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Sedarat Z, Taylor-Robinson AW. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins and Virulence Factors: Potential Targets for Novel Therapies and Vaccines. Pathogens 2024; 13:392. [PMID: 38787244 PMCID: PMC11124246 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric oncopathogen that infects over half of the world's human population. It is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helix-shaped bacterium that is equipped with flagella, which provide high motility. Colonization of the stomach is asymptomatic in up to 90% of people but is a recognized risk factor for developing various gastric disorders such as gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and gastritis. Invasion of the human stomach occurs via numerous virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Similarly, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in H. pylori pathogenicity as a means to adapt to the epithelial environment and thereby facilitate infection. While some OMPs are porins, others are adhesins. The epithelial cell receptors SabA, BabA, AlpA, OipA, HopQ and HopZ have been extensively researched to evaluate their epidemiology, structure, role and genes. Moreover, numerous studies have been performed to seek to understand the complex relationship between these factors and gastric diseases. Associations exist between different H. pylori virulence factors, the co-expression of which appears to boost the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Improved knowledge of OMPs is a major step towards combatting this global disease. Here, we provide a current overview of different H. pylori OMPs and discuss their pathogenicity, epidemiology and correlation with various gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedarat
- Cellular & Molecular Research Centre, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8813833435, Iran;
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 67000, Vietnam
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
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Maciel DN, Silva LLDL, Assunção LDP, Rasmussen LT, Barbosa MS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI OIPA VIRULENCE GENE AS A MOLECULAR MARKER OF SEVERE GASTROPATHIES. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2024; 61:e23110. [PMID: 38451664 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.24612023-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is an etiologic agent of gastroduodenal diseases. The microorganism, considered a type I carcinogen, affects about 50% of the global population. H. pylori virulence factors are determinant for the clinical outcome of the infection. The outer inflammatory protein A (oipA) gene encodes an outer membrane adhesin and is related to severe gastropathies, such as gastric cancer. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the oipA gene with the severity of gastroduodenal diseases in dyspeptic patients in region Central Brazil. METHODS The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of H. pylori. Samples positives were used for molecular screening of the oipA gene. Gastropathies were categorized as non-severe and severe diseases. RESULTS Approximately 68% of patients had H. pylori and 36% were infected with H. pylori oipA+ strains. Infection was significantly associated in patients aged over 44 years (P=0.004). However, there was no association between oipA and patients' age (P=0.89). Approximately 46% of patients infected with oipA+ strains had some severe illness. Gastric adenocarcinoma was the most frequent severe gastropathy. The H. pylori oipA genotype was inversely associated with the severity of gastroduodenal diseases (OR=0.247, 95%CI: 0.0804-0.7149 and P=0.007). CONCLUSION The characterization of possible molecular markers will contribute to personalized medicine, impacting the prognosis of patients. BACKGROUND • Evidence points to an association between the H. pylori oipA gene and gastropathies. BACKGROUND • There is a high prevalence of H. pylori infection with a relevant percentage of oipA+ strains. BACKGROUND • More severe gastropathies were observed in those infected with H. pylori oipA+ strains.
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Javanbakhat P, Peeridogaheh H, Nemati R, Yazdanbod A, Teimourpour A, Sadeghnezhad M, Esmaelizad M, Teimourpour R. Exploring virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori isolated from gastric biopsy. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:192. [PMID: 38270789 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes human gastric mucosa and is classified as class one carcinogenic bacteria. In this regard, this study aimed to detect major virulence factors in H. pylori strains recovered from gastric biopsy in patients referred to Aras Clinique in Ardabil, northwest of Iran (2019-2021). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this descriptive-cross sectional study, 287 dyspeptic patients were included. For bacterial isolation, gastric biopsy specimens (n=287) were taken from gastric antrum, then aseptically were cultured on the selective medium and incubated at 37C in microaerophilic conditions for 3-5 days. RESULTS 25.18% of all (n = 70) patients were found to be infected with H. pylori upon endoscopy. Of them, 9 patients (12.857%) and 2 patients (2.875%) had peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer respectively. According to the different patterns of virulence factors, 57 virutypes were identified in which oipA-vacAs1-vacAm2 (3, 4.28% n =) and oipA-vacAs1-vacAs2-vacAm2 (3, 4.28% n =) were the most common patterns. The simultaneous presence of vacAS2, vacAm2 and hopQ2 genes was observed in both patients with gastric cancer. OipA (n = 562.5%), VacAs1 (n = 6.75%), VacAs2 (n = 6.75%), and VacAm2 (n = 787.5%) were found to be the most prevalent virulence factor. CONCLUSION According previous studies, it is confirmed that the cagPAI gene cluster and vacA gene alleles are strongly correlated with gastritis and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas. Our study indicated that 50% of the indigenous strains of H. pylori harbor these oncogenic genes and they are hypervirulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Javanbakhat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hadi Peeridogaheh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Rasool Nemati
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abbas Yazdanbod
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amir Teimourpour
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahin Sadeghnezhad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Majid Esmaelizad
- Central Lab, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Teimourpour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Kamankesh M, Yadegar A, Llopis-Lorente A, Liu C, Haririan I, Aghdaei HA, Shokrgozar MA, Zali MR, Miri AH, Rad-Malekshahi M, Hamblin MR, Wacker MG. Future Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improved Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302532. [PMID: 37697021 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a recalcitrant pathogen, which can cause gastric disorders. During the past decades, polypharmacy-based regimens, such as triple and quadruple therapies have been widely used against H. pylori. However, polyantibiotic therapies can disturb the host gastric/gut microbiota and lead to antibiotic resistance. Thus, simpler but more effective approaches should be developed. Here, some recent advances in nanostructured drug delivery systems to treat H. pylori infection are summarized. Also, for the first time, a drug release paradigm is proposed to prevent H. pylori antibiotic resistance along with an IVIVC model in order to connect the drug release profile with a reduction in bacterial colony counts. Then, local delivery systems including mucoadhesive, mucopenetrating, and cytoadhesive nanobiomaterials are discussed in the battle against H. pylori infection. Afterward, engineered delivery platforms including polymer-coated nanoemulsions and polymer-coated nanoliposomes are poposed. These bioinspired platforms can contain an antimicrobial agent enclosed within smart multifunctional nanoformulations. These bioplatforms can prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, as well as specifically killing H. pylori with no or only slight negative effects on the host gastrointestinal microbiota. Finally, the essential checkpoints that should be passed to confirm the potential effectiveness of anti-H. pylori nanosystems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kamankesh
- Polymer Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 14144-6455, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Insituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Miri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
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Oktem-Okullu S, Karaman T, Akcelik-Deveci S, Timucin E, Sezerman OU, Mansur-Ozen N, Buyukcolak Y, Tiftikci A. Effect of the switch status of Helicobacter pylori outer inflammatory protein A on gastric diseases. AMB Express 2023; 13:109. [PMID: 37817013 PMCID: PMC10564699 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori OipA (Outer Inflammatory Protein A) is an outer membrane protein that takes role in the adherence and colonization to the stomach. oipA gene expression is regulated by the slipped-strand mispairing mechanism through a hypermutable CT dinucleotide repeat motif in the 5΄ region. Alterations in the CT number repeats cause frame-shift mutations to result in phase variation of oipA expression. While a functional "On" status has been recognized as a risk factor for peptic ulcer diseases and gastric cancer in many studies, some controversial findings still exist. To this end, this study compiled the sequence data of oipA from 10 different studies between 2000-2019 and 50 oipA DNA sequences from our own research that examined the relationship between the phase On/Off status of oipA and gastric diseases based on CT repeat number. Overall, we have reached 536 oipA DNA sequences from patients. This large collection of oipA sequences first clarified the absolute conservation of the peptide-pentamer of FWLHA for phase ''On'' status, suggesting this pentamer as a superior marker for the determination of oipA status than counting the number of CT repeats. Combining the sequence and patient data, we have re-analyzed the association between the ''On'' status of oipA and gastric diseases. Our results showed a strong association between oipA ''On'' status and gastric cancer supporting previous findings. We also investigated the AlphaFold2 computed structure of OipA that adopts a beta-barrel fold closely resembling to the autotransporter family of H. pylori. Altogether, this study confirms a strong association between oipA ''On'' statuses and severe gastrointestinal diseases like cancer and provides useful insights into the FWLHA pentamer as an indicator of "On" status of oipA putative autotransporter function rather than CT repeats number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Oktem-Okullu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey.
| | - Tayyip Karaman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Akcelik-Deveci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Emel Timucin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Osman Ugur Sezerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Nesteren Mansur-Ozen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Yaren Buyukcolak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tiftikci
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
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Shirani M, Pakzad R, Haddadi MH, Akrami S, Asadi A, Kazemian H, Moradi M, Kaviar VH, Zomorodi AR, Khoshnood S, Shafieian M, Tavasolian R, Heidary M, Saki M. The global prevalence of gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:543. [PMID: 37598157 PMCID: PMC10439572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a gastrointestinal pathogen that infects around half of the world's population. H. pylori infection is the most severe known risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), which is the second highest cause of cancer-related deaths globally. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of GC in H. pylori-infected individuals. METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for studies of the prevalence of GC in H. pylori-infected individuals published from 1 January 2011 to 20 April 2021. Metaprop package were used to calculate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval. Random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence. We also quantified it with the I2 index. Based on the Higgins classification approach, I2 values above 0.7 were determined as high heterogeneity. RESULTS Among 17,438 reports screened, we assessed 1053 full-text articles for eligibility; 149 were included in the final analysis, comprising data from 32 countries. The highest and lowest prevalence was observed in America (pooled prevalence: 18.06%; 95% CI: 16.48 - 19.63; I2: 98.84%) and Africa (pooled prevalence: 9.52%; 95% CI: 5.92 - 13.12; I2: 88.39%). Among individual countries, Japan had the highest pooled prevalence of GC in H. pylori positive patients (Prevalence: 90.90%:95% CI: 83.61-95.14), whereas Sweden had the lowest prevalence (Prevalence: 0.07%; 95% CI: 0.06-0.09). The highest and lowest prevalence was observed in prospective case series (pooled prevalence: 23.13%; 95% CI: 20.41 - 25.85; I2: 97.70%) and retrospective cohort (pooled prevalence: 1.17%; 95% CI: 0.55 - 1.78; I 2: 0.10%). CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection in GC patients varied between regions in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We observed that large amounts of GCs in developed countries are associated with H. pylori. Using these data, regional initiatives can be taken to prevent and eradicate H. pylori worldwide, thus reducing its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Sousan Akrami
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rafati Zomorodi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Shafieian
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ronia Tavasolian
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Nutrition Science, University of Cheste, Chester, UK
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Piri-Gharaghie T, Ghajari G, Tolou-Shikhzadeh-Yazdi S, Aghassizadeh-Sherbaf M, Khorsand-Dehkordi S. Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw poultry meat: frequency and molecular characteristics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11116. [PMID: 37430109 PMCID: PMC10333334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a serious pathogen, its origin is unknown. Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Quebec, Goose, and Ostrich) are consumed as a regular protein source by a large number of people across the world; therefore, sanitary ways of delivering poultry for food are important for global health. As a result, we looked at the distribution of the pathogenicity cagA, vacA, babA2, oipA, and iceA in H. pylori isolates in poultry meat, as well as their antimicrobial resistance. Wilkins Chalgren anaerobic bacterial medium was used to cultivate 320 raw poultry specimens. Disk diffusion and Multiplex-PCR were used to investigate antimicrobial resistance and genotyping patterns, separately. H. pylori was found in 20 of 320 (6.25%) raw poultry samples. The highest incidence of H. pylori was found in chicken raw meat (15%), whereas the fewest was found in Goose and Quebec (0.00%). Resistance to ampicillin (85%), tetracycline (85%), and amoxicillin (75%) were greatest in H. pylori isolates. The percentage of H. pylori isolates with a MAR value of more than 0.2 was 17/20 (85%). The most prevalent genotypes discovered were VacA s1a (75%), m1a (75%), s2 (70%) and m2 (65%), and cagA (60%). The most typically discovered genotype patterns were s1am1a (45%), s2m1a (45%), and s2m2 (30%). BabA2, OipA + , and OipA- genotypes were found in 40%, 30%, and 30% of the population. In summary, the poultry flesh was polluted by H. pylori, with the babA2, vacA, and cagA genotypes being more prevalent. The simultaneous occurrence of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, and babA2 genotypes in antibiotic-resistant H. pylori bacteria implies a serious public health concern about raw poultry eating. In the future, researchers should look into H. pylori's resistance to multiple antibacterial drugs in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Piri-Gharaghie
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, East-Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghazal Ghajari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mona Aghassizadeh-Sherbaf
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, East-Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Khorsand-Dehkordi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
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8
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Asadi S, Rahimi E, Shakerian A. Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from Raw Poultry Meat in the Shahrekord Region, Iran: Frequency and Molecular Characteristics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051006. [PMID: 37239366 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a serious pathogen, its origin is unknown. Poultry (chicken, turkey, quail, goose, and ostrich) is consumed as a regular protein source by many people across the world; therefore, sanitary ways of delivering poultry for food are important for global health. As a result, the distribution of the virulence genes cagA, vacA, babA2, oipA, and iceA in H. pylori isolates in poultry meat, as well as their antibacterial resistance, was investigated. A Wilkins Chalgren anaerobic bacterial medium was used to cultivate 320 samples of raw poultry meat. Disk diffusion and multiplex-PCR were used to investigate both antimicrobial resistance and genotyping patterns. H. pylori was found in 20 of 320 (6.25 %) raw chicken meat samples. The highest incidence of H. pylori was found in chicken raw meat (15%), whereas no isolate was recovered from goose or quail raw meat (0.00%). Resistance to ampicillin (85%), tetracycline (85%), and amoxicillin (75%) were the most commonly detected in the tested H. pylori isolates. The percentage of H. pylori isolates with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of more than 0.2 was 17/20 (85%). The most prevalent genotypes detected were VacA (75%), m1a (75%), s2 (70%) and m2 (65%), and cagA (60%). The most typically detected genotype patterns were s1am1a (45 %), s2m1a (45 %), and s2 m2 (30%). babA2, oipA+, and oipA- genotypes were found in 40%, 30%, and 30% of the population, respectively. In summary, fresh poultry meat was polluted by H. pylori, with the babA2, vacA, and cagA genotypes being more prevalent. The simultaneous occurrence of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, and babA2 genotypes in antibiotic-resistant H. pylori bacteria raises a serious public health concern regarding the consumption of raw poultry. Future research should evaluate antimicrobial resistance among H. pylori isolates in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Asadi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord P.O. Box 166, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord P.O. Box 166, Iran
- Research Center of Nutrition and Organic Products, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord P.O. Box 166, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Research Center of Nutrition and Organic Products, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord P.O. Box 166, Iran
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Thai THN, Nguyen HP, Nguyen THY, Nguyen TBH, Nguyen TH, Nguyen TMN, Ha TMT. Genetic diversity of the oipA gene among Helicobacter pylori isolates and clinical outcome in Vietnam. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105438. [PMID: 37105346 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Outer inflammatory protein A (OipA), which is encoded by the oipA gene, can induce interleukin-8 secretion in gastric epithelial cells. The functional status of the oipA gene is regulated by the slipped-strand mispairing mechanism based on the CT dinucleotide repeat number in the 5' region. This study aimed to investigate the oipA functional status ("on/off") of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its association with gastroduodenal diseases in southwestern Vietnam. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 173H. pylori isolates from 173 patients with gastroduodenal diseases. Sanger sequencing was used to determine the functional status of oipA. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the association between oipA status and gastroduodenal diseases. The oipA "on" status accounted for 96% of H. pylori isolates. Twenty-five CT repeat patterns of the oipA 5' signal region were observed, five of which were novel CT repeat patterns. The oipA "on" status was found in 100%, 97.8%, and 86.8% of H. pylori isolates from patients with peptic ulcer, precancerous lesions, and chronic gastritis, respectively (p < 0.01). The oipA "on" status was related to gastric precancerous lesions versus chronic gastritis (adjusted OR = 7.39, 95% CI: 1.35-40.59, p = 0.021) and peptic ulcers versus chronic gastritis (adjusted OR = 12.79, 95% CI: 1.19-1760.32, p = 0.033). Our data show a high prevalence of the oipA "on" status, which was associated with precancerous gastric lesions and peptic ulcers. Moreover, genetic diversity in the number and pattern of CT dinucleotide repeat of oipA among Vietnamese H. pylori strains was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Nhung Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Hong Phong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hai Yen Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Be Hai Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Thai Hoa Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Mai Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Minh Thi Ha
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam.
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10
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Singh S, Sharma P, Mahant S, Das K, Som A, Das R. Analysis of Functional Status of Genetically Diverse OipA Gene in Indian Patients with Distinct Gastrointestinal Disease. Curr Microbiol 2022; 80:35. [PMID: 36512098 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori,) a genetically diversified bacteria which colonizes human gastric epithelium, is now established causative agent for gastric cancer worldwide. Outer membrane protein (OMP)-coding genes of H. pylori are responsible for attachment and colonization of bacteria. These genes which code proteins on outer membrane of H. pylori is a group of 33 genes which with other virulent genes are causative of giving rise to disease-causing factors in the host. OipA (Outer inflammatory protein A), a participant of Hop family of OMP, is effective in acting as a biomarker for studying progression of diseases like gastric cancer. The functionality of oipA gene is regulated by phase variation within CT repeat pattern. It is the expression, i.e., "on"/"off" of oipA gene which is related with the development of distinct gastric diseases. 40 amplified DNA sequences were studied to investigate functional status of oipA. Our results reveal 57.2% isolates with functional oipA along with significant association with cagA (P = 0.0011) and vacAs1m1/s1m2 (P = 0.0034, P = 0.0093) genotypes, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate diversity in CT repeat pattern among Indian H. pylori strains. The prevalence of functional oipA gene was found to be ranging between 50% and 64.2% though it did not show significant correlation between functional oipA and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Shweta Mahant
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Kunal Das
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yashoda Superspeciality Hospital, Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - Anup Som
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, UP, India
| | - Rajashree Das
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
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11
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Yu Z, Sheng WD, Yin X, Bin Y. Coptis, Pinellia, and Scutellaria as a promising new drug combination for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:12500-12514. [PMID: 36579091 PMCID: PMC9791531 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i34.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most important infectious agent and plays an important role in the progression of chronic gastritis and the development of gastric cancer.
AIM To identify efficient therapeutic agents or strategies that can treat H. pylori infection.
METHODS We performed literature analysis, experimental validation, and network pharmacology. First, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for the treatment of H. pylori infection were obtained from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and WanFang databases. In addition, we conducted a relevant search by Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com). Next, we used TCM Inheritance Support System V2.5 to identify core drug combinations in the TCM prescriptions. Then, an H. pylori-associated chronic mouse model of gastritis was established. The antibacterial properties and anti-inflammatory potential of the core drug combination were evaluated by the rapid urease test, modified Warthin-Starry silver staining, histopathological analysis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, the active compounds, hub targets, and potential signaling pathways associated with the core drug combination were analyzed by network pharmacology.
RESULTS The TCM treatment of H. pylori was mainly based on reinforcing the healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors by simultaneously applying pungent dispersing, bitter descending, cold and warm drugs. The combination of Coptis, Pinellia, and Scutellaria (CPS) was identified as the core drug combination from 207 prescriptions and 168 herbs. This drug combination eradicated H. pylori, alleviated the gastric pathology induced by H. pylori infection, and reduced the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.024) and interleukin-1β (P = 0.001). Moreover, a total of 35 compounds and 2807 targets of CPS were identified using online databases. Nine key compounds (tenaxin I, neobaicalein, norwogonin, skullcapflavone II, baicalein, 5,8,2'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, acacetin, panicolin, and wogonin) and nine hub target proteins (EGFR, PTGS2, STAT3, MAPK3, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, MAPK1, MMP9, and MTOR) were further explored. Seventy-seven signaling pathways were correlated with H. pylori-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis.
CONCLUSION In summary, we showed that CPS is the core drug combination for treating H. pylori infection. Animal experiments demonstrated that CPS has bacteriostatic properties and can reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines in the gastric mucosa. Network pharmacology predictions further revealed that CPS showed complex chemical compositions with multi-target and multi-pathway regulatory mechanisms. Although the results derived from network pharmacology are not necessarily comprehensive, they still expand our understanding of CPS for treating H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wu-Dong Sheng
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xu Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Bin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
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12
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Freire de Melo F, Marques HS, Rocha Pinheiro SL, Lemos FFB, Silva Luz M, Nayara Teixeira K, Souza CL, Oliveira MV. Influence of Helicobacter pylori oncoprotein CagA in gastric cancer: A critical-reflective analysis. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:866-879. [PMID: 36483973 PMCID: PMC9724182 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i11.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and third leading cancer-related cause of death worldwide. Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the gastric environment of 60.3% of the world’s population and represents the main risk factor for the onset of gastric neoplasms. CagA is the most important virulence factor in H. pylori, and is a translocated oncoprotein that induces morphofunctional modifications in gastric epithelial cells and a chronic inflammatory response that increases the risk of developing precancerous lesions. Upon translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation, CagA moves to the cell membrane and acts as a pathological scaffold protein that simultaneously interacts with multiple intracellular signaling pathways, thereby disrupting cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. All these alterations in cell biology increase the risk of damaged cells acquiring pro-oncogenic genetic changes. In this sense, once gastric cancer sets in, its perpetuation is independent of the presence of the oncoprotein, characterizing a “hit-and-run” carcinogenic mechanism. Therefore, this review aims to describe H. pylori- and CagA-related oncogenic mechanisms, to update readers and discuss the novelties and perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Campus Vitória da Conquista, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Lima Souza
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil
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Bacterial Involvement in Progression and Metastasis of Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194886. [PMID: 36230809 PMCID: PMC9562638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bacteria influence primary gastric carcinogenesis, organotropism, and metastatic progression by altering the microenvironment at the primary and secondary tumors. Key species include Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis). Inflammation caused by H. pylori virulence factors, such as CagA, VacA, and oipA, disrupt epithelial integrity, which allows the primary tumor to progress through the metastatic process. Evidence supports the activation of aquaporin-5 by CagA-positive H. pylori infection, promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway, thus laying the foundation for metastatic disease. M. hyorhinis has also been implicated in gastric neoplasia via β-catenin stabilization and subsequent activation of the WNT-signaling pathway, promoting gastric cancer cell motility and inciting cancer progression. Abstract Gastric cancer metastasis is a process in which the tumor microenvironment may carry significant influence. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is well-established as a contributor to gastric carcinoma. However, the role that these bacteria and others may play in gastric carcinoma metastasis is a current focus of study. A review of the literature was conducted to elucidate the process by which gastric adenocarcinoma metastasizes, including its ability to utilize both the lymphatic system and the venous system to disseminate. Studies that investigate the tumor microenvironment at both the primary and secondary sites were assessed in detail. H. pylori and Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) were found to be important drivers of the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma by modifying various steps in cell metastasis, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and cell invasion. H. pylori is also a known driver of MALT lymphoma, which is often reversible simply with the eradication of infection. M. hyorhinis has been implicated in gastric neoplasia via β-catenin stabilization and subsequent activation of the WNT-signaling pathway, promoting gastric cancer cell motility and inciting cancer progression. Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and its association with worse prognosis in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma are also reviewed. Recognition of the roles that bacteria play within the metastatic cascade is vital in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma treatment and potential reoccurrence. Further investigation is needed to establish potential treatment for metastatic gastric carcinoma by targeting the tumor microenvironment.
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14
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Rahimian G, Shahini Shams Abadi M, Mirzaei Y, Hussein Mer A, Ahmadi R, Azadegan-Dehkordi F. Relationship between mucosal TNF-α expression and Th1, Th17, Th22 and Treg responses in Helicobacter pylori infection. AMB Express 2022; 12:113. [PMID: 36057049 PMCID: PMC9440976 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastric inflammation in the gastric mucosa and significantly increases the risk of developing gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The objective of this research is to determine the role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in the gastric mucosa of patients with H. pylori-associated gastritis and PUD compared to uninfected patients, and we determined the relation between TNF-α expression and Th1/Th17/Th22, and Treg cells. Fifty-five patients with H. pylori-associated gastritis, 47 patients with H. pylori-associated PUD, and 48 uninfected patients were in this research. Antrum biopsy was used to detect H. pylori, virulence factors and histopathological assessments. Expression of TNF-α in the infected group was significantly higher than the uninfected group. Also, cagA/oipA-positive infected patients induce significantly more TNF-α expression than do cagA/oipA-negative infected patients. Expression of TNF-α was significantly increased in the PUD group than the gastritis group. Notably, TNF-α expression had a significant positive correlation with the frequency of Th1/Th17/Th22 lymphocytes in the PUD group. These findings indicate the importance of increasing TNF-α with Th1, Th17, Th22 responses increase as an important risk factor for PUD in context of H. pylori infection. Expression of TNF-α was significantly increased in the PUD group than the gastritis group. Notably, TNF-α expression had a significant positive correlation with the frequency of Th1/Th17/Th22 lymphocytes in the PUD group. These findings indicate the importance of increasing TNF-α with Th1, Th17, Th22 responses increase as an important risk factor for PUD in context of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghorbanali Rahimian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Milad Shahini Shams Abadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Yousef Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ali Hussein Mer
- Scientific Research Center, Soran University, Soran, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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15
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Fang M, Xue Z, He L, You Y, Gong Y, Fan D, Sun L, Zhai K, Yang Y, Zhang J. Distribution characteristics of the sabA, hofC, homA, homB and frpB-4 genes of Helicobacter pylori in different regions of China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268373. [PMID: 35588168 PMCID: PMC9119684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) encodes numerous outer membrane proteins (OMPs), with considerable geographic heterogeneity and related to different clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the distribution characteristics of five important OMP genes (sabA, hofC, homA, homB and frpB-4) in different regions of China. Materials and method A total of 266 strains were isolated from 348 stomach biopsy specimens in Shandong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Hunan, and Qinghai provinces. The presence of sabA, hofC, homA, homB and frpB-4 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from H. pylori genomic DNA. Results Among the strains in five regions, the prevalence of frpB-4 was 100% and that of hofC was 97.7%. The prevalence of homB in the isolates from Qinghai (45.5%) was significantly lower than that in Shandong (75.3%), Guangxi (76.9%) and Hunan (69.6%) (P<0.05). The frequency of homA in Shandong (30.1%) was significantly lower than in Guangxi (57.7%) and Qinghai (63.6%) (P<0.05). The prevalence of the sabA gene in Shandong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Hunan and Qinghai provinces was 21.9%, 59.7%, 45.9%, 52.2%, and 18.2%, respectively (P<0.05). The sabA “on” status was significantly more frequent in isolates from Guangxi (46.8%), Heilongjiang (37.8%), and Hunan (47.8%) than Qinghai (3.0%) (P<0.05). The presence of homA and sabA genes may be negatively correlated with the development of gastritis. There was no significant association between the frpB-4, hofC, homB gene and clinical outcomes. Conclusion The prevalence of homA, homB, and sabA genes and the sabA “on” or “off” status have significant geographical differences among five provinces in China. The presence of homA and sabA genes may be protective factors of gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhai You
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kangle Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Sijmons D, Guy AJ, Walduck AK, Ramsland PA. Helicobacter pylori and the Role of Lipopolysaccharide Variation in Innate Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868225. [PMID: 35634347 PMCID: PMC9136243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that infects half the human population and can lead to significant clinical outcomes such as acute and chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. To establish infection, H. pylori employs several mechanisms to overcome the innate and adaptive immune systems. H. pylori can modulate interleukin (IL) secretion and innate immune cell function by the action of several virulence factors such as VacA, CagA and the type IV secretion system. Additionally, H. pylori can modulate local dendritic cells (DC) negatively impacting the function of these cells, reducing the secretion of immune signaling molecules, and influencing the differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells causing a bias to Th1 type cells. Furthermore, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of H. pylori displays a high degree of phase variation and contains human blood group carbohydrate determinants such as the Lewis system antigens, which are proposed to be involved in molecular mimicry of the host. Lastly, the H. pylori group of outer membrane proteins such as BabA play an important role in attachment and interaction with host Lewis and other carbohydrate antigens. This review examines the various mechanisms that H. pylori utilises to evade the innate immune system as well as discussing how the structure of the H. pylori LPS plays a role in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sijmons
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Guy
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ZiP Diagnostics, Collingwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A. Ramsland
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Ramsland,
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The Effects of Vitamins and Micronutrients on Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity, Survival, and Eradication: A Crosstalk between Micronutrients and Immune System. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4713684. [PMID: 35340586 PMCID: PMC8942682 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4713684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori as a class I carcinogen is correlated with a variety of severe gastroduodenal diseases; therefore, H. pylori eradication has become a priority to prevent gastric carcinogenesis. However, due to the emergence and spread of multidrug and single drug resistance mechanisms in H. pylori, as well as serious side effects of currently used antibiotic interventions, achieving successful H. pylori eradication has become exceedingly difficult. Recent studies expressed the intention of seeking novel strategies to improve H. pylori management and reduce the risk of H. pylori-associated intestinal and extragastrointestinal disorders. For which, vitamin supplementation has been demonstrated in many studies to have a tight interaction with H. pylori infection, either directly through the regulation of the host inflammatory pathways or indirectly by promoting the host immune response. On the other hand, H. pylori infection is reported to result in micronutrient malabsorption or deficiency. Furthermore, serum levels of particular micronutrients, especially vitamin D, are inversely correlated to the risk of H. pylori infection and eradication failure. Accordingly, vitamin supplementation might increase the efficiency of H. pylori eradication and reduce the risk of drug-related adverse effects. Therefore, this review aims at highlighting the regulatory role of micronutrients in H. pylori-induced host immune response and their potential capacity, as intrinsic antioxidants, for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. We also discuss the uncovered mechanisms underlying the molecular and serological interactions between micronutrients and H. pylori infection to present a perspective for innovative in vitro investigations, as well as novel clinical implications.
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18
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Han L, Shu X, Wang J. Helicobacter pylori-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Gastric Diseases: A Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:811258. [PMID: 35211104 PMCID: PMC8860906 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.811258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered to be a type of gastrointestinal tumor and is mostly accompanied by Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection at the early stage. Hence, the long-term colonization of the gastric mucosa by HP as a causative factor for gastrointestinal diseases cannot be ignored. The virulence factors secreted by the bacterium activate the signaling pathway of oxidative stress and mediate chronic inflammatory response in the host cells. The virulence factors also thwart the antibacterial effect of neutrophils. Subsequently, DNA methylation is induced, which causes continuous cell proliferation and evolution toward low-grade-differentiated gastric cells. This process provides the pathological basis for the occurrence of progressive gastric cancer. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the oxidative stress response triggered by HP in the gastric mucosa and the subsequent signaling pathways. The findings are expected to help in the formulation of new targeted drugs for preventing the occurrence of early gastric cancer and its progression to middle and advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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19
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Helicobacter pylori: an up-to-date overview on the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:33-50. [PMID: 34988937 PMCID: PMC8731681 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an organism associated with ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The latter is one of the most prevalent malignancies and currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The pathogen infects about 50% of the world population, and currently, no treatment ensures its total elimination. There has been an increase in our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori over the years. H. pylori can induce several genetic alterations, express numerous virulence factors, and trigger diverse adaptive mechanisms during its adherence and colonization. For successful colonization and infection establishment, several effector proteins/toxins are released by the organism. Evidence is also available reporting spiral to coccoid transition as a unique tactic H. pylori uses to survive in the host’s gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Thus, the virulence and pathogenicity of H. pylori are under the control of complex interplay between the virulence factors, host, and environmental factors. Expounding the role of the various virulence factors in H. pylori pathogenesis and clinical outcomes is crucial for vaccine development and in providing and developing a more effective therapeutic intervention. Here we critically reflect on H. pylori infection and delineate what is currently known about the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori.
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Moghim S, Estaji F, Nasr Esfahani B, Zibaee S, Sanei M. EPIYA motif genetic characterization from Helicobacter pylori isolates in distinct geographical regions of Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:77. [DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_283_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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21
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Kim A, Lai J, Merrell DS, Kim JH, Su H, Cha JH. Geographic diversity in Helicobacter pylori oipA genotype between Korean and United States isolates. J Microbiol 2021; 59:1125-1132. [PMID: 34718962 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori outer membrane inflammatory protein A (OipA) was originally named for its role in inducing inflammation in the host, as evidenced by high mucosal IL-8 levels. Expression of OipA is regulated by phase variation of a CT dinucleotide-repeat located in the 5' region of the gene. However, little is known about OipA geographic diversity across isolates. To address this gap, we conducted a large-scale molecular epidemiologic analysis using H. pylori clinical isolates obtained from two geographically distinct populations: Korea and the United States (US). Most Korean isolates (98.7%) possessed two copies of oipA located at two specific loci (A and B) while all US isolates contained only one copy of oipA at locus A. Furthermore, most Korean oipA (94.8%) possessed three or less CT repeats while most US oipA (96.6%) contained five or more CT repeats. Among the two copies, all Korean H. pylori possessed at least one oipA 'on' phase variant while the single copy of oipA in US isolates showed 56.2% 'on' and 43.8% 'off.' Thus, host differences seem to have driven geographic diversification of H. pylori across these populations such that OipA expression in US isolates is still regulated by phase variation with 5 or more CT repeats, while Korean isolates always express OipA; duplication of the oipA combined with a reduction of CT repeats to three or less ensures continued expression. En masse, these findings suggest that diversity in the oipA gene copy number, CT repeats, and phase variation among H. pylori from different populations may confer a benefit in adaptation to particular host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeryun Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dental Hygiene, Gangdong University, Eumseong, 27600, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Lai
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Baekseok University, Cheonan, 31065, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hanfu Su
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, P. R. China.
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, P. R. China.
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22
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Azimirad M, Nadalian B, Alavifard H, Negahdar Panirani S, Mahdigholi Vand Bonab S, Azimirad F, Gholami F, Jabbari P, Yadegar A, Busani L, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Microbiological survey and occurrence of bacterial foodborne pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat green leafy vegetables marketed in Tehran, Iran. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 237:113824. [PMID: 34365294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fresh leafy (FL) and ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables are recognized as an important source of foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide. Currently, there are no data available for the prevalnce of bacterial foodborne pathogens (FBPs) in raw vegetables consumed in Iran. Here, we evalated the presence of common bacterial FBPs among 366 samples of raw vegetables including 274 FL and 92 RTE collected from 21 districts of Tehran. The presence of FBPs were screened using conventional microbiological culture methods and real-time PCR assays. Overall, a higher rate of bacterial contamination was detected in FL compared to RTE samples using both detection methods. The results obtained by microbiological methods showed that Staphylococcus aureus (134/366, 36.6%), followed by Escherichia coli (85/366, 23.2%) and Clostridium perfringens (66/366, 18%) were detetcted as the most prevalent pathogens in this study. Vibrio cholerae was not detected in any of the samples either by microbiological methods or by the real-time PCR assays. There was a noticeable reduction in the proportion of Campylobacter positive samples using conventional microbiological methods (3.5%) compared to the real-time PCR assay (20.7%). The proportion of FL and RTE positive samples obtained by conventional microbiological methods was significantly different (P < 0.05) for C. perfringens, Campylobacter spp. and S. aureus. The proportion of positive samples in FL and RTE vegetables obtained by the real-time PCR assays was significantly different (P < 0.05) for C. perfringens, S. aureus, Helicobacter pylori and STEC/EHEC, the last one was found more frequently in RTE than in FL samples. Our findings indicated a contamination of FL and RTE vegetables in Iran with a range of well-known and emerging FBPs. Positivity and the distribution of bacterial species from the current data indicated different contamination sources, and overall a lack of effective decontamination steps during the production chain. Moreover, further information about the quality of the water, the hygiene measures implemented during the processing, storage and marketing are required to better identify the critical points and define the proper measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nadalian
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helia Alavifard
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaho Negahdar Panirani
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mahdigholi Vand Bonab
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnia Jabbari
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Luca Busani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Frequency of virulence-associated genotypes of Helicobacter pylori and their correlation with clinical outcome and histological parameters in infected patients. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07610. [PMID: 34355101 PMCID: PMC8322292 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative which can cause several gastroduodenal diseases, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). H. pylori specific genotypes have been related to increased occurrence of gastritis and PUD. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the major virulence factors of H. pylori with clinical outcomes and histological parameters in Iranian patients. Totally, 200 subjects with PUD and gastritis disease who underwent gastroduodenal endoscopy were enrolled in this study. The presence of the cagA, vacA, oipA, babA2, and iceA genes in antral gastric biopsy specimens were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the results were compared with clinical outcomes and histological parameters. The frequency of babA2 + , oipA + , vacA s1/m2, and vacA m2 genes was significantly higher in patients with peptic ulcer disease compared with patients with gastritis. In contrast, the frequency of vacA s1/m1 gene was significantly higher in gastritis subjects than PUD subjects. The high-density scores of H. pylori were strongly associated with iceA1 ¯ , babA2 + , and oipA + genes. Additionally, the high polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and high mononuclear cell infiltration scores were strongly associated with the cagA + , iceA1 ¯ , oipA + genes and cagA + , babA2 + , oipA + genes, respectively. Our study indicated that the vacA, babA2, and oipA virulence factors are related to a higher risk of PUD in subjects with H. pylori-infection. Infection with these strains was associated with a more severe gastropathy.
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24
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Keikha M, Karbalaei M. EPIYA motifs of Helicobacter pylori cagA genotypes and gastrointestinal diseases in the Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100865. [PMID: 33912350 PMCID: PMC8066700 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the best risk factors for gastric cancer. Recent studies have examined the relationship between virulence factors, in particular CagA toxin, and the development of gastrointestinal diseases. According to the literature, there is a significant relationship between the polymorphism of cagA-EPIYA motifs and progression to severe clinical outcomes. The main goal of our study was to determine the possible association between cagA genotypes and the risk of severe clinical outcomes in the Iranian population. We investigated these ambiguities using a comprehensive meta-analysis study, in which we evaluated data from 1762 Iranian patients for a potential correlation between all cagA gene genotypes and gastrointestinal diseases. According to statistical analysis, the frequencies of cagA genotypes including ABC, ABCC, AB and ABCCC in the Iranian population were estimated at 80.18%, 22.81%, 5.52% and 2.76%, respectively; the ABD genotype was not detected in these PCR-based studies. There was a significant relationship between cagA genotypes ABCC and ABCCC and severe clinical outcomes of infection such as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Overall, it can be concluded that there is a positive correlation with the number of copies of EPIYA-C and the increase of gastric cancer. Therefore, according to our results, it seems that the EPIYA-ABCCC motif has a strong positive relationship with gastric cancer in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M. Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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25
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Lee DH, Ha JH, Shin JI, Kim KM, Choi JG, Park S, Park JS, Seo JH, Park JS, Shin MK, Baik SC, Lee WK, Youn HS, Cho MJ, Kang HL, Jung M. Increased Risk of Severe Gastric Symptoms by Virulence Factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, and hopZ in Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:368-379. [PMID: 33622995 PMCID: PMC9705970 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2101.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori, cagA and vacA, have been known to play a role in the development of severe gastric symptoms. However, they are not always associated with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. To predict the disease outcome more accurately, it is necessary to understand the risk of severe symptoms linked to other virulence factors. Several other virulence factors of H. pylori have also been reported to be associated with disease outcomes, although there are many controversial descriptions. H. pylori isolates from Koreans may be useful in evaluating the relevance of other virulence factors to clinical symptoms of gastric diseases because the majority of Koreans are infected by toxigenic strains of H. pylori bearing cagA and vacA. In this study, a total of 116 H. pylori strains from Korean patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers were genotyped. The presence of virulence factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, hopZ, and the extremely strong vacuolating toxin was found to contribute significantly to the development of severe gastric symptoms. The genotype combination vacAs1c/alpA/babA2 was the most predictable determinant for the development of severe symptoms, and the presence of babA2 was found to be the most critical factor. This study provides important information on the virulence factors that contribute to the development of severe gastric symptoms and will assist in predicting clinical disease outcomes due to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hae Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Ha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seorin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Shook Park
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Shang Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Je Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,H.L. Kang Phone: +82-55-772-8085 Fax: +82-55-772-8089 E-mail:
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M. Jung Phone: +82-55-772-8082 Fax: +82-55-772-8089 E-mail:
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26
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Transcriptional Profile of Helicobacter pylori Virulence Genes in Patients with Gastritis and Gastric Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:1309519. [PMID: 33628350 PMCID: PMC7889378 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1309519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Numerous molecular epidemiology studies have been performed about the frequency of Helicobacter pylori virulence genes in patients with H. pylori infection so far. This study was conducted to detect transcriptional profile by cDNA of H. pylori virulence genes in gastric biopsy samples of gastritis and gastric carcinoma patients. Materials and Methods In a case-control study, based on the prevalence of gastritis and gastric cancer in Sanandaj city during 2018 and 2019, 23 and 11 gastric antral biopsy samples with H. pylori infection were collected from gastritis and gastric carcinoma patients by the consecutive and available sampling method. Pathological characters, including tumor grades and tumor areas for gastric carcinoma biopsy samples prepared from gastric cancer areas, were determined by the pathologist. Total RNA of gastric antral biopsy samples was extracted, and their cDNA was synthesized by TaKaRa kit. H. pylori virulence genes' cDNA using specific primers and PCR was detected. This study's results were analyzed by SPSS version 25 and statics chi-square tests for determination of relationship and correlation between cDNAs of H. pylori transcriptional profile and clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection, including gastritis, gastric carcinoma, tumor grades, and tumor area. Results The positive statistical correlations were observed between transcripts of cagA, cagA-EPIYAC, cagE, and cagY genes and H. pylori infection clinical outcomes (P < 0.05). Conclusion Detection of the H. pylori virulence genes' cDNA in gastric biopsy samples can help provide the prognosis of clinical outcomes.
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27
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Liu C, Li J, Shi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Lian Y, Liang S, Wang H. Progranulin Regulates Inflammation and Tumor. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:88-102. [PMID: 31339079 PMCID: PMC7475802 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190724124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) mediates cell cycle progression and cell motility as a pleiotropic growth factor and acts as a universal regulator of cell growth, migration and transformation, cell cycle, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and cytotoxic drug resistance as a secreted glycoprotein. PGRN overexpression can induce the secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, -6,-10, TNF-α. At the same time, this protein can promote tumor proliferation and the occurrence and development of many related diseases such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, renal injury, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammatory, human atherosclerotic plaque, hepatocarcinoma, acute kidney injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In short, PGRN plays a very critical role in injury repair and tumorigenesis, it provides a new direction for succeeding research and serves as a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thus warranting further investigation. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility and the effect of PGRN on the relationship between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Liujia Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Yingcong Lian
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
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28
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Feili O, Bakhti SZ, Latifi-Navid S, Zahri S, Yazdanbod A. Contrasting association of Helicobacter pylori oipA genotype with risk of peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104720. [PMID: 33440259 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori OipA (outer inflammatory protein A) is an outer membrane protein that involves in the binding and colonization of the bacterium in the stomach. The oipA status is associated with the risk of peptic ulcerations (PUs) and gastric cancer (GC) diseases. However, the association trend with PUs compared to GC is often different and highly challenging. We therefore aimed to determine the presence of this genotype in Iranian strains and assess its association with the risk of PUs and GC in a larger number of samples. A total of 319 strains were obtained from 172 patients with non-atrophic gastritis (NAG), 52 with PUs and 95 with GC. The prevalence of the oipA+vs. oipA- genotype was 67.7% (216/319). The total frequency of the oipA+vs. oipA- genotypes in NAG, PUs, GC, non-peptic ulceration (including NAG and GC), and non-tumor (including NAG and PUs) groups was 121/172 (70.3%), 50/52 (96.2%), 45/95 (47.4%), 166/267 (62.2%), and 171/224 (76.3%), respectively. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the oipA+vs. oipA- genotype showed a strong direct association with PUs; the ORadj (95% CI) was 18.751 (4.421-79.531), (p = 0.00007). In contrast, it had a significant reverse association with GC; the ORadj (95% CI) was 0.330 (0.179-0.607), (p = 0.00036). In the present study, we interestingly found a contrasting association of the H. pylori oipA genotype with the risk of PUs and GC in Iran. Therefore, the contrasting effect of this genotype may emphasize its independent role in predicting clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Feili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
| | - Saber Zahri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Abbas Yazdanbod
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618953141, Iran
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29
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Baj J, Forma A, Sitarz M, Portincasa P, Garruti G, Krasowska D, Maciejewski R. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors-Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E27. [PMID: 33375694 PMCID: PMC7824444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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30
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Alavifard H, Mirzaei N, Yadegar A, Baghaei K, Smith SM, Sadeghi A, Zali MR. Investigation of Clarithromycin Resistance-Associated Mutations and Virulence Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori Isolated from Iranian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:244-254. [PMID: 33251569 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has brought into question the efficiency of clarithromycin which is a vital component of eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. The point mutations within the 23S rRNA sequence of H. pylori isolates which contribute to clarithromycin resistance have yet to be fully characterized. This study was aimed to detect clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations and assess the prevalence of key virulence factors of H. pylori among Iranian patients. Amplification of 16S rRNA and glmM genes were done to identify H. pylori. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clarithromycin in 82 H. pylori clinical isolates was determined by agar dilution method. Subsequently, various virulence markers including cagA, vacA, sabA, babA, and dupA of H. pylori were identified by PCR. PCR-sequencing was applied to detect point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. Based on MIC values, 43.9% of H. pylori isolates showed resistance to clarithromycin. The babA and cagA genes were detected in 92.7% and 82.9% of isolates, assigned to be higher than other virulence factors. No significant relationship was found between the H. pylori virulence genotypes and clarithromycin susceptibility (P > 0.05). Analyzing the 23S rRNA sequences revealed A2143G (4/48, 8.3%) and A2142G (3/48, 6.2%) as the most prevalent mutations in clarithromycin-resistant isolates. Additionally, several novel mutations including G2220T, C2248T, A2624C, G2287A, T2188C, G2710C, C2248T, G2269A, and G2224T were also detected among either resistant or susceptible isolates. Our findings revealed the presence of several point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori isolates which may be associated with resistance to clarithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia Alavifard
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mirzaei
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sinéad Marian Smith
- School of Medicine & School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Effects of a Potential Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Inflammatory Response and Gene Expression in Coinfected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:751-764. [PMID: 33206342 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of a potential probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 on Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammatory response and gene expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line. The gastric epithelial cells were coinfected with a collection of H. pylori clinical strains alone or in combination with L. gasseri at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1:100 for each bacterium, and incubated for different time points of 3, 6, and 12 h. IL-8 secretion from coinfected AGS cells after incubation at each time point was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of IL-8, Bcl-2, β-catenin, integrin α5, and integrin β1 genes was determined by quantitative RT-PCR amplification of total RNA extracted from coinfected epithelial cells. L. gasseri significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) decreased the production of IL-8 in AGS cells coinfected with H. pylori strains at 6 h post-infection. We also detected that L. gasseri significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated the gene expression level of IL-8 in H. pylori-stimulated AGS cells after 6 and 12 h of coinfection. Similarly, L. gasseri caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in mRNA expression of Bcl-2, β-catenin, integrin α5, and integrin β1 genes in AGS cells at 3 and 6 h after infection with H. pylori strains as compared with non-infected control cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that L. gasseri ameliorates H. pylori-induced inflammation and could be developed as a supplementation to the current treatment regimens administrated against H. pylori infection.
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Mohammadi SO, Yadegar A, Kargar M, Mirjalali H, Kafilzadeh F. The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on gut microbiota-endocrine system axis; modulation of metabolic hormone levels and energy homeostasis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1855-1861. [PMID: 33553045 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that is involved in the development and preservation of the immune system, energy homeostasis and nutritional status of the host. The crosstalk between gut microbiota and the host cells modulates host physiology and metabolism through different mechanisms. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to reside in the gastric mucosa, induce inflammation, and alter both gastric and intestinal microbiota resulting in a broad spectrum of diseases, in particular metabolic syndrome-related disorders. Infection with H. pylori have been shown to affect production level and physiological regulation of the gut metabolic hormones such as ghrelin and leptin which are involved in food intake, energy expenditure and body mass. In this study, we reviewed and discussed data from the literature and follow-up investigations that links H. pylori infection to alterations of the gut microbiota and metabolic hormone levels, which can exert broad influences on host metabolism, energy homeostasis, behavior, appetite, growth, reproduction and immunity. Also, we discussed the strong potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an innovative and promising investigational treatment option for homeostasis of metabolic hormone levels to overcome H. pylori-associated metabolic syndrome-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Kafilzadeh
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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Outer inflammatory protein of Helicobacter pylori impacts IL-8 expression, adherence, cell apoptosis and cell cycle of gastric cells independent of its copy number. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:621-630. [PMID: 32607764 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Outer inflammatory protein (OipA) is an important virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), but the correlation between oipA copy number and its virulence remains unknown. The study was designed to investigate whether the duplicate oipA gene loci showed more virulent than one oipA gene in vitro. H. pylori strain CCS9803 (China Chongqing Strain 9803) that carries duplicate oipA loci was used to construct one or two oipA knockout mutant strain, which was further verified by qPCR and western blot. Gastric epithelial cells AGS and GES-1 were infected with wild-type (WT) or oipA mutants for 6 or 24 h. The expression levels of IL-8, bacterial adhesion, cell apoptosis and cell cycle were performed to analyze the function of oipA. The WT and oipA mutant strains induce significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of IL-8 than the uninfected group (P < 0.05), but only oipA2 mutants induced significantly decreased expression levels than the WT-infected group (P < 0.05). Adherence to gastric cells was significantly decreased by inactivated two oipA loci (P < 0.05). The WT strain caused a significant rising proportion of early apoptosis cell, which had dropped after duplicate oipA genes were both knockout (P < 0.05). WT and oipA1 mutants failed to affect cell cycle; however, the oipA2 mutants increased M phase and reduced S phase when compared to the uninfected group. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that oipA impacts IL-8 expression, adherence, cell apoptosis and cell cycle of gastric cells independent of its gene copy number.
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El-Sayed MS, Musa N, Eltabbakh M, Abdelhamid DH, Mostafa SMI, Salah MM, Faheem HAF, Hassan RA. Detection of Helicobacter pylori oipA and dupA genes among dyspeptic patients with chronic gastritis. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1780675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shabban El-Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine-Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine Musa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Eltabbakh
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Manar Mohamed Salah
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rania Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine-Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt
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Moayedi S, Yadegar A, Balalaie S, Yarmohammadi M, Zali MR, Suzuki H, Fricker G, Haririan I. Sugar Codes Conjugated Alginate: An Innovative Platform to Make a Strategic Breakthrough in Simultaneous Prophylaxis of GERD and Helicobacter pylori Infection. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:2405-2412. [PMID: 32606607 PMCID: PMC7306573 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s255611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most ubiquitous problems in clinical practice. An antacid-alginate combination (under the trade name Gaviscon) is a natural-based product that effectively suppresses GERD. This product acts via the formation of viscous gel that floats on the top of the gastric content. On the other hand, efficient management of Helicobacter pylori infection with minimal side effects is an important goal for gastroenterologists. Furthermore, some H. pylori-positive patients suffer from GERD. METHODS Here, we present the results of investigations on alginate conjugated to sugar codes in order to find initial clues regarding the potential ability of this conjugate in the simultaneous prophylaxis of GERD and H. pylori infection in an in vitro assay. RESULTS It is noteworthy that our results reveal that sugar codes conjugated alginate considerably decrease (approximately 74%) the adhesion of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells in vitro. Moreover, surprisingly after conjugation of sugar codes, alginate can maintain its ability to create gel. Our results demonstrate that alginate conjugated to sugar codes is not cytotoxic. CONCLUSION The preparation of these conjugates can be regarded as the first step to establish a new roadmap for the simultaneous prevention of GERD and H. pylori infection in future studies on in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Moayedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Yarmohammadi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hidekazu Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa259-1193, Japan
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xu C, Soyfoo DM, Wu Y, Xu S. Virulence of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins: an updated review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1821-1830. [PMID: 32557327 PMCID: PMC7299134 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with some gastric diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. CagA and VacA are known virulence factors of H. pylori, which play a vital role in severe clinical outcomes. Additionally, the expression of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) helps H. pylori attach to gastric epithelial cells at the primary stage and increases the virulence of H. pylori. In this review, we have summarized the paralogs of H. pylori OMPs, their genomic loci, and the different receptors of OMPs identified so far. We focused on five OMPs, BabA (HopS), SabA (HopP), OipA (HopH), HopQ, and HopZ, and one family of OMPs: Hom. We highlight the coexpression of OMPs with other virulence factors and their relationship with clinical outcomes. In conclusion, OMPs are closely related to the pathogenic processes of adhesion, colonization, persistent infection, and severe clinical consequences. They are potential targets for the prevention and treatment of H. pylori–related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Yao Wu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunfu Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Haddadi MH, Negahdari B, Asadolahi R, Bazargani A. Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance and correlation with cagA motifs and homB gene. Postgrad Med 2020; 132:512-520. [PMID: 32281451 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1753406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection caused by antibiotic-resistant strains represents a major public health threat that aggressively promotes gastric cancer progression. Antibiotic resistance evaluation is immensely important to counteract its emergence. Here we merely determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori isolates and its correlation with cagA motifs and the homB gene. Methods: The antibiotic resistance pattern was investigated on 128 H. pylori isolated strains utilizing the disk diffusion method and study the correlation between it and the presence of pathogenic genes, cagA EPIYA motifs and homB gene, were accurately detected using the PCR. Results: The resistance rates to four antibiotics were 70.1% for metronidazole, 35.5% for amoxicillin, 7.2% for clarithromycin and 8.2% for tetracycline. Resistance phenotypes were separated into two groups, single resistance (63.2%) and multi-resistance (12.5%). The prevalence of cagA-ABCC resistant strains and homB+ resistant strains was significantly higher in cancer (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively) than those of other diseases. The prevalence of cagA-homB + resistance strains was 21.8% and had a significant correlation with PUD. A significant relationship was observed between amoxicillin resistant rate with ABC-homB (p = 0.0006). Conclusion: The Resistance rate to selected antibiotics in Shiraz is higher than years ago. The presence of cagA-homB + is associated with antibiotic resistance and also homB can be used as a marker to antibiotic resistance status prediction in H. pylori isolated in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hossein Haddadi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Asadolahi
- Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University , Sanandaj branch, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abdollah Bazargani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Iranian Helicobacter pylori Isolates: Importance of Functional and Mutational Analysis of Resistance Genes and Virulence Genotyping. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8112004. [PMID: 31744181 PMCID: PMC6912791 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8112004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori has become a great challenge in Iran. The genetic mutations that contribute to the resistance have yet to be precisely identified. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and virulence markers in Iranian H. pylori isolates and to analyze if there is any association between resistance and genotype. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 68 H. pylori isolates were investigated against metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline by the agar dilution method. The frxA, rdxA, gyrA, gyrB, and 23S rRNA genes of the isolates were sequenced. The virulence genotypes were also determined using PCR. Metronidazole resistance was present in 82.4% of the isolates, followed by clarithromycin (33.8%), ciprofloxacin (33.8%), rifampicin (32.4%), amoxicillin (30.9%), levofloxacin (27.9%), and tetracycline (4.4%). Overall, 75% of the isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics tested and considered as a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Most of the metronidazole-resistant isolates carried frameshift mutations in both frxA and rdxA genes, and premature termination occurred in positions Q5Stop and Q50Stop, respectively. Amino acid substitutions M191I, G208E, and V199A were predominantly found in gyrA gene of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. A2143G and C2195T mutations of 23S rRNA were found in four clarithromycin-resistant isolates. Interestingly, significant associations were found between resistance to metronidazole (MNZ) and cagA-, sabA-, and dupA-positive genotypes, with p = 0.0002, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.0001, respectively. Furthermore, a significant association was found between oipA “on” status and resistance to amoxicillin (AMX) (p = 0.02). The prevalence of H. pylori antibiotic resistance is high in our region, particularly that of metronidazole, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and MDR. Simultaneous screening of virulence and resistance genotypes can help clinicians to choose the appropriate therapeutic regime against H. pylori infection.
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de Brito BB, da Silva FAF, Soares AS, Pereira VA, Santos MLC, Sampaio MM, Neves PHM, de Melo FF. Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5578-5589. [PMID: 31602159 PMCID: PMC6785516 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i37.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that infects approximately 4.4 billion individuals worldwide. However, its prevalence varies among different geographic areas, and is influenced by several factors. The infection can be acquired by means of oral-oral or fecal-oral transmission, and the pathogen possesses various mechanisms that improve its capacity of mobility, adherence and manipulation of the gastric microenvironment, making possible the colonization of an organ with a highly acidic lumen. In addition, H. pylori presents a large variety of virulence factors that improve its pathogenicity, of which we highlight cytotoxin associated antigen A, vacuolating cytotoxin, duodenal ulcer promoting gene A protein, outer inflammatory protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The host immune system, mainly by means of a Th1-polarized response, also plays a crucial role in the infection course. Although most H. pylori-positive individuals remain asymptomatic, the infection predisposes the development of various clinical conditions as peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinomas and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods, each of them with their related advantages and limitations, have been applied in H. pylori detection. Moreover, bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapy is a major challenge in the treatment of this infection, and new therapy alternatives are being tested to improve H. pylori eradication. Last but not least, the development of effective vaccines against H. pylori infection have been the aim of several research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Silva Soares
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Afonso Pereira
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Miranda Sampaio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Moreira Neves
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Šterbenc A, Jarc E, Poljak M, Homan M. Helicobacter pylori virulence genes. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4870-4884. [PMID: 31543679 PMCID: PMC6737321 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most important human pathogens, infecting approximately half of the global population. Despite its high prevalence, only a subset of H. pylori infected individuals develop serious gastroduodenal pathology. The pathogenesis of H. pylori infection and disease outcome is thus thought to be mediated by an intricate interplay between host, environmental and bacterial virulence factors. H. pylori has adapted to the harsh milieu of the human stomach through possession of various virulence genes that enable survival of the bacteria in the acidic environment, movement towards the gastric epithelium, and attachment to gastric epithelial cells. These virulence factors enable successful colonization of the gastric mucosa and sustain persistent H. pylori infection, causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage, which may eventually lead to the development of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Numerous studies have focused on the prevalence and role of putative H. pylori virulence genes in disease pathogenesis. While several virulence factors with various functions have been identified, disease associations appear to be less evident, especially among different study populations. This review presents key findings on the most important H. pylori virulence genes, including several bacterial adhesins and toxins, in children and adults, and focuses on their prevalence, clinical significance and potential relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Šterbenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Erika Jarc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Homan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Bakhti SZ, Latifi-Navid S, Zahri S, Yazdanbod A. Inverse association of Helicobacter pylori cagPAI genotypes with risk of cardia and non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4928-4937. [PMID: 31273955 PMCID: PMC6712521 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iran is a high‐risk country for cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (CGA) in Central Asia, with an incidence rate five times the average global rate, and shows a high infection rate for Helicobacter pylori (69%). The aim was to examine the associations of multiple H. pylori cagPAI genotypes (ie cagH, cagL, cagG, and orf17) with the risk of CGA, non‐CGA, and different histological types of GA in Iran. A large number of H. pylori strains (N = 336) were successfully cultured and genotyped. Histopathological evaluations were performed. The analysis showed an inverse association between the cagH+ genotype and the risk of CGA and intestinal‐type gastric adenocarcinoma (IGA) (adjusted ORs; 0.312 and 0.283, respectively), where the controls were nontumors. The orf17+ genotype decreased the risk of non‐CGA and diffuse‐type gastric adenocarcinoma (DGA)(adjusted ORs; 0.310 and 0.356, respectively). When the controls were those with nonatrophic gastritis, the cagG+ genotype was negatively associated with the risk of CGA, non‐CGA, IGA, and DGA (adjusted ORs; 0.324, 0.366, 0.306, and 0.303, respectively). We did not find such a significant association for the cagL+ genotype in multiple logistic regression analysis. Combination of the vacA c2 and cagPAI genotypes further decreased the risk estimates for GAs. This study showed the reverse association of H. pylori cagPAI genotypes—cagH+ and cagG+—with the risk of CGA in male patients aged ≥ 55 in Iran. Presence of the vacA c2 genotype in combination with cagPAI genotypes showed strong inverse associations with the risk of CGA and non‐CGA. These findings may reveal a coordinated relationship between the vacA c2 and cagPAI genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saber Zahri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abbas Yazdanbod
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Yadegar A, Mohabati Mobarez A, Zali MR. Genetic diversity and amino acid sequence polymorphism in Helicobacter pylori CagL hypervariable motif and its association with virulence markers and gastroduodenal diseases. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1619-1632. [PMID: 30873747 PMCID: PMC6488209 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variability in cagL gene especially within the Helicobacter pylori CagL hypervariable motif (CagLHM) may affect the development of gastric cancer. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association of CagL diversity with clinical outcomes and with H pylori virulence markers. A total of 126 patients with different gastric diseases including non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric erosion (GE), and gastric cancer (GC) were enrolled. H pylori was cultured from gastric biopsies, and the isolates were screened for the presence of cagL, cagA, vacA, babA2, sabA, and cagPAI integrity by PCR. The amino acid polymorphisms of cagL were analyzed using DNA sequencing. We isolated 61 (48.4%) H pylori strains from 36 NUD, eight PUD, 12 GE, and five GC patients. Almost all isolates were cagL positive (97%), and their RGD, RHS, and SKIIVK motifs were highly conserved. Among 10 CagLHM variants identified, NEIGQ and NKIGQ were detected as the most prevalent sequences. Interestingly, a significant association was found between the presence of NKMGK and PUD (P = 0.002). Notably, the NEIGQ isolates with multiple C-type EPIYA repeat that carried intact cagPAI correlated with disease risk for PUD, GE, and GC (P = 0.021). In conclusion, we identified novel variants of H pylori CagLHM sequences in Iranian population such as NKMGK, which was associated with disease risk for PUD. Further studies using a large number of strains are required to better clarify the function of certain CagLHM motifs in gastric carcinogenesis and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bonsor DA, Sundberg EJ. Roles of Adhesion to Epithelial Cells in Gastric Colonization by Helicobacter pylori. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:57-75. [PMID: 31016628 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori adherence to host epithelial cells is essential for its survival against the harsh conditions of the stomach and for successful colonization. Adherence of H. pylori is achieved through several related families of outer membrane proteins and proteins of a type IV secretion system (T4SS), which bridge H. pylori to host cells through protein-protein and other protein-ligand interactions. Local environmental conditions such as cell type, available host cell surface proteins and/or ligands, as well as responses by the host immune system force H. pylori to alter expression of these proteins to adapt quickly to the local environment in order to colonize and survive. Some of these host-pathogen interactions appear to function in a "catch-and-release" manner, regulated by reversible binding at varying pH and allowing H. pylori to detach itself from cells or debris sloughed off the gastric epithelial lining in order to return for subsequent productive interactions. Other interactions between bacterial adhesin proteins and host adhesion molecules, however, appear to function as a committed step in certain pathogenic processes, such as translocation of the CagA oncoprotein through the H. pylori T4SS and into host gastric epithelial cells. Understanding these adhesion interactions is critical for devising new therapeutic strategies, as they are responsible for the earliest stage of infection and its maintenance. This review will discuss the expression and regulation of several outer membrane proteins and CagL, how they engage their known host cell protein/ligand targets, and their effects on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bonsor
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Whitmire JM, Merrell DS. Helicobacter pylori Genetic Polymorphisms in Gastric Disease Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:173-194. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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