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Abo Shama NM, Mahmoud SH, Bagato O, AbdElsalam ET, Alkhazindar M, Kandeil A, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G, El-Shesheny R. Incidence and neutralizing antibody seroprevalence of influenza B virus in Egypt: Results of a community-based cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269321. [PMID: 35767564 PMCID: PMC9242516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, two lineages of influenza B viruses, Victoria and Yamagata, have been circulating at similar frequencies worldwide. Little is known about the circulation of those viruses in Egypt. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of influenza B virus infections in Egypt, 2017–2019. This was performed through a household prospective cohort study on influenza infections among 2400 individuals from five villages. When a study participant had influenza like symptoms, a nasal swab and an oropharyngeal swab were obtained and tested by RT-PCR for influenza B infections. A serum sample was obtained from all participants annually to detect neutralizing antibodies using microneutralization assay. 9.1% of subjects were positive for influenza B viruses during season 2017–2018 mostly among preschoolers and 7.6% were positive during the season 2018–2019 with higher risk in females, potentially due to mothers being infected after contact with their children. The overall seroprevalence among the participants was 53.2% and 52.2% against the Victoria and Yamagata lineages respectively, the majority of seropositive participants were students. Multivariate analysis showed that age and having chronic diseases were the strongest predictors of infection. Our results show that both influenza B lineages circulated between 2017 and 2020 in Egypt almost in equal proportion. Encouraging the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccines is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed Tarek AbdElsalam
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Alkhazindar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Pamela P. McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail: (GK); (RE)
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Soudani S, Mafi A, Al Mayahi Z, Al Balushi S, Dbaibo G, Al Awaidy S, Amiche A. A Systematic Review of Influenza Epidemiology and Surveillance in the Eastern Mediterranean and North African Region. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:15-52. [PMID: 34997913 PMCID: PMC8742167 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza represents a huge health burden, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, focus has been directed on the burden of influenza globally. Country and regional disease burden estimates play important roles in helping inform decisions on national influenza intervention programmes. Despite improvements in influenza surveillance following the 2009 pandemic, many opportunities remain unexplored in the Eastern Mediterranean and North African (EMNA) region, which has a high prevalence of patients with chronic disease and thus a population at high risk of influenza complications. We conducted a systematic literature review of Embase, Medline, Scopus and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1 January 1998 to 31 January 2020 covering the EMNA region with the aim to describe the epidemiology of influenza in the region and assess the influenza epidemiological surveillance research landscape. Relevant data on study characteristics, population, clinical/virology characteristics and epidemiology were extracted and summarised descriptively. Of the 112 studies identified for inclusion, 90 were conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 19 in North Africa and three across the EMNA region. Data were reported on 314,058 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, 96 of which were derived from surveillance systems. Amongst the surveillance studies, the percentage of positive cases reported ranged from 1% to 100%. The predominantly identified influenza strain was strain A; H1N1 was the most prominent circulating subtype. Typing was performed in approximately 75% and subtyping in 50% of studies, respectively. Data on those considered most at risk for influenza complications were collected in 21% of studies, highlighting a regional gap for these data. Our review reveals existing gaps in regional estimates of influenza health and economic burden, hospitalisation rates and duration, and highlights the need for robust and high-quality epidemiology data to help inform public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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3
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Cardenas-Garcia S, Caceres CJ, Rajao D, Perez DR. Reverse genetics for influenza B viruses and recent advances in vaccine development. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:191-202. [PMID: 33254031 PMCID: PMC8693393 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza B virus is a respiratory pathogen that affects more severely the pediatric and elderly populations. There are two lineages of influenza B virus that seem to have differential predilection for age groups. Both lineages can co-circulate during the influenza season however one is usually more prominent than the other depending on the season. There are no defined indicators to predict which lineage will dominate in any given season. In recent years, the addition of viruses from both lineages to the seasonal influenza vaccine formulation has improved vaccine protection, although quadrivalent vaccines are not available worldwide. Reverse genetics has facilitated advancements in the field of vaccine development against influenza B virus. Different strategies have been explored showing promising results that could potentially lead to the development broadly protective influenza B virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - C Joaquin Caceres
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniela Rajao
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Assaf-Casals A, Saleh Z, Khafaja S, Fayad D, Ezzeddine H, Saleh M, Chamseddine S, Sayegh R, Sharara SL, Chmaisse A, Kanj SS, Kanafani Z, Hanna-Wakim R, Araj GF, Mahfouz R, Saito R, Suzuki H, Zaraket H, Dbaibo GS. The burden of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in Lebanon between 2008 and 2016: a single tertiary care center experience. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:339. [PMID: 32397965 PMCID: PMC7216128 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Following the 2009 pandemic, there was widened interest in studying influenza burden in all regions. However, since data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remain limited, we aimed to contribute to the understanding of influenza burden in Lebanon. METHODS A retrospective chart review extending over a period of 8 seasons from Jan 1st, 2008 till June 30th, 2016 at a tertiary care center in Beirut was performed. All cases confirmed to have influenza based on rapid antigen detection or/and polymerase chain reaction on a respiratory sample were included for analysis. Data on epidemiology, clinical presentation, complications, antiviral use and mortality were collected for analysis. RESULTS A total of 1829 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were identified. Average annual positivity rate was 14% (positive tests over total requested). Both influenza A and B co-circulated in each season with predominance of influenza A. Influenza virus started circulating in December and peaked in January and February. The age group of 19-50 years accounted for the largest proportion of cases (22.5%) followed by the age group of 5-19 years (18%). Pneumonia was the most common complication reported in 33% of cases. Mortality reached 3.8%. The two extremes of age (< 2 years and ≥ 65 years) were associated with a more severe course of disease, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, complications, and mortality rate. Of all the identified cases, 26% were hospitalized. Moderate-to-severe disease was more likely in influenza B cases but no difference in mortality was reported between the two types. Antivirals were prescribed in 68.8% and antibiotics in 41% of cases. There seemed to be an increasing trend in the number of diagnosed and hospitalized cases over the years of the study. CONCLUSION Patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza at our center had a high rate of hospitalization and mortality. A population based prospective surveillance study is needed to better estimate the burden of Influenza in Lebanon that would help formulate a policy on influenza control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aia Assaf-Casals
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Saleh
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Khafaja
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Danielle Fayad
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Hady Ezzeddine
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Saleh
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Chamseddine
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rouba Sayegh
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Sima L Sharara
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Chmaisse
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Souha S Kanj
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Kanafani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rima Hanna-Wakim
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - George F Araj
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rami Mahfouz
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Reiko Saito
- Department of Public Health at Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Public Health at Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Ghassan S Dbaibo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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Al-Romaihi HE, Smatti MK, Al-Khatib HA, Coyle PV, Ganesan N, Nadeem S, Farag EA, Al Thani AA, Al Khal A, Al Ansari KM, Al Maslamani MA, Yassine HM. Molecular epidemiology of influenza, RSV, and other respiratory infections among children in Qatar: A six years report (2012-2017). Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:133-141. [PMID: 32278934 PMCID: PMC7194828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout a five years period, HRV, RSV, and influenza viruses were responsible for two-thirds of acute respiratory infections among children in Qatar. RSV, influenza, and HMPV circulated in winter, whereas HRV was highly active during other seasons. RSV is more prevalent among infants, while influenza circulates more among children above five years of age. Influenza–RSV co-infections are significantly associated with age. Gender-dependent differences affect infection rates.
Background Studies on the etiology of respiratory infections among children in Qatar and surrounding countries are limited. Objectives To describe the prevalence and seasonality of RSV, influenza, and other respiratory pathogens among children in Qatar. Methods We retrospectively collected and analyzed data of 33,404 children (<15 years) presented with influenza-like illness from 2012 to 2017. Results At least one respiratory pathogen was detected in 26,138 (78%) of patients. Together, human rhinoviruses (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza viruses comprised nearly two-thirds of all cases, affecting 24%, 19.7%, and 18.5%, respectively. A prevalence of 5-10% was recorded for adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human bocavirus (HboV), and human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), enteroviruses, M. pneumonia, and parechovirus had prevalences below 5%. While RSV, influenza, and HMPV exhibited strong seasonal activity in the winter, HRV was active during low RSV and influenza circulation. The burden of RSV exceeds that of influenza among young age groups, whereas influenza correlated positively with age. Further, HRV, adenovirus, influenza, and RSV infection rates varied significantly between male and females. Conclusion This comprehensive multi-year study provides insights into the etiology of ILI among children in Qatar, which represents the Gulf region. Our results reinforce the significance of active surveillance of respiratory pathogens to improve infection prevention and control strategies, particularly among children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hebah A Al-Khatib
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | | | | | | | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health Sciences-QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | | | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Health Sciences-QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Jiao P, Fan W, Cao Y, Zhang H, Tian L, Sun L, Luo T, Liu W, Li J. Robust induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression by influenza B/Yamagata lineage virus infection of A549 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231039. [PMID: 32267861 PMCID: PMC7141683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and generally causes sporadic epidemics but is occasionally deadly to individuals. The current research mainly focuses on clinical and pathological characteristics of IBV. However, to better prevent or treat the disease, one must determine the strategies developed by IBV to invade and disrupt cellular proteins and approach to replicate itself, to suppress antiviral innate immunity, and understand how the host responds to IBV infection. The B/Shanghai/PD114/2018 virus was able to infect alveolar epithelial cells (A549) cells, with good potential for replication. To identify host cellular responses against IBV infection, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained using RNA sequencing. The GO and KEGG pathway term enrichment analyses with the DEGs were performed, and we found that the DEGs were primary involved in metabolic processes and cellular function, which may be related to the host response, including the innate immune response against the virus. Our transcriptome analysis results demonstrated robust induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression by IBV in human cells during the early stages of infection, providing a foundation for further studies focused on antiviral drug development and interactions between the virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WJL); (TRL)
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WJL); (TRL)
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WJL); (TRL)
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