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Xu N, Zhang X, Liu H, Xu Y, Lu H, Zhao L, He Y, Zhang M, Zhang J, Si G, Wang Z, Chen M, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Hao Y, Li Y, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Chang C, Liu M, Ma C, Wang Y, Fang L, Li S, Wang G, Liu Q, Liu W. Clinical and epidemiological investigation of human infection with zoonotic parasite Trypanosoma dionisii in China. J Infect 2024; 89:106290. [PMID: 39341404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomiasis continues to pose a global threat to human health, with human infection mainly caused by Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODS We present a 30-year-old pregnant woman with persistent high fever from Shandong Province, China. High-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of Trypanosoma dionisii in blood. We conducted an analysis of the patient's clinical, epidemiological, and virological data. RESULTS The patients exhibited fever, shortness of breath, chest tightness, accompanied by change in liver function and inflammatory response. She made a full recovery without any long-term effects. T. dionisii was detected in blood collected 23 days after onset of illness. The 18S rRNA gene sequence showed close similarity to T. dionisii found in bats from Japan, while the gGAPDH gene was closely related to T. dionisii from bats in Mengyin County, Shandong Province. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the current T. dionisii belongs to clade B within its species group. Positive anti-Trypanosoma IgG antibody was detected from the patient on Day 23, 66 and 122 after disease onset, as well as the cord blood and serum from the newborn. Retrospective screening of wild small mammals captured from Shandong Province revealed a prevalence rate of 0.54% (7/1304) for T. dionisii; specifically among 0.81% (5/620) of Apodemus agrarius, and 0.46% (2/438) of Mus musculus. CONCLUSIONS The confirmation of human infection with T. dionisii underscores its potential as a zoonotic pathogen, while the widespread presence of this parasite in rodent and bat species emphasizes the emerging threat it poses to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Bacterial Disease, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yintao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huixia Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lianhui Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yishan He
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guangqian Si
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Muxin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Yuchun Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Yuwan Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Yunhai Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Caiyun Chang
- Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chuanmin Ma
- Institute of Bacterial Disease, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Disease, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jining, Shandong 272033, China
| | - Liqun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Qin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20025, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China.
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Shi Y, Lai D, Liu D, Du L, Li Y, Fu X, Deng P, Tang L, He S, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Q. Morphological and molecular characteristics of a Trypanosoma sp. from triatomines (Triatoma rubrofasciata) in China. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:214. [PMID: 38730303 PMCID: PMC11088070 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines (kissing bugs) are natural vectors of trypanosomes, which are single-celled parasitic protozoans, such as Trypanosoma cruzi, T. conorhini and T. rangeli. The understanding of the transmission cycle of T. conorhini and Triatoma rubrofasciata in China is not fully known. METHODS The parasites in the faeces and intestinal contents of the Tr. rubrofasciata were collected, and morphology indices were measured under a microscope to determine the species. DNA was extracted from the samples, and fragments of 18S rRNA, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) were amplified and sequenced. The obtained sequences were then identified using the BLAST search engine, followed by several phylogenetic analyses. Finally, laboratory infections were conducted to test whether Tr. rubrofasciata transmit the parasite to rats (or mice) through bites. Moreover, 135 Tr. rubrofasciata samples were collected from the Guangxi region and were used in assays to investigate the prevalence of trypanosome infection. RESULTS Trypanosoma sp. were found in the faeces and intestinal contents of Tr. rubrofasciata, which were collected in the Guangxi region of southern China and mostly exhibited characteristics typical of epimastigotes, such as the presence of a nucleus, a free flagellum and a kinetoplast. The body length ranged from 6.3 to 33.9 µm, the flagellum length ranged from 8.7 to 29.8 µm, the nucleus index was 0.6 and the kinetoplast length was -4.6. BLAST analysis revealed that the 18S rRNA, HSP70 and gGAPDH sequences of Trypanosoma sp. exhibited the highest degree of similarity with those of T. conorhini (99.7%, 99.0% and 99.0%, respectively) and formed a well-supported clade close to T. conorhini and T. vespertilionis but were distinct from those of T. rangeli and T. cruzi. Laboratory experiments revealed that both rats and mice developed low parasitaemia after inoculation with Trypanosoma sp. and laboratory-fed Tr. rubrofasciata became infected after feeding on trypanosome-positive rats and mice. However, the infected Tr. rubrofasciata did not transmit Trypanosoma sp. to their offspring. Moreover, our investigation revealed a high prevalence of Trypanosoma sp. infection in Tr. rubrofasciata, with up to 36.3% of specimens tested in the field being infected. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to provide a solid record of T. conorhini from Tr. rubrofasciata in China with morphological and molecular evidence. This Chinese T. conorhini is unlikely to have spread through transovarial transmission in Tr. rubrofasciata, but instead, it is more likely that the parasite is transmitted between Tr. rubrofasciata and mice (or rats). However, there was a high prevalence of T. conorhini in the Tr. rubrofasciata from our collection sites and numerous human cases of Tr. rubrofasciata bites were recorded. Moreover, whether these T. conorhini strains are pathogenic to humans has not been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Shi
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - DeHua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengyu Liu
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyin Fu
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peichao Deng
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tang
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Liu
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Li
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Gao JM, Yi SQ, Geng GQ, Xu ZS, Hide G, Lun ZR, Lai DH. Infection with Trypanosoma lewisi or Trypanosoma musculi may promote the spread of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 2021; 148:703-711. [PMID: 33536085 PMCID: PMC11010157 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates with pathogensis being largely influenced by the host immune status. As important epidemiological hosts, rodents are globally distributed and are also commonly found infected with haemoflagellates, such as those in the genus Trypanosoma. We here address whether and how co-infection with trypanosomes can influence T. gondii infection in laboratory models. Rats of five strains, co-infected with T. lewisi and mice of four strains, co-infected with T. musculi, were found to be more or less susceptible to T. gondii infection, respectively, with corresponding increased or decreased brain cyst burdens. Downregulation of iNOS expression and decreased NO production or reverse were observed in the peritoneal macrophages of rats or mice, infected with trypanosomes, respectively. Trypanosoma lewisi and T. musculi can modulate host immune responses, either by enhancement or suppression and influence the outcome of Toxoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Mei Gao
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510260, China
| | - Si-Qi Yi
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Guo-Qing Geng
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Zhi-Shen Xu
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Centre and Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- Biomedical Research Centre and Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
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Garcia HA, Rangel CJ, Ortíz PA, Calzadilla CO, Coronado RA, Silva AJ, Pérez AM, Lecuna JC, García ME, Aguirre AM, Teixeira MMG. Zoonotic Trypanosomes in Rats and Fleas of Venezuelan Slums. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:523-533. [PMID: 31583491 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rattus spp. are reservoirs of many human zoonoses, but their role in domestic transmission cycles of human trypanosomiasis is underestimated. In this study, we report trypanosome-infected Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in human dwellings in slums neighboring Maracay, a large city near Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. Blood samples of R. norvegicus and R. rattus examined by PCR and FFLB (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) revealed a prevalence of 6.3% / 31.1% for Trypanosoma lewisi (agent of rat- and flea-borne human emergent zoonosis), and 10.5% / 24.6% for Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas disease). Detection in flea guts of T. lewisi (76%) and, unexpectedly, T. cruzi (21.3%) highlighted the role of fleas as carriers and vectors of these trypanosomes. A high prevalence of rats infected with T. lewisi and T. cruzi and respective flea and triatomine vectors poses a serious risk of human trypanosomiasis in Venezuelan slums. Anthropogenic activities responsible for growing rat and triatomine populations within human dwellings drastically increased human exposure to trypanosomes. This scenario has allowed for the reemergence of Chagas disease as an urban zoonosis in Venezuela and can propitiate the emergence of atypical T. lewisi infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herakles A Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.
| | - Carlos J Rangel
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Paola A Ortíz
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos O Calzadilla
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Raul A Coronado
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Arturo J Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Arlett M Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Jesmil C Lecuna
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Maria E García
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Aixa M Aguirre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
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Dobigny G, Gauthier P, Houéménou G, Dossou HJ, Badou S, Etougbétché J, Tatard C, Truc P. Spatio-temporal survey of small mammal-borne Trypanosoma lewisi in Cotonou, Benin, and the potential risk of human infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103967. [PMID: 31344489 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomoses are the sleeping sickness in Africa and Chagas disease in Latin America. However, atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes have been described, but poorly investigated. Among them, the supposed rat-specific T. lewisi was shown to be responsible for a few severe cases. In Africa, the scarcity of data and the null awareness about the atypical human trypanosomoses suggest that the number of cases may be higher that currently thought. Furthermore, T. lewisi is resistant to normal human serum and therefore a potential human pathogen. In order to document T. lewisi distribution and ecology, a qPCR- and 16DNA sequencing-based survey was conducted in 369 rodents from three urban districts of Cotonou city, Benin, during three different periods of the same year. Our study demonstrated very high prevalence (57.2%) even when considering only individuals identified as positive through DNA sequencing (39.2%). Black rats represented the most dominant as well as the most T. lewisi-parasitized species. No difference was retrieved neither between seasons nor districts, suggesting a large infestation of rodents by trypanosomes throughout the year and the city. Our results suggest that conditions are gathered for rat to human transmission of T. lewisi in these socio-environmentally degraded urban areas, thus pointing towards the rapidly urbanizing Abidjan-Lagos corridor as a region at particular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dobigny
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CBGP (IRD, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France; Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - P Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CBGP (IRD, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France
| | - G Houéménou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - H J Dossou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Institut de Géographie, d'Aménagement du Territoire et d'Environnement, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - S Badou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - J Etougbétché
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - C Tatard
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR CBGP (IRD, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France
| | - P Truc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR InterTryp 177 (IRD, Cirad), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France
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Cassan C, Diagne CA, Tatard C, Gauthier P, Dalecky A, Bâ K, Kane M, Niang Y, Diallo M, Sow A, Brouat C, Bañuls AL. Leishmania major and Trypanosoma lewisi infection in invasive and native rodents in Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006615. [PMID: 29958273 PMCID: PMC6042788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinvasion is a major public health issue because it can lead to the introduction of pathogens in new areas and favours the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Rodents are prominent invasive species, and act as reservoirs in many zoonotic infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the link between the distribution and spread of two parasite taxa (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma lewisi) and the progressive invasion of Senegal by two commensal rodent species (the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus and the black rat Rattus rattus). M. m. domesticus and R. rattus have invaded the northern part and the central/southern part of the country, respectively. Native and invasive rodents were caught in villages and cities along the invasion gradients of both invaders, from coastal localities towards the interior of the land. Molecular diagnosis of the two trypanosomatid infections was performed using spleen specimens. In the north, neither M. m. domesticus nor the native species were carriers of these parasites. Conversely, in the south, 17.5% of R. rattus were infected by L. major and 27.8% by T. lewisi, while very few commensal native rodents were carriers. Prevalence pattern along invasion gradients, together with the knowledge on the geographical distribution of the parasites, suggested that the presence of the two parasites in R. rattus in Senegal is of different origins. Indeed, the invader R. rattus could have been locally infected by the native parasite L. major. Conversely, it could have introduced the exotic parasite T. lewisi in Senegal, the latter appearing to be poorly transmitted to native rodents. Altogether, these data show that R. rattus is a carrier of both parasites and could be responsible for the emergence of new foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis, or for the transmission of atypical human trypanosomiasis in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Cassan
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe A. Diagne
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Caroline Tatard
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Khalilou Bâ
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Kane
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Youssoupha Niang
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamoudou Diallo
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aliou Sow
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Carine Brouat
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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7
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Diagnosis and genetic analysis of the worldwide distributed Rattus-borne Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi and its allied species in blood and fleas of rodents. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 63:380-390. [PMID: 28882517 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi is a cosmopolitan parasite of rodents strongly linked to the human dispersal of Rattus spp. from Asia to the rest of the world. This species is highly phylogenetically related to trypanosomes from other rodents (T. lewisi-like), and sporadically infects other mammals. T. lewisi may opportunistically infect humans, and has been considered an emergent rat-borne zoonosis associated to poverty. We developed the THeCATL-PCR based on Cathepsin L (CATL) sequences to specifically detect T. (Herpetosoma) spp., and assess their genetic diversity. This method exhibited high sensitivity using blood samples, and is the first molecular method employed to search for T. lewisi in its flea vectors. THeCATL-PCR surveys using simple DNA preparation from blood preserved in ethanol or filter paper detected T. lewisi in Rattus spp. from human dwellings in South America (Brazil and Venezuela), East Africa (Mozambique), and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR). In addition, native rodents captured in anthropogenic and nearby human settlements in natural habitats harbored T. (Herpetosoma) spp. PCR-amplified CATL gene fragments (253bp) distinguish T. lewisi and T. lewisi-like from other trypanosomes, and allow for assessment of genetic diversity and relationships among T. (Herpetosoma) spp. Our molecular surveys corroborated worldwide high prevalence of T. lewisi, incriminating Mastomys natalensis as an important carrier of this species in Africa, and supported its spillover from invader Rattus spp. to native rodents in Brazil and Mozambique. THeCATL-PCR provided new insights on the accurate diagnosis and genetic repertoire of T. (Herpetosoma) spp. in rodent and non-rodent hosts, revealing a novel species of this subgenus in an African gerbil. Phylogenetic analysis based on CATL sequences from T. (Herpetosoma) spp. and other trypanosomes (amplified using pan-trypanosome primers) uncovered rodents harboring, beyond mammal trypanosomes of different subgenera, some species that clustered in the lizard-snake clade of trypanosomes.
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8
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Hong XK, Zhang X, Fusco OA, Lan YG, Lun ZR, Lai DH. PCR-based identification of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi using maxicircle kinetoplast DNA. Acta Trop 2017; 171:207-212. [PMID: 28427957 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma lewisi, transmitted by rat fleas, is a widespread pathogen specific to rats with records of human infection cases. Its closely related species with global distribution, Trypanosoma musculi, is transmitted between mice by ingestion of infected fleas. These trypanosomes are of similar morphology, making it difficult to distinguish them by microscopy. In this study, we have developed a rapid, sensitive and reliable PCR method for the diagnosis of T. lewisi and T. musculi. The T. lewisi-specific amplicons were not produced by other Trypanosoma, such as T. musculi, T. brucei complex or T. cruzi, neither by an outgroup of Leishmania amazonensis. The detection limits of the three pairs of T. lewisi-specific primers were 50ng, 1ng and 10ng of total DNA, respectively. The primers designed for T. musculi primers showed specifically that amplicon strictly in T. musculi and their detection limits were 10ng and 1ng of total DNA. To simplify the detection process, we managed to apply our method directly on tail blood samples without complicated DNA purification. In conclusion, PCR with our primers could be a highly sensitive, specific protocol to detect and distinguish T. lewisi and T. musculi from other trypanosomes.
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9
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Rodent-borne Trypanosoma from cities and villages of Niger and Nigeria: A special role for the invasive genus Rattus? Acta Trop 2017; 171:151-158. [PMID: 28373037 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although they are known to sometimes infect humans, atypical trypanosomes are very poorly documented, especially in Africa where one lethal case has yet been described. Here we conducted a survey of rodent-borne Trypanosoma in 19 towns and villages of Niger and Nigeria, with a special emphasis on Niamey, the capital city of Niger. The 1298 rodents that were captured yielded 189 qPCR-positive animals from 14 localities, thus corresponding to a 14.6% overall prevalence. Rats, especially black rats, displayed particularly elevated prevalence (27.4%), with some well sampled sites showing 40-50% and up to 68.8% of Trypanosoma-carrying individuals. Rattus were also characterized by significantly lower Ct values than in the other non-Rattus species. DNA sequences could be obtained for 43 rodent-borne Trypanosoma and corresponded to 41 T. lewisi (all from Rattus) and 2 T. microti (from Cricetomys gambianus). These results, together with data compiled from the available literature, suggest that Rattus may play a particular role for the maintaining and circulation of Trypanosoma, especially T. lewisi, in Africa. Taken into account its strong abilities to invade coastal and inland regions of the continent, we believe that this genus deserves a particular attention in regards to potentially under-looked but emerging atypical trypanosome-related diseases.
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Phumee A, Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Pengsakul T, Thammapalo S, Depaquit J, Gay F, Siriyasatien P. Detection of an Unknown Trypanosoma DNA in a Phlebotomus stantoni (Diptera: Psychodidae) Collected From Southern Thailand and Records of New Sand Flies With Reinstatement of Sergentomyia hivernus Raynal & Gaschen, 1935 (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:429-434. [PMID: 27744363 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although female sand flies are best known as the vectors of Leishmania parasites and viruses, several previous reports have demonstrated that these insects can also act as vectors for the trypanosomes of bats, lizards, and snakes. In this report, we created an inventory of Phlebotomine sand flies from southern Thailand. A novel trypanosome was found in a specimen of Phlebotomus stantoni, and two sand fly species newly recorded in the country, Sergentomyia khawi and Sergentomyia hivernus, were described. PCR primer pairs specific for the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) gene of trypanosomatids were used to demonstrate the presence of the parasite in the sand fly. In addition, the Cytochrome b (CytB) gene was used to identify the sand fly species. Among the 45 samples of the sand fly that were collected, seven samples were Ph. stantoni sand flies and a single sample was positive for Trypanosoma sp. through PCR analysis. This study represents the first detection of Trypanosoma sp. in a sand fly from Thailand. The ITS1 and SSU rDNA sequences indicated that this specimen is suspected to be a novel Trypanosoma species. Further studies of this suspected new Trypanosoma species, including its vertebrate hosts and pathogenic potential, are therefore necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Phumee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (; )
| | - Apiwat Tawatsin
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand (; )
| | - Usavadee Thavara
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand (; )
| | | | | | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ANSES, SFR Cap santé, EA 4688 - USC "transmission vectorielle et épidemiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR)", Reims, France
| | - Frédérick Gay
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (; )
- Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Anucherngchai S, Tejangkura T, Chontananarth T. Epidemiological situation and molecular identification of cercarial stage in freshwater snails in Chao-Phraya Basin, Central Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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12
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Lin RH, Lai DH, Zheng LL, Wu J, Lukeš J, Hide G, Lun ZR. Analysis of the mitochondrial maxicircle of Trypanosoma lewisi, a neglected human pathogen. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:665. [PMID: 26715306 PMCID: PMC4696184 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The haemoflagellate Trypanosoma lewisi is a kinetoplastid parasite which, as it has been recently reported to cause human disease, deserves increased attention. Characteristic features of all kinetoplastid flagellates are a uniquely structured mitochondrial DNA or kinetoplast, comprised of a network of catenated DNA circles, and RNA editing of mitochondrial transcripts. The aim of this study was to describe the kinetoplast DNA of T. lewisi. METHODS/RESULTS In this study, purified kinetoplast DNA from T. lewisi was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing in combination with sequencing of PCR amplicons. This allowed the assembly of the T. lewisi kinetoplast maxicircle DNA, which is a homologue of the mitochondrial genome in other eukaryotes. The assembly of 23,745 bp comprises the non-coding and coding regions. Comparative analysis of the maxicircle sequence of T. lewisi with Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania tarentolae revealed that it shares 78%, 77%, 74% and 66% sequence identity with these parasites, respectively. The high GC content in at least 9 maxicircle genes of T. lewisi (ATPase6; NADH dehydrogenase subunits ND3, ND7, ND8 and ND9; G-rich regions GR3 and GR4; cytochrome oxidase subunit COIII and ribosomal protein RPS12) implies that their products may be extensively edited. A detailed analysis of the non-coding region revealed that it contains numerous repeat motifs and palindromes. CONCLUSIONS We have sequenced and comprehensively annotated the kinetoplast maxicircle of T. lewisi. Our analysis reveals that T. lewisi is closely related to T. cruzi and T. brucei, and may share similar RNA editing patterns with them rather than with L. tarentolae. These findings provide novel insight into the biological features of this emerging human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Hong Lin
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling-Ling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Geoff Hide
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, The People's Republic of China.
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
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13
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Woo SH, Seo JS, Lee EH. Discrimination and simultaneous detection of two myxozoan parasites belonging to genus Thelohanellus by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:212-6. [PMID: 24582523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thelohanellus kitauei and Thelohanellus hovorkai are myxozoan parasites pathogenic in cyprinid fish especially adult Israel carp and common carp. In the present study, the complete 18S rRNA-ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 sequences of these two Thelohanellus species were cloned with primers designed from information from Genbank and previous studies. The results revealed that ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of T. kitauei and T. hovorkai were clearly distinguished although the 18S rRNA regions of the two parasites were highly conserved. Based on these sequences, new primer sets were designed for specific identification of these two parasites by multiplex PCR. Both single and multiplex PCR methods using these primers could identify these two myxozoan parasites from mixed DNA samples successfully. Our findings provide a powerful tool for the differentiation of the highly similar pathogenic Thelohanellus species for specific detection for the early diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Woo
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 474, Ilgwang-Ro, Ilgwang-myeon, Gijang-gun, Busan, 619-911, South Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), 152-1, Haean-Lo, Gijang-Up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 619-705, South Korea.
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Center for Food and Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 65, 356-Gil, Shinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-829, South Korea.
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Abstract
The two classical forms of human trypanosomoses are sleeping sickness due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. brucei rhodesiense, and Chagas disease due to T. cruzi. However, a number of atypical human infections caused by other T. species (or sub-species) have been reported, namely due to T. brucei brucei, T. vivax, T. congolense, T. evansi, T. lewisi, and T. lewisi-like. These cases are reviewed here. Some infections were transient in nature, while others required treatments that were successful in most cases, although two cases were fatal. A recent case of infection due to T. evansi was related to a lack of apolipoprotein L-I, but T. lewisi infections were not related to immunosuppression or specific human genetic profiles. Out of 19 patients, eight were confirmed between 1974 and 2010, thanks to improved molecular techniques. However, the number of cases of atypical human trypanosomoses might be underestimated. Thus, improvement, evaluation of new diagnostic tests, and field investigations are required for detection and confirmation of these atypical cases.
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15
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Development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid detection of Clonorchis sinensis from its first intermediate hosts, freshwater snails. Parasitology 2013; 140:1377-83. [PMID: 23870065 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis, caused by Clonorchis sinensis, is a key foodborne zoonosis, which is mainly found in China, Korea and Vietnam. Detection of this parasite from the second intermediate host, the freshwater fish is the common method for epidemiological surveys of this parasite, but is time consuming, labour intensive and easily leads to misdiagnosis. In this study, we have developed a rapid, sensitive and reliable molecular method for the diagnosis of C. sinensis from its first intermediate hosts, freshwater snails, based on a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. The specific amplified fragment from genomic DNA of C. sinensis did not cross-react with those from other relevant trematodes and a range of hosts (freshwater fish, shrimps and snails) of C. sinensis living in similar environments. The detection limit of the LAMP method was as low as 10 fg which was 1000 times more sensitive than conventional PCR, which was also demonstrated by successful application to field samples. These results show that the LAMP method is a more sensitive tool than conventional PCR for the detection of C. sinensis infection in the first intermediate hosts and, due to a simpler protocol, is an ideal molecular method for field-based epidemiological surveys of this parasite.
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