oral cancer cells. Exosomal miR-10b derived from oral cancer cells enhances cell invasion and migration by activating AKT signaling.
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11
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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12
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Terminalia catappa aqueous leaf extract reverses insulin resistance, improves glucose transport and activates PI3K/AKT signalling in high fat/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10711. [PMID: 35739183 PMCID: PMC9226017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in sub-Saharan Africa has necessitated surveys of antidiabetic medicinal plants. This study assessed the antidiabetic mechanism of Terminalia catappa aqueous leaf extract (TCA) in high fat/low dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. T2DM was induced by a combination of high-fat diet and low dose STZ (30 mg/kg bw) and the animals were administered with TCA (400 and 800 mg/kg bw) orally daily for 28 days. Biochemical parameters and indices for diabetes including renal function tests and pancreatic histology were evaluated. Relative expression of hepatic insulin resistance, signalling and glucose transport genes were also assessed. Induction of T2DM resulted in significant (p < 0.05) weight loss, dysregulated glucose level and clearance, electrolyte imbalance and disrupted diabetic biochemical parameters. Diabetes onset also perturbed β-cell function and insulin resistance indices, damaged pancreas microanatomy, while disrupting the expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT) and glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT-4) mRNA. Oral treatment of diabetic animals with TCA significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated alterations due to T2DM induction in a manner comparable with glibenclamide. These results suggest TCA exerts its antidiabetic action by reversing insulin resistance, improving glucose transport and activating PI3K/AKT signalling.
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13
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Tetramethylpyrazine Attenuates Cognitive Impairment Via Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2431-2444. [PMID: 35665448 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is an important complication observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is known to exhibit anti-diabetic and neuroprotective properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible therapeutic effects of TMP against type 2 diabetes-associated cognitive impairment in rats. High-fat diet (HFD) followed by a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. TMP (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) and Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) were administered for 4 weeks. The Morris water maze (MWM) and novel objective recognition task (NOR) tests were used to assess memory function. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, HOMA-IR, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and glucose tolerance were measured. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetytransferase (ChAT) activity, acetylcholine (ACh) levels, oxidative stress, apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-kβ) were assessed. BDNF, p-AKT, and p-CREB levels were also measured. In the present work, we observed that treatment of diabetic rats with TMP alleviated learning and memory deficits, improved insulin sensitivity, and attenuated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, treatment with TMP increased BDNF, p-Akt, and p-CREB levels, normalized cholinergic dysfunction, and suppressed oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers in the hippocampus. Collectively, our results suggest that the TMP may be an effective neuroprotective agent in alleviating type 2 diabetes-associated cognitive deficits.
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14
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Tetramethylpyrazine: A review on its mechanisms and functions. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113005. [PMID: 35483189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (known as Chuanxiong in China, CX) is one of the most widely used and long-standing medicinal herbs in China. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an alkaloid and one of the active components of CX. Over the past few decades, TMP has been proven to possess several pharmacological properties. It has been used to treat a variety of diseases with excellent therapeutic effects. Here, the pharmacological characteristics and molecular mechanism of TMP in recent years are reviewed, with an emphasis on the signal-regulation mechanism of TMP. This review shows that TMP has many physiological functions, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties; autophagy regulation; vasodilation; angiogenesis regulation; mitochondrial damage suppression; endothelial protection; reduction of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells; and neuroprotection. At present, TMP is used in treating cardiovascular, nervous, and digestive system conditions, cancer, and other conditions and has achieved good curative effects. The therapeutic mechanism of TMP involves multiple targets, multiple pathways, and bidirectional regulation. TMP is, thus, a promising drug with great research potential.
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15
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Ye H, He Y, Zheng C, Wang F, Yang M, Lin J, Xu R, Zhang D. Type 2 Diabetes Complicated With Heart Failure: Research on Therapeutic Mechanism and Potential Drug Development Based on Insulin Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816588. [PMID: 35308248 PMCID: PMC8927800 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF) are diseases characterized by high morbidity and mortality. They often occur simultaneously and increase the risk of each other. T2DM complicated with HF, as one of the most dangerous disease combinations in modern medicine, is more common in middle-aged and elderly people, making the treatment more difficult. At present, the combination of blood glucose control and anti-heart failure is a common therapy for patients with T2DM complicated with HF, but their effect is not ideal, and many hypoglycemic drugs have the risk of heart failure. Abnormal insulin signaling pathway, as a common pathogenic mechanism in T2DM and HF, could lead to pathological features such as insulin resistance (IR), myocardial energy metabolism disorders, and vascular endothelial disorders. The therapy based on the insulin signaling pathway may become a specific therapeutic target for T2DM patients with HF. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms and potential drugs of insulin signaling pathway in the treatment of T2DM complicated with HF, with a view to opening up a new perspective for the treatment of T2DM patients with HF and the research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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16
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Aamir K, Khan HU, Hossain CF, Afrin MR, Jusuf PR, Waheed I, Sethi G, Arya A. Arjunolic acid downregulates elevated blood sugar and pro-inflammatory cytokines in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Life Sci 2022; 289:120232. [PMID: 34919901 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide health issue primarily due to failure of pancreatic β-cells to release sufficient insulin. PURPOSE The present work aimed to assess the antidiabetic potential of arjunolic acid (AA) isolated from Terminalia arjuna in type 2 diabetic rats. STUDY DESIGN After extraction, isolation and purification, AA was orally administered to type 2 diabetic Sprague Dawley rats to investigate antidiabetic effect of AA. METHOD T2DM was induced via single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NIC) in adult male rats. After 10 days, fasting and random blood glucose (FBG and RBG), body weight (BW), food and water intake, serum C-peptide, insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured to confirm T2DM development. Dose dependent effects of orally administered AA (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks was investigated by measuring BW variation, fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and levels of serum HbA1c, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), serum and pancreatic C-peptide, insulin, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), serum and pancreatic inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS The oral administration of AA in preclinical model of T2DM significantly normalized FBG and RBG, restored BW, controlled polyphagia, polydipsia and glucose tolerance. In addition, AA notably reduced serum HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL with non-significant increase in HDL. On the other hand, significant increase in serum and pancreatic C-peptide and insulin was observed with AA treatment, while serum and pancreatic GDF-15 were non-significantly altered in AA treated diabetic rats. Moreover, AA showed dose dependent reduction in serum and pancreatic proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSION For the first time our findings highlighted AA as a potential candidate in type 2 diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Aamir
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmacy, Canal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selengor, Malaysia
| | - Chowdhury Faiz Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Rejina Afrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Imran Waheed
- Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmacy, Canal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
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Alterations in Energy Metabolism, Mitochondrial Function and Redox Homeostasis in GK Diabetic Rat Tissues Treated with Aspirin. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12010104. [PMID: 35054496 PMCID: PMC8780217 DOI: 10.3390/life12010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies have demonstrated that aspirin treatment prevents inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced alterations in mitochondrial function, improves glucose tolerance and pancreatic endocrine function and preserves tissue-specific glutathione (GSH)-dependent redox homeostasis in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rats. In the current study, we have investigated the mechanism of action of aspirin in maintaining mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox metabolism in the liver and kidneys of GK rats. Aspirin reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress-induced changes in GSH metabolism. Aspirin treatment also improved mitochondrial respiratory function and energy metabolism, in addition to regulating the expression of cell signaling proteins that were altered in diabetic animals. Ultrastructural electron microscopy studies revealed decreased accumulation of glycogen in the liver of aspirin-treated diabetic rats. Hypertrophic podocytes with irregular fusion of foot processes in the renal glomerulus and detached microvilli, condensed nuclei and degenerated mitochondria observed in the proximal convoluted tubules of GK rats were partially restored by aspirin. These results provide additional evidence to support our previous observation of moderation of diabetic complications by aspirin treatment in GK rats and may have implications for cautious use of aspirin in the therapeutic management of diabetes.
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18
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Wang J, Wang L, Zhou H, Liang XD, Zhang MT, Tang YX, Wang JH, Mao JL. The isolation, structural features and biological activities of polysaccharide from Ligusticum chuanxiong: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 285:118971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Barocio-Pantoja M, Quezada-Fernández P, Cardona-Müller D, Jiménez-Cázarez MB, Larios-Cárdenas M, González-Radillo OI, García-Sánchez A, Carmona-Huerta J, Chávez-Guzmán AN, Díaz-Preciado PA, Balleza-Alejandri R, Pascoe-González S, Grover-Páez F. Green Tea Extract Increases Soluble RAGE and Improves Renal Function in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. J Med Food 2021; 24:1264-1270. [PMID: 34788550 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the proposed mechanisms for the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the increase of end products of advanced glycosylation (AGEs), which bind to its receptor (RAGE), favoring nephron cellular damage. An isoform of this receptor is soluble RAGE (sRAGE), which can antagonize AGE-altered intracellular signaling. It has known that green tea extract (GTE) increases the expression of sRAGE, but it is unknown whether this could improve kidney function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of GTE on the concentrations of sRAGE, renal function, and metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and DN. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 39 patients who received GTE (400 mg every 12 h) or placebo for 3 months. sRAGE levels, renal function, and metabolic parameters were determined before and after the intervention. In the GTE group, there were statistically significant increase on sRAGE (320.55 ± 157.63 pg/mL vs. 357.59 ± 144.99 pg/mL; P = .04) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 66.44 ± 15.17 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 71.70 ± 19.33 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .04), and a statistically significant decrease in fasting serum glucose (7.62 ± 3.00 mmol/L vs. 5.86 ± 1.36 mmol/L; P ≤ .01) and triacylglycerols (1.91 ± 0.76 mmol/L vs. 1.58 ± 0.69; P = .02). Administration of GTE increases the serum concentration of sRAGE and the GFR and decreases the concentration of fasting serum glucose and triacylglycerols. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03622762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycruz Barocio-Pantoja
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Patricia Quezada-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - David Cardona-Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mayra B Jiménez-Cázarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mariana Larios-Cárdenas
- Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Oscar I González-Radillo
- Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Andrés García-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jaime Carmona-Huerta
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana N Chávez-Guzmán
- Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Paul A Díaz-Preciado
- State Health Services, Health Secretary of the State of Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Balleza-Alejandri
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Sara Pascoe-González
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Fernando Grover-Páez
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Experimental Therapeutic and Clinic Institute, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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20
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Seetharaman R, Pawar S, Advani M. One hundred years since insulin discovery: An update on current and future perspectives for pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:1598-1612. [PMID: 34608666 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus was considered a fatal malady until the discovery, extraction and commercial availability of insulins. Numerous other classes of drugs ranging from sulfonylureas to sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors were then marketed. However, with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increasing every year, many more drugs and therapies are under investigation. This review article aimed to summarize the significant developments in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus and outline the progress made by the recent advances, 100 years since insulins were first extracted successfully. Insulin analogues and insulin delivery pumps have further improved glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular and renal outcome trials have changed the landscape of diabetology, with some of these drugs also efficacious in nondiabetics. Newer drug delivery systems are being evaluated to improve the efficacy and reduce the dosing frequency and adverse effects of antidiabetics. Some newer drugs with novel mechanisms of action targeting type 1 and type 2 diabetes have also shown promise in recent clinical trials. These drugs include dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1-agonists, glucokinase activators, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies and glimins. Their efficacy needs to be evaluated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohan Seetharaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College & General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudhir Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College & General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India
| | - Manjari Advani
- Department of Pharmacology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College & General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India
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21
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Yang Q, Shen F, Zhang F, Bai X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. The combination of two natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum: A review of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211039130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has been clinically used in China for many years, with experimental studies and clinical trials having demonstrated that it is safe and valid. Among many traditional natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been proven to be effective in the treatment of relieving pain. Actually, as well as analgesic, they have common attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular benefits, and anticancer activities, with volatile oils being their major components. Furthermore, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, with examples being Chuanxiong Chatiao San and Chuanxiongxixintang. More interestingly, their combination has better therapeutic effects on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of Chuanxiong and Asarum forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical components, such as the contents of the main active ingredients, ferulic acid and ligustilide, increased significantly after this progress. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination appearing to be more powerful, such as synergistic analgesic. This review focuses on the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Chuanxiong, Asarum, and Chuanxiong Asarum compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Fangli Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Fengqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Haizhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Western Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Drug Engineering Center, Dali, P.R. China
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22
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Brexpiprazole caused glycolipid metabolic disorder by inhibiting GLP1/GLP1R signaling in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1267-1279. [PMID: 33976388 PMCID: PMC8285380 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brexpiprazole (Bre) is a new multi-target antipsychotic drug (APD) approved by the US FDA in 2015, and shows good therapeutic potential. But it lacks assessments on the metabolic side effects, which obstructs the treatment of schizophrenia. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), an incretin associated with insulin action and metabolism, is involved in the metabolic syndrome (MS) caused by most APDs. In this study, we examined the adverse effects of Bre on glycolipid metabolism in rats and determined whether GLP1 was involved in Bre-caused MS. In the first part of experiments, rats were orally administered Bre (0.5 mg· kg-1· d-1) for 28 days with aripiprazole (1.0 mg· kg-1· d-1) or olanzapine (1.0 mg· kg-1· d-1) as the controls. Compared to vehicle, Bre administration significantly increased the weight gain, serum lipid (TG, TC, LDL, FFA), and blood glucose levels accompanied by the hormonal (insulin, glucagon, GLP1) imbalance, and the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, we demonstrated that Bre administration significantly decreased the protein and mRNA levels of GLP1 in pancreas and small intestine by suppressing CaMKIIα, AMPK, and β-catenin; Bre administration also caused islet dysfunction with decreased GLP1R, PI3K, IRβ expression in pancreas, and the interference of IRS1, PI3K, p-AKT, and GLUT4 expression in the liver and skeletal muscle that represented the insulin resistance. In the second part of experiments, rats were orally administered Bre (0.5 mg· kg-1· d-1) for 42 days. We showed that co-administration with the GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) agonist liraglutide (0.125 mg· kg-1· d-1, ip) could ameliorate Bre-caused metabolic abnormalities. Our results demonstrate that GLP1/GLP1R signaling is involved in Bre-induced glycolipid metabolic disorders and co-treatment with liraglutide is an effective intervention against those abnormal metabolisms.
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23
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Paulino BN, Sales A, Felipe L, Pastore GM, Molina G, Bicas JL. Recent advances in the microbial and enzymatic production of aroma compounds. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu HM, Huang Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Cong X, Wu LL, Xiang RL. MicroRNA-mRNA expression profiles and functional network of submandibular gland in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 120:104947. [PMID: 33113460 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyposalivation is a common symptom of diabetes. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, the specific effects of miRNAs on diabetic salivary glands are not clear. DESIGN We used high-throughput technologies to screen differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and mRNAs in submandibular gland (SMG) tissues from db/db mice and db/m mice. DE miRNAs and mRNAs were confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Twenty-eight DE miRNAs and 1146 DE mRNAs were identified between the SMG tissues of db/db mice and db/m mice. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated that the DE miRNAs were highly associated with terms related to diverse biological processes and signalling pathways. Of the related pathways, the tight junction pathway, autophagy pathway and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway were notable. AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 (AKT3) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD) may also play important roles in the development of diabetes-mediated hyposalivation. CONCLUSIONS Our research described the miRNA-mRNA expression profiles and miRNA-mRNA network in the SMG tissues of db/db mice. These results provide possible molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced hyposalivation and information for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Xia ZH, Zhang SY, Chen YS, Li K, Chen WB, Liu YQ. Curcumin anti-diabetic effect mainly correlates with its anti-apoptotic actions and PI3K/Akt signal pathway regulation in the liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111803. [PMID: 33035629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of curcumin on type 2 diabetes and its underlying mechanisms. A type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model was established by providing high-fat diet and low doses of streptozotocin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus rats were treated with low dose and high dose of curcumin for 8 weeks. The results showed that high-dose curcumin significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase, liver coefficient, and malondialdehyde levels, and BCL2-Associated X expression in the type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. High-dose curcumin increased the levels of liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione; as well as the expression of liver B-cell lymphoma-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B, and phosphorylated protein kinase B in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Furthermore, it ameliorated the histological structure of the liver and pancreas in diabetes mellitus model rats. However, low-dose curcumin had no significant effect on diabetes mellitus model rats. The results suggest that adequate doses of curcumin controls type 2 diabetes mellitus development as well as the mechanism involved in its anti-apoptotic actions and phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase/protein kinase B signal pathway regulation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hong Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Sai-Ya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Si Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wen-Bo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Xiang Y, Liu Y, Xiao F, Sun X, Wang X, Wang Y. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine improves diet-induced whole-body insulin resistance via suppressing white adipose tissue lipolysis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:605-612. [PMID: 32900485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and liver arises when nutrient storage systems are exposed to chronic energy surplus, leading to whole-body insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. One recent study has shown 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), highly enriched in roasted foodstuffs, such as cocoa and peanuts, significantly decreases blood lipids levels and ameliorates ApoE-defect induced atherosclerosis suggesting a potent role of TMP in lipid dysregulation improvement. Here, we evaluated the impact of TMP treatment on high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. Using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic mouse clamp, we demonstrated 4-week TMP treatment improved whole-body insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice through suppressing lipolysis in white adipose tissue associated with reduced triglyceride in liver and improved glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Collectively, our work provides proof-of-concept data to support the development of white adipose tissue-targeted medicine for the treatment of metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yanyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.
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27
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Niu SL, Tong ZF, Zhang Y, Liu TL, Tian CL, Zhang DX, Liu MC, Li B, Tian JL. Novel Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor-Geranylated Flavonoid from Mulberry Leaves Ameliorates Insulin Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8223-8231. [PMID: 32650643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry leaf is a common vegetable with a variety of beneficial effects, such as hypoglycemic activity. However, the underlying mechanism of its hypoglycemic effect have not been fully revealed. In this study, two flavonoid derivatives were isolated from mulberry leaves, a new geranylated flavonoid compound (1) and its structural analogue (2). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis. To study the potential hypoglycemic properties of these compounds, their regulatory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) were investigated. In comparison to oleanolic acid, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory activities (IC50 = 4.53 ± 0.31 and 10.53 ± 1.76 μM) against PTP1B, the positive control (IC50 = 7.94 ± 0.76 μM). Molecular docking predicted the binding sites of compound 1 to PTP1B. In insulin-resistance HepG2 cell, compound 1 promoted glucose consumption in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot and polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that compound 1 might regulate glucose consumption through the PTP1B/IRS/PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, geranylated flavonoids in mulberry leaves inhibite PTP1B and increase the glucose consumption in insulin-resistant cells. These findings provide an important basis for the use of mulberry leaf flavonoids as a dietary supplement to regulate glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, College of Aninal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Long Tian
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing, College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People's Republic of China
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28
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Han Y, Lai J, Tao J, Tai Y, Zhou W, Guo P, Wang Z, Wang M, Wang Q. Sustaining Circulating Regulatory T Cell Subset Contributes to the Therapeutic Effect of Paroxetine on Mice With Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2020; 84:1587-1598. [PMID: 32741881 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor, paroxetine, has been approved to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). GRK2 is also involved in regulating T cell functions; the potential modifications of paroxetine on the immune response to DCM is unclear.Methods and Results:DCM mouse was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. A remarkable reduction in the regulatory T (Treg) cell subset in DCM mouse was found by flow cytometry, with impaired cardiac function evaluated by echocardiography. The inhibited Treg differentiation was attributable to insulin chronic stimulation in a GRK2-PI3K-Akt signaling-dependent manner. The selective GRK2 inhibitor, paroxetine, rescued Treg differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, heart function, as well as the activation of excitation-contraction coupling proteins such as phospholamban (PLB) and troponin I (TnI) was effectively promoted in paroxetine-treated DCM mice compared with vehicle-treated DCM mice. Blockade of FoxP3 expression sufficiently inhibited the proportion of Treg cells, abolished the protective effect of paroxetine on heart function as well as PLB and TnI activation in HFD-fed mice. Neither paroxetine nor carvedilol could effectively ameliorate the metabolic disorder of HFD mice. CONCLUSIONS The impaired systolic heart function of DCM mice was effectively improved by paroxetine therapy, partially through restoring the population of circulating Treg cells by targeting the GRK2-PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University
| | - Jiacheng Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University
| | - Juan Tao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
| | - Paipai Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
| | - Manman Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University
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