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Medina JE, Castañeda S, Camargo M, Garcia-Corredor DJ, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD. Exploring viral diversity and metagenomics in livestock: insights into disease emergence and spillover risks in cattle. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2029-2049. [PMID: 38865041 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cattle have a significant impact on human societies in terms of both economics and health. Viral infections pose a relevant problem as they directly or indirectly disrupt the balance within cattle populations. This has negative consequences at the economic level for producers and territories, and also jeopardizes human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases that can escalate into outbreaks or pandemics. To establish prevention strategies and control measures at various levels (animal, farm, region, or global), it is crucial to identify the viral agents present in animals. Various techniques, including virus isolation, serological tests, and molecular techniques like PCR, are typically employed for this purpose. However, these techniques have two major drawbacks: they are ineffective for non-culturable viruses, and they only detect a small fraction of the viruses present. In contrast, metagenomics offers a promising approach by providing a comprehensive and unbiased analysis for detecting all viruses in a given sample. It has the potential to identify rare or novel infectious agents promptly and establish a baseline of healthy animals. Nevertheless, the routine application of viral metagenomics for epidemiological surveillance and diagnostics faces challenges related to socioeconomic variables, such as resource availability and space dedicated to metagenomics, as well as the lack of standardized protocols and resulting heterogeneity in presenting results. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge and prospects for using viral metagenomics to detect and identify viruses in cattle raised for livestock, while discussing the epidemiological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Esteban Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Diego J Garcia-Corredor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología - UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Thieulent CJ, Barrandeguy ME, Vissani MA, Parreño V. Quadruplex Real-Time TaqMan ® RT-qPCR Assay for Differentiation of Equine Group A and B Rotaviruses and Identification of Group A G3 and G14 Genotypes. Viruses 2023; 15:1626. [PMID: 37631969 PMCID: PMC10459720 DOI: 10.3390/v15081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in foals, with G3P[12] and G14P[12] genotypes being the most prevalent. Recently, equine G3-like RVA was recognized as an emerging infection in children, and a group B equine rotavirus (ERVB) was identified as an emergent cause of foal diarrhea in the US. Thus, there is a need to adapt molecular diagnostic tools for improved detection and surveillance to identify emerging strains, understand their molecular epidemiology, and inform future vaccine development. We developed a quadruplex TaqMan® RT-qPCR assay for differentiation of ERVA and ERVB and simultaneous G-typing of ERVA strains, evaluated its analytical and clinical performance, and compared it to (1) a previously established ERVA triplex RT-qPCR assay and (2) standard RT-PCR assay and Sanger sequencing of PCR products. This quadruplex RT-qPCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity (>90%)/specificity (100%) for every target and high overall agreement (>96%). Comparison between the triplex and quadruplex assays revealed only a slightly higher sensitivity for the ERVA NSP3 target using the triplex format (p-value 0.008) while no significant differences were detected for other targets. This quadruplex RT-qPCR assay will significantly enhance rapid surveillance of both ERVA and ERVB circulating and emerging strains with potential for interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Côme J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires B1630, Argentina; (M.E.B.); (M.A.V.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina;
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires B1630, Argentina; (M.E.B.); (M.A.V.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
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3
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Virus Metagenomics in Farm Animals: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010107. [PMID: 31963174 PMCID: PMC7019290 DOI: 10.3390/v12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A majority of emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) has been employed to identify uncommon and novel infectious etiologies and characterize virus diversity in human, animal, and environmental samples. Here, we systematically reviewed studies that performed viral mNGS in common livestock (cattle, small ruminants, poultry, and pigs). We identified 2481 records and 120 records were ultimately included after a first and second screening. Pigs were the most frequently studied livestock and the virus diversity found in samples from poultry was the highest. Known animal viruses, zoonotic viruses, and novel viruses were reported in available literature, demonstrating the capacity of mNGS to identify both known and novel viruses. However, the coverage of metagenomic studies was patchy, with few data on the virome of small ruminants and respiratory virome of studied livestock. Essential metadata such as age of livestock and farm types were rarely mentioned in available literature, and only 10.8% of the datasets were publicly available. Developing a deeper understanding of livestock virome is crucial for detection of potential zoonotic and animal pathogens and One Health preparedness. Metagenomic studies can provide this background but only when combined with essential metadata and following the “FAIR” (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles.
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4
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Kaszab E, Doszpoly A, Lanave G, Verma A, Bányai K, Malik YS, Marton S. Metagenomics revealing new virus species in farm and pet animals and aquaculture. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics is slowly taking over the traditional and widely used molecular techniques for the investigation of pathogenic viruses responsible for illness and inflicting great economic burden on the farm animal industry. Owing to the continued improvements in sequencing technologies and the dramatic reduction of per base costs of sequencing the use of next generation sequencing have been key factors in this progress. Discoveries linked to viral metagenomics are expected to be beneficial to the field of veterinary medicine starting from the development of better diagnostic assays to the design of new subunit vaccines with minimal investments. With these achievements the research has taken a giant leap even toward the better healthcare of animals and, as a result, the animal sector could be growing at an unprecedented pace.
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5
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Rosa UA, Ribeiro GDO, Villanova F, Luchs A, Milagres FADP, Komninakis SV, Tahmasebi R, Lobato MCABS, Brustulin R, Chagas RTD, Abrão MDFNDS, Soares CVDDA, Tinker RJ, Pandey RP, Raj VS, Sabino EC, Deng X, Delwart E, Costa ACD, Leal É. First identification of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 by gut virome analysis in diarrheic child in Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18599. [PMID: 31819139 PMCID: PMC6901473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea remains one of the most common causes of deaths in children. Although many studies have investigated the prevalence of enteric pathogens around the globe some diarrheal episodes remain unexplained. It is possible that some yet-unidentified viral agents could be related to these cases of gastroenteritis. By using viral metagenomics techniques, we screened 251 fecal samples of children between 0.5 to 2.5-year-old with acute diarrhea not associated with common pathogens. These children live in rural areas and have different levels of contact with animals such as pigs, cows and bats. Here we report a complete genome of one mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) type 3, denoted TO-151/BR, detected in a female child in the state of Tocantins (north of Brazil). Brazilian TO-151/BR strain was classified as MRV-3 based on S1 phylogeny and was closely related to porcine Asian strains. Phylogenetic analyses showed that other segments were more similar to MRV-3s of different geographic locations and hosts, including human and bats, highlighting genome reassortment and lack of host-specific barriers. This is the first report of MRV-3 in South America and a hypothesis of a silent long-term circulation of this virus in Brazil has been raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Alves Rosa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para, 66075-000, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiola Villanova
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para, 66075-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Flávio Augusto de Pádua Milagres
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins, 77453-000, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Tocantins, Tocantins, 77001-090, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins, 77016-330, Brazil
| | - Shirley Vasconcelos Komninakis
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Faculty of Medicine of ABC, Santo André, 09060-870, Brazil.,Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Roozbeh Tahmasebi
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.,Polytechnic School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Brustulin
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins, 77453-000, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Tocantins, Tocantins, 77001-090, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins, 77016-330, Brazil
| | - Rogério Togisaki das Chagas
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins, 77453-000, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins, 77016-330, Brazil
| | | | - Cassia Vitória de Deus Alves Soares
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins, 77453-000, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins, 77016-330, Brazil
| | - Rory J Tinker
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat, 131 029, Haryana, India
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat, 131 029, Haryana, India
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.,LIM/46, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Élcio Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para, 66075-000, Brazil.
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Cruvinel LB, Ayres H, Zapa DMB, Nicaretta JE, Couto LFM, Heller LM, Bastos TSA, Cruz BC, Soares VE, Teixeira WF, de Oliveira JS, Fritzen JT, Alfieri AA, Freire RL, Lopes WDZ. Prevalence and risk factors for agents causing diarrhea (Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes helminthes) according to age in dairy calves from Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:777-791. [PMID: 31591674 PMCID: PMC7089087 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to verify the prevalence of and risk factors for diarrhea-causing agents in dairy calves from Brazil. Additionally, ages with a higher risk of occurrence for each agent were verified by means of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The collections were performed on 39 farms, belonging to 29 municipalities located in eight states of Brazil. It was possible to conclude that the prevalence of Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes was 7.20% (95% CI 4.54-9.78), 6.37% (95% CI 3.85-8.89), 51.52% (95% CI 45.26-55.57), 3.46% (95% CI 2.24-4.67), and 3.46% (95% CI 2.24-4.67), respectively. Ages with higher probabilities of occurrence of these diseases in calves were < 10, > 8, > 6, > 37, and > 36 days, respectively. Diarrhea occurred more significantly (P < 0.0001) in animals less than 21 days old and mainly on those receiving milk through automatic feeders (P < 0.001). Cryptosporidium spp. were a risk factor for the occurrence of Rotavirus, and vice versa (P = 0.0039) and presented a positive correlation with Coronavirus (P = 0.0089). Calves that drink water from rivers, streams, and ponds had a higher chance of being infected by Eimeria spp. (P < 0.0001), as well as developing infection by nematodes (P < 0.0001). The results found in this study highlight the importance of studying the agents of diarrhea together, once they act as coinfection where the losses triggered for the owners will involve some of these agents simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Weslen Fabricio Teixeira
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605050, Brazil.
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7
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Shepherd FK, Herrera-Ibata DM, Porter E, Homwong N, Hesse R, Bai J, Marthaler DG. Whole Genome Classification and Phylogenetic Analyses of Rotavirus B strains from the United States. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020044. [PMID: 29670022 PMCID: PMC6027208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major etiological agent of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans and young animals, with rotavirus B (RVB) often detected in suckling and weaned pigs. Group A rotavirus classification is currently based on the two outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4, and the middle layer protein, VP6. Using RVB strains generated in this study and reference sequences from GenBank, pairwise identity frequency graphs and phylogenetic trees were constructed for the eleven gene segments of RVB to estimate the nucleotide identity cutoff values for different genotypes and determine the genotype diversity per gene segment. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7, VP4, VP6, VP1–VP3, and NSP1–NSP5 identified 26G, 5P, 13I, 5R, 5C, 5M, 8A, 10N, 6T, 4E, and 7H genotypes, respectively. The analysis supports the previously proposed cutoff values for the VP7, VP6, NSP1, and NSP3 gene segments (80%, 81%, 76% and 78%, respectively) and suggests new cutoff values for the VP4, VP1, VP2, VP3, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 (80%, 78%, 79%, 77% 83%, 76%, and 79%, respectively). Reassortment events were detected between the porcine RVB strains from our study. This research describes the genome constellations for the complete genome of Group B rotaviruses in different host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Shepherd
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Diana Maria Herrera-Ibata
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Porter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Nitipong Homwong
- Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Chatuchak, Bankok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Richard Hesse
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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8
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Chen F, Knutson TP, Ciarlet M, Sturos M, Marthaler DG. Complete genome characterization of a rotavirus B (RVB) strain identified in Alpine goat kids with enteritis reveals inter-species transmission with RVB bovine strains. J Gen Virol 2018. [PMID: 29517476 PMCID: PMC5982130 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus B (RVB) has been associated with enteric disease in many animal species. An RVB strain was identified in pooled intestinal samples from Alpine caprine kids (between 2 and 3 days of age) experiencing high (>90 %) morbidity, and the complete caprine RVB genome was characterized. Histology revealed villus atrophy, the samples tested positive for RVB by real-time RT-PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing identified only RVB and orf virus. In the VP4 gene segment, the caprine RVB strain had a higher percentage nucleotide identity to the Indian bovine RVB strains than to the Japanese bovine RVB strains, but the VP7, VP6, VP2, NSP1, NSP2 and NSP5 gene segments of the American caprine RVB strain were genetically related to the Japanese bovine RVB strains. The results indicate a lack of RVB sequences to understand reassortment or the evolutionary relationship of RVB strains from cattle and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Chen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Todd P Knutson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Max Ciarlet
- Vaccines Clinical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Sturos
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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