PSORI-CM02 formula alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis via affecting macrophage infiltration and polarization

Immunoregulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine and its ingredients on psoriasis

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease involving the activation and regulation of various immune cells. A proportion of psoriasis patients remain unresponsive to conventional therapies or targeted drugs, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, although many conventional immunosuppressants are effective in the treatment of psoriasis, they may cause various side effects. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) represents a potential drug candidate, with a rich history of traditional use and a vast array of pharmacological options. In particular, TCM may serve as an alternative or complementary therapy of psoriasis with potentially less side effects. In this review, we focus on immune cells, including dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Th17, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and γδ T cells. We provide an overview of the roles for these immune cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and regulatory effects of TCM and its ingredients on them. Additionally, we briefly summarize the clinical research involving treatment of psoriasis with TCM and discuss the existing challenges and limitations in this field.

Amelioration of imiquimod induced psoriasis through reduction in IL-17A and Th17 population by dihydromyricetin involves regulation of RORγt pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 125 million people. IL-17 A secreted from Th17 cells plays a major role in elucidating psoriasis. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is plant derived flavonoid isolated from leaves and stems of Rattan tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata). Reports indicate anti-inflammatory property of DHM but no information is currently available on its mechanism of action or effect on IL17 producing Th17 cells and exact role in psoriasis.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

DHM shows strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, DHM reduced LPS-induced ROS generation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. The efficacy of DHM against chronic inflammatory disorder in vivo was investigated in imiquimod-induced psoriasis established in male BALB/C mice as this model closely resembles human psoriasis. Immunophenotyping and cytokine production were observed by flow cytometry, the status of gene expression was determined by real-time PCR, and nuclear co-localization and immunofluorescence of skin tissue were studied using confocal microscopy.

KEY RESULTS

We observed increased inflammatory parameters in imiquimod treated diseased animals and the application of DHM topically and orally reduced the inflammatory parameters and improved indicators of cardiac damage prominent in psoriatic conditions. In our study, we found that the application of DHM dose-dependently reduced the percentage of IL-17 A-producing T cell population and reduced the nuclear co-translocation of RORγt in psoriatic T cells and possibly also influenced upstream IL-6 signaling.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Our study suggests that DHM effectively alleviates psoriatic symptoms, and its mechanism of action involves the regulation of RORγt pathway in T cells.

A novel TGR5 agonist Sauchinone ameliorates IMQ induced murine psoriasis by regulating macrophage polarization

INTRODUCTION

G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) is a member of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily that participates in regulating macrophage polarization and resolving inflammatory diseases. Sauchinone is Saururus chinensis derived natural product with anti-inflammatory activity. Still, whether Sauchinone could regulate macrophage polarization and its direct target remain to be explored.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to demonstrate the direct target of Sauchinone, its influences on macrophage polarization and its pharmacological actions on imiquimod (IMQ) induced mouse psoriasis model.

METHODS

We detected the TGR5 agonistic activity of Sauchinone in mouse/human TGR5/ cAMP response elements (CRE)/HEK293 stable cell lines and verified its direct effect on mouse/human macrophages by Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and by examining downstream CREB phosphorylation. Afterwards, we discovered the activity of Sauchinone on regulating macrophage M1/M2 polarization in Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) by detecting M1/M2 markers through Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot and Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We further utilized macrophages derived from Tgr5-/- mice or introduced TGR5 specific inhibitor, TGR5 si-RNA and PKA inhibitor to determine whether Sauchinone regulated macrophage polarization through TGR5. We then prepared Sauchinone cream formulation to disclose its pharmacological action in IMQ induced mouse psoriasis model and used FACS and immunofluorescence to verify its action on macrophage polarization in psoriatic skin. Moreover, we tested the protective actions of Sauchinone cream in IMQ treated Tgr5-/- mice to verify that Sauchinone alleviated psoriasis in TGR5 dependent manner.

RESULTS

Sauchinone is a novel TGR5 agonist without human/mouse species selectivity. Sauchinone rectified macrophage M1 polarization through activating TGR5. Topical use of Sauchinone cream ameliorated IMQ induced psoriasis and regulated macrophage polarization in psoriatic skins. Sauchinone cream alleviated psoriasis in TGR5 dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

Our work identified Sauchinone as a novel TGR5 agonist that could ameliorate IMQ induced murine psoriasis by regulating macrophage polarization.

Salidroside alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis by inhibiting GSDMD-driven keratinocyte pyroptosis

Psoriasis is a common immune-related polygenic inflammatory skin disease. Salidroside (SAL) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and is used to treat skin diseases. However, the specific effects of SAL on psoriasis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of SAL for psoriasis treatment. Mice were treated with imiquimod (IMQ) to establish an in vivo psoriasis model. Histological analysis was conducted via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Cytokine release was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, mRNA levels were determined via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was assessed via Western blotting. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and Ki-67 expression levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. Caspase 1 and GSDMD expression levels were determined via immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, macrophage function and keratinocyte pyroptosis were also analyzed via flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was determined using 5-ethynyl-2'deoxyuridine assay. SAL alleviated IMQ-induced psoriasis. IMQ-mediated GSDMD-driven pyroptosis and keratinocyte hyperproliferation promoted M1 macrophage polarization. However, SAL treatment suppressed GSDMD expression, thereby inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and pyroptosis and promoting M2 macrophage polarization. GSDMD deficiency further promoted the effects of SAL and suppressed psoriasis progression. Overall, our findings suggest that SAL exerts protective effects against psoriasis. Specifically, it exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating M2 macrophage polarization and inhibiting keratinocyte pyroptosis-driven proliferation induced by the immune microenvironment in psoriasis.

Dihydromyricetin alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization

Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a flavonoid, belongs to a class of natural compounds and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this research is to investigate the effects and mechanism of DMY in mice induced by imiquimod (IMQ). Here, DMY ointment was topically applied to evaluate the effect of DMY on psoriasis, while the results showed DMY improved clinical phenotype of IMQ-induced psoriasiform dermatitis. Histological evaluation revealed decreases in keratinocyte hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration in mice after DMY administration. Besides, DMY treatment could attenuate psoriasiform inflammation as showed in the decreased expression of inflammation mediators such as IL-17a, IL-23a, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12a, CXCL2, and S100A8 in the skin of mice. Mechanistically, DMY reduced the polarization of macrophages towards the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, importantly, which subsequently regulated the differentiation of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell subsets, leading to the relief of immune inflammatory response in psoriasis. In conclusion, the research reveals that DMY markedly attenuated IMQ-induced psoriasis in mice and provides that DMY have great potential for treatment of psoriasis.

A Low-Modulus Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Microvesicle Alleviates Skin Inflammation via Persistent Blockade of M1 Macrophage Polarization

Inflammatory skin diseases comprise a group of skin conditions characterized by damage to skin function due to overactive immune responses. These disorders not only impair the barrier function of the skin but also deteriorate the quality of life and increase the risk of psychiatric issues. Here, a low-modulus phosphatidylserine-exposing microvesicle (deformed PSV, D-PSV) was produced, characterized, and evaluated for its potential therapeutic function against skin diseases. Compared to conventional PSVs (C-PSVs), D-PSVs exhibited a more robust and longer-lasting inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response triggered by lipopolysaccharides and interferon-γ in a primary bone marrow-derived macrophage model. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the inhibitory effect of D-PSVs was mainly achieved by modulating inflammation-related signaling pathways, leading to a reduction in the expressions of pro-inflammatory genes. In an imiquimod-induced psoriatic dermatitis mouse model, topical application of D-PSVs effectively mitigated inflammation in the skin microenvironment and reduced lesion severity. These improvements were attributed to the superior skin permeability and more persistent adhesion of D-PSVs to macrophages compared with C-PSVs. In summary, this macrophage-targeted microvesicle offers a promising non-invasive approach to managing inflammatory skin diseases by persistently inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization and restoring immune microenvironment balance.

Macrophages in inflammatory skin diseases and skin tumors

Macrophages, as specialized, long-lasting phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, have garnered increasing attention due to their wide distribution and various functions. The skin, being the largest immune organ in the human body, presents an intriguing landscape for macrophage research, particularly regarding their roles in inflammatory skin diseases and skin tumors. In this review, we compile the latest research on macrophages in conditions such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rosacea, bullous pemphigoid, melanoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. We aim to contribute to illustrating the pathogenesis and potential new therapies for inflammatory skin diseases and skin tumors from the perspective of macrophages.

Targeting the Skin: The Study of a Bottlebrush Polymer-Antisense Oligonucleotide Conjugate in a Psoriasis Mouse Model

The investigation of gene regulation therapeutics for the treatment of skin-related diseases is rarely explored in part due to inefficient systemic delivery. In this study, a bottlebrush polymer-antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) conjugate, termed pacDNA, designed to target IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), which is involved in psoriasis pathogenesis is presented. Systemic administration of pacDNA led to its accumulation in epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis of mouse skin, reduced IL-17RA gene expression in skin, and significantly reversed the development of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in a mouse model. These findings highlight the potential of the pacDNA as a promising nanoconstruct for systemic oligonucleotide delivery to the skin and for treating psoriasis and other skin-related disorders through systemic administration.

Neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage inflammation in psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease connected with immune dysregulation. Macrophages are key inflammatory cells in psoriasis but the specific mechanism of their activation is not fully understood. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been shown to regulate macrophage function. Here, we found that NET deposition was increased in psoriasis lesions. Peptidylarginine deaminase 4 (PAD4, a key enzyme for NET formation) deficiency attenuated skin lesions and inflammation in an imiquimod-induced psoriatic mouse model. Furthermore, the STING signaling pathway was markedly activated in psoriasis and abolished by PAD4 deficiency. PAD4-deficient mice treated with the STING agonist DMXAA exhibited more severe symptoms and inflammation than control mice. Mechanistically, the STING inhibitor C-176 inhibited NET-induced macrophage inflammation and further inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells. Our findings suggest an important role of NETs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and activation of macrophage STING/NF-κB signaling pathway might involve in NETs related psoriasis.

Macrophage Functions in Psoriasis: Lessons from Mouse Models

Psoriasis is a systemic autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease that can be well studied in established mouse models. Skin-resident macrophages are classified into epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal macrophages and are involved in innate immunity, orchestration of adaptive immunity, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis due to their ability to constantly shift their phenotype and adapt to the current microenvironment. Consequently, both macrophage populations play dual roles in psoriasis. In some circumstances, pro-inflammatory activated macrophages and Langerhans cells trigger psoriatic inflammation, while in other cases their anti-inflammatory stimulation results in amelioration of the disease. These features make macrophages interesting candidates for modern therapeutic strategies. Owing to the significant progress in knowledge, our review article summarizes current achievements and indicates future research directions to better understand the function of macrophages in psoriasis.

Traditional Chinese medicine in regulating macrophage polarization in immune response of inflammatory diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Numerous studies have demonstrated that various traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects against inflammatory diseases mediated through macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this review was to assess and consolidate the current understanding regarding the pathogenic mechanisms governing macrophage polarization in the context of regulating inflammatory diseases. We also summarize the mechanism action of various TCMs on the regulation of macrophage polarization, which may contribute to facilitate the development of natural anti-inflammatory drugs based on reshaping macrophage polarization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive review of recently published articles, utilizing keywords such as "macrophage polarization" and "traditional Chinese medicines" in combination with "inflammation," as well as "macrophage polarization" and "inflammation" in conjunction with "natural products," and similar combinations, to search within PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

RESULTS

A total of 113 kinds of TCMs (including 62 components of TCMs, 27 TCMs as well as various types of extracts of TCMs and 24 Chinese prescriptions) was reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects through the regulation of key pathways of macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we have analyzed studies concerning the involvement of macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming in inflammation therapy. TCMs has great advantages in regulating macrophage polarization in treating inflammatory diseases due to its multi-pathway and multi-target pharmacological action. This review may contribute to facilitate the development of natural anti-inflammatory drugs based on reshaping macrophage polarization.

Pentraxin 3 exacerbates psoriasiform dermatitis through regulation of macrophage polarization

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the mechanism of Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in the pathogenesis of psoriasiform dermatitis using Ptx3-knockout (Ptx3-KO) background mice.

METHODS

An Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced murine psoriatic model was created using Ptx3-KO (Ptx3-/-) and wild-type (Ptx3+/+) mice. Skin lesion severity and expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNFα) were assessed using PASI score and ELISA, respectively. Cutaneous tissues from the two mice groups were subjected to histological analyses, including HE staining, Masson staining, and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). The PTX3, iNOS, COX2, and Arg1 expressions were quantified and compared between the two groups. We used RNA-seq to clarify the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Flow cytometry was used to analyze systemic Th17 cell differentiation and macrophage polarization.

RESULT

The psoriatic region exhibited a higher PTX3 expression than the normal cutaneous area. Moreover, PTX3 was upregulated in HaCaT cells post-TNFα stimulation. Upon IMQ stimulation, Ptx3-/- mice displayed a lower degree of the psoriasiform dermatitis phenotype compared to Ptx3+/+ mice. Consistent with the RNA-seq results, further experiments confirmed that compared to the wild-type group, the PTX3-KO group exhibited a generally lower IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, and COX2 expression and a contrasting trend in macrophage polarization. However, no significant difference in Th17 cell activation was observed between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that PTX3 was upregulated in psoriatic skin tissues and TNFα-stimulated HaCaT cells. We also discovered that PTX3 deficiency in mice ameliorated the psoriasiform dermatitis phenotype upon IMQ stimulation. Mechanistically, PTX3 exacerbates psoriasiform dermatitis by regulating macrophage polarization rather than Th17 cell differentiation.

Exploration of the biomarkers of comorbidity of psoriasis with inflammatory bowel disease and their association with immune infiltration

BACKGROUND

There was evidence that significant bidirectional associations between psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which influences management strategy of the patients, so the investigation on the mechanisms by which these two diseases co-occur is important.

METHODS

The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to download gene expression profiles of psoriasis and IBD. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between disease and health control groups for each data set were calculated, and Venn diagram was used to obtain for intersection. We performed Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis on the intersection, followed by developing a protein-protein interaction network and module construction, and identified hub genes by cytoHubba. Thereafter, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithms was used to identify the co-biomarkers of psoriasis and IBD from the top 50 hub genes. The biomarkers were used to construct a screening model, the discriminatory capacity of which was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. CIBERSORT algorithm was utilized to estimate the compositional patterns of immune cell infiltration in biomarkers of psoriasis and IBD. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to further evaluate the correlation between the identified biomarkers and immune cells.

RESULTS

A total of 271 shared DEGs were screened. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the shared DEGs were mainly enriched in response to lipopolysaccharide, secretory granule lumen, cytokine activity, and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway. Fifty genes such as IL1B, IL6, were identified as hub genes, based on which, FOS, IFI44, MMP9, MNDA, PTGS2, S100A9, and STAT1 were identified as biomarkers of psoriasis. CCL20, CD274, CTGF, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL2, CXCL9, FCGR3B, FOS, GBP1, GZMB, IFI27, IFI6, IL1RN, ISG15, ISG20, LCN2, LILRB2, MMP12, MMP7, S100A8, TLR8, and TNFSF13B were identified as biomarkers of IBD. FOS was the common biomarker of psoriasis and IBD. Screening models were validated in the validation data set (Psoriasis: area under the curve (AUC) = 1.000, IBD: AUC = 0.870). Immunocyte infiltration analysis showed the macrophages cells, mast cells resting, and T cells CD4 memory activated have the common characteristics in psoriasis and IBD.

CONCLUSIONS

FOS may play a key role in the occurrence and development of psoriasis complicated with IBD and macrophages cells may be an entrance for treating this comorbidity.

Analysis of the potential pyroptosis mechanism in psoriasis and experimental validation of NLRP3 in vitro and in vivo

Pyroptosis provides new perspectives on the mechanisms underlying psoriasis and the development of new treatment strategies. Here, we aimed to identify pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) involved in the pathogenesis and progression of psoriasis. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, three gene datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential gene expression, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and functional enrichment analyses were performed to identify candidate PRGs for psoriasis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to identify hub genes, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the clinical value of the hub genes. Imiquimod-inducedpsoriasis-like mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells were employed to verify the pro-inflammatory factors that may drive changes in pyroptosis. In total, 159 skin samples were analysed, and a total of 21 common targets were obtained by crossing PRGs with all the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in different disease states. 11 genes were identified via LASSO screening. Similarly, the last six PRGs biomarkers and the green module genes were screened. All hub genes with an area under the ROC curve > 0.5 were intersected, and NLRP3 was identified. NLRP3 expression was elevated in imiquimod-induced psoriatic lesions in mice and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The mice exhibited reduced psoriasis area and severity index scores, hyperproliferation, and inflammation after treatment with MCC950 (a specific inhibitor of NLRP3). MCC950 decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression, and NLRP3 and p-p65 protein levels in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Our study indicates that NLRP3 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of psoriasis.

Advances in the study of macrophage polarization in inflammatory immune skin diseases

When exposed to various microenvironmental stimuli, macrophages are highly plastic and primarily polarized into the pro-inflammatory M1-type and the anti-inflammatory M2-type, both of which perform almost entirely opposing functions. Due to this characteristic, macrophages perform different functions at different stages of immunity and inflammation. Inflammatory immune skin diseases usually show an imbalance in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, and altering the macrophage polarization phenotype can either make the symptoms worse or better. Therefore, this review presents the mechanisms of macrophage polarization, inflammation-related signaling pathways (JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt), and the role of both in inflammatory immune skin diseases (psoriasis, AD, SLE, BD, etc.) to provide new directions for basic and clinical research of related diseases.

Characterization and active component identification of Premna herbacea roxb. root extract reveals anti-inflammatory effect and amelioration of imiquimod induced psoriasis via modulation of macrophage inflammatory response

BACKGROUND

1-2.88% of human populations are affected by psoriasis, one type of chronic inflammatory skin disease. Skin thickenings, erythema, scaling in skin are the most important symptoms of psoriasis. There are renewed interests amongst scientists in studying anti-inflammatory property of the plant extracts due to lower side effects and cost effectiveness. There are few reports suggesting anti-inflammatory activity of Premna herbacea roxb. but lacks systematic evaluation of these properties.

METHODS

We, initially tested the anti-inflammatory activity of crude root methanolic extract in vitro, where it significantly reduced LPS generated ROS in splenic macrophages. We further tested the TLC and HPLC fraction in order to find active ingredient in Premna herbacea roxb. root extract that ameliorated the chronic inflammation of skin and performed GC-MS and LC-MS studies to identify active component. Upon finding significant anti-inflammatory effect of the crude root extract in vitro, We studied the efficacy of the Premna herbacea roxb. root extract in Imiquimod induced psoriasis like skin inflammation in male BALB/C mice that closely resembles human psoriasis. Immunophenotyping, Cytokine productions were observed by flow cytometry, status of gene expression was done by Real time PCR and nuclear co-localization was studied by confocal microscopy.

RESULTS

We observed progressive increase in signs and symptoms of the disease in imiquimod treated diseased animals but the Premna herbacea roxb. Root Methanolic Extract (PHRME) reduced the thickening of the skin, redness and scaling in these animals. In our study, along with progression of the disease, the production of macrophages increases and with the application of PHRME, the percentage of macrophages have reduced.

CONCLUSION

As per the previous Indigenous traditional knowledge regarding use of Premna herbacea roxb. against inflammatory disorder and lack of detail mechanistic study of the crude root extract prompted us to elucidate the efficacy of the root extract in vitro and in vivo psoriatic mice model. For the first time we have identified three putative bioactive active components (5‑hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone, 3-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-tetramethoxyflavone, 2,4',6'-trimethoxy chalcone) from Premna herbacea root methanolic extract (PHRME) and we suggest PHRME and purified active fractions influence NFκB and COX2 signaling pathway to suppress inflammatory conditions. All of the purified components show strong binding efficiency in our molecular docking analysis. Our study also suggests that Premna herbacea roxb. root extract may be explored as cost effective alternative for established treatment regimen as our study also indicates low side effect of the extract against pre-clinical psoriatic model.

Vitamin D receptor-deficient keratinocytes-derived exosomal miR-4505 promotes the macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype

BACKGROUND

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) has a low level of expression in the keratinocytes of patients with psoriasis and plays a role in the development of the disease. Furthermore, the crosstalk between macrophages and psoriatic keratinocytes-derived exosomes is critical for psoriasis progression. However, the effects of VDR-deficient keratinocytes-derived exosomes (Exos-shVDR) on macrophages and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.

METHODS

VDR-deficient keratinocytes were constructed by infecting HaCaT cells with a VDR-targeting lentivirus, mimicking the VDR-deficient state observed in psoriatic keratinocytes. Exosomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot. The effect of Exos-shVDR on macrophage proliferation, apoptosis, and M1/M2 polarization was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8), flow cytometer, real-time quantitative polymerasechain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mechanism underlying the effect of Exos-shVDR on macrophage function was elucidated through data mining, bioinformatics, RT-qPCR, and rescue experiments.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that both Exos-shVDR and Exos-shNC exhibited typical exosome characteristics, including a hemispheroid shape with a concave side and particle size ranging from 50 to 100 nm. The levels of expression of VDR were significantly lower in Exos-shVDR than in Exos-shNC. Functional experiments demonstrated that Exos-shVDR significantly promoted macrophage proliferation and polarization towards the M1 phenotype while inhibiting macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, miR-4505 was highly expressed in the skin tissue of patients with psoriasis. Its overexpression significantly increased macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, the effects of Exos-shVDR on macrophage function occur through miR-4505.

CONCLUSIONS

Exos-shVDR exacerbates macrophage proliferation, promotes polarization towards the M1 phenotype, and inhibits macrophage apoptosis by increasing the levels of miR-4505. These results indicate that modulation of macrophage function is a potential strategy for developing new drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.

The macrophage polarization in inflammatory dermatosis and its potential drug candidates

Inflammatory dermatosis is characterized by persistent inflammatory infiltration and hard repair of diseased skin. As a member of the human innate immune cells, macrophages usually show different phenotypes in different diseases. The macrophage phenotype (M1/M2) imbalance caused by the increase of M1 macrophages or the decrease of M2 macrophages is common in inflammatory dermatosis. In recent years, with the deepening research on inflammatory skin diseases, more and more natural medicines/traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), represented by Shikonin and Angelica Dahurica, have shown their therapeutic effects by affecting the polarization of macrophages. This review introduced macrophage polarization in different inflammatory dermatosis, such as psoriasis. Then summarized the natural medicines/TCMs that have potential therapeutic effects so far and introduced their mechanisms of action and the proteins/signal pathways involved. We found that the TCMs with therapeutic effects listed in this review are closely related to the theory of five flavors and four properties of Chinese medicinal, and most of them are bitter, acrid and sweet. Bitter TCMs have antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, which may improve the persistent inflammation of M1 macrophage infiltration. Acrid TCMs have the effect of promoting blood circulation, while sweet TCMs have the effect of nourishing. These 2 flavors may accelerate the repair of skin lesions of inflammatory dermatosis by affecting M2 macrophages. In conclusion, we hope to provide sufficient knowledge for natural medicine research and the development of inflammatory dermatosis related to macrophage phenotype imbalance.

Specific Activation of CB2R Ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Skin Lesions by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Inflammation and oxidative stress play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) is an attractive target for treating various inflammatory disorders. However, the precise role and mechanism of CB2R activation in psoriasis remain to be further elucidated. In this study, imiquimod (IMQ)-induced experimental psoriasis mice and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-activated keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to examine the effect of CB2R activation on psoriasis-like lesions and the mechanism in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrated that activation of CB2R by the specific agonist GW842166X (GW) significantly ameliorated IMQ-induced psoriasiform skin lesions in mice by reducing epidermal thickness and decreasing plaque thickness. On the one hand, GW alleviated inflammation by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and abating inflammatory cell infiltration. On the other hand, this treatment reduced the level of iNOS and downregulated the expression of CB2R in psoriatic skin tissue. Further studies suggested that the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Keap1/Nrf2) signaling pathway might be involved. Our findings reveal that selective activation of CB2R may serve as a new strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.

Natural Plant Extract - Loganin: A Hypothesis for Psoriasis Treatment Through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Equilibrating Immunity via Regulation of Macrophage Polarization

Psoriasis, a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, influences approximately 2-3% of the world's population. At present, the etiology of psoriasis remains unclear and there is still no causal treatment available. Recent studies indicate that oxidative stress (OS) and T cells dysregulation may participate in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, among which M1-dominant macrophage polarization is a crucial contributor. Macrophages mainly polarize into two different subsets, ie, classically activated macrophage (M1) and alternatively activated macrophage (M2). M1 polarization tends to exacerbate psoriasis via producing substantial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators, to encourage OS invasion and T cells dysregulation. Thus, targeting M1 polarization can be a possible therapeutic alternative for psoriasis. Loganin, belonging to iridoid glycosides, is a pharmaceutically active ingredient originated from Cornus officinalis, exerting multiple biological activities, eg, immunomodulation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, etc. More importantly, it could effectively suppress M1 polarization, thereby arresting OS aggression and T cells' dysregulation. Numerous studies have confirmed that loganin is quite reliable for diseases treatment via suppressing M1 polarization. Nevertheless, reports about loganin treating psoriasis have seldom appeared so far. Accordingly, we hold a hypothesis that loganin would availably manage psoriasis through preventing M1 polarization. Data from previous studies guarantee the potential of loganin in control of psoriasis.

Deciphering the mechanism of PSORI-CM02 in suppressing keratinocyte proliferation through the mTOR/HK2/glycolysis axis

Hyperplasia of epidermal keratinocytes that depend on glycolysis is a new hallmark of psoriasis pathogenesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that PSORI-CM02 could halt the pathological progression of psoriasis by targeting inflammatory response and angiogenesis, but its effect(s) and mechanism(s) on proliferating keratinocytes remained unclear. In this study, we aim to identify components of PSORI-CM02 that are absorbed into the blood and to determine the effect(s) of PSORI-CM02 on keratinocyte proliferation and its molecular mechanism(s). We used the immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, as an in vitro model of proliferating keratinocytes and the imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse (IMQ) as an in vivo model. Metabolite profiles of vehicle pharmaceutic serum (VPS), PSORI-CM02 pharmaceutic serum (PPS), and water extraction (PWE) were compared, and 23 components of PSORI-CM02 were identified that were absorbed into the blood of mice. Both PPS and PWE inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells and consequently reduced the expression of the proliferation marker ki67. Additionally, PPS and PWE reduced phosphorylation levels of mTOR pathway kinases. Seahorse experiments demonstrated that PPS significantly inhibited glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, and mitochondrial respiration, thus reducing ATP production in HaCaT cells. Upon treatments of PPS or PWE, hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression was significantly decreased, as observed from the set of glycolytic genes we screened. Finally, in the IMQ model, we observed that treatment with PSORI-CM02 or BPTES, an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, reduced hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, inhibited the expression of p-S6 and reduced the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in lesioned skin. Taken together, we demonstrate that PSORI-CM02 has an anti-proliferative effect on psoriatic keratinocytes, at least in part, by inhibiting the mTOR/HK2/glycolysis axis.

Signaling pathways and targets of natural products in psoriasis treatment

Aim: Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder, which has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life. Natural products exhibit significant therapeutic capacities with small side effects and might be preferable alternative treatments for patients with psoriasis. This study summarizes the signaling pathways with the potential targets of natural products and their efficacy for psoriasis treatment. Methods: The literature for this article was acquired from PubMed and Web of Science, from January 2010 to December 2020. The keywords for searching included “psoriasis” and “natural product”, “herbal medicine”, “herbal therapy”, “medicinal plant”, “medicinal herb” or “pharmaceutical plant”. Results: Herbal extracts, natural compounds, and herbal prescriptions could regulate the signaling pathways to alleviate psoriasis symptoms, such as T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and other signaling pathways, which are involved in the inflammatory response and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. The anti-psoriatic effect of natural products in clinical trials was summarized. Conclusions: Natural products exerted the anti-psoriatic effect by targeting multiple signaling pathways, providing evidence for the investigation of novel drugs. Further experimental research should be performed to screen and characterize the therapeutic targets of natural products for application in psoriasis treatment.

Shikonin combined with methotrexate regulate macrophage polarization to treat psoriasis

This study aimed to investigate whether shikonin combined with methotrexate could inhibit psoriasis progression by regulating the polarization of macrophages through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Imiquimod was administrated to the exposed skin of BALB/c mice, and shikonin and methotrexate suspension were also given by gavage. The erythema, scales and thickness were scored for mice lesions in each group, and the total score was obtained by adding the above three scores, and calculated as psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. The skin lesion tissue from mice was isolated and used for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry assay. Drug-containing serum was prepared and administrated into mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells, followed by simulation of LPS. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in cell supernatant were assessed using ELISA Kits and real-time PCR. In imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice, shikonin combined with methotrexate exerted protective effects by reducing erythema and PASI scores, decreasing backer score and epidermal thickness, and particularly regulating macrophage polarization. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, shikonin combined with methotrexate regulated M1/M2 polarization and altered the levels of M1 markers. Shikonin combined with methotrexate inhibit psoriasis progression by regulating the polarization of macrophages, which may be useful in the treatment of psoriasis.

Intervention Mechanism of Hunag-Lian Jie-Du Decoction on Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Psoriasis Mouse Model

Background

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with multifactor etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Huang-Lian Jie-Du decoction (HLJDD) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription with good clinical curative effect on psoriasis. However, its therapeutic mechanisms are still unclear.

Methods

The psoriasis model of SKH-1 nude mice was established by imiquimod-induced and HLJDD gavage was given. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate pathological morphologies, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of Wnt1, β-catenin, and c-Myc in psoriasis mice. Western blot was used to examine the expressions of Frizzled-2, LRP5/6, GSK-3β, APC, Axin2, TCF4, LEF1, cyclin D1, TBX3, EPHB2, and NOTUM enzyme.

Results

In this study, HLJDD reduced skin erythema and lesions, decreased the thickness of epidermal and downregulated the expressions of Wnt1, β-catenin, and c-Myc. Western blot results showed that HLJDD reduced the expressions of Wnt receptors Frizzled-2 and LRP5/6, and Wnt downstream target genes TCF4, LEF1, cyclin D1, TBX3, and EPHB2, while upregulated destruction complex proteins GSK-3β, APC, and Axin2.

Conclusions

HLJDD can effectively treat psoriasis and inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway at multiple stages.

P. granatum Peel Polysaccharides Ameliorate Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis in Mice via Suppression of NF-κB and STAT3 Pathways

Psoriasis is a chronic and refractory inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated cutaneous disease affecting approximately 2%–3% of the global population. Most of the current therapies could relieve symptoms rapidly, while the side effects cannot be negligible. Hence, it is urgent to explore much safer and more effective treatments. In the current work, we evaluated the potential beneficial effect of Punica granatum peel polysaccharides (PPPs) in an imiquimod-elicited psoriasis-like mouse model and unraveled their mechanism of action. Firstly, PPPs were isolated from P. granatum peels, and then the molecular weight was determined and monosaccharide analysis was performed. The results revealed that PPPs significantly ameliorated psoriasis-like skin lesions and reduced the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). PPPs also attenuated the expressions of CD3 and Ki67 in psoriasis-like mouse skin and suppressed the serum or skin levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-23. Moreover, PPPs were able to upregulate the mRNA and protein expressions of aquaporin-3 (AQP3) and filaggrin (FLG) in the skin of mice. In addition, PPPs inhibited the NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways. Overall, these results indicated that PPPs ameliorated the symptoms of psoriasis through inhibition of the inflammatory cytokines by suppressing the NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways and improved skin barrier protection via enhancing AQP3 and FLG. These observations potentially contribute to providing theoretical and experimental evidence for the clinical application of PPPs for psoriasis.

IFN-κ Is a Rheostat for Development of Psoriasiform Inflammation

Psoriasis is a common, inflammatory autoimmune skin disease. Early detection of an IFN-1 signature occurs in many psoriasis lesions, but the source of IFN production remains debated. IFN-κ is an important source of IFN-1 production in the epidermis. We identified a correlation between IFN-regulated and psoriasis-associated genes in human lesional skin. We thus wanted to explore the effects of IFN-κ in psoriasis using the well-characterized imiquimod psoriasis model. Three mouse strains aged 10 weeks were used: wild-type C57Bl/6, C57Bl/6 that overexpress Ifnk in the epidermis (i.e., transgenic), and total body Ifnk^-/- (i.e., knockout) strain. Psoriasis was induced by topical application of imiquimod on both ears for 8 consecutive days. Notably, the severity of skin lesions and inflammatory cell infiltration was more significantly increased in transgenic than in wild-type than in knockout mice. Gene expression analysis identified greater upregulation of Mxa, Il1b, Tnfa, Il6, Il12, Il23, Il17, and Ifng in transgenic compared to wild-type compared to knockout mice after imiquimod treatment. Furthermore, imiquimod increased CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cell infiltration more in transgenic than in wild-type than in knockout mice. In summary, we identified IFN-κ as a rheostat for initiation of psoriasiform inflammation. This suggests that targeting IFN-1s early in the disease may be an effective way of controlling psoriatic inflammation.

Hsa_circ_0004287 inhibits macrophage-mediated inflammation in an N6-methyladenosine-dependent manner in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Circular RNA (circRNA) was reported to involve in various diseases; however, its role in atopic dermatitis (AD) or psoriasis remains unclear.background Objective: We sought to determine the differential expression profiles of circRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between healthy controls and AD patients, and explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of circRNAs on the pathogenesis of AD.

METHODS

The differential expression profiles of circRNAs were analyzed by circRNA microarray. In vitro function and mechanisms by which circRNAs regulate macrophage-mediated inflammation were detected by RT-qPCR, western blotting, RNA stability assay, immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) assay. In vivo roles of circRNAs were determined in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced dermatitis and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model.

RESULTS

We identified a functional unknown circRNA hsa_circ_0004287 from 88750 circRNAs, which was upregulated in PBMCs of both AD and psoriasis patients, and mainly expressed by macrophages under inflammatory conditions. hsa_circ_0004287 inhibited M1 macrophage activation in vitro, and macrophage-specific overexpression of hsa_circ_0004287 alleviated skin inflammation in both AD- and psoriasis-like mice. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0004287 reduced the stability of its host gene metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) by competitively binding to IGF2BP3 with MALAT1 in an N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent manner. Lower levels of MALAT1 promoted the ubiquitination degradation of S100A8/S100A9, thereby impeding p38/MAPK phosphorylation and macrophage-mediated inflammation.results CONCLUSION: Hsa_circ_0004287 inhibits M1 macrophage activation in an m6A-dependent manner in AD and psoriasis, and may serve as a general therapeutic candidate for AD and psoriasis.

CONCLUSION

A systematic comparison of the effect of topically applied anthraquinone aglycones to relieve psoriasiform lesion: The evaluation of percutaneous absorption and anti-inflammatory potency

The anthraquinones derived from rhubarb are reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to assess the topical application of rhubarb anthraquinone aglycones for psoriasis treatment. The antipsoriatic effect of five anthraquinones, including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, physcion, and chrysophanol, was compared to elucidate a structure-permeation relationship. Molecular modeling was employed to determine the physicochemical properties. Both macrophages (differentiated THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to examine the anti-inflammatory activity in the cell-based study. The in vitro pig skin absorption showed that chrysophanol was the compound with the highest cutaneous accumulation. Topically applied rhein was detected to be largely delivered to the receptor compartment. The absorption of rhein was increased by 5-fold in the barrier-deficient skin as compared to intact skin. By stimulating macrophages with imiquimod (IMQ) to model the inflammation in psoriasis, it was found that the anthraquinones significantly reduced IL-6, IL-23, and TNF. The cytokine inhibition level was comparable for the five compounds. The anthraquinones suppressed cytokines by inhibiting the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling. The anthraquinones also downregulated IL-6, IL-8, and IL-24 in the inflammatory keratinocytes stimulated with TNF. Rhein and chrysophanol were comparable to curtail the STAT3 phosphorylation in keratinocytes induced by the conditioned medium of stimulated macrophages. The IMQ-induced psoriasiform mouse model demonstrated the improvement of scaling, erythema, and epidermal hyperplasia by topically applied rhein or chrysophanol. The epidermal acanthosis evoked by IMQ was reduced with rhein and chrysophanol by 3-fold. The histological profiles exhibit that both anthraquinone compounds diminished the number of macrophages and neutrophils in the lesional skin, skin-draining lymph node, and spleen. Rhein and chrysophanol showed multifunctional inhibition, by regulating several targets for alleviating psoriasiform inflammation.

2,4-Dimethoxy-6-Methylbenzene-1,3-diol, a Benzenoid From Antrodia cinnamomea, Mitigates Psoriasiform Inflammation by Suppressing MAPK/NF-κB Phosphorylation and GDAP1L1/Drp1 Translocation

Antrodia cinnamomea exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. We aimed to explore the antipsoriatic potential of 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzene-1,3-diol (DMD) derived from A. cinnamomea. The macrophages activated by imiquimod (IMQ) were used as the cell model for examining the anti-inflammatory effect of DMD in vitro. A significantly high inhibition of IL-23 and IL-6 by DMD was observed in THP-1 macrophages and bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages. The conditioned medium of DMD-treated macrophages could reduce neutrophil migration and keratinocyte overproliferation. DMD could downregulate cytokine/chemokine by suppressing the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB. We also observed inhibition of GDAP1L1/Drp1 translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria by DMD intervention. Thus, mitochondrial fission could be a novel target for treating psoriatic inflammation. A psoriasiform mouse model treated by IMQ showed reduced scaling, erythema, and skin thickening after topical application of DMD. Compared to the IMQ stimulation only, the active compound decreased epidermal thickness by about 2-fold. DMD diminished the number of infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils and their related cytokine/chemokine production in the lesional skin. Immunostaining of the IMQ-treated skin demonstrated the inhibition of GDAP1LI and phosphorylated Drp1 by DMD. The present study provides insight regarding the potential use of DMD as an effective treatment modality for psoriatic inflammation.

Anti-Angiogenic Efficacy of PSORI-CM02 and the Associated Mechanism in Psoriasis In Vitro and In Vivo

Psoriasis is a chronic proliferative autoimmune dermatologic disease characterised by abnormal angiogenesis. Thus, regulating angiogenesis in the skin is an important treatment strategy for psoriasis. PSORI-CM02, an empirical Chinese medicine formula optimised from Yin Xie Ling, was created by the Chinese medicine specialist, Guo-Wei Xuan. Clinical studies have shown that PSORI-CM02 is safe and effective for the treatment of psoriasis. However, its anti-psoriatic mechanisms remain to be further explored. In this study, we investigated the effects of PSORI-CM02 on angiogenesis in the skin and the underlying mechanisms in IL-17A-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and a murine model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. In vitro, PSORI-CM02 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of IL-17A-stimulated HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. Further, it markedly regulated the antioxidative/oxidative status and inflammation; suppressed the expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, ANG1, and HIF-1α; and reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK signalling pathway components in IL-17A-stimulated HUVECs. In vivo studies showed that PSORI-CM02 markedly reduced angiogenesis in the skin of mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis, while significantly rebalancing antioxidant/oxidant levels; inhibiting the production of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-17F; and repressing the synthesis of angiogenic mediators. In addition, PSORI-CM02 markedly reduced the activation of the MAPK signalling pathway in psoriatic skin tissue. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PSORI-CM02 inhibited psoriatic angiogenesis by reducing the oxidative status and inflammation, suppressing the expression of angiogenesis-related molecules, and inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signalling pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Green Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex-based carbon dots for ameliorating imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice

Background

Carbon dots (CDs) with multifaceted advantages have provided hope for development brand-new nanodrug for treating thorny diseases. This study developed a green and simple calcination method to prepare novel CDs as promising drug for psoriasis treatment. The as-prepared CDs using Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PCC) as sole precursor were characterized by a series of methods, mainly including electron microscopy, optical technology and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Results

Results displayed that fluorescence (Quantum yield = 5.63%) and nontoxic PCC-based CDs (PCC-CDs) with abundant chemical groups exhibited solubility and tiny sizes at average of (1.93 ± 0.53) nm, which may be beneficial for its inherent biological activity. Moreover, by using the typical imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like skin mouse model, we firstly demonstrated the pronounced anti-psoriasis activity of as-prepared PCC-CDs on ameliorating the appearance, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores as well as histopathological morphology of both back skin tissues and right ears in IMQ-induced mouse. Further potential mechanisms behind the anti-psoriasis activities may be related to suppress M1 polarization and relatively promote M2 polarization of macrophage both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

These results suggested that PCC-CDs have potential to be an anti-psoriasis candidate for clinical applications to treat psoriasis, which not only provided an evidence for further broadening the biological application of CDs, but also provided a potential hope for application nanodrugs to treat thorny diseases.

Graphic Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00847-y.

Bupleurum chinense Polysaccharide Improves LPS-Induced Senescence of RAW264.7 Cells by Regulating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Macrophages are important inflammatory cells that play a vital role in inflamm-aging. Bupleurum chinense polysaccharide (BCP), an effective component of the Bupleurum chinense herb, exerts multiple beneficial pharmacological effects, such as improving immunity and antioxidant activity. However, the effects of BCP on macrophage-aging and inflamm-aging are yet to be established. In this study, we examined the effects of BCP on proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, p53, p16, and p65/NF-κB signaling proteins in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. BCP significantly inhibited production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reduced the expression of SA-β-gal and formation of SAHF, as well as ROS level, and stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Furthermore, BCP inhibited the expression of aging-related genes, p53 and p16, suppressed phosphorylation of p65 protein, and enhanced the expression of I-κBα protein through the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Accordingly, we conclude that BCP effectively suppresses inflamm-aging by reducing inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress production following activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Our collective findings support the utility of BCP as a novel pharmaceutical agent with potential anti-inflamm-aging effects.

Chinese Medicine Formula PSORI-CM02 Alleviates Psoriatic Dermatitis via M-MDSCs and Th17 Crosstalk

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is associated with multiple coexisting conditions. Extensive literature suggests that psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated condition, and its pathogenesis is related to dysfunction of the immune system. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of heterogeneous myeloid cells that have suppressive effects on T cells. MDSCs are present at very low levels in healthy individuals but can substantially expand in tumours or inflammatory conditions. PSORI-CM02, a Chinese medical formula designed based on the Chinese medicine theory (Blood Stasis), has been prescribed extensively for psoriasis therapy and shows a stable clinical effect and safety. This study discusses the mechanisms of MDSCs involved in disease development and therapeutic progress. Our data provides evidence that monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) play a role in IMQ-induced psoriatic dermatitis. Functional characterization and correlation analysis indicated that MDSCs are positively correlated with Th17 cells. PSORI-CM02 alleviated IMQ-induced psoriatic dermatitis and suppressed the proliferation of Th17 cells via M-MDSC-induced Arg1 upregulation, suggesting M-MDSCs could be a novel therapeutic target for psoriasis, and PSORI-CM02 exerted its effects via the perturbation of M-MDSCs and Th17 cell crosstalk.