Effect of resveratrol on skeletal slow-twitch muscle fiber expression via AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway in bovine myotubes

Targeting mitochondria with natural polyphenols for treating Neurodegenerative Diseases: a comprehensive scoping review from oxidative stress perspective

Neurodegenerative diseases are a class of conditions with widespread detrimental impacts, currently lacking effective therapeutic drugs. Recent studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction and the resultant oxidative stress as crucial contributors to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds with inherent antioxidant properties, have demonstrated the potential to target mitochondria and mitigate oxidative stress. This therapeutic potential has garnered significant attention in recent years. Investigating the mitochondrial targeting capacity of polyphenols, their role in functional regulation, and their ability to modulate oxidative stress, along with exploring novel technologies and strategies for modifying polyphenol compounds and their formulations, holds promise for providing new avenues for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Dual Action of Pueraria montana var. lobata Extract on Myogenesis and Muscle Atrophy

Background/Objectives: Muscle atrophy, defined by diminished muscle mass and function, is a notable concern associated with aging, disease, and glucocorticoid treatment. Pueraria montana var. lobata extract (PMLE) demonstrates multiple bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory activities; however, its role in muscle atrophy has not been extensively investigated to date. This study examined how PMLE influences both muscle cell differentiation and dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle degeneration by focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: This study examined the effects of PMLE on myogenic differentiation and DEX-induced muscle atrophy. C2C12 myoblasts were treated with PMLE (10-100 ng/mL) and assessed for changes in the expression of myogenesis-related genes and activation of Akt/mTOR and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling cascades. In vivo, a DEX-induced muscle atrophy model was used to assess muscle mass, fiber morphology, and molecular changes. Results: PMLE PMLE promoted muscle cell development by increasing the expression of MyHC, MyoD, and myogenin while activating protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways. PMLE counteracted DEX-induced myotube atrophy, restoring myotube diameter and promoting cellular fusion in vitro. In vivo, PMLE mitigated muscle degradation in fast-twitch muscle groups and reversed DEX-induced suppression of key anabolic and mitochondrial pathways. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PMLE promotes myogenic differentiation and protects against muscle atrophy by regulating critical molecular pathways, indicating its promise as a treatment candidate for conditions involving muscle wasting. Further studies are required to assess its clinical application and long-term safety efficacy.

Integrative transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses yields insights into muscle fiber type in cattle

Muscle fiber is an important factor in beef quality. Here, we compared fast-type longissimus dorsi muscle and slow-type psoas major muscle from cattle using transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses. A total of 1717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 297 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and 193 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) were identified between LD and PM tissue, respectively. For verification, we selected 10 DEGs for qRT-PCR and 6 DAPs for western blotting, and showed they were consistent between the two approaches. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that some DEGs, DAPs and DAMs were enriched in muscle fiber type-associated GO terms and pathways. Many of them are involved in glycolysis, TCA and fatty acid metabolism. Integrated multi-omics analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.6244 between the transcriptome and proteome. This study provides a new understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the determination of bovine muscle fiber type and meat quality.

Resistance Training and Resveratrol Supplementation Improve Cancer Cachexia and Tumor Volume in Muscle Tissue of Male Mice Bearing Colon Cancer CT26 Cell Tumors

Losing muscle functions due to reducing muscle mass and quality is one of the main features of cancer cachexia that impairs patients' quality of life and decrease their survival. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of resistance training and resveratrol supplementation on cachexia induced by CT26 tumors in male mice. Forty-eight mice were divided into eight groups randomly: healthy sedentary vehicle (HSV), healthy exercise vehicle (HEV), healthy sedentary resveratrol (HSR), healthy exercise resveratrol (HER), CT-26 tumor-bearing sedentary vehicle (TSV), CT-26 tumor-bearing exercise vehicle (TEV), CT-26 tumor-bearing sedentary resveratrol (TSR) and CT-26 tumor-bearing exercise resveratrol (TER). Training groups performed ladder climbing with weights tied to their tails, for six weeks. Resveratrol-treated groups received 50 mg/kg daily by gavage. The results showed muscle weight, and mTORC1 phosphorylation decreased in TSV compared to the HSV group. mTORC1 phosphorylation was increased in TER compared to TSV, TEV, and TSR. In addition, AMPK phosphorylation was more elevated in HER compared to HSV, HEV, and HSR. LC3BII/I ratio was higher in TSV than HSV group. Tumor volume was increased in all groups, with the lowest increase in TER group. In tumor tissue, mTORC1 phosphorylation was decreased in TER than in TSV, TEV, and TSR groups; AMPK phosphorylation and LC3BII/I ratio were increased in TSV than in TEV, TSR, and TER groups. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of resistance training and resveratrol supplementation is the most effective in reducing tumor volume. These advantages were mostly in line with molecular findings.

Danshensu sodium salt alleviates muscle atrophy via CaMKII-PGC1α-FoxO3a signaling pathway in D-galactose-induced models

Sarcopenia is an age-related muscle atrophy syndrome characterized by the loss of muscle strength and mass. Although many agents have been used to treat sarcopenia, there are no successful treatments to date. In this study, we identified Danshensu sodium salt (DSS) as a substantial suppressive agent of muscle atrophy. We used a D-galactose (DG)-induced aging-acceleration model, both in vivo and in vitro, to confirm the effect of DSS on sarcopenia. DSS inhibits the expression of muscle atrophy-related factors (MuRF1, MAFbx, myostatin, and FoxO3a) in DG-induced mouse C2C12 and human skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, DSS restored the diameter of reduced C2C12 myotubes. Next, we demonstrated that DSS stimulates AMPK and PGC1α through CaMKII. DSS inhibits the translocation of FoxO3a into the nucleus, thus inhibiting muscle atrophy in a calcium-dependent manner. DSS initiated the protein-protein interaction between FoxO3a and PGC1α. The reduction of the PGC1α-FoxO3a interaction by DG was restored by DSS. Also, DSS suppressed increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DG. In animal models, DSS administration improved mouse muscle mass and physical performance (grip strength and hanging test) under DG-induced accelerated aging conditions. These findings demonstrated that DSS attenuates muscle atrophy by inhibiting the expression of muscle atrophy-related factors. Therefore, DSS may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of sarcopenia.

An underutilized bean: hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet]: bioactive compounds, functional activity, and future food prospect and applications

Hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], a plant belonging to the leguminous family and traditionally used for medicinal purposes in China, is a valuable resource with a wide range of health benefits. This review examines the bioactive compounds, health-promoting properties and functional food potential of hyacinth bean, highlighting its role in protecting against metabolic diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms. According to existing research, hyacinth bean contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, Consumption of hyacinth beans and hyacinth bean-related processed food products, as well as their use in medicines, is associated with a variety of health benefits that are increasingly favoured by the scientific community. In light of these findings, we posit that hyacinth bean holds great promise for further research and food application. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary Bacillus subtilis benefits meat quality by regulating the muscle fiber type and antioxidant capacity of broilers

The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis (BS) on the meat quality of broilers were evaluated, with an emphasis on the regulation of muscle fiber types and antioxidant capabilities. One hundred and forty-four Arbor Acres male broilers were divided into 3 treatment groups (0, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dietary BS) and raised for 35 d. The results suggested that BS improved meat quality by improving the muscular pH, meat color, water holding capacity and shear force. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a positive impact of BS on the muscle fiber transformation in thigh muscles, and the gene/protein expression data from specific muscle fiber types confirmed this finding. BS activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), silent information regulator 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha. The postmortem analysis revealed that BS increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity while decreasing the malondialdehyde content. Additionally, BS increased the gene and protein expression of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including its downstream factors, such as heme oxygenase-1, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, dietary BS improved meat quality by modifying muscle fiber types and enhancing the antioxidant capacity in broilers.

SIRT1 signaling pathways in sarcopenia: Novel mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

Sarcopenia is an aging-related skeletal disease characterized by decreased muscle mass, strength, and physical function, severely affecting the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly population. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases, has been reported to participate in various aging-related signaling pathways and exert protective effect on many human diseases. SIRT1 functioned as an important role in the occurrence and progression of sarcopenia through regulating key pathways related to protein homeostasis, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance and autophagy in skeletal muscle, including SIRT1/Forkhead Box O (FoxO), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/SIRT1/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), SIRT1/p53, AMPK/SIRT1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and SIRT1/live kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK pathways. However, the specific mechanisms of these processes have not been fully illuminated. Currently, several SIRT1-mediated interventions on sarcopenia have been preliminarily developed, such as SIRT1 activator polyphenolic compounds, exercising and calorie restriction. In this review, we summarized the predominant mechanisms of SIRT1 involved in sarcopenia and therapeutic modalities targeting the SIRT1 signaling pathways for the prevention and prognosis of sarcopenia.

Neonatal resveratrol treatment in cerebral palsy model recovers neurodevelopment impairments by restoring the skeletal muscle morphology and decreases microglial activation in the cerebellum

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the main motor disorder in childhood resulting from damage to the developing brain. Treatment perspectives are required to reverse the primary damage caused by the early insult and consequently to recover motor skills. Resveratrol has been shown to act as neuroprotection with benefits to skeletal muscle. This study aimed to investigate the effects of neonatal resveratrol treatment on neurodevelopment, skeletal muscle morphology, and cerebellar damage in CP model. Wistar rat pups were allocated to four experimental groups (n = 15/group) according CP model and treatment: Control+Saline (CS), Control+Resveratrol (CR), CP + Saline (CPS), and CP + Resveratrol (CPR). CP model associated anoxia and sensorimotor restriction. CP group showed delay in the disappearance of the palmar grasp reflex (p < 0.0001) and delay in the appearance of reflexes of negative geotaxis (p = 0.01), and free-fall righting (p < 0.0001), reduced locomotor activity and motor coordination (p < 0.05) than CS group. These motor skills impairments were associated with a reduction in muscle weight (p < 0.001) and area and perimeter of soleus end extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers (p < 0.0001), changes in muscle fibers typing pattern (p < 0.05), and the cerebellum showed signs of neuroinflammation due to elevated density and percentage of activated microglia in the CPS group compared to CS group (p < 0.05). CP animals treated with resveratrol showed anticipation of the appearance of negative geotaxis and free-fall righting reflexes (p < 0.01), increased locomotor activity (p < 0.05), recovery muscle fiber types pattern (p < 0.05), and reversal of the increase in density and the percentage of activated microglia in the cerebellum (p < 0.01). Thus, we conclude that neonatal treatment with resveratrol can contribute to the recovery of the delay neurodevelopment resulting from experimental CP due to its action in restoring the skeletal muscle morphology and reducing neuroinflammation from cerebellum.

Research Progress on the Regulating Factors of Muscle Fiber Heterogeneity in Livestock: A Review

The type of muscle fiber plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and dynamic plasticity of animals' skeletal muscle. Additionally, it is a primary determinant of the quality of both fresh and processed meat. Therefore, understanding the regulatory factors that contribute to muscle fibers' heterogeneity is of paramount importance. Recent advances in sequencing and omics technologies have enabled comprehensive cross-verification of research on the factors affecting the types of muscle fiber across multiple levels, including the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. These advancements have facilitated deeper exploration into the related biological questions. This review focused on the impact of individual characteristics, feeding patterns, and genetic regulation on the proportion and interconversion of different muscle fibers. The findings indicated that individual characteristics and feeding patterns significantly influence the type of muscle fiber, which can effectively enhance the type and distribution of muscle fibers in livestock. Furthermore, non-coding RNA, genes and signaling pathways between complicated regulatory mechanisms and interactions have a certain degree of impact on muscle fibers' heterogeneity. This, in turn, changes muscle fiber profile in living animals through genetic selection or environmental factors, and has the potential to modulate the quality of fresh meat. Collectively, we briefly reviewed the structure of skeletal muscle tissue and then attempted to review the inevitable connection between the quality of fresh meat and the type of muscle fiber, with particular attention to potential events involved in regulating muscle fibers' heterogeneity.

Mechanistic of AMPK/ACC2 regulating myoblast differentiation by fatty acid oxidation of goat

Myoblast differentiation depends on fatty acid oxidation (FAO)，and its rate-limiting enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) participate in the regulation skeletal muscle development. However, the precise regulatory mechanism is still unknown. Using previous RNA-sequencing data from our laboratory, we explored the effect of ACC2 on myoblast differentiation, as a candidate gene, since its expression is higher in myoblasts of lamb (first day of age) than that of the fetus (75th day of pregnancy). Our findings show that siACC2 inhibited myoblast proliferation, promoted differentiation, and boosted mitochondrial and fatty acid oxidation activities. The effect of ACC2 on goat muscle cell differentiation was modulated by Etomoxir, a CPT1A inhibitor. Notably, the AMPK/ACC2 pathway was found to regulate fatty acid oxidation and goat muscle cell differentiation. Inhibiting the AMPK/ACC2 pathway significantly reduced CPT1A expression. These findings indicate that AMPK/ACC2 regulate goat myoblast differentiation via fatty acid oxidation, contributing to understanding the mechanism of goat skeletal muscle development.

Eicosapentaenoic acid-mediated activation of PGAM2 regulates skeletal muscle growth and development via the PI3K/AKT pathway

Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and significantly affects whole-body energy metabolism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that eicosapentaenoic acid activates phosphoglycerate mutase 2, which mediates the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in glycerol degradation, thereby facilitating the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, phosphoglycerate mutase 2 inhibits mitochondrial metabolism, promoting the formation of fast-type muscle fibers. Treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid and phosphoglycerate mutase 2 knockdown induced opposite transcriptomic changes, most of which were enriched in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which inhibited the phosphorylation of FOXO1, and, in turn, inhibited mitochondrial function and promoted the formation of fast-type muscle fibers. Our results suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid promotes skeletal muscle growth and regulates glucose metabolism by targeting phosphoglycerate mutase 2 and activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Orientin Promotes Antioxidant Capacity, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Fiber Transformation in Skeletal Muscles through the AMPK Pathway

The sleep-breathing condition obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive upper airway collapse, which can exacerbate oxidative stress and free radical generation, thereby detrimentally impacting both motor and sensory nerve function and inducing muscular damage. OSA development is promoted by increasing proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the genioglossus. Orientin, a water-soluble dietary C-glycosyl flavonoid with antioxidant properties, increased the expression of slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and signaling factors associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibiting AMPK signaling diminished the effects of orientin on slow MyHC, fast MyHC, and Sirt1 expression. Overall, orientin enhanced type I muscle fibers in the genioglossus, enhanced antioxidant capacity, increased mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK signaling, and ultimately improved fatigue resistance in C2C12 myotubes and mouse genioglossus. These findings suggest that orientin may contribute to upper airway stability in patients with OSA, potentially preventing airway collapse.

Exercise couples mitochondrial function with skeletal muscle fiber type via ROS-mediated epigenetic modification

Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of different types of muscle fibers, demonstrating substantial plasticity. Physiological or pathological stimuli can induce transitions in muscle fiber types. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms behind these transitions remains unclear. This paper reviews the classification and characteristics of muscle fibers, along with the classical mechanisms of muscle fiber type transitions. Additionally, the role of exercise-induced muscle fiber type transitions in disease intervention is reviewed. Epigenetic pathways mediate cellular adaptations and thus represent potential targets for regulating muscle fiber type transitions. This paper focuses on the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications couple mitochondrial function and contraction characteristics. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are critical signaling regulators for the health-promoting effects of exercise. Finally, we discuss the role of exercise-induced ROS in regulating epigenetic modifications and the transition of muscle fiber types.