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Stoica C, Dinu LR, Lucaciu IE, Oncu V, Gheorghe S, Nita-Lazar M. Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Strains to Treated Mine Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15535. [PMID: 36497609 PMCID: PMC9739636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mine water as a result of meteoric and/or underground water's contact with tailings and underground workings could have an elevated content of metals associated with sulfate, often acidic, due to the bio-oxidation of sulfides. When entering aquatic ecosystems, the mine water can cause significant changes in the species' trophic levels, therefore a treatment is required to adjust the alkalinity and to remove the heavy metals and metalloids. The conventional mine water treatment removes metals, but in many cases it does not reduce the sulfate content. This paper aimed to predict the impact of conventionally treated mine water on the receiving river by assessing the genotoxic activity on an engineered Escherichia coli and by evaluating the toxic effects generated on two Gram-negative bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Although the main chemical impact is the severe increases of calcium and sulfate concentrations, no significant genotoxic characteristics were detected on the Escherichia coli strain and on the cell-viability with a positive survival rate higher than 80%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more resistant than Escherichia coli in the presence of 1890 mg SO42-/L. This paper reveals different sensitivities and adaptabilities of pathogenic bacteria to high concentrations of sulfates in mine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Stoica
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology–ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Razvan Dinu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology–ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Eugenia Lucaciu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology–ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Voicu Oncu
- SC CEPROMIN S.A., 22 Decembrie 37A Boulevard, 330166 Deva, Romania
| | - Stefania Gheorghe
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology–ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Nita-Lazar
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology–ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania
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Iqbal M, Taylor-Edmonds L, Ebrahimi S, Zollbrecht N, Andrews RC. Low toxicological impact of wastewaters on drinking water sources. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115376. [PMID: 31862443 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters may contain varying levels of wastewater effluent associated with de facto reuse, which may influence their toxicological properties both prior to and following treatment. This study examined the genotoxic response of three surface waters containing a range of wastewater effluent (5%, 10%, and 25% by volume). The SOS Chromotest™ was used to assay the genotoxicity of both chlorinated and unchlorinated mixtures. Chlorinated mixtures were also analyzed for trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs); their concentrations were used to calculate a relative toxicity index for each sample, based on published potencies in the comet assay and subsequently referred to as predicted genotoxicity. Wastewater effluents were observed to be reactive in the genotoxicity assay, whereas raw and chlorinated surface waters were not. Upon chlorination, surface waters containing 5% or 10% wastewater did not elicit a response and only modest effects were observed for higher wastewater ratios (25%). The measured SOS responses correlated well with predicted genotoxicity (R = 0.92) and THM concentrations (R = 0.92). This is important since THMs themselves are non-reactive in either the SOS or comet genotoxic assays, but their formation may serve as surrogates for non-regulated DBPs which drive toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Iqbal
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1AS, UK, Canada
| | - Liz Taylor-Edmonds
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1AS, UK, Canada.
| | - Shelir Ebrahimi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1AS, UK, Canada
| | - Nicole Zollbrecht
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1AS, UK, Canada
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1AS, UK, Canada
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Ouanes-Ben Othmen Z, Barka S, Adeljelil ZB, Mouelhi S, Krifa M, Kilani S, Chekir-Ghedira L, Forget-Leray J, Hamza-Chaffai A. In situ genotoxicity assessment in freshwater zooplankton and sediments from different dams, ponds, and temporary rivers in Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1435-1444. [PMID: 30426375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tunisia water resources are limited. The country currently has 29 large dams, more than 1000 hill lakes, and 220 small dams which are essential for economic and social development given their contribution to irrigation, drinking water consumption, flooding protection, production of electrical energy, groundwater recharge, and industrial uses. Given the scarcity of these resources, it is crucial to be able to ensure the quality of freshwater environments, particularly those intended for human consumption. In this study, we meant to assess the health status of various freshwater ecosystems in different regions of Tunisia (north and center west) in order to detect genotoxic components in sediments and their potential effect on zooplankton (cladocerans). Sediment and cladoceran species were collected from dams, ponds, and temporary rivers in Tunisia. For each collection site, micronucleus (MN) assay was performed, in triplicates, using a pool of ten specimens of the same cladoceran species. MN occurrence in cladocerans varied from one site to another and MN frequencies varied between 0.67 and 22‰, suggesting the presence of genotoxic substances in certain sites. Sediment genotoxicity and mutagenicity were assessed using the SOS Chromotest and the Ames test. Sediment results showed that genotoxicity varies from one site to another displaying a quantitative and a qualitative variation of pollutant among the sites. These results suggest an urgent need for continuous monitoring of freshwater environments in Tunisia, particularly those intended for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhour Ouanes-Ben Othmen
- Unité de Recherche de Toxicologie Environnementale et Marine, UR 09-03, IPEIS Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sabria Barka
- Unité de Recherche de Toxicologie Environnementale et Marine, UR 09-03, IPEIS Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zied Ben Adeljelil
- Biochemistry Laboratory-Medicine Faculty of Monastir: LR12ES05, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Samia Mouelhi
- Unité de Recherche de Biologie Animale et Systématique Evolutive 2092, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mounira Krifa
- Unité de Recherche de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03, Faculté de Pharmacie, Monastir University, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Kilani
- Unité de Recherche de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03, Faculté de Pharmacie, Monastir University, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Unité de Recherche de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03, Faculté de Pharmacie, Monastir University, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Joëlle Forget-Leray
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie des Milieux Aquatiques, EA 3222, FED 4116 SCALE, Université du Havre, rue Philippe Lebon, Le Havre, France
| | - Amel Hamza-Chaffai
- Unité de Recherche de Toxicologie Environnementale et Marine, UR 09-03, IPEIS Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
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Xu L, Eisa Ahmed MF, Sangare L, Zhao Y, Selvaraj JN, Xing F, Wang Y, Yang H, Liu Y. Novel Aflatoxin-Degrading Enzyme from Bacillus shackletonii L7. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E36. [PMID: 28098812 PMCID: PMC5308268 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed contamination by aflatoxin (AF)B₁ has adverse economic and health consequences. AFB₁ degradation by microorganisms or microbial enzymes provides a promising preventive measure. To this end, the present study tested 43 bacterial isolates collected from maize, rice, and soil samples for AFB₁-reducing activity. The higher activity was detected in isolate L7, which was identified as Bacillus shackletonii. L7 reduced AFB₁, AFB₂, and AFM₁ levels by 92.1%, 84.1%, and 90.4%, respectively, after 72 h at 37 °C. The L7 culture supernatant degraded more AFB₁ than viable cells and cell extracts; and the degradation activity was reduced from 77.9% to 15.3% in the presence of proteinase K and sodium dodecyl sulphate. A thermostable enzyme purified from the boiled supernatant was designated as Bacillus aflatoxin-degrading enzyme (BADE). An overall 9.55-fold purification of BADE with a recovery of 39.92% and an activity of 3.85 × 10³ U·mg-1 was obtained using chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose. BADE had an estimated molecular mass of 22 kDa and exhibited the highest activity at 70 °C and pH 8.0, which was enhanced by Cu2+ and inhibited by Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Li⁺. BADE is the major protein involved in AFB₁ detoxification. This is the first report of a BADE isolated from B. shackletonii, which has potential applications in the detoxification of aflatoxins during food and feed processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mohamed Farah Eisa Ahmed
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lancine Sangare
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yueju Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hongping Yang
- Shenyang Institute of Engineering, No.18 Puchang Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110136, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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Krasner SW, Lee TCF, Westerhoff P, Fischer N, Hanigan D, Karanfil T, Beita-Sandí W, Taylor-Edmonds L, Andrews RC. Granular Activated Carbon Treatment May Result in Higher Predicted Genotoxicity in the Presence of Bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9583-91. [PMID: 27467860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Certain unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are more of a health concern than regulated DBPs. Brominated species are typically more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogs. The impact of granular activated carbon (GAC) on controlling the formation of regulated and selected unregulated DBPs following chlorine disinfection was evaluated. The predicted cyto- and genotoxicity of DBPs was calculated using published potencies based on the comet assay for Chinese hamster ovary cells (assesses the level of DNA strand breaks). Additionally, genotoxicity was measured using the SOS-Chromotest (detects DNA-damaging agents). The class sum concentrations of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and unregulated DBPs, and the SOS genotoxicity followed the breakthrough of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), however the formation of brominated species did not. The bromide/DOC ratio was higher than the influent through much of the breakthrough curve (GAC does not remove bromide), which resulted in elevated brominated DBP concentrations in the effluent. Based on the potency of the haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes, these nitrogen-containing DBPs were the driving agents of the predicted genotoxicity. GAC treatment of drinking or reclaimed waters with appreciable levels of bromide and dissolved organic nitrogen may not control the formation of unregulated DBPs with higher genotoxicity potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Tiffany Chih Fen Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University , School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, Arizona 85259-3005, United States
| | - Natalia Fischer
- Arizona State University , School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, Arizona 85259-3005, United States
| | - David Hanigan
- University of Nevada , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Clemson University , Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Wilson Beita-Sandí
- Clemson University , Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- University of Costa Rica , Research Center of Environmental Pollution (CICA), San José, Costa Rica 2060, and
| | - Liz Taylor-Edmonds
- University of Toronto , Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 1A4
| | - Robert C Andrews
- University of Toronto , Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 1A4
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Kocak E. Investigation of potential genotoxic activity using the SOS Chromotest for real paracetamol wastewater and the wastewater treated by the Fenton process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:66. [PMID: 26421152 PMCID: PMC4587672 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential genotoxic activity associated with high strength real paracetamol (PCT) wastewater (COD = 40,000 mg/L, TOC = 12,000 mg/L, BOD5 = 19,320 mg/L) from a large-scale drug-producing plant in the Marmara Region, was investigated in pre- and post- treated wastewater by the Fenton process (COD = 2,920 mg/L, TOC = 880 mg/L; BOD5 = 870 mg/L). METHODS The SOS Chromotest, which is based on Escherichia coli PQ37 activities, was used for the assessment of genotoxicity. The corrected induction factors (CIF) values used as quantitative measurements of the genotoxic activity were obtained from a total of four different dilutions (100, 50, 6.25, and 0.078 % v/v.) for two samples, in triplicate, to detect potentially genotoxic activities with the SOS Chromotest. RESULTS The results of the SOS Chromotest demonstrated CIFmax value of 1.24, indicating that the PCT effluent (non-treated) is genotoxic. The results of the SOS Chromotest showed an CIFmax value of 1.72, indicating that the wastewater treated by Fenton process is genotoxic. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study clearly reveal that the PCT wastewater (non-treated) samples have a potentially hazardous impact on the aquatic environment before treatment, and in the wastewater that was treated by the Fenton process, genotoxicity generally increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kocak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zheng D, Andrews RC, Andrews SA, Taylor-Edmonds L. Effects of coagulation on the removal of natural organic matter, genotoxicity, and precursors to halogenated furanones. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 70:118-129. [PMID: 25528542 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water can react with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Halogenated furanones are a group of emerging DBPs that can account for 20-60% of the total mutagenicity observed in drinking water. This study examined the impacts of bench-scale coagulation and subsequent chlorination on DBP formation as well as genotoxicity using three source waters located in Ontario, Canada. Two halogenated furanones 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and mucochloric acid (MCA) were analyzed; along with trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and absorbable organic halides (AOX). NOM was quantified using liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). Measured MX and MCA formation was 6.9-15.3 ng/L and 43.2-315 ng/L following optimized coagulation and subsequent chlorination of the three waters tested. DBP formation and speciation were evaluated as a function of the specific NOM fractions present in the source waters. Humics, building blocks, and biopolymers were highly correlated with DBP formation. Correlations between DBPs were also investigated and a potential relationship between MCA and/or MX vs. HAAs was observed. MX was the only measured DBP that contributed to genotoxicity, representing less than 0.001% of AOX by mass but responsible for 40-67% of the genotoxic response in chlorinated Ottawa River water samples. Genotoxic potential decreased with alum dosages, signifying that coagulation was effective at removing genotoxic DBP precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Zheng
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4.
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4.
| | - Susan A Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4
| | - Liz Taylor-Edmonds
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4
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Sharma P, Mathur N, Singh A, Sogani M, Bhatnagar P, Atri R, Pareek S. Monitoring hospital wastewaters for their probable genotoxicity and mutagenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4180. [PMID: 25487460 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Excluding the genetic factors, environmental factors, mainly the pollutants, have been implicated in the causation of the majority of cancers. Wastewater originated from health-care sectors such as hospitals may carry vast amounts of carcinogenic and genotoxic chemicals to surface waters or any other source of drinking water, if discharged untreated. Humans get exposed to such contaminants through a variety of ways including drinking water. The aim of the present study was, thus, to monitor the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of wastewaters from three big hospitals located in Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. One of them was operating an effluent treatment plant (ETP) for treatment of its wastewater and therefore both the untreated and treated effluents from this hospital were studied for their genotoxicity. Two short-term bacterial bioassays namely the Salmonella fluctuation assay and the SOS chromotest were used for the purpose. Results of fluctuation assay revealed the highly genotoxic nature of all untreated effluent samples with mutagenicity ratios (MR) up to 23.13 ± 0.18 and 42.25 ± 0.35 as measured with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, respectively. As determined with the chromotest, all untreated effluents produced significant induction factors (IF) ranging from 3.29 ± 1.11 to 13.35 ± 3.58 at higher concentrations. In contrast, treated effluent samples were found to be slightly genotoxic in fluctuation test only with an MR = 3.75 ± 0.35 for TA100 at 10 % concentration. Overall, the results indicated that proper treatment of hospital wastewaters may render the effluents safe for disposal contrary to the untreated ones, possessing high genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India,
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