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Lu H, Jing Y, Zhang C, Ma S, Zhang W, Huang D, Zhang B, Zuo Y, Qin Y, Liu GH, Yu Y, Qu J, Wang S. Aging hallmarks of the primate ovary revealed by spatiotemporal transcriptomics. Protein Cell 2024; 15:364-384. [PMID: 38126810 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovary is indispensable for female reproduction, and its age-dependent functional decline is the primary cause of infertility. However, the molecular basis of ovarian aging in higher vertebrates remains poorly understood. Herein, we apply spatiotemporal transcriptomics to benchmark architecture organization as well as cellular and molecular determinants in young primate ovaries and compare these to aged primate ovaries. From a global view, somatic cells within the non-follicle region undergo more pronounced transcriptional fluctuation relative to those in the follicle region, likely constituting a hostile microenvironment that facilitates ovarian aging. Further, we uncovered that inflammation, the senescent-associated secretory phenotype, senescence, and fibrosis are the likely primary contributors to ovarian aging (PCOA). Of note, we identified spatial co-localization between a PCOA-featured spot and an unappreciated MT2 (Metallothionein 2) highly expressing spot (MT2high) characterized by high levels of inflammation, potentially serving as an aging hotspot in the primate ovary. Moreover, with advanced age, a subpopulation of MT2high accumulates, likely disseminating and amplifying the senescent signal outward. Our study establishes the first primate spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas, advancing our understanding of mechanistic determinants underpinning primate ovarian aging and unraveling potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for aging and age-associated human ovarian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Lu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ying Jing
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400062, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101408, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daoyuan Huang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuesheng Zuo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400062, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing 100101, China
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2
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Li Y, He R, Qin X, Zhu Q, Ma L, Liang X. Transcriptome analysis during 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide exposure-induced premature ovarian insufficiency in mice. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17251. [PMID: 38646488 PMCID: PMC11032656 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The occupational chemical 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is a reproductively toxic environmental pollutant that causes follicular failure, leading to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which significantly impacts a woman's physical health and fertility. Investigating VCD's pathogenic mechanisms can offer insights for the prevention of ovarian impairment and the treatment of POI. This study established a mouse model of POI through intraperitoneal injection of VCD into female C57BL/6 mice for 15 days. The results were then compared with those of the control group, including a comparison of phenotypic characteristics and transcriptome differences, at two time points: day 15 and day 30. Through a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), key genes were identified and validated some using RT-PCR. The results revealed significant impacts on sex hormone levels, follicle number, and the estrous cycle in VCD-induced POI mice on both day 15 and day 30. The DEGs and enrichment results obtained on day 15 were not as significant as those obtained on day 30. The results of this study provide a preliminary indication that steroid hormone synthesis, DNA damage repair, and impaired oocyte mitosis are pivotal in VCD-mediated ovarian dysfunction. This dysfunction may have been caused by VCD damage to the primordial follicular pool, impairing follicular development and aggravating ovarian damage over time, making it gradually difficult for the ovaries to perform their normal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ruifen He
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue Qin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qinying Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liangjian Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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3
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Bogevik AS, Krasnov A, Burgerhout E, Berge K, Martinsen I, Hoel E, Erik Dalva L, Kilane S, Eriksen Vold J, Aarhus B, Østbye TKK, Rosenlund G, Morken T. Effect of prolonged feeding of broodstock diet with increased inclusion of essential n-3 fatty acids on maturing and spawning performance in 3-year-old Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 348:114434. [PMID: 38142842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) broodstock recruits are normally fed a specialized diet with a higher content of essential nutrients for a limited time period prior to fasting and transfer to freshwater. Typically, this period lasts for about six months, but may vary among producers. Reduced use of marine ingredients in commercial salmon diets during the last decades has affected the content of essential nutrients, such as n-3 long chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), minerals and vitamins. Furthermore, to minimize the risk of losses and implement new breeding achievements faster, breeding companies have shortened the production cycle of broodstock from 4 to 3 years, which may affect the number of fish that are large enough to mature. In the present study, we have extended the broodstock feeding period from 6 to 15 months prior to the freshwater transfer giving a higher content of n-3 LC-PUFA (higher inclusion of marine oils) from February to December (Phase 1), and thereafter a diet with a higher energy content to ensure growth towards the spring and maturation (Phase 2). Four sea cages with approximately 80.000 salmon postsmolt, two sea cages with males and two with females, were given a control diet and an experimental diet. Samples were taken in Phase 1 at start (1.7 kg), mid (3.4 kg) and end Phase 1/start of Phase 2 (8.3 kg), and end of Phase 2 (13.4 kg). The fish were thereafter fasted, and selected fish transferred to landbased freshwater tanks where light and temperature were used to manipulate the spawning time of the fish in two groups (early or late). Due to disease in the facility, measures of egg quality and hatching were only obtained from the early group. During the trial and spawning period, biometrical measurements were recorded, and samples of liver, gonad, fillet and red blood cells (RBC) were collected for fatty acid composition and blood plasma for analysis of lipid and health-related parameters. Samples were also collected for gonadal transcriptomic analysis by microarray and qPCR (end Phase 2) and plasma steroids (end Phase 2, mid maturation and spawning). Males fed the test diet had a larger body size compared to the control group at the end of Phase 2, while no differences were observed between dietary groups for the females. Total mortality in the trial was lower in the test group compared to the control, losses were caused mainly by sea lice treatments, loser fish or cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS). The dietary LC-PUFA levels in the test diet were reflected in the tissues particularly during Phase 1, but only different in the fillet samples and eggs at the end of Phase 2 and at spawning. Plasma sex steroids content increased at mid maturation and showed lower levels of androgens and estrogens in females fed the test diet compared to the control. At the end of Phase 2, transcriptional analysis showed upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes, although not reflected in changes in plasma steroids in Phase 2, indicating changes to come during maturation. The differences in LC-PUFA content in tissues and plasma steroids did not appear to affect fecundity, sperm quality, egg survival or hatching rate, but the test group had larger eggs compared to the control in the early spawner-group. Prolonged feeding of n-3 LC-PUFA to pre-puberty Atlantic salmon broodstock appears to be important for higher survival in challenging sea cage environments and has an effect on sex steroid production that, together with high energy diet during early maturation, cause the test group to produce larger eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eirik Hoel
- Skretting, P.O. Box 319, 4002 Stavanger, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Grethe Rosenlund
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, P.O. Box 48, 4001 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Thea Morken
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, P.O. Box 48, 4001 Stavanger, Norway
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4
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Tateishi Y, Webb SN, Li B, Liu L, Lindsey Rose K, Leser M, Patel P, Guengerich FP. Proteomics, modeling, and fluorescence assays delineate cytochrome b 5 residues involved in binding and stimulation of cytochrome P450 17A1 17,20-lyase. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105688. [PMID: 38280431 PMCID: PMC10878793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 (b5) is known to stimulate some catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes, although mechanisms still need to be defined. The reactions most strongly enhanced by b5 are the 17,20-lyase reactions of P450 17A1 involved in steroid biosynthesis. We had previously used a fluorescently labeled human b5 variant (Alexa 488-T70C-b5) to characterize human P450 17A1-b5 interactions, but subsequent proteomic analyses indicated that lysines in b5 were also modified with Alexa 488 maleimide in addition to Cys-70, due to disulfide dimerization of the T70C mutant. A series of b5 variants were constructed with Cys replacements for the identified lysine residues and labeled with the dye. Fluorescence attenuation and the function of b5 in the steroid lyase reaction depended on the modified position. Apo-b5 (devoid of heme group) studies revealed the lack of involvement of the b5 heme in the fluorescence attenuation. A structural model of b5 with P450 17A1 was predicted using AlphaFold-Multimer algorithms/Rosetta docking, based upon the individual structures, which predicted several new contacts not previously reported, that is, interactions of b5 Glu-48:17A1 Arg-347, b5 Glu-49:17A1 Arg-449, b5 Asp-65:17A1 Arg-126, b5 Asp-65:17A1 Arg-125, and b5 Glu-61:17A1 Lys-91. Fluorescence polarization assays with two modified b5 variants yielded Kd values (for b5-P450 17A1) of 120 to 380 nM, the best estimate of binding affinity. We conclude that both monomeric and dimeric b5 can bind to P450 17A1 and stimulate activity. Results with the mutants indicate that several Lys residues in b5 are sensitive to the interaction with P450 17A1, including Lys-88 and Lys-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephany N Webb
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bian Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristie Lindsey Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Micheal Leser
- Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Purvi Patel
- Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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5
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Mosalev KI, Ivanov ID, Tenditnik MV, Shults EE, Vavilin VA. Hepatotropic activity of a betulonic acid based compound. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2024; 70:15-24. [PMID: 38450677 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20247001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Using the model of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression in C57BL/6 mice, the hepatotropic effects of a conjugate of betulonic acid with 9-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-2-(1,2,3-triazolyl) oreozelone (BABC) have been studied. In the liver of treated animals the expression of genes for cytochromes (CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, CYP 3A44, CYP 2B10, CYP 2C29, CYP 17A1), PPARA, and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12α, IL-10) and the relative levels of NF-κB p65, GST-π, and NAT-1 proteins were determined. On day six after administration of the compound and CP to animals a significant (3.2-fold) increase in the expression of the CYP 2B10 as compared to the control group was observed. Treatment of mice with the compound and CP also caused a 2.4-fold increase in the mRNA level of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α gene as compared to the group of animals receiving CP. Administration of the studied compound to intact animals was accompanied by a 2.5-fold increase in the IL-1β expression and a 1.8-fold decrease in the IL-10 expression as compared to the control group. An increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the liver of animals treated with the compound was accompanied by an increase in the content of NF-κB p65 (by 1.6 times), as well as an increase in the relative amount of NAT-1 protein (by 2.7 times) as compared to control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Mosalev
- Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I D Ivanov
- Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M V Tenditnik
- Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E E Shults
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V A Vavilin
- Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Divaris E, Kostopoulos G, Efstathiadou ZA. Current and Emerging Pharmacological Therapies for Cushing's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:757-777. [PMID: 38424426 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128290025240216110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's Disease (CD), hypercortisolism due to pituitary ACTH secreting neuroendocrine neoplasm, is associated with increased morbidity and, if untreated, mortality in about half of the affected individuals. Consequently, the timely initiation of effective treatment is mandatory. Neurosurgery is the first line and the only potentially curative treatment; however, 30% of patients will have persistent disease post-surgery. Furthermore, a small percentage of those initially controlled will develop hypercortisolism during long-term follow- up. Therefore, patients with persistent or recurrent disease, as well as those considered non-eligible for surgery, will need a second-line therapeutic approach, i.e., pharmacotherapy. Radiation therapy is reserved as a third-line therapeutic option due to its slower onset of action and its unfavorable profile regarding complications. During the past few years, the understanding of molecular mechanisms implicated in the physiology of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis has evolved, and new therapeutic targets for CD have emerged. In the present review, currently available treatments, compounds currently tested in ongoing clinical trials, and interesting, potentially new targets emerging from unraveling molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of Cushing's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Divaris
- Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Kostopoulos
- Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe A Efstathiadou
- Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Paradiso E, Lazzaretti C, Sperduti S, Melli B, Trenti T, Tagliavini S, Roli L, D'Achille F, Beltrán-Frutos E, Simoni M, Casarini L. Protein kinase B (Akt) blockade inhibits LH/hCG-mediated 17,20-lyase, but not 17α-hydroxylase activity of Cyp17a1 in mouse Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Cell Signal 2023; 111:110872. [PMID: 37640196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are produced by adrenal and gonadal cells thanks to the action of specific enzymes. We investigated the role of protein kinase B (Akt) in the modulation of Δ4 steroidogenic enzymes' activity, in the mouse Leydig tumor cell line mLTC1. Cells were treated for 0-24 h with the 3 × 50% effective concentration of human luteinizing hormone (LH) and choriogonadotropin (hCG), in the presence and in the absence of the specific Akt inhibitor 3CAI. Cell signaling analysis was performed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and Western blotting, while the expression of key target genes was investigated by real-time PCR. The synthesis of progesterone, 17α-hydroxy (OH)-progesterone and testosterone was measured by immunoassay. Control experiments for cell viability and caspase 3 activation were performed as well. We found that both hormones activated cAMP and downstream effectors, such as extracellularly-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (Creb), as well as Akt, and the transcription of Stard1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd17b3 genes, boosting the Δ4 steroidogenic pathway. Interestingly, Akt blockade decreased selectively Cyp17a1 expression levels, inhibiting its 17,20-lyase, but not the 17-hydroxylase activity. This effect is consistent with lower Cyp17a1 affinity to 17α-OH-progesterone than progesterone. As a result, cell treatment with 3CAI resulted in 17α-OH-progesterone accumulation at 16-24 h and decreased testosterone levels after 24 h. In conclusion, in the mouse Leydig cell line mLTC1, we found substantial Akt dependence of the 17,20-lyase activity and testosterone synthesis. Our results indicate that different intracellular pathways modulate selectively the dual activity of Cyp17a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Paradiso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy.
| | - Clara Lazzaretti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Samantha Sperduti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Melli
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio D'Achille
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Ester Beltrán-Frutos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, IMIB-Arrixaca, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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8
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Tabęcka-Łonczyńska A, Kaczka P, Kaleniuk E. Involvement of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and impairment of steroidogenesis after exposure to tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) in mouse spermatogenic (GC-1 spg) cells in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106398. [PMID: 37703931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Good-quality reproductive cells are essential for reproduction. Endocrine disruptors are widely available in the environment and are known to have an adverse effect on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. One of them is tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), i.e. one of the novel brominated flame retardants (NBFR). TBC is a widely distributed ingredient used in the production of flame retardants. Currently, it is known to affect the hormonal system, but the exact mechanism of its action is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine whether TBC alone and in cotreatment with BHPI (estrogen receptor alpha antagonist) has an impact on the expression of nuclear receptors involved in the formation of steroid hormones, proteins, and enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis and the levels of steroid hormones (E2, P4, and T) in the GC-1 spg cell line as a mouse model of spermatogenic cells in vitro. Our results indicate that ERα is involved in the mechanism of TBC action, while no activation of PPARγ, AhR, and IGF-1R was observed. In addition, a decrease in the levels of most of the analyzed proteins and enzymes involved in steroid conversion was observed. Only Cyp19a1 was upregulated after TBC, BHPI, and TBC with BHPI cotreatment. In all the analyzed groups, a significant decrease in P4 and a subtle decrease in T and E2 were observed in the production and secretion of the hormones to the culture medium, compared to the control. The obtained results confirm the involvement of TBC in the dysregulation of steroid biosynthesis, which may affect male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tabęcka-Łonczyńska
- Department Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczka
- PRO-NOO-BIOTICS Sp. z o.o., 39 Warszawska, 35-205 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Edyta Kaleniuk
- Department Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
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9
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Dahleh MMM, Bortolotto VC, Guerra GP, Boeira SP, Prigol M. YK11 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus: The interplay between a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and exercise. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106364. [PMID: 37468001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Our study investigates potential neurochemical effects of (17α,20E)- 17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]- 3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester (YK11), a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), in the rat hippocampus, with a particular focus on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, as well as its potential effect when combined with exercise (EXE). To validate YK11's anabolic potential, we performed a molecular docking analysis with the androgen receptor (AR), which showed high affinity with YK11, highlighting hydrogen interactions in Arg752. During the five-week protocol, we divided male Wistar rats into the following groups: Control, YK11 (0.35 g/kg), EXE (swimming protocol), and EXE+YK11. The administration of YK11 resulted in alterations in the endogenous antioxidant system, promoting increased oxidative stress and proteotoxic effects, impairing all mitochondrial function markers in the hippocampus. In contrast, EXE alone had a neuroprotective effect, increasing antioxidant defenses and improving mitochondrial metabolism. When combined, EXE+YK11 prevented alterations in some mitochondrial toxicity markers, including MnSOD/SOD2 and MTT reduction capacity, but did not reverse YK11's neurochemical impairments regarding increased oxidative stress and dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and mitochondrial dynamics regulatory proteins in the hippocampus. In summary, our study identifies important pathways of YK11's hippocampal effects, revealing its potential to promote oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the administration of YK11 may pose potential neurological risks for athletes and bodybuilders seeking to enhance performance. These findings highlight the need for further research to assess the safety and efficacy of YK11 and SARM use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Munir Mustafa Dahleh
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Wróbel TM, Jørgensen FS, Pandey AV, Grudzińska A, Sharma K, Yakubu J, Björkling F. Non-steroidal CYP17A1 Inhibitors: Discovery and Assessment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6542-6566. [PMID: 37191389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CYP17A1 is an enzyme that plays a major role in steroidogenesis and is critically involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Therefore, it remains an attractive target in several serious hormone-dependent cancer diseases, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. The medicinal chemistry community has been committed to the discovery and development of CYP17A1 inhibitors for many years, particularly for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. The current Perspective reflects upon the discovery and evaluation of non-steroidal CYP17A1 inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry angle. Emphasis is placed on the structural aspects of the target, key learnings from the presented chemotypes, and design guidelines for future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Grudzińska
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katyayani Sharma
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jibira Yakubu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Cheng M, Song Z, Guo Y, Luo X, Li X, Wu X, Gong Y. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Improves Follicular Development and Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis by Regulating Vitamin D Receptor in the Layers Model. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4017-4034. [PMID: 37232725 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD3) is the active form of vitamin D, and it regulates gene expression and protein synthesis in mammalian follicle development. However, the function of VitD3 in the follicular development of layers remains unclear. This study investigated, through in vivo and in vitro experiments, the effects of VitD3 on follicle development and steroid hormone biosynthesis in young layers. In vivo, ninety 18-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly divided into three groups for different treatments of VitD3 (0, 10, and 100 μg/kg). VitD3 supplementation promoted follicle development, increasing the number of small yellow follicles (SYFs) and large yellow follicles (LYFs) and the thickness of the granulosa layer (GL) of SYFs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that VitD3 supplementation altered gene expression in the ovarian steroidogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism signaling pathways. Steroid hormone-targeted metabolomics profiling identified 20 steroid hormones altered by VitD3 treatment, with 5 being significantly different among the groups. In vitro, it was found that VitD3 increased cell proliferation, promoted cell-cycle progression, regulated the expression of cell-cycle-related genes, and inhibited the apoptosis of granulosa cells from pre-hierarchical follicles (phGCs) and theca cells from prehierarchical follicles (phTCs). In addition, the steroid hormone biosynthesis-related genes, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression level was significantly altered by VitD3. Our findings identified that VitD3 altered the gene expression related to steroid metabolism and the production of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone in the pre-hierarchical follicles (PHFs), resulting in positive effects on poultry follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenquan Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanzhang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Mohamed H, Ghith A, Bell SG. The binding of nitrogen-donor ligands to the ferric and ferrous forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112168. [PMID: 36870164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxygenase enzymes can catalyse various oxidation reactions. The addition of a substrate or an inhibitor ligand induces changes in the absorption spectrum of these enzymes and UV-visible (UV-vis) absorbance spectroscopy is the most common and readily available technique used to interrogate their heme and active site environment. Nitrogen-containing ligands can inhibit the catalytic cycle of heme enzymes by interacting with the heme. Here we evaluate the binding of imidazole and pyridine-based ligands to the ferric and ferrous forms of a selection of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes using UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy. The majority of these ligands interact with the heme as one would expect for type II nitrogen directly coordinated to a ferric heme-thiolate species. However, the spectroscopic changes observed in the ligand-bound ferrous forms indicated differences in the heme environment across these P450 enzyme/ligand combinations. Multiple species were observed in the UV-vis spectra of the ferrous ligand-bound P450s. None of the enzymes gave rise to the isolation of a single species with a Soret band at ∼442-447 nm, indicative of a 6-coordinate ferrous thiolate species with a nitrogen-donor ligand. A ferrous species with Soret band at ∼427 nm coupled with an α-band of increased intensity was observed with the imidazole ligands. With some enzyme-ligand combinations reduction resulted in breaking of the iron‑nitrogen bond yielding a 5-coordinate high-spin ferrous species. In other instances, the ferrous form was readily oxidised back to the ferric form on addition of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatalla Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Amna Ghith
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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13
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Miller JC, Lee JHZ, Mclean MA, Chao RR, Stone ISJ, Pukala TL, Bruning JB, De Voss JJ, Schuler MA, Sligar SG, Bell SG. Engineering C-C Bond Cleavage Activity into a P450 Monooxygenase Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9207-9222. [PMID: 37042073 PMCID: PMC10795798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of heme monooxygenases has demonstrated ability to facilitate hydroxylation, desaturation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, heteroatom dealkylation, and carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage (lyase) reactions. Seeking to study the carbon-carbon cleavage reaction of α-hydroxy ketones in mechanistic detail using a microbial P450, we synthesized α-hydroxy ketone probes based on the physiological substrate for a well-characterized benzoic acid metabolizing P450, CYP199A4. After observing low activity with wild-type CYP199A4, subsequent assays with an F182L mutant demonstrated enzyme-dependent C-C bond cleavage toward one of the α-hydroxy ketones. This C-C cleavage reaction was subject to an inverse kinetic solvent isotope effect analogous to that observed in the lyase activity of the human P450 CYP17A1, suggesting the involvement of a species earlier than Compound I in the catalytic cycle. Co-crystallization of F182L-CYP199A4 with this α-hydroxy ketone showed that the substrate bound in the active site with a preference for the (S)-enantiomer in a position which could mimic the topology of the lyase reaction in CYP17A1. Molecular dynamics simulations with an oxy-ferrous model of CYP199A4 revealed a displacement of the substrate to allow for oxygen binding and the formation of the lyase transition state proposed for CYP17A1. This demonstration that a correctly positioned α-hydroxy ketone substrate can realize lyase activity with an unusual inverse solvent isotope effect in an engineered microbial system opens the door for further detailed biophysical and structural characterization of CYP catalytic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mark A Mclean
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rebecca R Chao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Isobella S J Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mary A Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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14
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Guengerich FP, McCarty KD, Tateishi Y, Liu L. Steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (cytochrome P450 17A1). Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:39-63. [PMID: 37802581 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 plays a key role in steroidogenesis, in that this enzyme catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylation of both pregnenolone and progesterone, followed by a lyase reaction to cleave the C-20 land C-21 carbons from each steroid. The reactions are important in the production of both glucocorticoids and androgens. The enzyme is critical in humans but is also a drug target in treatment of prostate cancer. Detailed methods are described for the heterologous expression of human P450 17A1 in bacteria, purification of the recombinant enzyme, reconstitution of the enzyme system in the presence of cytochrome b5, and chromatographic procedures for sensitive analyses of reaction products. Historic assay approaches are reviewed. Some information is also provided about outstanding questions in the research field, including catalytic mechanisms and searches for selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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15
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Ye L, Zhu M, Ju J, Yang H. Effects of Dietary Cholesterol Regulation on Spermatogenesis of Gobiocypris rarus Rare Minnow. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087492. [PMID: 37108655 PMCID: PMC10141657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes, and also a precursor for the synthesis of sex hormones, playing an important role in reproduction. However, few studies have focused on cholesterol and reproductive health. To investigate the toxic effects of different cholesterol levels on the spermatogenesis of rare minnows, we regulate the cholesterol content in fish by feeding them a high-cholesterol diet and cholesterol inhibitor pravastatin, and cholesterol levels, sex hormone (T and 11KT) levels, testis histology, sperm morphology and function, and the expression of genes related to sex hormone synthesis were investigated. The research findings indicate that increasing cholesterol levels significantly increases the liver weight and hepatic-somatic index, as well as the total cholesterol and free cholesterol levels in the testis, liver, and plasma of rare minnow, while inhibiting cholesterol has the opposite effect (p < 0.05). However, both increasing and decreasing cholesterol levels can suppress rare minnow testicular development, as evidenced by a decrease in testis weight, lowered gonadosomatic index, suppressed sex hormone levels, and reduced mature sperm count. Further exploration revealed that the expression of sex hormone synthesis-related genes, including star, cyp19a1a, and hsd11b2, was significantly affected (p < 0.05), which may be an important reason for the decrease in sex hormone synthesis and consequent inhibition of testicular development. At the same time, the fertilization ability of mature sperm in both treatment groups significantly decreased. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence polarization tests showed that reducing cholesterol levels significantly increased the rate of sperm head cell membrane damage, while both increasing and decreasing cholesterol levels led to a reduction in sperm cell membrane fluidity, which may be the main reason for the decrease in sperm fertilization ability. This study demonstrates that both increasing and decreasing the levels of cholesterol are detrimental to the fish spermatogenesis, providing fundamental information for the study of fish reproduction and also a reference for the causes of male reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Ye
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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16
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Lee SG, Kim V, Lee GH, Kim C, Jeong E, Guengerich FP, Kim D. Hydroxylation and lyase reactions of steroids catalyzed by mouse cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17a1). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112085. [PMID: 36640554 PMCID: PMC9892303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyzes 17α-hydroxylation and 17,20-lyase reactions with steroid hormones. Mice contain an orthologous Cyp17a1 enzyme in the genome, and its amino acid sequence has high similarity with human CYP17A1. We purified recombinant mouse Cyp17a1 and characterized its oxidation reactions with progesterone and pregnenolone. The open reading frame of the mouse Cyp17a1 gene was inserted and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and then purified using Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) affinity column chromatography. Purified mouse Cyp17a1 displayed typical Type I binding titration spectral changes upon the addition of progesterone, 17α-OH progesterone, pregnenolone, and 17α-OH pregnenolone, with similar binding affinities to those of human CYP17A1. Catalytic activities for 17α-hydroxylation and 17,20-lyase reactions were studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrometry analysis. Mouse Cyp17a1 showed cytochrome b5 stimulation in catalysis. In comparison to human enzyme, much higher specificity constants (kcat/Km) were observed with mouse Cyp17a1. In the reactions of Δ4-steroids (progesterone and 17α-OH progesterone), the specificity constants were 2100 times higher than the human enzyme. The addition of cytochrome b5 produced significant stimulation of 17,20-lyase activities of mouse Cyp17a1. Two Arg mutants of mouse Cyp17a1 (R347H and R358Q) displayed a larger decrease in 17,20-lyase reaction (from 17α-OH pregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) than 17α-hydroxylation, indicating that -as in human CYP17A1-these basic residues in mouse Cyp17a1 are important in interacting with the cytochrome b5 protein in the lyase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Cytochromes P450 in biosensing and biosynthesis applications: Recent progress and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Roy P, Dennis DG, Eschbach MD, Anand SD, Xu F, Maturano J, Hellman J, Sarlah D, Das A. Metabolites of Cannabigerol Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s Are Bioactive. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2398-2408. [PMID: 36223199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is the central biosynthetic precursor to many cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Though the use of CBG has recently witnessed a widespread surge because of its beneficial health effects and lack of psychoactivity, its metabolism by human cytochrome P450s is largely unknown. Herein, we describe comprehensive in vitro and in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolic studies of CBG, ranging from liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based primary metabolic site determination, synthetic validation, and kinetic behavior using targeted mass spectrometry. These investigations revealed that cyclo-CBG, a recently isolated phytocannabinoid, is the major metabolite that is rapidly formed by selected human cytochrome P450s (CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9). Additionally, in vivo studies with mice administered with CBG supported these studies, where cyclo-CBG is the major metabolite as well. Spectroscopic binding studies along with docking and modeling of the CBG molecule near the heme in the active site of P450s confirmed these observations, pointing at the preferred site selectivity of CBG metabolism at the prenyl chain over other positions. Importantly, we found out that CBG and its oxidized CBG metabolites reduced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with LPS. Overall, combining enzymological studies, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, we showcase that CBG is rapidly metabolized by human P450s to form oxidized metabolites that are bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Roy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David G Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark D Eschbach
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shravanthi D Anand
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jonathan Maturano
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Shaomei W, Yongbin P, Daiyue Y, Zhaorong H, Huirong Y, Nan L, Huanbin L, Yuzhu L, Kai W. Whole exome sequencing applied to 42 Han Chinese patients with posterior hypospadias. Steroids 2022; 184:109041. [PMID: 35561789 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias, a malformation of male external genitalia, is characterized by an aberrant opening of the urethra on the ventral side of the penis. It is considered a complex disorder with both environmental and genetic factors involved in its pathogenesis. To identify the genetic abnormality involved in the pathogenesis of hypospadias, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis in 42 hypospadias patients with karyotype 46, XY in the Nanhai Meternity&Child Health Hospital of Foshan. All the likely pathogenic variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and assessed by Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT), PROVEAN, PolyPhen2, ClinPred, LRT, Mutation Assessor, FATHMM, and GERP software. We discovered 27 gene mutations in 20 patients, including eight cases of the SRD5A2 gene, 4 cases of the AR gene, 3 cases of the CYP17A1 gene, 1 case of the WT1 gene, 1 case of the ANOS1 gene, 1 case of the NR5A1 gene, 1 case of the FGFR1 gene, and one case of the DHX37 gene. Our study is the first to describe six novel missense mutations, AR(c.302G > A, c.2593G > T, and c.1705G > T), CYP17A1(c.1298 T > C), FGFR1 (c.995C > T) and DHX37(c.923G > A). In summary, genetic defect detection was useful for early diagnosis of severe hypospadias in the Han Chinese population. Nevertheless, most cases remain unexplained, and the exact pathogenesis of hypospadias still needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shaomei
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanhai Meternity&Child Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Pan Yongbin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanhai Meternity&Child Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Daiyue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Huang Zhaorong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Huirong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Nan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Huanbin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanhai Meternity&Child Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Yuzhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanhai Meternity&Child Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Wu Kai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Yan L, Hu M, Gu L, Lei M, Chen Z, Zhu H, Chen R. Effect of Heat Stress on Egg Production, Steroid Hormone Synthesis, and Related Gene Expression in Chicken Preovulatory Follicular Granulosa Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111467. [PMID: 35681931 PMCID: PMC9179568 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The debilitating effects of heat stress on poultry production have been well documented. Heat stress already results in severe economic loss worldwide. Regarding the decline in the reproductive performance of heat-stressed hens, the exact mechanisms involved are still unknown. The present study was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying heat-stress-induced abnormal egg production in laying hens. Our results confirmed that laying hens reared under heat stress had impaired laying performance. Follicular granulosa cells cultured in vitro are sensitive to the effects of heat stress, showing an increase in apoptosis and cellular ultrastructural changes. These effects appeared in the form of heat-stress-elevated progesterone, with the increased expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, and 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, along with inhibited estradiol synthesis through the decreased expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and the cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1. Collectively, laying hens exposed to high temperatures showed damage to granulosa cells that brought about a decline in egg production. This study provides a molecular mechanism for the abnormal laying performance of hens subjected to heat stress, which may help when developing novel strategies to reverse the adverse impact. Abstract This study was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress (HS)-induced abnormal egg-laying in laying hens. Hy-Line brown laying hens were exposed to HS at 32 °C or maintained at 22 °C (control) for 14 days. In addition, granulosa cells (GCs) from preovulatory follicles were subjected to normal (37 °C) or high (41 °C or 43 °C) temperatures in vitro. Proliferation, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis were investigated, and the expression of estrogen and progesterone synthesis-related genes was detected. The results confirmed that laying hens reared under HS had impaired laying performance. HS inhibited proliferation, increased apoptosis, and altered the GC ultrastructure. HS also elevated progesterone secretion by increasing the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), and 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). In addition, HS inhibited estrogen synthesis in GCs by decreasing the expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1). The upregulation of heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP70) under HS was also observed. Collectively, laying hens exposed to high temperatures experienced damage to follicular GCs and steroidogenesis dysfunction, which reduced their laying performance. This study provides a molecular mechanism for the abnormal laying performance of hens subjected to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Mengdie Hu
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lihong Gu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China;
| | - Mingming Lei
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Huanxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (R.C.)
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Husbandry Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (L.Y.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (R.C.)
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21
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Gao Z, Mi R, Cheng Z, Li X, Zeng H, Wu G, Zhao J, Zhang W, Ye J. Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Revealed Hong-Hua-Xiao-Yao Tablet's Effect of Mediating Hormone Synthesis in the Treatment of Mammary Gland Hyperplasia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:788019. [PMID: 35177987 PMCID: PMC8846323 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.788019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hong-Hua-Xiao-Yao Tablet (HHXYT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula that has been approved for the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH), but its mechanism of action is unclear. In this study, a strategy that integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology was applied to systemically reveal the mechanism of HHXYT in the treatment of MGH. Our pharmacodynamic study indicated that the proliferation of mammary gland was inhibited in rats, and serum-level disorder of estradiol and progesterone was reversed after HHXYT treatment. 54 compounds absorbed in rat plasma were identified after administration of HHXYT. The serum metabolome revealed 58 endogenous differential metabolites, of which 31% were steroid lipids metabolites, with steroid hormone biosynthesis being the most significant metabolic module. 7 targets, 6 herbs, and 17 ingredients were found to play key roles in HHXYT’s treatment of MGH. 3 of the 7 key targets (CYP11A1, HSD3B2, and CYP17A1) were directly involved in androgen synthesis, while 2 targets (AR and ESR1) were receptors for the direct action of androgens and estrogens. Molecular docking was utilized to confirm the bindings between the 5 targets and their corresponding compounds. In an in vitro test, HHXYT (50 µg/ml) and its ingredient formononetin (3.2, 6.3, and 12.5 µM) were found to significantly reduce the increase of testosterone level induced by dexamethasone (10 µM) in thecal cells. In summary, this study illustrated that the mechanism of HHXYT’s treatment of MGH was to regulate hormone disorder. HHXYT could reduce estrogen-stimulated hyperplasia by inhibiting the production of its precursor androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Gao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawu Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Guengerich FP. Roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes in pharmacology and toxicology: Past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:1-47. [PMID: 35953152 PMCID: PMC9869358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of the cytochrome P450 (P450) field has been remarkable in the areas of pharmacology and toxicology, particularly in drug development. Today it is possible to use the knowledge base and relatively straightforward assays to make intelligent predictions about drug disposition prior to human dosing. Much is known about the structures, regulation, chemistry of catalysis, and the substrate and inhibitor specificity of human P450s. Many aspects of drug-drug interactions and side effects can be understood in terms of P450s. This knowledge has also been useful in pharmacy practice, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice. However, there are still basic and practical questions to address regarding P450s and their roles in pharmacology and toxicology. Another aspect is the discovery of drugs that inhibit P450 to treat diseases.
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23
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Guengerich FP, McCarty KD, Chapman JG, Tateishi Y. Stepwise binding of inhibitors to human cytochrome P450 17A1 and rapid kinetics of inhibition of androgen biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100969. [PMID: 34273352 PMCID: PMC8350020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylation of progesterone and pregnenolone as well as the subsequent lyase cleavage of both products to generate androgens. However, the selective inhibition of the lyase reactions, particularly with 17α-hydroxy pregnenolone, remains a challenge for the treatment of prostate cancer. Here, we considered the mechanisms of inhibition of drugs that have been developed to inhibit P450 17A1, including ketoconazole, seviteronel, orteronel, and abiraterone, the only approved inhibitor used for prostate cancer therapy, as well as clotrimazole, known to inhibit P450 17A1. All five compounds bound to P450 17A1 in a multistep process, as observed spectrally, over a period of 10 to 30 s. However, no lags were observed for the onset of inhibition in rapid-quench experiments with any of these five compounds. Furthermore, the addition of substrate to inhibitor–P450 17A1 complexes led to an immediate formation of product, without a lag that could be attributed to conformational changes. Although abiraterone has been previously described as showing slow-onset inhibition (t1/2 = 30 min), we observed rapid and strong inhibition. These results are in contrast to inhibitors of P450 3A4, an enzyme with a larger active site in which complete inhibition is not observed with ketoconazole and clotrimazole until the changes are completed. Overall, our results indicate that both P450 17A1 reactions—17α-hydroxylation and lyase activity—are inhibited by the initial binding of any of these inhibitors, even though subsequent conformational changes occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jesse G Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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24
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Kim D, Kim V, McCarty KD, Guengerich FP. Tight binding of cytochrome b 5 to cytochrome P450 17A1 is a critical feature of stimulation of C21 steroid lyase activity and androgen synthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100571. [PMID: 33753170 PMCID: PMC8080067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized for >50 years that cytochrome b5 (b5) stimulates some cytochrome P450 (P450)–catalyzed oxidations, but the basis of this function is still not understood well. The strongest stimulation of catalytic activity by b5 is in the P450 17A1 lyase reaction, an essential step in androgen synthesis from 21-carbon (C21) steroids, making this an excellent model system to interrogate b5 function. One of the issues in studying b5–P450 interactions has been the limited solution assay methods. We constructed a fluorescently labeled variant of human b5 that can be used in titrations. The labeled b5 bound to WT P450 17A1 with a Kd of 2.5 nM and rapid kinetics, on the order of 1 s−1. Only weak binding was observed with the clinical P450 17A1 variants E305G, R347H, and R358Q; these mutants are deficient in lyase activity, which has been hypothesized to be due to attenuated b5 binding. Kd values were not affected by the presence of P450 17A1 substrates. A peptide containing the P450 17A1 Arg-347/Arg-358 region attenuated Alexa 488-T70C-b5 fluorescence at higher concentrations. The addition of NADPH–P450 reductase (POR) to an Alexa 488-T70C-b5:P450 17A1 complex resulted in a concentration-dependent partial restoration of b5 fluorescence, indicative of a ternary P450:b5:POR complex, which was also supported by gel filtration experiments. Overall, these results are interpreted in the context of a dynamic and tight P450 17A1:b5 complex that also binds POR to form a catalytically competent ternary complex, and variants that disrupt this interaction have low catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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