Role of caveolin-1 in fibrotic diseases

Interaction of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A with the blood-brain barrier

The functional and structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier is crucial in maintaining homeostasis in the brain microenvironment; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier remain poorly understood. The major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A has been identified as a key regulator of blood-brain barrier function. It plays a critical role in promoting and maintaining the formation and functional stability of the blood-brain barrier, in addition to the transport of lipids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, across the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have suggested that major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A is involved in the molecular mechanisms of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in a variety of neurological diseases; however, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A affects the blood-brain barrier. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the close relationship between major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A proteins and the blood-brain barrier, including their basic structures and functions, cross-linking between major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A and the blood-brain barrier, and the in-depth studies on lipid transport and the regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability. This comprehensive systematic review contributes to an in-depth understanding of the important role of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A proteins in maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and the research progress to date. This will not only help to elucidate the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, improve the accuracy of laboratory diagnosis, and optimize clinical treatment strategies, but it may also play an important role in prognostic monitoring. In addition, the effects of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A on blood-brain barrier leakage in various diseases and the research progress on cross-blood-brain barrier drug delivery are summarized. This review may contribute to the development of new approaches for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Irisin alters D-galactose-induced apoptosis by increasing caveolin-1 expression in C2C12 myoblasts and skeletal muscle fibroblasts

Muscle atrophy and skeletal muscle fibrosis are significant pathological manifestations of primary sarcopenia. The regulation of C2C12 myoblast and skeletal muscle fibroblast apoptosis is associated with these pathological changes. Previous studies have indicated that irisin, the cleaved form of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), can alleviate primary sarcopenia. However, the mechanisms of the effect of irisin in age-related apoptosis remain unknown. Our present research aimed to explore the effect of irisin and the underlying mechanism of D-galactose (D-gal)-induced apoptosis in skeletal muscle fibroblasts and C2C12 myoblasts. We found the opposite effects of D-gal on C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblasts. We also found that irisin suppressed C2C12 cell apoptosis and promoted fibroblast apoptosis. Mechanistically, irisin altered D-gal-induced apoptosis by increasing caveolin-1 expression. Taken together, these findings further demonstrated that irisin is a potential agent that can treat aged-relative muscle atrophy and fibrosis.

A novel method for real-time inhalation toxicity assessment in mice using respirometric system: A promising tool for respiratory toxicology

Inhalation toxicity assessment is a crucial tool for the identification and classification of hazardous materials like volatile organic carbons, aerosols, and particulate matter. Unlike traditional acute inhalation toxicity studies that use mortality as an endpoint, the Fixed Concentration Procedure (FCP) emphasizes "evident toxicity" by monitoring behavior, weight, and food intake. This reduces reliance on mortality but doesn't directly address respiratory system impact. The present study introduced a respirometer-based inhalation toxicity and respiratory status assessment method. The toxicity evaluation system integrated a respirometric system with an animal exposure chamber, enabling real-time monitoring of oxygen consumption. The ICR mice were exposed to various concentrations of benzene (10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L of air), toluene (7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/L of air), and xylene (7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/L of air). The respiration rate decreased by 70 % and 69 % for benzene (80 mg/L of air) and toluene (60 mg/L of air), respectively, with EC50 values of 32.5 mg/l and 21.2 mg/L based on oxygen consumption. Xylene did not exhibit EC50 values at the tested concentrations. However, the oxygen consumption rate significantly decreased (46 %) at high concentrations (60 mg/L of air), indicating sub-lethal toxicological effects. Furthermore, the present study was also validated in the bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) model, demonstrating its reliability as a respiratory impairment marker. The results exhibited a strong correlation between weight loss and less oxygen consumption in the BLM group (bleomycin-induced) as compared to the SHAM group (control), which was confirmed by histological examination and protein marker analysis. The results suggest the potential use of oxygen consumption as an endpoint measurement in inhalation toxicity assessment tests without animal sacrifice, and the present study could be useful for providing valuable insights into disease progression and pharmacological interventions.

Pathophysiology in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Focus on Endothelial Dysfunctions and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) substantially increase the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the treatment options for bAVMs are severely limited, primarily relying on invasive methods that carry their own risks for intraoperative hemorrhage or even death. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical agents shown to treat this condition, primarily due to a poor understanding of bAVM pathophysiology. For the last decade, bAVM research has made significant advances, including the identification of novel genetic mutations and relevant signaling in bAVM development. However, bAVM pathophysiology is still largely unclear. Further investigation is required to understand the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, which will enable the development of safer and more effective treatment options. Endothelial cells (ECs), the cells that line the vascular lumen, are integral to the pathogenesis of bAVMs. Understanding the fundamental role of ECs in pathological conditions is crucial to unraveling bAVM pathophysiology. This review focuses on the current knowledge of bAVM-relevant signaling pathways and dysfunctions in ECs, particularly the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT).

Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain-derived peptide enhances erectile function by regulating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells in rats with cavernous nerve injury

AIM

Increased corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) apoptosis in the penis due to cavernous nerve injury (CNI) is a crucial contributor to erectile dysfunction (ED). Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSD)-derived peptide has been found to exert potential antiapoptotic properties. However, whether CSD peptide can alleviate CCSMCs apoptosis and ED in CNI rats remains unknown. The study aimed to determine whether CSD peptide can improve bilateral CNI-induced ED (BCNI-ED) by enhancing the antiapoptotic processes of CCSMCs.

MAIN METHODS

Fifteen 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly classified into three groups: sham surgery (Sham) group and BCNI groups that underwent saline or CSD peptide treatment respectively. At 3 weeks postoperatively, erectile function was assessed and the penis tissue was histologically examined. Furthermore, an in vitro model of CCSMCs apoptosis was established using transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) to investigate the mechanism of CSD peptide in treating BCNI-ED.

KEY FINDINGS

In BCNI rats, CSD peptide significantly prevented ED and decreased oxidative stress, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the levels of caspase3. TGF-β1-treated CCSMCs exhibited severe oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. However, CSD peptide partially reversed these alterations.

SIGNIFICANCE

Exogenous CSD peptide could improve BCNI-ED by inhibiting oxidative stress, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase3 expression in penile tissue. The underlying mechanism might involve the regulatory effects of CSD peptide on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis of CCSMCs following CNI. This study highlights CSD peptide as an effective therapy for post-radical prostatectomy ED (pRP-ED).

Single-cell transcriptional analysis of irradiated skin reveals changes in fibroblast subpopulations and variability in caveolin expression

BACKGROUND

Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is an important late complication of radiation therapy, and the resulting damaging effects of RIF can significantly impact reconstructive outcomes. There is currently a paucity of effective treatment options available, likely due to the continuing knowledge gap surrounding the cellular mechanisms involved. In this study, detailed analyses of irradiated and non-irradiated human skin samples were performed incorporating histological and single-cell transcriptional analysis to identify novel features guiding development of skin fibrosis following radiation injury.

METHODS

Paired irradiated and contralateral non-irradiated skin samples were obtained from six female patients undergoing post-oncologic breast reconstruction. Skin samples underwent histological evaluation, immunohistochemistry, and biomechanical testing. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed using the 10X single cell platform. Cells were separated into clusters using Seurat in R. The SingleR classifier was applied to ascribe cell type identities to each cluster. Differentially expressed genes characteristic to each cluster were then determined using non-parametric testing.

RESULTS

Comparing irradiated and non-irradiated skin, epidermal atrophy, dermal thickening, and evidence of thick, disorganized collagen deposition within the extracellular matrix of irradiated skin were readily appreciated on histology. These histologic features were associated with stiffness that was higher in irradiated skin. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed six predominant cell types. Focusing on fibroblasts/stromal lineage cells, five distinct transcriptional clusters (Clusters 0-4) were identified. Interestingly, while all clusters were noted to express Cav1, Cluster 2 was the only one to also express Cav2. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased expression of Cav2 in irradiated skin, whereas Cav1 was more readily identified in non-irradiated skin, suggesting Cav1 and Cav2 may act antagonistically to modulate fibrotic cellular responses.

CONCLUSION

In response to radiation therapy, specific changes to fibroblast subpopulations and enhanced Cav2 expression may contribute to fibrosis. Altogether, this study introduces a novel pathway of caveolin involvement which may contribute to fibrotic development following radiation injury.

CAV1 Protein Encapsulated in Mouse BMSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviates Myocardial Fibrosis Following Myocardial Infarction by Blocking the TGF-β1/SMAD2/c-JUN Axis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) convey the CAV1 protein, influencing the TGF-β1/SMAD2/c-JUN pathway and thus the molecular mechanisms underlying myocardial fibrosis (MF) post-myocardial infarction (MI). Through various experimental methods, including transmission electron microscopy, Nanosight analysis, Western blot, ELISA, and qRT-PCR, we isolated, purified, and identified EVs originating from mBMSCs. Bioinformatics and experimental findings show a reduced expression of CAV1 in myocardial fibrosis tissue. Furthermore, our findings suggest that mBMSC-EVs can deliver CAV1 to cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and that silencing CAV1 in mBMSC-EVs promotes CF fibrosis. In vivo studies further corroborated these findings. In conclusion, mBMSC-EVs mitigate myocardial fibrosis in MI mice by delivering the CAV1 protein, inhibiting the TGF-β1/SMAD2/c-JUN pathway.

Pre-clinical proof-of-concept of anti-fibrotic activity of caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide LTI-03 in ex vivo precision cut lung slices from patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Rationale: While rodent lung fibrosis models are routinely used to evaluate novel antifibrotics, these models have largely failed to predict clinical efficacy of novel drug candidates for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Moreover, single target therapeutic strategies for IPF have failed and current multi-target standard of care drugs are not curative. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is an integral membrane protein, which, via its caveolin scaffolding domain (CSD), interacts with caveolin binding domains (CBD). CAV-1 regulates homeostasis, and its expression is decreased in IPF lungs. LTI-03 is a seven amino acid peptide derived from the CSD and formulated for dry powder inhalation; it was well tolerated in normal volunteers ( NCT04233814 ) and a safety trial is underway in IPF patients ( NCT05954988 ). Objectives: Anti-fibrotic efficacy of LTI-03 and other CSD peptides has been observed in IPF lung monocultures, and rodent pulmonary, dermal, and heart fibrosis models. This study aimed to characterize progressive fibrotic activity in IPF PCLS explants and to evaluate the antifibrotic effects of LTI-03 and nintedanib in this model. Methods: First, CBD regions were identified in IPF signaling proteins using in silico analysis. Then, IPF PCLS (n=8) were characterized by COL1A1 immunostaining, multiplex immunoassays, and bulk RNA sequencing following treatment every 12hrs with LTI-03 at 0.5, 3.0, or 10 μM; nintedanib at 0.1 μM or 1 μM; or control peptide (CP) at 10 μM. Measurements and Main Results: CBDs were present in proteins implicated in IPF, including VEGFR, FGFR and PDGFR. Increased expression of profibrotic mediators indicated active fibrotic activity in IPF PCLS over five days. LTI-03 dose dependently decreased COL1A1 staining, and like nintedanib, decreased profibrotic proteins and transcripts. Unlike nintedanib, LTI-03 did not induce cellular necrosis signals. Conclusion: IPF PCLS explants demonstrate molecular activity indicative of fibrosis during 5 days in culture and LTI-03 broadly attenuated pro-fibrotic proteins and pathways, further supporting the potential therapeutic effectiveness of LTI-03 for IPF.

PM2.5 triggers autophagic degradation of Caveolin-1 via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) to enhance the TGF-β1/Smad3 axis promoting pulmonary fibrosis

Air pollution is highly associated with respiratory diseases. However, the influence and mechanism of particulate matter with aerodynamic equal to or less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in lung homeostasis remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrated the induction of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by PM2.5 exposure. The animal model showed that PM2.5 exposure could activate the oxidative stress and inflammation response, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and accumulation of collagen, high expression of pro-fibrotic factors, and pathological characteristics of fibrosis. The proteomic analysis indicated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1), and many differential proteins were enriched in the TGF-β1/Smad, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy pathways. Combining in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was found that PM2.5 exposure could reduce Cav-1 protein levels and activate TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways through ERS and autophagy pathways, thereby inducing cell apoptosis and promoting pulmonary fibrosis. However, inhibiting ERS could alleviate the occurrence of autophagy, and blocking the autophagy system could increase the level of Cav-1 protein and inhibit TGF- β 1/Smad3 signaling pathway to improve pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, we demonstrated that the exposure of PM2.5 could enhance the ERS induced-autophagy-mediated Cav-1 degradation, thus activating the TGF-β1/Smad3 axis to promote pneumonocytes apoptosis and overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM), finally aggravating PF. Moreover, our findings revealed that intermittent exposure to high doses of PM2.5 was more toxic than continuous exposure to low dose.

Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide prevents corpus cavernosum fibrosis and erectile dysfunction in bilateral cavernous nerve injury-induced rats

BACKGROUND

Corpus cavernosum (CC) fibrosis significantly contributes to post-radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction (pRP-ED). Caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSD)-derived peptide has gained significant concern as a potent antagonist of tissue fibrosis. However, applying CSD peptide on bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI)-induced rats remains uninvestigated.

AIM

The aim was to explore the therapeutic outcome and underlying mechanism of CSD peptide for preventing ED in BCNI rats according to the hypothesis that CSD peptide may exert beneficial effects on erectile tissue and function following BCNI through limiting collagen synthesis in CC smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) and CC fibrosis.

METHODS

After completing a random assignment of male Sprague Dawley rats (10 weeks of age), BCNI rats received either saline or CSD peptide treatment, as opposed to sham-operated rats. The evaluations of erectile function (EF) and succedent collection and histological and molecular biological examinations of penile tissue were accomplished 3 weeks postoperatively. In addition, the fibrotic model of CCSMCs was used to further explore the mechanism of CSD peptide action in vitro.

OUTCOMES

The assessments of EF, SMC/collagen ratio, α-smooth muscle actin, caveolin-1 (CAV1), and profibrotic indicators expressions were conducted.

RESULTS

BCNI rats exhibited significant decreases in EF, SMC/collagen ratio, α-SMA, and CAV1 levels, and increases in collagen content together with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad2 activity. However, impaired EF, activated CC fibrosis, and Smad2 signaling were attenuated after 3 weeks of CSD peptide treatment in BCNI rats. In vitro, TGF-β1-induced CCSMCs underwent fibrogenetic transformation characterized by lower expression of CAV1, higher collagen composition, and phosphorylation of Smad2; then, the delivery of CSD peptide could significantly block CCSMC fibrosis by inactivating Smad2 signaling.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Based on available evidence of CSD peptide in the prevention of ED in BCNI rats, this study can aid in the development and clinical application of CSD peptide targeting pRP-ED.

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

This study provides data to suggest that CSD peptide protects against BCNI-induced deleterious alterations in EF and CC tissues. However, the available evidence still does not fully clarify the detailed mechanism of action of CSD peptide.

CONCLUSION

Administration of CSD peptide significantly retarded collagen synthesis in CCSMCs, limited CC fibrosis, and prevented ED via confrontation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling in BCNI rats.

Effects of High-Speed Training on Messenger RNA Expression in Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses

Accumulating high-speed exercise has been identified as a significant risk factor for catastrophic injuries in racing Thoroughbreds. Injuries, regardless of severity, are a main cause of withdrawal from the racing industry, raising animal welfare concerns and resulting in significant economic losses. While most of the current literature focuses on injuries incurred during racing rather than training, the present study aims to help fill this gap. As such, peripheral blood was collected weekly, prior to exercise or administration of medication, from eighteen, two-year-old Thoroughbreds throughout their first season of race training. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated and used to analyze the expression of 34 genes via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis of the noninjured horses (n = 6) showed that 13 genes were significantly correlated with increasing average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Additionally, there was a negative correlation for CXCL1, IGFBP3, and MPO with both cumulative high-speed furlongs and week of training for all horses. Comparison of both groups showed opposing correlations between the anti-inflammatory index (IL1RN, IL-10, and PTGS1) and average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Furthermore, evaluation of training effects on mRNA expression during the weeks surrounding injury, showed differences between groups in IL-13 and MMP9 at -3 and -2 weeks prior to injury. While some previously reported relationships between exercise adaptation and mRNA expression were not noted in this study, this may have been due to the small sample size. Several novel correlations, however, were identified and warrant further investigation as markers of exercise adaptation or potential risk for injury.

Caveolae Mechanotransduction at the Interface between Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix

The plasma membrane (PM) is subjected to multiple mechanical forces, and it must adapt and respond to them. PM invaginations named caveolae, with a specific protein and lipid composition, play a crucial role in this mechanosensing and mechanotransduction process. They respond to PM tension changes by flattening, contributing to the buffering of high-range increases in mechanical tension, while novel structures termed dolines, sharing Caveolin1 as the main component, gradually respond to low and medium forces. Caveolae are associated with different types of cytoskeletal filaments, which regulate membrane tension and also initiate multiple mechanotransduction pathways. Caveolar components sense the mechanical properties of the substrate and orchestrate responses that modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) according to these stimuli. They perform this function through both physical remodeling of ECM, where the actin cytoskeleton is a central player, and via the chemical alteration of the ECM composition by exosome deposition. Here, we review mechanotransduction regulation mediated by caveolae and caveolar components, focusing on how mechanical cues are transmitted through the cellular cytoskeleton and how caveolae respond and remodel the ECM.

Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Potential Target of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

The use of chemotherapeutic agents is becoming more frequent as the proportion of new oncology patients increases worldwide, with prolonged survival after treatment. As one of the most popular chemotherapy drugs, doxorubicin plays a substantial role in the treatment of tumors. Unfortunately, the use of doxorubicin is associated with several adverse effects, particularly severe cardiotoxicity that can be life-threatening, which greatly limits its clinical use. For decades, scientists have tried to explore many cardioprotective agents and therapeutic approaches, but their efficacy remains controversial, and some drugs have even brought about significant adverse effects. The concrete molecular mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is still to be unraveled, yet endothelial damage is gradually being identified as an important mechanism triggering the development and progression of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a fundamental process regulating morphogenesis in multicellular organisms, is recognized to be associated with endothelial damage repair and acts as an important factor in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and rheumatic immune diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that endothelial-mesenchymal transition may play a non-negligible role in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of EndMT and outlined the molecular mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the current therapeutic advances. Furthermore, we summarized the basic principles of doxorubicin-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition that lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity, aiming to provide suggestions or new ideas for the prevention and treatment of doxorubicin-induced endothelial and cardiac injury.

Caveolin-1-Related Intervention for Fibrotic Lung Diseases

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD) for which there are no effective treatments. Lung transplantation is the only viable option for patients with end-stage PF but is only available to a minority of patients. Lung lesions in ILDs, including IPF, are characterized by alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) senescence and apoptosis and accumulation of activated myofibroblasts and/or fibrotic lung (fL) fibroblasts (fLfs). These composite populations of fLfs show a high rate of basal proliferation, resist apoptosis and senescence, and have increased migration and invasiveness. They also more readily deposit ECM proteins. These features eventuate in progressive destruction of alveolar architecture and loss of lung function in patients with PF. The identification of new, safer, and more effective therapy is therefore mandatory for patients with IPF or related ILDs. We found that increased caveolin-1 and tumor suppressor protein, p53 expression, and apoptosis in AECs occur prior to and then with the proliferation of fLfs in fibrotic lungs. AECs with elevated p53 typically undergo apoptosis. fLfs alternatively demonstrate strikingly low basal levels of caveolin-1 and p53, while mouse double minute 2 homolog (mdm2) levels and mdm2-mediated degradation of p53 protein are markedly increased. The disparities in the expression of p53 in injured AECs and fLfs appear to be due to increased basal expression of caveolin-1 in apoptotic AECs with a relative paucity of caveolin-1 and increased mdm2 in fLfs. Therefore, targeting caveolin-1 using a caveolin 1 scaffolding domain peptide, CSP7, represents a new and promising approach for patients with IPF, perhaps other forms of progressive ILD or even other forms of organ injury characterized by fibrotic repair. The mechanisms of action differ in the injured AECs and in fLfs, in which differential signaling enables the preservation of AEC viability with concurrent limitation of fLf expansion and collagen secretion. The findings in three models of PF indicate that lung scarring can be nearly abrogated by airway delivery of the peptide. Phase 1 clinical trial testing of this approach in healthy volunteers has been successfully completed; Phase 1b in IPF patients is soon to be initiated and, if successful, will be followed by phase 2 testing in short order. Apart from the treatment of IPF, this intervention may be applicable to other forms of tissue injury characterized by fibrotic repair.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate lung inflammation and fibrosis in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model via caveolin-1/NF-kB signaling axis

Stem cells have emerged as promising therapeutic options for several human diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in the bleomycin-induced PF model rats and the underlying mechanisms. The PF model rats were generated by intratracheal injections of 5 mg/kg bleomycin sulfate. The ADMSC group rats were generated by injecting 2×10(6) ADMSCs via the tail vein at 0, 12, and 24 h after bleomycin injection. The control, PF, and ADMSC group rats were sacrificed on day 21 after bleomycin injections and the changes in lung histology and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, collagen I, and caveolin-1 (Cav-1), and the activity of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in the lung tissues was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, ELISA, and western blotting assays. The lung tissues of the PF model rats showed significant infiltration of neutrophils, tissue destruction, and collagen deposition, but these effects were abrogated by the ADMSCs. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta1 were elevated in the lung tissues and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the bleomycin-induced PF model rats, but these effects were reversed by the ADMSCs. The lung tissues of the PF model rats showed significant downregulation of Cav-1 and significantly higher activation of the pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB pathway. However, administration of the ADMSCs restored the expression levels of Cav-1 and suppressed the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in the lungs of the bleomycin-induced PF model rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the ADMSCs protected against bleomycin-induced PF in the rat model by modulating the Cav-1/NF-kappaB axis.

Isoliquiritigenin alleviates liver fibrosis through caveolin-1-mediated hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis in zebrafish and mice

BACKGROUND

Liver fibrosis is a major disease that threatens people's health around the world. However, there is a lack of effective treatment to completely reverse liver fibrosis. Liver transplantation is currently the only curative option for patients with advanced cirrhosis. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death and plays an important role in the process of liver fibrosis, but the specific mechanism needs to be clarified.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

To explore the regulatory mechanism of isoliquiritigenin (ISL) in the process of liver fibrosis and the relationship between Cav-1 and ferroptosis.

METHODS

In this research, zebrafish, HSC-T6 cells, and mice were used as the research object. Different ROS probes to visually detect the content and distribution of ROS in live zebrafish and cells. Lentivirus and siRNA-mediated transfection techniques were used for the construction of Cav-1 overexpression and knockdown cell lines to verify the important role of Cav-1 in vitro.

RESULTS

Generally, we first elucidated that ISL relieved liver fibrosis by inducing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) ferroptosis through repressing GPX4 expression and increasing the expression of TFR and DMT1, thus producing a large number of ROS, we also found that Cav-1 exerted its anti-hepatic fibrosis effect by promoting HSCs ferroptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our results have shown that Cav-1-mediated HSCs ferroptosis is necessary for ISL to play an anti-fibrotic effect in vitro and in vivo.

Caveolin-1 Alleviates Crohn's Disease-induced Intestinal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Fibroblasts Autophagy Through Modulating Sequestosome 1

BACKGROUND

Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD) and is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix produced by activated myofibroblasts. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) inhibits fibrosis. However, limited data show that CAV1 affects intestinal fibrosis.

METHODS

Human CD tissue samples were gained from patients with CD who underwent surgical resection of the intestine and were defined as stenotic or nonstenotic areas. A dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse model of intestinal fibrosis was established. For in vitro experiments, we purchased CCD-18Co intestinal fibrosis cells and isolated and cultured human primary colonic fibroblasts. These fibroblasts were activated by transforming growth factor β administration for 48 hours. In the functional experiments, a specific small interfering RNA or overexpression plasmid was transfected into fibroblasts. The messenger RNA levels of fibrosis markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, connective tissue growth factor, and collagen I1α, were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was applied to detect the expression of CAV1, SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), and other fibrosis markers.

RESULTS

In human CD samples and the dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse model of intestinal fibrosis, we observed a downregulation of CAV1 in fibrosis-activated areas. Mechanistically, CAV1 knockdown in both human primary colonic fibroblasts and CCD-18Co cells promoted fibroblast activation, while CAV1 overexpression inhibited fibroblast activation in vitro. We found that SQSTM1/p62 positively correlated with CAV1 expression levels in patients with CD and that it was indirectly modulated by CAV1 expression. Rescue experiments showed that CAV1 decreased primary human intestinal fibroblast activation by inhibiting fibroblast autophagy through the modulation of SQSTM1/p62.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate that CAV1 deficiency induces fibroblast activation by indirectly regulating SQSTM1/p62 to promote fibroblast autophagy. CAV1 or SQSTM1/p62 may be potential therapeutic targets for intestinal fibrosis.

A novel role of BK potassium channel activity in preventing the development of kidney fibrosis

Kidney fibrosis is a common characteristic of chronic kidney disease and while the large conductance voltage and calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) is widely expressed in kidneys, its role in kidney fibrosis is unknown. To evaluate this, we found that BK protein expression was decreased in the fibrotic kidneys. Accompanying this was increased fibrotic marker protein expression of fibronectin, vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin and increased mRNA expressions of fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen III and collagen I. These changes occurred in the unilateral ureteral obstruction and folic acid models of fibrosis and were more pronounced in BK knockout than in wild-type mice. Activation of BK activity by chemical NS1619 or BMS191011 channel openers attenuated kidney fibrosis in these two models while protecting kidney function in wild-type mice. BK deficiency up-regulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/transcription factor Smad2/3 signaling in the fibrotic kidney, whereas activation of BK activity inhibited this signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. BK channel activation increased the degradation of TGF-β receptors induced by TGF-β1 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in cell lines HK-2, NRK49, and NRK-52E, BK channel activation by NS1619 led to increased caveolae formation and facilitated localization of TGF-β receptors in the microdomains of lipid rafts. Thus, our data demonstrated that BK activation has an anti-fibrotic effect on kidney fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway through accelerating TGF-β receptor degradation via the caveolae route. Hence, our study provides innovative insight into BK as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of kidney fibrosis.

Evaluation of Early Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis Associated with Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study

BACKGROUND

Miscellaneous cardiovascular risk factors have been defined, but the contribution of environmental pollutants exposure on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains underappreciated.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the potential impact of typical environmental pollutant exposure on atherogenesis and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

We used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice to investigate how 2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-[1,4]-benzoquinone (PCB29-pQ, a toxic polychlorinated biphenyl metabolite) affects atherogenesis and identified early biomarkers of CVD associated with PCB29-pQ exposures. Then, we used long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) HDAC7-AS1-overexpressing ApoE-/- mice and apolipoprotein E/caveolin 1 double-knockout (ApoE-/-/CAV1-/-) mice to address the role of these early biomarkers in PCB29-pQ-induced atherogenesis. Plasma samples from patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were also used to confirm our findings.

RESULTS

Our data indicate that lncRNA HDAC7-AS1 bound to MIR-7-5p via argonaute 2 in PCB29-pQ-challenged HUVECs. Our mRNA sequencing assay identified transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) as a possible target gene of MIR-7-5p; HDAC7-AS1 sponged MIR-7-5p and inhibited the binding of TGF-β2 to MIR-7-5p. The effect of PCB29-pQ-induced endothelial injury, vascular inflammation, development of plaques, and atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice was greater with MIR-7-5p-mediated TGF-β2 inhibition, whereas HDAC7-AS1-overexpressing ApoE-/- mice and ApoE-/-/CAV1-/- mice showed the opposite effect. Consistently, plasma levels of HDAC7-AS1 and MIR-7-5p were found to be significantly associated individuals diagnosed with CHD.

DISCUSSIONS

These findings demonstrated that a mechanism-based, integrated-omics approach enabled the identification of potentially clinically relevant diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets of CHD mediated by environmental contaminants using in vitro and in vivo models of HUVECs and ApoE-/- and ApoE-/-/CAV1-/- mice. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9833.

Inhibition of nuclear factor κB in the lungs protect bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating condition with limited therapeutic avenues. The pathogenicity of pulmonary fibrosis constitutes involvement of cellular proliferation, activation, and transformational changes of fibroblast to myofibroblasts. It is a progressive lung disease and is primarily characterized by aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the lungs with poor prognosis. The inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis is suggested because of release of several cytokines; however, the underlying mechanism remains undefined. A genetic model is the appropriate way to delineate the underlying mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this report, we have used cc-10 promoter based IκBα mutant mice (IKBM, an inhibitor of NF-κB) which were challenged with bleomycin (BLM). Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, the IKBM mice showed significant reduction in several fibrotic, vascular, and inflammatory genes. Moreover, we have identified a new set of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) by miRNA array analysis in BLM-induced WT mice. Among these miRNAs, let-7a-5p and miR-503-5p were further analyzed. Our data showed that these two miRNAs were upregulated in WT-BLM and were reduced in IKBM-BLM mice. Bioinformatic analyses showed that let-7a-5p and miR-503-5p target for endothelin1 and bone morphogenic receptor 1A (BMPR1A), respectively, and were downregulated in WT-BLM mice indicating a link in pulmonary fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that inhibition of NF-κB and modulation of let-7a-5p and miR-503-5p contribute a pivotal role in pulmonary fibrosis and may be considered as possible therapeutic target for the clinical management of lung fibrosis.

Caveolin-1 Regulates Cellular Metabolism: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Kidney Disease

The kidney is an energy-consuming organ, and cellular metabolism plays an indispensable role in kidney-related diseases. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a multifunctional membrane protein, is the main component of caveolae on the plasma membrane. Caveolae are represented by tiny invaginations that are abundant on the plasma membrane and that serve as a platform to regulate cellular endocytosis, stress responses, and signal transduction. However, caveolae have received increasing attention as a metabolic platform that mediates the endocytosis of albumin, cholesterol, and glucose, participates in cellular metabolic reprogramming and is involved in the progression of kidney disease. It is worth noting that caveolae mainly depend on Cav-1 to perform the abovementioned cellular functions. Furthermore, the mechanism by which Cav-1 regulates cellular metabolism and participates in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases has not been completely elucidated. In this review, we introduce the structure and function of Cav-1 and its functions in regulating cellular metabolism, autophagy, and oxidative stress, focusing on the relationship between Cav-1 in cellular metabolism and kidney disease; in addition, Cav-1 that serves as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease is also described.

Caveolin-1 negatively regulates inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis

Inhalation of crystalline silica causes silicosis, the most common and serious occupational disease, which is characterized by progressive lung inflammation and fibrosis. Recent studies revealed the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis role of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in lung, but this role in silicosis has not been investigated. Thus, this study evaluated Cav-1 regulatory effects in silicosis. It was found that Cav-1 levels were significantly reduced in the lung from silicosis patients and silicotic mice. The silicosis models were established in C57BL/6 (wild-type) and Cav-1 deficiency (Cav-1^-/- ) mice, and Cav-1^-/- mice displayed wider alveolar septa, increased collagen deposition and more silicotic nodules. The mice peritoneal-derived macrophages were used to explore the role of Cav-1 in silica-induced inflammation, which plays a central role in mechanism of silicosis. Cav-1 inhibited silica-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells and secretion of inflammatory factors in vitro and in vivo, partly by downregulating NF-κB pathway. Additionally, silica uptake and expression of 4-hydroxynonenal in silicotic mice were observed, and it was found that Cav-1 absence triggered excessive silica deposition, causing a stronger oxidative stress response. These findings demonstrate the protective effects of Cav-1 in silica-induced lung injury, suggesting its potential therapeutic value in silicosis.

Serine-Threonine Kinase inhibition as antifibrotic therapy: TGF-β and ROCK inhibitors

Serine-threonine kinases mediate the phosphorylation of intracellular protein targets, transferring a phosphorus group from an ATP molecule to the specific amino acid residues within the target proteins. Serine-threonine kinases regulate multiple key cellular functions. From this large group of kinases, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) through the serine-threonine activity of its receptors and Rho kinase (ROCK) play an important role in the development and maintenance of fibrosis in various human diseases, including systemic sclerosis. In recent years, multiple drugs targeting and inhibiting these kinases, have been developed, opening the possibility of becoming potential antifibrotic agents of clinical value for treating fibrotic diseases. This review analyzes the contribution of TGF- β and ROCK-mediated serine-threonine kinase molecular pathways to the development and maintenance of pathological fibrosis and the potential clinical use of their inhibition.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by alleviating inflammation via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway

OBJECTIVES

Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are major pathological manifestations observed in left ventricular remodeling induced by angiotensin II (AngII). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis in myocardial infarction (MI) through mechano-transduction and its downstream pathways. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LIPUS could exert a protective effect by ameliorating AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and if so, to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

We used AngII to mimic animal and cell culture models of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. LIPUS irradiation was applied in vivo for 20 min every 2 d from one week before mini-pump implantation to four weeks after mini-pump implantation, and in vitro for 20 min on each of two occasions 6 h apart. Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis levels were then evaluated by echocardiographic, histopathological, and molecular biological methods.

RESULTS

Our results showed that LIPUS could ameliorate left ventricular remodeling in vivo and cardiac fibrosis in vitro by reducing AngII-induced release of inflammatory cytokines, but the protective effects on cardiac hypertrophy were limited in vitro. Given that LIPUS increased the expression of caveolin-1 in response to mechanical stimulation, we inhibited caveolin-1 activity with pyrazolopyrimidine 2 (pp2) in vivo and in vitro. LIPUS-induced downregulation of inflammation was reversed and the anti-fibrotic effects of LIPUS were absent.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicated that LIPUS could ameliorate AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis by alleviating inflammation via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway, providing new insights for the development of novel therapeutic apparatus in clinical practice.

Pravastatin attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury through decreasing pulmonary microvascular permeability via inhibition of Cav-1/eNOS pathway

BACKGROUND

Disruption of alveolar endothelial barrier caused by inflammation drives the progression of septic acute lung injury (ALI). Pravastatin, an inhibitor of HMG Co-A reductase, has potent anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we aim to explore the beneficial role of pravastatin in sepsis-induced ALI and its related mechanisms.

METHODS

A septic ALI model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. The pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The pathological changes in lung tissues were examined by HE staining. The pulmonary microvascular permeability was determined by lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio and Evans blue staining. The total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was detected by BCA assay. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were assessed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL. Western blotting was performed for detection of target protein levels. The expression of VE-Cadherin in lung tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

Pravastatin improved survival rate, attenuated lung pathological changes and reduced pulmonary microvascular permeability in septic mice. In addition, pravastatin restrained sepsis-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in the lung tissues and PMVECs. Moreover, pravastatin up-regulated the levels of junction proteins ZO-1, JAM-C, and VE-Cadherin. Finally, pravastatin suppressed inflammation, apoptosis and enhanced the expression of junction proteins via regulating Cav-1/eNOS signaling pathway in LPS-exposed PMVECs.

CONCLUSION

Pravastatin ameliorates sepsis-induced ALI through improving alveolar endothelial barrier disruption via modulating Cav-1/eNOS pathway, which may be an effective candidate for treating septic ALI.

Caveolin-1 Deficiency Protects Mice Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Regulating Polarization of Hepatic Macrophages

Polarization of hepatic macrophages plays a crucial role in the injury and repair processes of acute and chronic liver diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is the structural protein of caveolae, the invaginations of the plasma membrane. It has distinct functions in regulating hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Given the increasing number of cases of liver cancer, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease worldwide, investigations on the role of Cav1 in liver diseases are warranted. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Cav1 in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury. Wild-type (WT) and Cav1 knockout (KO) mice (Cav1^tm1Mls) were injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Cav1 KO mice showed significantly reduced degeneration, necrosis, and apoptosis of hepatocytes and decreased level of alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to WT mice. Moreover, Cav1 was required for the recruitment of hepatic macrophages. The analysis of the mRNA levels of CD86, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicated that Cav1 deficiency inhibited the polarization of hepatic macrophages towards the M1 phenotype in the injured liver. Consistent with in vivo results, the expressions of CD86, TNF, IL-6, and iNOS were significantly downregulated in Cav1 KO macrophages. Also, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that the proportion of M1 macrophages was significantly decreased in the liver tissues obtained from Cav1 KO mice following CCl₄ treatment. In summary, our results showed that Cav1 deficiency protected mice against CCl₄-induced acute liver injury by regulating polarization of hepatic macrophages. We provided direct genetic evidence that Cav1 expressed in hepatic macrophages contributed to the pathogenesis of acute liver injury by regulating the polarization of hepatic macrophages towards the M1 phenotype. These findings suggest that Cav1 expressed in macrophages may represent a potential therapeutic target for acute liver injury.

Progress and prospects of mechanotransducers in shear stress-sensitive signaling pathways in association with arteriovenous malformation

Arteriovenous malformations are congenital vascular lesions characterized by a direct and tangled connection between arteries and veins, which disrupts oxygen circulation and normal blood flow. Arteriovenous malformations often occur in the patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The attempts to elucidate the causative factors and pathogenic mechanisms of arteriovenous malformations are now still in progress. Some studies reported that shear stress in blood flow is one of the factors involved in arteriovenous malformations manifestation. Through several mechanotransducers harboring the endothelial cells membrane, the signal from shear stress is transduced towards the responsible signaling pathways in endothelial cells to maintain cell homeostasis. Any disruption in this well-established communication will give rise to abnormal endothelial cells differentiation and specification, which will later promote arteriovenous malformations. In this review, we discuss the update of several mechanotransducers that have essential roles in shear stress-induced signaling pathways, such as activin receptor-like kinase 1, Endoglin, Notch, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, Caveolin-1, Connexin37, and Connexin40. Any disruption of these signaling potentially causes arteriovenous malformations. We also present some recent insights into the fundamental analysis, which attempts to determine potential and alternative solutions to battle arteriovenous malformations, especially in a less invasive and risky way, such as gene treatments.

Caveolin-1 Deficiency Induces Atrial Fibrosis and Increases Susceptibility to Atrial Fibrillation by the STAT3 Signaling Pathway

ABSTRACT

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in the clinic. Ablation failure and recurrence after cardioversion have become medical problems worldwide. An important pathological feature of AF is atrial fibrosis, which increases susceptibility to AF. As an important target of fibrosis signal integration, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway plays an important role in fibrosis. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), a cell membrane protein, is involved in a variety of the biological functions of cells. However, the role of CAV1 in atrial fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, Masson's trichrome staining was used to detect the degree of atrial fibrosis, and the expression of CAV1 in the human atrium was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. To further study the role of CAV1, its expression in cultured rat atrial fibroblasts was silenced using siRNAs. Atrial fibroblasts were treated with angiotensin II to observe the effects on CAV1 and the transforming growth factor-β1 and STAT3 signaling pathways. We also detected the effects of CAV1 scaffolding domain (CSD) peptide on fibrosis through the addition of exogenous CSD peptide. The results showed that CAV1 expression decreased with the aggravation of atrial fibrosis and that this effect increased the incidence of AF. The depletion of CAV1 induced excessive extracellular matrix deposition by activating the STAT3 and transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD2 signaling pathways, and this effect was exacerbated by stimulation with angiotensin II and improved by CSD peptide. These data suggested that CAV1 not only plays a critical role in fibrosis progression but also provides a target for the treatment of atrial fibrosis and AF.

Human placental mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate liver fibrosis in mice by upregulation of Caveolin1 in hepatic stellate cells

Background

Liver fibrosis (LF) is a common pathological process characterized by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and accumulation of extracellular matrix. Severe LF causes cirrhosis and even liver failure, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Transplantation of human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) has been considered as an alternative therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms and the appropriate time window for hPMSC transplantation are not well understood.

Methods

We established mouse models of CCl₄-injured LF and administered hPMSCs at different stages of LF once a week for 2 weeks. The therapeutic effect of hPMSCs on LF was investigated, according to histopathological and blood biochemical analyses. In vitro, the effect of hPMSCs and the secretomes of hPMSCs on the inhibition of activated HSCs was assessed. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, real-time PCR array, and western blot were performed to explore possible signaling pathways involved in treatment of LF with hPMSCs.

Results

hPMSC treatment notably alleviates experimental hepatic fibrosis, restores liver function, and inhibits inflammation. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of hPMSCs against mild-to-moderate LF was significantly greater than against severe LF. In vitro, we observed that the hPMSCs as well as the secretomes of hPMSCs were able to decrease the activation of HSCs. Mechanistic dissection studies showed that hPMSC treatment downregulated the expression of fibrosis-related genes, and this was accompanied by the upregulation of Caveolin-1 (Cav1) (p < 0.001). This suggested that the amelioration of LF occurred partly due to the restoration of Cav1 expression in activated HSCs. Upregulation of Cav1 can inhibit the TGF-/Smad signaling pathway, mainly by reducing Smad2 phosphorylation, resulting in the inhibition of activated HSCs, whereas this effect could be abated if Cav1 was silenced in advance by siRNAs.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that hPMSCs could provide multifaceted therapeutic benefits for the treatment of LF, and the TGF-/Cav1 pathway might act as a therapeutic target for hPMSCs in the treatment of LF.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02358-x.

New Insights into Pathomechanisms and Treatment Possibilities for Lung Silicosis

Inhalation of silica particles is an environmental and occupational cause of silicosis, a type of pneumoconiosis. Development of the lung silicosis is a unique process in which the vicious cycle of ingestion of inhaled silica particles by alveolar macrophages and their release triggers inflammation, generation of nodular lesions, and irreversible fibrosis. The pathophysiology of silicosis is complex, and interactions between the pathomechanisms have not been completely understood. However, elucidation of silica-induced inflammation cascades and inflammation-fibrosis relations has uncovered several novel possibilities of therapeutic targeting. This article reviews new information on the pathophysiology of silicosis and points out several promising treatment approaches targeting silicosis-related pathways.

ECM deposition is driven by caveolin-1-dependent regulation of exosomal biogenesis and cargo sorting

The composition and physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) critically influence tumor progression, but the molecular mechanisms underlying ECM layering are poorly understood. Tumor–stroma interaction critically depends on cell communication mediated by exosomes, small vesicles generated within multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We show that caveolin-1 (Cav1) centrally regulates exosome biogenesis and exosomal protein cargo sorting through the control of cholesterol content at the endosomal compartment/MVBs. Quantitative proteomics profiling revealed that Cav1 is required for exosomal sorting of ECM protein cargo subsets, including Tenascin-C (TnC), and for fibroblast-derived exosomes to efficiently deposit ECM and promote tumor invasion. Cav1-driven exosomal ECM deposition not only promotes local stromal remodeling but also the generation of distant ECM-enriched stromal niches in vivo. Cav1 acts as a cholesterol rheostat in MVBs, determining sorting of ECM components into specific exosome pools and thus ECM deposition. This supports a model by which Cav1 is a central regulatory hub for tumor–stroma interactions through a novel exosome-dependent ECM deposition mechanism.

Chemical characterization and effects of volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet on the quality of collagen deposition and caveolin-1 expression in a muscular fibrosis murine model

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.

MG53/CAV1 regulates transforming growth factor-β1 signaling-induced atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrosis plays a significant role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). Previously, we showed that mitsugumin 53 (MG53) regulates TGF-β1 signaling pathway-induced atrial fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that caveolin-1 (CAV1) is an important anti-fibrosis signaling mediator that inhibits the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Here, we further study the mechanism underlying the related action of MG53 and CAV1. We demonstrate that CAV1 expression was decreased while MG53 expression was increased in atrial tissue from AF patients. In cultured atrial fibroblasts, MG53 depletion by siRNA caused CAV1 upregulation and TGF-β1/SMAD2 signaling pathway downregulation, while MG53 overexpression via adenovirus had the opposite effect. CAV1 inactivated the TGF-β1/SMAD2 signaling pathway. In addition, using an Ang II-induced fibrosis model, we show that MG53 regulates TGF-β1 signaling via CAV1. Therefore, CAV1 is critical for the MG53 regulation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway-induced atrial fibrosis in AF. These findings reveal the related underlying mechanism of action of MG53 and CAV1 and provide a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis and AF.

Fibrosis Mediators in the Colonic Mucosa of Acute and Healed Ulcerative Colitis

OBJECTIVES

A healed intestinal mucosa is the aim of therapy in acute ulcerative colitis (UC). Disruption of mucosal wound healing may lead to severe complications including intestinal fibrosis. This study examined mucosal gene expression in the healing process of acute UC with a special focus on known mediators of fibrosis.

METHODS

Endoscopic biopsies from patients with acute, moderate to severe UC were analyzed with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction array for 84 genes involved in fibrosis pathways. All patients were treated with infliximab (anti- tumor necrosis factor). Biopsies were taken before therapy and when disease remission was reached, defined as a Mayo score of ≤2, with an endoscopic subscore of 0 or 1. A healthy control group was included. Immunostaining of matrix metallopeptidase 9 and smooth muscle actin was performed.

RESULTS

Mucosal biopsies from acute UC (n = 28), remission UC (n = 28), and healthy controls (n = 13) were analyzed. Fibrosis and extracellular matrix-associated genes were upregulated in the endoscopically healed UC mucosa vs controls, with collagen type III alpha 1 chain, actin alpha 2, lysyl oxidase, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3, and caveolin 1 uniquely showing no overlap with acute disease. Pro- and antifibrotic mediators (interleukin [IL]13 receptor subunit alpha 2, IL1B, IL10, tumor necrosis factor, snail family transcriptional repressor 1, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) were upregulated in both acute and healed UC compared with controls. An attenuated pattern of the canonical transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) pathway was observed in acute UC and to a lesser extent in the healed mucosa, except for TGFB2, which was enhanced.

DISCUSSION

The endoscopically healed mucosa of UC showed a persisting dysregulation of fibrosis-associated mediators compared with controls, including extracellular matrix remodeling, profibrotic cytokines, and TGFB signaling pathways.

CircRNA TADA2A relieves idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting proliferation and activation of fibroblasts

The excessive activation and proliferation of lung fibroblasts are responsible for the abundant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), while its specific mechanism is still unknown. This study focuses on the role of circRNA (circ) TADA2A in functional abnormalities of lung fibroblasts and aims to elaborate its regulatory mechanism. In the present study, circTADA2A was downregulated in both IPF primary human lung fibroblasts and human IPF fibroblastic cell lines. Functionally, the overexpression of circTADA2A repressed the activation and proliferation of normal human fibroblastic cell line induced by several fibrogenic growth factors. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), luciferase reporter assays, and RNA pull-down, circTADA2A was confirmed to function as sponges of miR-526b and miR-203, thus releasing the expression of Caveolin (Cav)-1 and Cav2. The overexpression of circTADA2A suppressed lung-fibroblasts activation via Cav1 and reduced lung-fibroblasts proliferation via Cav2. In vivo experiments also confirmed that the overexpression of circTADA2A decreased fibrogenic responses induced by bleomycin in lung-fibrosis mice. Collectively, circTADA2A repressed lung-fibroblasts activation via miR-526b/Cav1 and reduced lung-fibroblasts proliferation via miR-203/Cav2, thus inhibiting the excessive deposition of ECM and relieving IPF.

Klotho antagonizes pulmonary fibrosis through suppressing pulmonary fibroblasts activation, migration, and extracellular matrix production: a therapeutic implication for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been widely accepted as an aging-related fatal lung disease with a therapeutic impasse, largely a consequence of the complex and polygenic gene architecture underlying the molecular pathology of IPF. Here, by conducting an integrative network analysis on the largest IPF case-control RNA-seq dataset to date, we attributed the systems-level alteration in IPF to disruptions in a handful of biological processes including cell migration, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM), and identified klotho (KL), a typical anti-aging molecule, as a potential master regulator of those disease-relevant processes. Following experiments showed reduced Kl in isolated pulmonary fibroblasts from bleomycin-exposed mice, and demonstrated that recombinant KL effectively mitigated pulmonary fibrosis in an ex vivo model and alleviated TGF-β-induced pulmonary fibroblasts activation, migration, and ECM production in vitro, which was partially ascribed to FOXF1 and CAV1, two highly co-expressed genes of KL in the IPF. Overall, KL appears to be a vital regulator during pulmonary fibrosis. Given that administration of exogenous KL is a feasible treatment strategy, our work highlighted a promising target gene that could be easily manipulated, leaving the field well placed to further explore the therapeutic potential of KL for IPF.

Functionally heterogeneous human satellite cells identified by single cell RNA sequencing

Although heterogeneity is recognized within the murine satellite cell pool, a comprehensive understanding of distinct subpopulations and their functional relevance in human satellite cells is lacking. We used a combination of single cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry to identify, distinguish, and physically separate novel subpopulations of human PAX7+ satellite cells (Hu-MuSCs) from normal muscles. We found that, although relatively homogeneous compared to activated satellite cells and committed progenitors, the Hu-MuSC pool contains clusters of transcriptionally distinct cells with consistency across human individuals. New surface marker combinations were enriched in transcriptional subclusters, including a subpopulation of Hu-MuSCs marked by CXCR4/CD29/CD56/CAV1 (CAV1+). In vitro, CAV1+ Hu-MuSCs are morphologically distinct, and characterized by resistance to activation compared to CAV1- Hu-MuSCs. In vivo, CAV1+ Hu-MuSCs demonstrated increased engraftment after transplantation. Our findings provide a comprehensive transcriptional view of normal Hu-MuSCs and describe new heterogeneity, enabling separation of functionally distinct human satellite cell subpopulations.

Caveolae: Formation, dynamics, and function

Caveolae are abundant surface pits formed by the assembly of cytoplasmic proteins on a platform generated by caveolin integral membrane proteins and membrane lipids. This membranous assembly can bud off into the cell or can be disassembled releasing the cavin proteins into the cytosol. Disassembly can be triggered by increased membrane tension, or by stress stimuli, such as UV. Here, we discuss recent mechanistic studies showing how caveolae are formed and how their unique properties allow them to function as multifunctional protective and signaling structures.

Development of an Excipient-Free Peptide Dry Powder Inhalation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis

The caveolin scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) is being developed for the therapeutic intervention of a lethal lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While direct respiratory delivery of CSP7 (a 7-mer fragment of CSP) is considered an effective route, proper formulation and processing of the peptide are required. First, air-jet milling technology was performed in order to micronize the neat peptide powder. Next, the fine particles were subjected to a stability study with physical and chemical characterizations. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of processed CSP7 powder was evaluated in an animal model of lung fibrosis. The results revealed that, with jet milling, the particle size of CSP7 was reduced to a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.58 ± 0.1 μm and 93.3 ± 3.3% fine particle fraction, optimal for deep lung delivery. A statistically significant reduction of collagen was observed in diseased lung tissues of mice that received CSP7 powder for inhalation. The particles remained chemically and physically stable after micronization and during storage. This work demonstrated that jet milling is effective in the manufacturing of a stable, excipient-free CSP7 inhalation powder for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Molecular regulation and clinical significance of caveolin-1 methylation in chronic lung diseases

Chronic lung diseases represent a largely global burden whose pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Research increasingly suggests that epigenetic modifications, especially DNA methylation, play a mechanistic role in chronic lung diseases. DNA methylation can affect gene expression and induce various diseases. Of the caveolae in plasma membrane of cell, caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a crucial structural constituent involved in many important life activities. With the increasingly advanced progress of genome-wide methylation sequencing technologies, the important impact of Cav-1 DNA methylation has been discovered. The present review overviews the biological characters, functions, and structure of Cav-1; epigenetic modifications of Cav-1 in health and disease; expression and regulation of Cav-1 DNA methylation in the respiratory system and its significance; as well as clinical potential as disease-specific biomarker and targets for early diagnosis and therapy.

Caveolin-1 gene therapy inhibits inflammasome activation to protect from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating and fatal disease and characterized by increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and scar formation in the lung, resulting from alveolar epithelial damage and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Evidence suggests that Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a major component of caveolae which regulates cell signaling and endocytosis, is a potential target to treat fibrotic diseases, although the mechanisms and responsible cell types are unclear. We show that Cav-1 expression was downregulated both in alveolar epithelial type I cells in bleomycin-injured mouse lungs and in lung sections from IPF patients. Increased expression of IL-1β and caspase-1 has been observed in IPF patients, indicating inflammasome activation associated with IPF. Gene transfer of a plasmid expressing Cav-1 using transthoracic electroporation reduced infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages and protected from subsequent bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Overexpression of Cav-1 suppressed bleomycin- or silica-induced activation of caspase-1 and maturation of pro-IL-1β to secrete cleaved IL-1β both in mouse lungs and in primary type I cells. These results demonstrate that gene transfer of Cav-1 downregulates inflammasome activity and protects from subsequent bleomycin-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. This indicates a pivotal regulation of Cav-1 in inflammasome activity and suggests a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with IPF.

Endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by excessive fibrosis, microvasculopathy, and autoimmunity. Endothelial cell (EC) injury and subsequent endothelial cell dysfunction is believed to be an initial event that eventually leads to a vicious pathogenic cycle. This process is further enhanced by defective angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, as the vascular repair machinery does not work properly. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are functionally and quantitatively insufficient to recover the endothelium in SSc patients. The dysfunctional ECs and EPCs not only trigger the formation of typical vascular lesions, such as progressive intimal fibrosis in small arteries and the loss of capillaries, but also promote a series of inflammatory and profibrotic processes, such as endothelial-mesenchymal transition and recruitment and accumulation of monocytic EPCs with profibrotic properties. These processes together contribute to the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the affected tissue. This review features current insights into the roles of ECs and EPCs in the pathogenesis of SSc.

Pharmacological and Genetic Inhibition of Caveolin-1 Promotes Epithelialization and Wound Closure

Chronic wounds-including diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers-represent a major health problem that demands an urgent solution and new therapies. Despite major burden to patients, health care professionals, and health care systems worldwide, there are no efficacious therapies approved for treatment of chronic wounds. One of the major obstacles in achieving wound closure in patients is the lack of epithelial migration. Here, we used multiple pre-clinical wound models to show that Caveolin-1 (Cav1) impedes healing and that targeting Cav1 accelerates wound closure. We found that Cav1 expression is significantly upregulated in wound edge biopsies of patients with non-healing wounds, confirming its healing-inhibitory role. Conversely, Cav1 was absent from the migrating epithelium and is downregulated in acutely healing wounds. Specifically, Cav1 interacted with membranous glucocorticoid receptor (mbGR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner to inhibit cutaneous healing. However, pharmacological disruption of caveolae by MβCD or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Cav1 knockdown resulted in disruption of Cav1-mbGR and Cav1-EGFR complexes and promoted epithelialization and wound healing. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition of epithelialization and wound closure, providing a rationale for pharmacological targeting of Cav1 as potential therapy for patients with non-healing chronic wounds.

Caveolin-1 as a critical component in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis of different etiology: Evidences and mechanisms

Caveolin is a structural protein of flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane termed as caveolae and is widely expressed on the endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in the different parts of the body including the lung tissues. The expression of caveolin-1 in the lung tissues is important to prevent the fibrogenic actions of TGF-β1 in lung fibrosis of different etiology including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease and allergen-induced airway remodeling. Caveolin-1-mediated internalization and degradation of TGF-β1 receptors may possibly account for the decreased actions of TGF-β1. Studies have shown that the deficiency of caveolin-1 is very important in inducing lung fibrosis and its upregulation is reported to prevent lung fibrosis. The biological actions of caveolin-1 involve signaling pathways including JNK signaling, IL-4, STAT-3, miR199a-5p, CXCR4⁺ and CXCL12. The present review discusses the key role of caveolin and associated signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis of different etiology.

Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Internalization via Caveolae Is Regulated by Tubulin-β2 and Tubulin-β3 during Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Fibrotic disorders, which are caused by long-term inflammation, are observed in numerous organs. These disorders are regulated mainly through transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins by a fundamental cellular mechanism, known as the endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify the mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets that enable the inhibition of endothelial transdifferentiation. This study is the first to demonstrate that glycosylation of tubulin-β2 and tubulin-β3 in microtubules enhances sensitivity to TGF-β1 stimulation in human microvascular endothelial cells. We observed that the microtubules enriched in glycosylated tubulin-β2 and tubulin-β3 were necessary for caveolae-dependent TGF-β receptor internalization. Post-translational modulation is critical for the generation of myofibroblasts through endothelial-mesenchymal transition during fibrosis development. We suggest that microtubule glycosylation may become the target of new effective therapies for patients with recognized fibrotic diseases.

The TGF-β1/p53/PAI-1 Signaling Axis in Vascular Senescence: Role of Caveolin-1

Stress-induced premature cellular senescence is a significant factor in the onset of age-dependent disease in the cardiovascular system. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major TGF-β1/p53 target gene and negative regulator of the plasmin-based pericellular proteolytic cascade, is elevated in arterial plaques, vessel fibrosis, arteriosclerosis, and thrombosis, correlating with increased tissue TGF-β1 levels. Additionally, PAI-1 is necessary and sufficient for the induction of p53-dependent replicative senescence. The mechanism of PAI-1 transcription in senescent cells appears to be dependent on caveolin-1 signaling. Src kinases are upstream effectors of both FAK and caveolin-1 activation as FAK^Y577,Y861 and caveolin-1^Y14 phosphorylation are not detected in TGF-β1-stimulated src family kinase (pp60^c-src, Yes, Fyn) triple-deficient (SYF^−/−/−) cells. However, restoration of pp60^c-src expression in SYF-null cells rescued both caveolin-1^Y14 phosphorylation and PAI-1 induction in response to TGF-β1. Furthermore, TGF-β1-initiated Src phosphorylation of caveolin-1^Y14 is critical in Rho-ROCK-mediated suppression of the SMAD phosphatase PPM1A maintaining and, accordingly, SMAD2/3-dependent transcription of the PAI-1 gene. Importantly, TGF-β1 failed to induce PAI-1 expression in caveolin-1-null cells, correlating with reductions in both Rho-GTP loading and SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. These findings implicate caveolin-1 in expression controls on specific TGF-β1/p53 responsive growth arrest genes. Indeed, up-regulation of caveolin-1 appears to stall cells in G₀/G₁ via activation of the p53/p21 cell cycle arrest pathway and restoration of caveolin-1 in caveolin-1-deficient cells rescues TGF-β1 inducibility of the PAI-1 gene. Although the mechanism is unclear, caveolin-1 inhibits p53/MDM2 complex formation resulting in p53 stabilization, induction of p53-target cell cycle arrest genes (including PAI-1), and entrance into premature senescence while stimulating the ATM→p53→p21 pathway. Identification of molecular events underlying senescence-associated PAI-1 expression in response to TGF-β1/src kinase/p53 signaling may provide novel targets for the therapy of cardiovascular disease.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction Exerts Cardioprotective Effects through Targeting Angiogenesis via Caveolin-1/VEGF Signaling Pathway in Mice with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The idea of therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium is a promising strategy for MI patients. Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a famous Chinese herbal prescription, exerted antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, which contribute to cardio-/cerebral protection. Here, we aim to investigate the effects of BHD on angiogenesis through the caveolin-1 (Cav-1)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway in MI model of mice.

Materials and Methods

C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups by the table of random number: (1) sham-operated group (sham, n = 15), (2) AMI group (AMI+sham, n = 20), and (3) BHD-treated group (AMI+BHD, n = 20). 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution stain was used to determine myocardial infarct size. Myocardial histopathology was tested using Masson staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining. CD31 immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze the angiogenesis in the infarction border zone. Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and/or real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was applied to test the expression of Cav-1, VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and/or phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 20.0 software and GraphPad Prism 6.05. Values of P < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

Results and Conclusion

Compared with the AMI group, the BHD-treated group showed a significant improvement in the heart weight/body weight ratio, echocardiography images, cardiac function, infarct size, Mason staining of the collagen deposition area, and density of microvessel in the infarction border zone (P < 0.05). Compared with the AMI group, BHD promoted the expression of Cav-1, VEGF, VEGFR2, and p-ERK in the infarction border zone after AMI. BHD could exert cardioprotective effects on the mouse model with AMI through targeting angiogenesis via Cav-1/VEGF signaling pathway.

Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases

Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.