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Kong J, Han X, Wei C. Causal relationship between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and endotoxin biomarkers: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2025; 104:e42311. [PMID: 40388727 PMCID: PMC12091621 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000042311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025] Open
Abstract
Although the relationship among lipopolysaccharides (LPS), LPS-binding proteins, and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is widely studied, no conclusive evidence is available. In this study, we used mendelian randomization (MR) to study the causal relationship of LPS, LPS-binding proteins, and MAFLD. Using bidirectional two-sample MR method, we evaluated data from the genome wide association study; for this analysis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fat percentage, and other metabolic syndromes were employed as outcomes. Furthermore, MR analysis mainly involved the inverse variance weighted method. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests were also conducted. LPS was found to have a causal relationship with NAFLD, obesity, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TG levels. Furthermore, TG levels and LBP had significant causal relationships. This study mainly concluded that LPS is a risk factor for NAFLD, obesity, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TG, corroborating it's the LPS role in MAFLD pathogenesis. Hence, optimizing the gut microbiota using proper diet, probiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation may help to reduce inflammation and (IR), thereby improving lipid and glucose metabolism disorders. Although a causal relationship between TG and LBP was observed, further studies are required to determine a specific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Kong
- Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Han
- Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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2
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Sun X, Ge N, Liang Q, Wang Q, Yu H, Jin M. Effect of the total flavonoids of Dracocephalum moldavica L. on metabolic associated fatty liver disease in rats. Front Pharmacol 2025; 16:1549515. [PMID: 40444056 PMCID: PMC12119540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1549515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a liver disease syndrome. The total flavonoids of Dracocephalum moldavica L. (D. moldavica), the main active components of D. moldavica, have been demonstrated not only to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects but also to regulate gut microbiota. However, the mechanism by which it improves MAFLD is unclear. So we want to investigate how the total flavonoids of D. moldavica alleviate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MAFLD in rats. Methods Firstly, MAFLD rat models were established by feeding with HFD, while the total flavonoids of D. moldavica were administered via gavage. Then, the experiments analyzed the changes of gut microbiota by the 16S rRNA sequencing and detected intestinal barrier permeability and liver inflammation to explore the mechanism of the total flavonoids of D. moldavica in the prevention and treatment of MAFLD. Results We found that the total flavonoids of D. moldavica reduced systemic inflammation and could alleviate serum and liver lipid metabolism disorders in MAFLD rats. The results of the 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that the total flavonoids of D. moldavica increased the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. Furthermore, the total flavonoids of D. moldavica have been demonstrated to enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier function, reduce LPS translocation, and inhibit the activation of hepatic TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. This could effectively ameliorate the hepatic lesions in MAFLD rats. Conclusions The aforementioned outcomes indicate that the total flavonoids ofD moldavica may potentially alleviate MAFLD by modulating gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier and hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- The School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Na Ge
- The School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Qingqing Liang
- The School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Hui Yu
- The School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Min Jin
- The School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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3
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Zhong C, Du J, Zhu H, Gao J, Xu G, Xu P. Intestinal Microbiota and Gene Expression Alterations in Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir sinensis) Under Deltamethrin Exposure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:510. [PMID: 40427392 PMCID: PMC12108348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Revised: 03/15/2025] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The intestine is an important immune organ of aquatic animals and it plays an essential role in maintaining body health and anti-oxidative stress. To investigate the toxic effects of deltamethrin in intestinal tissue of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis), 120 healthy crabs were randomly divided into two experimental groups (blank control group and deltamethrin-treated group), with three replicates in each group. After being treated with deltamethrin for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h, intestinal tissues were collected aseptically to assess the effects of deltamethrin on oxidative stress, immunity, apoptosis-related genes, and the structure of microflora in intestinal tissues. Additionally, correlations between gut microbiota composition and intestinal tissue damage-associated genes were analyzed. The results demonstrated that prolonged exposure to deltamethrin induced oxidative stress damage in intestinal tissue. Compared with the blank control group, the expression of autophagy-related genes B-cell lymphoma/Leukemia-2 (bcl-2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk), Microtuble-associated protein light chain 3 (lc3c), Cysteine-dependent Aspartate-specific Protease 8 (caspase 8), BECN1(beclin1), oxidative stress damage-related genes MAS1 proto-oncogene (mas), Glutathione Peroxidase (gpx), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1), Sequestosome 1 (p62), Interleukin-6 (il-6), and immune-related genes Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha Factor (litaf), Heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and prophenoloxidase (propo) in the deltamethrin treatment group were significantly up-regulated at 96 h (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the diversity of intestinal flora in the deltamethrin-treated group was significantly higher compared with the blank control group (p < 0.01). Analysis of the differences in the composition of intestinal flora at the genus level showed that the relative abundance of Candidatus Bacilloplasma in the deltamethrin treatment group was significantly lower than that in the blank control group (p < 0.01). In contrast, the relative abundances of Flavobacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Acinetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Lacihabitans, Taibaiella, Hydrogenophaga, Acidovorax, and Undibacterium were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that Malaciobacter, Shewanella, and Prevotella exhibited significant positive correlations with gene indicators (jnk, gpx, lc3c, litaf, hsp90), while Dysgonomonas, Vibrio, and Flavobacterium demonstrated significant negative correlations with multiple gene indicators (caspase 8, p62, il-16, keap1, jnk, etc). These results demonstrate that deltamethrin significantly impacts the gut microbiota, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of E. sinensis. The changes in gut microbiota have correlations with the biomarkers of intestinal tissue injury genes, indicating that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in deltamethrin-induced intestinal tissue damage. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the ecological risks associated with deltamethrin exposure in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Jinliang Du
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Z.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Jiancao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Z.)
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Perumal SK, Arumugam MK, Osna NA, Rasineni K, Kharbanda KK. Betaine regulates the gut-liver axis: a therapeutic approach for chronic liver diseases. Front Nutr 2025; 12:1478542. [PMID: 40196019 PMCID: PMC11973089 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1478542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is defined by persistent harm to the liver that might result in decreased liver function. The two prevalent chronic liver diseases are alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). There is ample evidence that the pathogenesis of these two chronic liver diseases is closely linked to gastrointestinal dysfunctions that alters the gut-liver crosstalk. These alterations are mediated through the imbalances in the gut microbiota composition/function that combined with disruption in the gut barrier integrity allows for harmful gut microbes and their toxins to enter the portal circulation and reach the liver to elicit an inflammatory response. This leads to further recruitment of systemic inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, T-cells, and monocytes into the liver, which perpetuate additional inflammation and the development of progressive liver damage. Many therapeutic modalities, currently used to prevent, attenuate, or treat chronic liver diseases are aimed at modulating gut dysbiosis and improving intestinal barrier function. Betaine is a choline-derived metabolite and a methyl group donor with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and osmoprotectant properties. Studies have shown that low betaine levels are associated with higher levels of organ damage. There have been several publications demonstrating the role of betaine supplementation in preventing the development of ALD and MASLD. This review explores the protective effects of betaine through its role as a methyl donor and its capacity to regulate the protective gut microbiota and maintain intestinal barrier integrity to prevent the development of these chronic liver diseases. Further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential that could pave the way for targeted interventions in the management of not only chronic liver diseases, but other inflammatory bowel diseases or systemic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Perumal
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Cancer Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Yu W, Sun S, Yan Y, Zhou H, Liu Z, Fu Q. The role of short-chain fatty acid in metabolic syndrome and its complications: focusing on immunity and inflammation. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1519925. [PMID: 39991152 PMCID: PMC11842938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1519925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 02/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular, liver, neurological, and reproductive diseases. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), an organismal energy donor, has recently been demonstrated in an increasing number of studies to be an important molecule in ameliorating immuno-inflammation, an important causative factor of Mets, and to improve lipid distribution, blood glucose, and body weight levels in animal models of Mets. This study reviews recent research advances on SCFA in Mets from an immune-inflammatory perspective, including complications dominated by chronic inflammation, as well as the fact that these findings also contribute to the understanding of the specific mechanisms by which gut flora metabolites contribute to metabolic processes in humans. This review proposes an emerging role for SCFA in the inflammatory Mets, followed by the identification of major ambiguities to further understand the anti-inflammatory potential of this substance in Mets. In addition, this study proposes novel strategies to modulate SCFA for the treatment of Mets that may help to mitigate the prognosis of Mets and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Yan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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6
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Alisi A, McCaughan G, Grønbæk H. Role of gut microbiota and immune cells in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: clinical impact. Hepatol Int 2024; 18:861-872. [PMID: 38995341 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In 2020, a revised definition of fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction (MAFLD) was proposed to replace non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). Liver steatosis and at least one of the three metabolic risk factors, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, or signs of metabolic dysregulation, are used to diagnose MAFLD. MAFLD, similarly to NAFLD, is characterized by a spectrum of disease ranging from simple steatosis to advanced metabolic steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis, and may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, including increased risk of other critical extrahepatic diseases. Even though the pathophysiology of MAFLD and potential therapeutic targets have been explored in great detail, there is yet no Food and Drug Administration approved treatment. Recently, gut microbiome-derived products (e.g., endotoxins and metabolites) involved in intestinal barrier disruption, systemic inflammation, and modification of intrahepatic immunity have been associated with MAFLD development and progression. Therefore, different strategies could be adopted to modify the gut microbiome to improve outcomes in early and progressive MAFLD. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms that may link the gut microbiome and immune response during the onset of liver steatosis and progression to steatohepatitis and fibrosis in patients with MAFLD. Finally, gut microbiota-based approaches are discussed as potential personalized treatments against MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesu' Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Geoffrey McCaughan
- A.W Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Wang R, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li G. Gut microbiota of miR-30a-5p-deleted mice aggravate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e70035. [PMID: 39360667 PMCID: PMC11447637 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.70035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often exhibit hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia. Studies have shown that intestinal microorganisms are closely related to the occurrence of NAFLD and atherosclerosis. Our previous study has underscored the protective role of microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) against atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effect and underlying mechanism of the intestinal microorganisms of miR-30a-5p knockout (KO) mice on NAFLD. Our findings demonstrated that KO exacerbated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and disrupted liver function, as evidenced by elevated levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and total bile acids in serum. Fecal microbiota from HFD-fed KO mice induced hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and higher levels of enzymes indicative of liver damage in wild-type mice. Remarkably, KO mice significantly intensified the above effects. 16s rDNA sequencing and metabolomics of the intestinal microbiota in the HFD-treated KO and WT mice showed that the loss of miR-30a-5p resulted in intestinal microbiota imbalance and was highly related to the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. Targeted metabolomic in the liver tissues unveiled upregulation of COX-related (PGF2a, 8-iso-PGF2a and PGF2) and LOX-related (LTB4, LTD4, 12S-HETE and 15S-HETE) factors in HFD-treated KO mice. Immunohistochemistry and transcriptional analyses showed that miR-30a-5p affected arachidonic acid metabolism through the LOX/COX pathways. Besides, COX/LOX pathways and hepatic steatosis were reversed after reintroducing miR-30a-5p in HFD-treated KO mice. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the pivotal mechanism by which miR-30a-5p and intestinal microbes regulate hepatic steatosis and abnormal lipid metabolism, offering promising avenues for NAFLD and atherosclerosis therapeutics. HIGHLIGHTS MiR-30a-5p deletion aggravated hepatic steatosis and lipid disorder induced by an HFD in mice. Gut microbiota participated in the regulation of hepatic steatosis in the context of miR-30a-5p. Gut microbiota metabolism-related arachidonic acid metabolic pathway contributed to miR-30a-5p-regulated hepatic steatosis and lipid disorder. Reintroducing miR-30a-5p reversed hepatic steatosis and arachidonic acid metabolism disorder caused by HFD and miR-30a-5p deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseasesXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Department of CardiologyNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yijun Lin
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseasesXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseasesXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseasesXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversitySchool of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseasesXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianP. R. China
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Zhang R, Yan Z, Zhong H, Luo R, Liu W, Xiong S, Liu Q, Liu M. Gut microbial metabolites in MASLD: Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and treatment. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0484. [PMID: 38967596 PMCID: PMC11227362 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
With an increasing prevalence, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become a major global health problem. MASLD is well-known as a multifactorial disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in the gut bacteria are 2 vital events in MASLD. Recent studies have highlighted the cross-talk between microbiota and mitochondria, and mitochondria are recognized as pivotal targets of the gut microbiota to modulate the host's physiological state. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in MASLD and is associated with multiple pathological changes, including hepatocyte steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Metabolites are crucial mediators of the gut microbiota that influence extraintestinal organs. Additionally, regulation of the composition of gut bacteria may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for MASLD. This study reviewed the potential roles of several common metabolites in MASLD, emphasizing their impact on mitochondrial function. Finally, we discuss the current treatments for MASLD, including probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. These methods concentrate on restoring the gut microbiota to promote host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan Zhang
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina, and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaobo Yan
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina, and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina, and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Weiai Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Shulin Xiong
- Department of Preventive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Qianyan Liu
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina, and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Liu
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina, and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, China
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Baffy G, Portincasa P. Gut Microbiota and Sinusoidal Vasoregulation in MASLD: A Portal Perspective. Metabolites 2024; 14:324. [PMID: 38921459 PMCID: PMC11205793 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common condition with heterogeneous outcomes difficult to predict at the individual level. Feared complications of advanced MASLD are linked to clinically significant portal hypertension and are initiated by functional and mechanical changes in the unique sinusoidal capillary network of the liver. Early sinusoidal vasoregulatory changes in MASLD lead to increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and represent the beginning of portal hypertension. In addition, the composition and function of gut microbiota in MASLD are distinctly different from the healthy state, and multiple lines of evidence demonstrate the association of dysbiosis with these vasoregulatory changes. The gut microbiota is involved in the biotransformation of nutrients, production of de novo metabolites, release of microbial structural components, and impairment of the intestinal barrier with impact on innate immune responses, metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and vasoregulation in the liver and beyond. The gut-liver axis is a conceptual framework in which portal circulation is the primary connection between gut microbiota and the liver. Accordingly, biochemical and hemodynamic attributes of portal circulation may hold the key to better understanding and predicting disease progression in MASLD. However, many specific details remain hidden due to limited access to the portal circulation, indicating a major unmet need for the development of innovative diagnostic tools to analyze portal metabolites and explore their effect on health and disease. We also need to safely and reliably monitor portal hemodynamics with the goal of providing preventive and curative interventions in all stages of MASLD. Here, we review recent advances that link portal metabolomics to altered sinusoidal vasoregulation and may allow for new insights into the development of portal hypertension in MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Baffy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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Zheng X, Xu X, Liu M, Yang J, Yuan M, Sun C, Zhou Q, Chen J, Liu B. Bile acid and short chain fatty acid metabolism of gut microbiota mediate high-fat diet induced intestinal barrier damage in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109376. [PMID: 38218421 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The limited tolerance of crustacean tissue physiology to a high-fat diet has captured the attention of researchers. Yet, investigations into the physiological response mechanisms of the crustacean intestinal barrier system to a high-fat diet are progressing slowly. Elucidating potential physiological mechanisms and determining the precise regulatory targets would be of great physiological and nutritional significance. This study established a high-fat diet-induced intestinal barrier damage model in Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and systematically investigated the functions of gut microbiota and its functional metabolites. The study achieved this by monitoring phenotypic indicators, conducting 16S rDNA sequencing, targeted metabolomics, and in vitro anaerobic fermentation of intestinal contents. Feeding prawns with control and high-fat diets for 8 weeks, the lipid level of 7 % in the CON diet and 12 % in the HF diet. Results showed that high-fat intake impaired the intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal barrier structure, and permeability of M. rosenbergii, activated the tight junction signaling pathway inhibiting factor NF-κB transcription factor Relish/myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and suppressed the expression of downstream tight junction proteins zona occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) and Claudin. High-fat intake resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and Clostridium sensu stricto 3 genera, while Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 genera were significantly decreased. Targeted metabolomics results of bile acids and short-chain fatty acids in intestinal contents and in vitro anaerobic fermentation products showed a marked rise in the abundance of DCA, 12-KetoLCA, 7,12-diketoLCA, and Isovaleric acid, and a significant reduction in the abundance of HDCA, CDCA, and Acetate in the HF group. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a substantial correlation between various genera (Clostridium sensu stricto 3, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides) and secondary metabolites (DCA, HDCA, 12-KetoLCA, Acetate), and the latter was significantly correlated with intestinal barrier function related genes (Relish, ZO-1, MLCK, vitamin D receptor, and ecdysone receptor). These findings indicate that gut microorganisms and their specific bile acids and short-chain fatty acid secondary metabolites play a crucial role in the process of high-fat-induced intestinal barrier damage of M. rosenbergii. Moreover, identifying and targeting these factors could facilitate precise regulation of high-fat nutrition for crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaodi Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Cunxin Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China.
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11
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Nagayama I, Kamimura K, Owaki T, Ko M, Nagoya T, Tanaka Y, Ohkoshi M, Setsu T, Sakamaki A, Yokoo T, Kamimura H, Terai S. Complementary role of peripheral and central autonomic nervous system on insulin-like growth factor-1 activation to prevent fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int 2024; 18:155-167. [PMID: 37864724 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in the pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ameliorates fatty infiltration in the liver. It is activated by growth hormone (GH); however, the role of GH-IGF-1 axis in NAFLD developmental phase has not been well identified. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the effect of IGF-1 in NAFLD pathology and GH excretion activation from the pituitary gland by peripheral autonomic neural pathways relaying liver-brain-gut pathway and by central neuropeptides. METHODS GH and IGF-1 levels were assessed in wild-type and melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mice upon the development of diet-induced NAFLD. The contribution of the peripheral autonomic nervous system connecting the liver-brain-gut axis was assessed by its blockade using capsaicin and that of the central nervous system was assessed by the expression of hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH), which activates GH release from the pituitary gland. RESULTS In the NAFLD mouse models, the levels of GH and IGF-1 increased (p < .05). Further, hepatic fatty infiltration was suppressed even under peripheral autonomic nervous system blockade (p < .001), which inhibited gastric ghrelin expression. In mice with peripheral autonomic nervous blockade, hypothalamic BDNF and CRH were inhibited (p < .05), resulting in GH and IGF-1 excretion, whereas other neuropeptides of somatostatin and cortistatin showed no changes. These complementary effects were canceled in melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mice, which diminished BDNF and CRH release control. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the release of IGF-1 by the nervous system is a key factor in maintaining the pathological homeostasis of NAFLD, suggesting its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuo Nagayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Department of General Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Takashi Owaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takuro Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuto Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Marina Ohkoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Setsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sakamaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroteru Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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Joyce SA, Clarke DJ. Microbial metabolites as modulators of host physiology. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:83-133. [PMID: 38821635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as a key player in influencing human health and changes in the gut microbiota have been strongly linked with many non-communicable conditions in humans such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, characterising the molecular mechanisms that underpin these associations remains an important challenge for researchers. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that acts as a metabolic interface to transform ingested food (and other xenobiotics) into metabolites that are detected in the host faeces, urine and blood. Many of these metabolites are only produced by microbes and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that these microbe-specific metabolites do act as effectors to influence human physiology. For example, the gut microbiota can digest dietary complex polysaccharides (such as fibre) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate and butyrate that have a pervasive role in host physiology from nutrition to immune function. In this review we will outline our current understanding of the role of some key microbial metabolites, such as SCFA, indole and bile acids, in human health. Whilst many studies linking microbial metabolites with human health are correlative we will try to highlight examples where genetic evidence is available to support a specific role for a microbial metabolite in host health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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13
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Gruzdev SK, Podoprigora IV, Gizinger OA. Immunology of gut microbiome and liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): mechanisms, bacteria, and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:62. [PMID: 38216746 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Most important contributors to its development are diet and obesity. Gut microbiome's importance for immune system and inflammatory pathways more widely accepted as an important component in NAFLD and other liver diseases' pathogenesis. In this article we review potential mechanisms of microbiome alteration of local and systemic immune responses leading to NAFLD's development, and how can modulate them for the treatment. Our review mentions different immune system pathways and microorganisms regulating metabolism, liver inflammation and fibrosis. We specifically point out TLR-4 as a potential key immune pathway activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides producing pro-inflammatory cytokines in NAFLD. Also, we discuss three endotoxin-producing strains (Enterobacter cloacae B29, Escherichia coli PY102, Klebsiella pneumoniae A7) that can promote NAFLD development via TLR4-dependent immune response activation in animal models and how they potentially contribute to disease progression in humans. Additionally, we discuss their other immune and non-immune mechanisms contributing to NAFLD pathogenesis. In the end we point out gut microbiome researches' future perspective in NAFLD as a potential new target for both diagnostic and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Konstantinovich Gruzdev
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| | - Irina Viktorovna Podoprigora
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Oksana Anatolievna Gizinger
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
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14
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Dongoran RA, Tu FC, Liu CH. Current insights into the interplay between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Tzu Chi Med J 2023; 35:290-299. [PMID: 38035056 PMCID: PMC10683522 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_122_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent and challenging disease associated with a significant health and economic burden. MAFLD has been subjected to and widely investigated in many studies; however, the underlying pathogenesis and its progression have yet to understand fully. Furthermore, precise biomarkers for diagnosing and specific drugs for treatment are yet to be discovered. Increasing evidence has proven gut microbiota as the neglected endocrine organ that regulates homeostasis and immune response. Targeting gut microbiota is an essential strategy for metabolic diseases, including MAFLD. Gut microbiota in the gut-liver axis is connected through tight bidirectional links through the biliary tract, portal vein, and systemic circulation, producing gut microbiota metabolites. This review focuses on the specific correlation between gut microbiota metabolites and MAFLD. Gut microbiota metabolites are biologically active in the host and, through subsequent changes and biological activities, provide implications for MAFLD. Based on the review studies, gut-liver axis related-metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids (BAs), lipopolysaccharide, choline and its metabolites, indole and its derivates, branched-chain amino acids, and methionine cycle derivates was associated with MAFLD and could be promising MAFLD diagnosis biomarkers, as well as the targets for MAFLD new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachmad Anres Dongoran
- Indonesian Food and Drug Authority, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Center for Chinese Studies, National Central Library, Taipei, Taiwan
- Program in Asia Pacific Regional Studies, Department of Taiwan and Regional Studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Cen Tu
- Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Liu
- Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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