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Castro-Sanguinetti GR, González-Veliz R, Callupe-Leyva A, Apaza-Chiara AP, Jara J, Silva W, Icochea E, More-Bayona JA. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from Peru forms a monophyletic group with Chilean isolates in South America. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3635. [PMID: 38351134 PMCID: PMC10864398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus (HPAIV) has spread in an unprecedented extent globally in recent years. Despite the large reports of cases in Asia, Europe, and North America, little is known about its circulation in South America. Here, we describe the isolation, and whole genome characterization of HPAIV obtained from sampling 26 wild bird species in Peru, representing one of the largest studies in our region following the latest HPAIV introduction in South America. Out of 147 samples analyzed, 22 were positive for detection of avian influenza virus using a qRT-PCR-based assay. Following inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs, fourteen viral isolates were obtained from which nine isolates were selected for genome characterization, based on their host relevance. Our results identified the presence of HPAIV H5N1 subtype in a highly diverse wild bird species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates correspond to the clade 2.3.4.4b, sharing a common ancestor with North American isolates and forming a monophyletic group along with isolates from Chile. Altogether, changes at the amino acid levels compared to their closest relatives indicates the virus is evolving locally, highlighting the need for constant genomic surveillance. This data evidence the chances for spillover events increases as the virus spreads into large populations of immunologically naïve avian species and adding conditions for cross species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Castro-Sanguinetti
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa González-Veliz
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Alonso Callupe-Leyva
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana P Apaza-Chiara
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier Jara
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), 15065, Magdalena del Mar, Peru
| | - Walter Silva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), 15065, Magdalena del Mar, Peru
| | - Eliana Icochea
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
| | - Juan A More-Bayona
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
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2
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Kim JY, Jeong S, Kim DW, Lee DW, Lee DH, Kim D, Kwon JH. Genomic epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in wild birds in South Korea during 2021-2022: Changes in viral epidemic patterns. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae014. [PMID: 38455682 PMCID: PMC10919474 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) viruses have been detected in wild birds worldwide, causing recurrent outbreaks since 2016. During the winter of 2021-2022, we detected one H5N8 and forty-three H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses from wild birds in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HA gene of H5N1 viruses was divided into two genetically distinct groups (N1.G1 and N1.G2). Bayesian phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that wild birds play a vital role in viral transmission and long-term maintenance. We identified five genotypes (N1.G1.1, N1.G2, N1.G2.1, N1.G2.2, and N1.G2.2.1) having distinct gene segment constellations most probably produced by reassortments with low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Our results suggest that clade 2.3.4.4b persists in wild birds for a long time, causing continuous outbreaks, compared with previous clades of H5 HPAI viruses. Our study emphasizes the need for enhancing control measures in response to the changing viral epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- Wildlife Disease Research Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Ministry of Environment, 1, Songam-gil, Gwangju 62407, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehun Kim
- Wildlife Disease Research Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Ministry of Environment, 1, Songam-gil, Gwangju 62407, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Descriptive Epidemiology of and Response to the High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N8) Epidemic in South African Coastal Seabirds, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2708458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus was detected in coastal seabirds in late 2017 in South Africa, following a devastating epidemic in the commercial poultry and ostrich industries. By May 2018, the infection had been confirmed in fifteen seabird species at 31 sites along the southern coast, with the highest mortality recorded in terns (Family Laridae, Order Charadriiformes). Over 7,500 positive or suspected cases in seabirds were reported. Among those infected were three endangered species: African penguins (Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus, 1758), Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis Wahlberg, 1855), and Cape gannets (Morus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823). The scale and impact of this outbreak were unprecedented in southern African coastal seabirds and raised logistical challenges in resource allocation, risk mitigation, and outbreak response. It required the collaboration of multiple stakeholder groups, including a variety of government departments and nongovernmental organizations. With another HPAI outbreak in South African seabirds in 2021 and major incursions in seabird species in the northern hemisphere in 2022, it is vital to share and consolidate knowledge on the subject. We describe the epidemic, the lessons learned, and recommendations for developing contingency plans.
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4
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Kayiwa J, Homsy J, Nelson LJ, Ocom F, Kasule JN, Wetaka MM, Kyazze S, Mwanje W, Kisakye A, Nabunya D, Nyirabakunzi M, Aliddeki DM, Ojwang J, Boore A, Kasozi S, Borchert J, Shoemaker T, Nabatanzi S, Dahlke M, Brown V, Downing R, Makumbi I. Establishing a Public Health Emergency Operations Center in an Outbreak-Prone Country: Lessons Learned in Uganda, January 2014 to December 2021. Health Secur 2022; 20:394-407. [PMID: 35984936 PMCID: PMC10985018 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2022.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda is highly vulnerable to public health emergencies (PHEs) due to its geographic location next to the Congo Basin epidemic hot spot, placement within multiple epidemic belts, high population growth rates, and refugee influx. In view of this, Uganda's Ministry of Health established the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (PHEOC) in September 2013, as a central coordination unit for all PHEs in the country. Uganda followed the World Health Organization's framework to establish the PHEOC, including establishing a steering committee, acquiring legal authority, developing emergency response plans, and developing a concept of operations. The same framework governs the PHEOC's daily activities. Between January 2014 and December 2021, Uganda's PHEOC coordinated response to 271 PHEs, hosted 207 emergency coordination meetings, trained all core staff in public health emergency management principles, participated in 21 simulation exercises, coordinated Uganda's Global Health Security Agenda activities, established 6 subnational PHEOCs, and strengthened the capacity of 7 countries in public health emergency management. In this article, we discuss the following lessons learned: PHEOCs are key in PHE coordination and thus mitigate the associated adverse impacts; although the functions of a PHEOC may be legalized by the existence of a National Institute of Public Health, their establishment may precede formally securing the legal framework; staff may learn public health emergency management principles on the job; involvement of leaders and health partners is crucial to the success of a public health emergency management program; subnational PHEOCs are resourceful in mounting regional responses to PHEs; and service on the PHE Strategic Committee may be voluntary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kayiwa
- Joshua Kayiwa, MSc, is a Plans Chief and Information Analyst, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jaco Homsy
- Jaco Homsy, MD, MPH, is an Associate Clinical Professor, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lisa J Nelson
- Lisa J. Nelson, MD, MPH, MSc, is a Medical Officer and Uganda Country Director, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Felix Ocom
- Felix Ocom, MD, is Deputy Director, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Juliet N Kasule
- Juliet N. Kasule, MSc, is an Early Warning Specialist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Milton M Wetaka
- Milton M. Wetaka is a Logistics Chief and Laboratory Specialist, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kyazze
- Simon Kyazze, MSc, is an Operations Chief, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilbrod Mwanje
- Wilbrod Mwanje, MPH, is an Epidemiologist, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anita Kisakye
- Anita Kisakye, MSc, is a Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dorothy Nabunya
- Dorothy Nabunya is an Administrative Specialist, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret Nyirabakunzi
- Margaret Nyirabakunzi is an Administrative Assistant, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dativa Maria Aliddeki
- Dativa Maria Aliddeki, MSc, is an Epidemiologist, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Joseph Ojwang, MPH, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Amy Boore
- Amy Boore, PhD, is Director, Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam Kasozi
- Sam Kasozi is a Systems Developer, Health Information Systems Program Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeff Borchert
- Jeff Borchert, MSc, is a Public Health Advisor, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), US CDC, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Trevor Shoemaker, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZIDUS CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sandra Nabatanzi
- Sandra Nabatanzi, MSc, is an Epidemiologist, Monitoring and Evaluation Technical Support Program, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melissa Dahlke
- Melissa Dahlke, MSc, is an Epidemiologist, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, US CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vance Brown
- Vance Brown, MA, is a Public Health Advisor, Division of Global Health Protection, NCEZID, US CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert Downing
- Robert Downing, PhD, is a Laboratory Specialist, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Issa Makumbi
- Issa Makumbi, MSc, is Director, Public Health Emergency Operations Center, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Chang N, Zhang C, Mei X, Du F, Li J, Zhang L, Du H, Yun F, Aji D, Shi W, Bi Y, Ma Z. Novel reassortment 2.3.4.4b H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in Xinjiang, China. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105564. [PMID: 34959041 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2016, H5N8 avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b were detected at Qinghai Lake, China. Afterwards, the viruses of this clade rapidly spread to Asia, Europe, and Africa via migratory birds, and caused massive deaths in poultry and wild birds globally. In this study, four H5N8 isolates (abbreviated as 001, 002, 003, and 004) were isolated from the live poultry market in Xinjiang in 2017. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin genes of the four isolates belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, while the viral gene segments were from multiple geographic origins. For 002, the polymerase acidic gene had the highest sequence homology (99.55 %) with H5N8 virus identified from green-winged teal in Egypt in 2016, and the remaining genes exhibited the highest sequence homologies (99.18-100 %) with those of H5N8 viruses isolated from domestic duck sampled in Siberia in 2016. The polymerase basic 1 gene clustered together with H5N8 virus identified from painted stork of India in 2016, and the remaining genes had relatively close genetic relationships with H5N8 viruses identified from the duck of Siberia in 2016 and turkey in Italy in 2017. For the other three isolates, the nucleoprotein gene of 001 had the highest sequence homology (98.82 %) and relatively close genetic relationship with H9N2 viruses identified from poultry in Vietnam and Cambodia in 2015-2017, and all the remaining genes had the highest sequence homologies (99.18 %-99.58 %) and relatively close genetic relationships with H5N8 viruses identified from poultry and waterfowl sampled in African countries in 2017 and swan sampled in China in 2016. Multiple basic amino acids were observed at cleavage sites in the hemagglutinin proteins of the H5N8 isolates, indicating high pathogenicity. In addition, the L89V, G309D, R477G, I495V, A676T and I504V mutations in the polymerase basic 2 protein, N30D and T215A mutations in the matrix 1 protein, P42S mutation, and 80-84 amino acid deletion in the nonstructural 1 protein were detected in all isolates. These mutations were associated with increased virulence and polymerase activity in mammals. Therefore, our results indicate that the H5N8 isolates involved multiple introductions of reassorted viruses, and also revealed that the wetlands of Northern Tianshan Mountain may play a key role in H5N8 AIVs disseminating among Central China, the Eurasian continent, and East African Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Chang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xindi Mei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Fei Du
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Emerging Infections Disease in Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Han Du
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Fengze Yun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Dilihuma Aji
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Emerging Infections Disease in Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
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6
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Zhang Q, Mei X, Zhang C, Li J, Chang N, Aji D, Shi W, Bi Y, Ma Z. Novel reassortant 2.3.4.4B H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating among wild, domestic birds in Xinjiang, Northwest China. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e43. [PMID: 34170087 PMCID: PMC8318794 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of clade 2.3.4.4 circulate in wild and domestic birds worldwide. In 2017, nine strains of H5N6 AIVs were isolated from aquatic poultry in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Objectives This study aimed to analyze the origin, reassortment, and mutations of the AIV isolates. Methods AIVs were isolated from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of poultry. Identification was accomplished by inoculating isolates into embryonated chicken eggs and performing hemagglutination tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The viral genomes were amplified with RT-PCR and then sequenced. The sequence alignment, phylogenetic, and molecular characteristic analyses were performed by using bioinformatic software. Results Nine isolates originated from the same ancestor. The viral HA gene belonged to clade 2.3.4.4B, while the NA gene had a close phylogenetic relationship with the 2.3.4.4C H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated from shoveler ducks in Ningxia in 2015. The NP gene was grouped into an independent subcluster within the 2.3.4.4B H5N8 AIVs, and the remaining six genes all had close phylogenetic relationships with the 2.3.4.4B H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from the wild birds in China, Egypt, Uganda, Cameroon, and India in 2016–2017, Multiple basic amino acid residues associated with HPAIVs were located adjacent to the cleavage site of the HA protein. The nine isolates comprised reassortant 2.3.4.4B HPAIVs originating from 2.3.4.4B H5N8 and 2.3.4.4C H5N6 viruses in wild birds. Conclusions These results suggest that the Northern Tianshan Mountain wetlands in Xinjiang may have a key role in AIVs disseminating from Central China to the Eurasian continent and East African.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xindi Mei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Emerging infections Disease in Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271016, China
| | - Nana Chang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Dilihuma Aji
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Emerging infections Disease in Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271016, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Shan N, Wang X, Lin S, Ma K, Li B, Li H, Liao M, Qi W. Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa079. [PMID: 33324491 PMCID: PMC7724252 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2013 onwards, the spread of novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in China has posed great threats to not only poultry industry but also human health. Since late-2016 in particular, frequent outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAI viruses among wild birds have promoted viral dissemination in South Korea, Japan, and European countries. In response to those trends, we conducted molecular genetic analysis of global clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses in order to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of viral diffusion and genetic diversity among wild birds and poultry. The clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses were classified into three groups (Group B, C, and D). During the cocirculation of Group C/D H5N6 viruses from 2013 to 2017, viral movements occurred between close or adjacent regions of China, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. In addition, viral migration rates from Guangdong and Hunan to multiple adjacent provinces seemed to have been highly supported by transmission routes (Bayes factors >100), suggesting that southern China was an epicenter for the spread of H5N6 viruses in poultry during that period. Since the introduction of H5N6 viruses originating in wild birds in late-2016, evolving H5N6 viruses have lost most previous genotypes (e.g. G1, G2, and G1.2), whereas some prevailing genotypes (e.g. G1.1, G1.1.b, and G3) in aquatic birds have been dominated, and in particular, the effective population size of H5N6 originating in wild birds dramatically increased; however, the population size of poultry-origin H5N6 viruses declined during the same period, indicating that wild bird migration might accelerate the genetic diversity of H5N6 viruses. Phylogeographic approaches revealed that two independent paths of H5N6 viruses into South Korea and Japan from 2016 to 2018 and provided evidence of Group B and Group C H5N6 viruses were originated from Europe and China, respectively, as regions located in the East Asia-Australian migration flyway, which accelerated the genetic variability and dissemination. Altogether, our study provides insights to examine time of origin, evolutionary rate, diversification patterns, and phylogeographical approach of global clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAI viruses for assessing their evolutionary process and dissemination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission.,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Nan Shan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Shuxia Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Kaixiong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Bo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Huanan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission.,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission.,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
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8
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Kalonda A, Saasa N, Nkhoma P, Kajihara M, Sawa H, Takada A, Simulundu E. Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090993. [PMID: 32906666 PMCID: PMC7552061 DOI: 10.3390/v12090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, sub-Saharan Africa has not escaped the devastating effects of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds. This systematic review describes the prevalence, spatiotemporal distribution, and virus subtypes detected in domestic and wild birds for the past two decades (2000–2019). We collected data from three electronic databases, PubMed, SpringerLink electronic journals and African Journals Online, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. A total of 1656 articles were reviewed, from which 68 were selected. An overall prevalence of 3.0% AIV in birds was observed. The prevalence varied between regions and ranged from 1.1% to 7.1%. The Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test showed no significant difference in the prevalence of AIV across regions, χ2(3) = 5.237, p = 0.1553 and seasons, T = 820, z = −1.244, p = 0.2136. Nineteen hemagglutinin/neuraminidase subtype combinations were detected during the reviewed period, with southern Africa recording more diverse AIV subtypes than other regions. The most detected subtype was H5N1, followed by H9N2, H5N2, H5N8 and H6N2. Whilst these predominant subtypes were mostly detected in domestic poultry, H1N6, H3N6, H4N6, H4N8, H9N1 and H11N9 were exclusively detected in wild birds. Meanwhile, H5N1, H5N2 and H5N8 were detected in both wild and domestic birds suggesting circulation of these subtypes among wild and domestic birds. Our findings provide critical information on the eco-epidemiology of AIVs that can be used to improve surveillance strategies for the prevention and control of avian influenza in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kalonda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.K.); (P.N.)
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Disease of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Panji Nkhoma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +260-977469479
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9
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Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
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10
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Yamaji R, Saad MD, Davis CT, Swayne DE, Wang D, Wong FYK, McCauley JW, Peiris JSM, Webby RJ, Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Zhang W. Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2099. [PMID: 32135031 PMCID: PMC9285678 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Yamaji
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdi D Saad
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Department of Agriculture, OIE Collaborating Centre for Research on Emerging Avian Diseases, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5310. [PMID: 31757953 PMCID: PMC6874648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Africa in the dynamics of the global spread of a zoonotic and economically-important virus, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx of the Gs/GD lineage, remains unexplored. Here we characterise the spatiotemporal patterns of virus diffusion during three HPAI H5Nx intercontinental epidemic waves and demonstrate that Africa mainly acted as an ecological sink of the HPAI H5Nx viruses. A joint analysis of host dynamics and continuous spatial diffusion indicates that poultry trade as well as wild bird migrations have contributed to the virus spreading into Africa, with West Africa acting as a crucial hotspot for virus introduction and dissemination into the continent. We demonstrate varying paths of avian influenza incursions into Africa as well as virus spread within Africa over time, which reveal that virus expansion is a complex phenomenon, shaped by an intricate interplay between avian host ecology, virus characteristics and environmental variables.
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12
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Twabela AT, Okamatsu M, Tshilenge GM, Mpiana S, Masumu J, Nguyen LT, Matsuno K, Monne I, Zecchin B, Sakoda Y. Molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic characterization of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2017. Arch Virol 2019; 165:87-96. [PMID: 31707455 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In May 2017, high mortality of chickens and Muscovy ducks due to the H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). In this study, we assessed the molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic features in poultry of the H5N8 HPAIV from the 2017 Congolese outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight viral gene segments revealed that all 12 DR Congo isolates clustered in clade 2.3.4.4B together with other H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in Africa and Eurasia, suggesting a possible common origin of these viruses. Antigenically, a slight difference was observed between the Congolese isolates and a representative virus from group C in the same clade. After intranasal inoculation with a representative DR Congo virus, high pathogenicity was observed in chickens and Muscovy ducks but not in Pekin ducks. Viral replication was higher in chickens than in Muscovy duck and Pekin duck organs; however, neurotropism was pronounced in Muscovy ducks. Our data confirmed the high pathogenicity of the DR Congo virus in chickens and Muscovy ducks, as observed in the field. National awareness and strengthening surveillance in the region are needed to better control HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin T Twabela
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Central Veterinary Laboratory of Kinshasa, Kinshasa I, Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | | | - Serge Mpiana
- Central Veterinary Laboratory of Kinshasa, Kinshasa I, Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Justin Masumu
- Central Veterinary Laboratory of Kinshasa, Kinshasa I, Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan. .,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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13
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Adlhoch C, Brouwer A, Kuiken T, Miteva A, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Gogin A, Muñoz Guajardo I, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview August - November 2018. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05573. [PMID: 32625795 PMCID: PMC7009621 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 16 August and 15 November 2018, 14 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria and seven HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks, one in captive birds in Germany and six in wild birds in Denmark and the Netherlands were reported in the European Union (EU). No human infection due to HPAI A(H5N8) and A(H5N6) viruses have been reported in Europe so far. Seroconversion of people exposed during outbreaks in Russia has been reported in one study. Although the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low, appropriate personal protection measures of people exposed will reduce any potential risk. Genetic clustering of the viruses isolated from poultry in Bulgaria suggests three separate introductions in 2016 and a continuing circulation and transmission of these viruses within domestic ducks. Recent data from Bulgaria provides further indication that the sensitivity of passive surveillance of HPAI A(H5N8) in domestic ducks may be significantly compromised. Increased vigilance is needed especially during the periods of cold spells in winter when aggregations of wild birds and their movements towards areas with more favourable weather conditions may be encouraged. Two HPAI outbreaks in poultry were reported during this period from western Russia. Low numbers of HPAI outbreaks were observed in Africa and Asia, no HPAI cases were detected in wild birds in the time period relevant for this report. Although a few HPAI outbreaks were reported in Africa and Asia during the reporting period, the probability of HPAI virus introductions from non‐EU countries via wild birds particularly via the north‐eastern route from Russia is increasing, as the fall migration of wild birds from breeding and moulting sites to the wintering sites continues. Furthermore, the lower temperatures and ultraviolet radiation in winter can facilitate the environmental survival of any potential AI viruses introduced to Europe.
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