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Sata S, Kojima I, Esaki M, Funakoshi K, Kajihara M, Hirano S, Murakami S, Miyazaki K, Ozawa M, Okuya K. The First Isolation and Characterization of Bat Jeilongviruses in Japan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:5530007. [PMID: 40303027 PMCID: PMC12017206 DOI: 10.1155/tbed/5530007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Bats represent natural reservoirs of several paramyxoviruses, raising concerns about the potential for these viruses to cause cross-species infections. In this study, we isolated two jeilongviruses belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae from oral swab samples of the Eastern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) and Far Eastern myotis bat (Myotis bombinus) in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Notably, this is the first report isolating bat paramyxoviruses in Japan. Genomic analyses revealed a high identity between Kagoshima isolates (PMV/Bat35 and PMV/Bat111) and jeilongvirus B16-40, previously isolated from a Schreiber's bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) in South Korea in 2016. PMV/Bat35 infected and replicated in a range of cell lines derived from different animal species, although the level of syncytium formation varied among cell lines. Animal experiments revealed that Syrian hamsters inoculated intranasally with PMV/Bat35 did not exhibit clinical symptoms or significant weight loss. Nevertheless, viral genes were detected in the lungs and tracheas of Syrian hamsters on 2- and 5-day postinfection (dpi). Importantly, neutralizing antibodies against PMV/Bat35 developed in hamsters on 14 dpi. These results suggest that bat jeilongviruses can cross the species barriers. Our findings highlight the critical importance of ongoing monitoring and characterization of viruses circulating in bat populations to assess the risk of zoonotic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sata
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mana Esaki
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kimitake Funakoshi
- Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Intercultural Studies, The International University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirano
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Xu JL, Chen JT, Hu B, Guo WW, Guo JJ, Xiong CR, Qin LX, Yu XN, Chen XM, Cai K, Li YR, Liu MQ, Chen LJ, Hou W. Discovery and genetic characterization of novel paramyxoviruses from small mammals in Hubei Province, Central China. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001229. [PMID: 38700925 PMCID: PMC11145887 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are a group of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses, some of which are responsible for acute human disease, including parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus. In recent years, a large number of novel paramyxoviruses, particularly members of the genus Jeilongvirus, have been discovered in wild mammals, suggesting that the diversity of paramyxoviruses may be underestimated. Here we used hemi-nested reverse transcription PCR to obtain 190 paramyxovirus sequences from 969 small mammals in Hubei Province, Central China. These newly identified paramyxoviruses were classified into four clades: genera Jeilongvirus, Morbillivirus, Henipavirus and Narmovirus, with most of them belonging to the genus Jeilongvirus. Using Illumina sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we successfully recovered six near-full-length genomes with different genomic organizations, revealing the more complex genome content of paramyxoviruses. Co-divergence analysis of jeilongviruses and their known hosts indicates that host-switching occurred more frequently in the evolutionary histories of the genus Jeilongvirus. Together, our findings demonstrate the high prevalence of paramyxoviruses in small mammals, especially jeilongviruses, and highlight the diversity of paramyxoviruses and their genome content, as well as the evolution of jeilongviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-le Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Jin-tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Bing Hu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 6 Zhuodaoquan Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China
| | - Wei-wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Jing-jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Chao-rui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Ling-xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Xin-nai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Xiao-min Chen
- Division of Virology, Wuhan Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 288 Machang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, PR China
| | - Kun Cai
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 6 Zhuodaoquan Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China
| | - Yi-rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Man-qing Liu
- Division of Virology, Wuhan Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 288 Machang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, PR China
| | - Liang-jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Department of Laboratory Medicine/Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
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Zhou L, Kang H, Xu S, Chen J, Wang X, Long H, Li G, Xu P, He B. Tailam paramyxovirus C protein inhibits viral replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0165423. [PMID: 38169290 PMCID: PMC10804977 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01654-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Jeilongviruses are emerging single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. Tailam paramyxovirus (TlmPV) is a Jeilongvirus that was identified in 2011. Very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate viral replication in these newly emerging viruses. Among the non-structural viral proteins of TlmPV, the C protein is predicted to be translated from an open reading frame within the phosphoprotein gene through alternative translation initiation. Though the regulatory roles of C proteins in virus replication of other paramyxoviruses have been reported before, the function of the TlmPV C protein and the relevant molecular mechanisms have not been reported. Here, we show that the C protein is expressed in TlmPV-infected cells and negatively modulates viral RNA replication. The TlmPV C protein interacts with the P protein, negatively impacting the interaction between N and P, resulting in inhibition of viral RNA replication. Deletion mutagenesis studies indicate that the 50 amino-terminal amino acid residues of the C protein are dispensable for its inhibition of virus RNA replication and interaction with the P protein.IMPORTANCETailam paramyxovirus (TlmPV) is a newly identified paramyxovirus belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus, of which little is known. In this work, we confirmed the expression of the C protein in TlmPV-infected cells, assessed its function, and defined a potential mechanism of action. This is the first time that the existence of a Jeilongvirus C protein has been confirmed and its role in viral replication has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixian Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuya Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbi Chen
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haishang Long
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao He
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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Wrobel ER, Jackson J, Abraham M, He B. Regulation of host gene expression by J paramyxovirus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294173. [PMID: 37963152 PMCID: PMC10645344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are associated with numerous diseases in humans and animals. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first isolated from moribund mice (Mus musculus) with hemorrhagic lung lesions in Australia in 1972. In 2016, JPV was classified into the newly established genus Jeilongvirus. Novel jeilongviruses are being discovered worldwide in wildlife populations. However, the effects of jeilongvirus infection on host gene expression remains uncharacterized. To address this, cellular RNA from JPV-infected mouse fibroblasts was collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and were sequenced using single-end 75 base pairs (SE75) sequencing chemistry on an Illumina NextSeq platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the virus-infected replicates and mock replicates at each timepoint were identified using the Tophat2-Cufflinks-Cuffdiff protocol. At 2 hpi, 11 DEGs were identified in JPV-infected cells, while 1,837 DEGs were detected at 48 hpi. A GO analysis determined that the genes at the earlier timepoints were involved in interferon responses, while there was a shift towards genes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation processes at the later timepoints. At 48 hpi, a KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs detected were involved in pathways that are important for immune responses. qRT-PCR verified that Rtp4, Ifit3, Mx2, and Stat2 were all upregulated during JPV infection, while G0s2 was downregulated. After JPV infection, the expression of inflammatory and antiviral factors in mouse fibroblasts changes significantly. This study provides crucial insight into the different arms of host immunity that mediate Jeilongvirus infection. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of Jeilongvirus will lead to better strategies for the prevention and control of potential diseases that may arise from this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Wrobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jared Jackson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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5
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Jones BD, Kaufman EJ, Peel AJ. Viral Co-Infection in Bats: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1860. [PMID: 37766267 PMCID: PMC10535902 DOI: 10.3390/v15091860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection is an underappreciated phenomenon in contemporary disease ecology despite its ubiquity and importance in nature. Viruses, and other co-infecting agents, can interact in ways that shape host and agent communities, influence infection dynamics, and drive evolutionary selective pressures. Bats are host to many viruses of zoonotic potential and have drawn increasing attention in their role as wildlife reservoirs for human spillover. However, the role of co-infection in driving viral transmission dynamics within bats is unknown. Here, we systematically review peer-reviewed literature reporting viral co-infections in bats. We show that viral co-infection is common in bats but is often only reported as an incidental finding. Biases identified in our study database related to virus and host species were pre-existing in virus studies of bats generally. Studies largely speculated on the role co-infection plays in viral recombination and few investigated potential drivers or impacts of co-infection. Our results demonstrate that current knowledge of co-infection in bats is an ad hoc by-product of viral discovery efforts, and that future targeted co-infection studies will improve our understanding of the role it plays. Adding to the broader context of co-infection studies in other wildlife species, we anticipate our review will inform future co-infection study design and reporting in bats. Consideration of detection strategy, including potential viral targets, and appropriate analysis methodology will provide more robust results and facilitate further investigation of the role of viral co-infection in bat reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D. Jones
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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6
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Zhang D, Irving AT. Antiviral effects of interferon-stimulated genes in bats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1224532. [PMID: 37661999 PMCID: PMC10472940 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon pathway is the first line of defense in viral infection in all mammals, and its induction stimulates broad expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In mice and also humans, the antiviral function of ISGs has been extensively studied. As an important viral reservoir in nature, bats can coexist with a variety of pathogenic viruses without overt signs of disease, yet only limited data are available for the role of ISGs in bats. There are multiple species of bats and work has begun deciphering the differences and similarities between ISG function of human/mouse and different bat species. This review summarizes the current knowledge of conserved and bat-specific-ISGs and their known antiviral effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Infection, Immunity & Cancer, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Health Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Muzeniek T, Perera T, Siriwardana S, Bas D, Bayram F, Öruc M, Becker-Ziaja B, Perera I, Weerasena J, Handunnetti S, Schwarz F, Premawansa G, Premawansa S, Yapa W, Nitsche A, Kohl C. Comparative virome analysis of individual shedding routes of Miniopterus phillipsi bats inhabiting the Wavul Galge cave, Sri Lanka. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12859. [PMID: 37553373 PMCID: PMC10409741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are described as the natural reservoir host for a wide range of viruses. Although an increasing number of bat-associated, potentially human pathogenic viruses were discovered in the past, the full picture of the bat viromes is not explored yet. In this study, the virome composition of Miniopterus phillipsi bats (formerly known as Miniopterus fuliginosus bats in Sri Lanka) inhabiting the Wavul Galge cave, Sri Lanka, was analyzed. To assess different possible excretion routes, oral swabs, feces and urine were collected and analyzed individually by using metagenomic NGS. The data obtained was further evaluated by using phylogenetic reconstructions, whereby a special focus was set on RNA viruses that are typically associated with bats. Two different alphacoronavirus strains were detected in feces and urine samples. Furthermore, a paramyxovirus was detected in urine samples. Sequences related to Picornaviridae, Iflaviridae, unclassified Riboviria and Astroviridae were identified in feces samples and further sequences related to Astroviridae in urine samples. No viruses were detected in oral swab samples. The comparative virome analysis in this study revealed a diversity in the virome composition between the collected sample types which also represent different potential shedding routes for the detected viruses. At the same time, several novel viruses represent first reports of these pathogens from bats in Sri Lanka. The detection of two different coronaviruses in the samples indicates the potential general persistence of this virus species in M. phillipsi bats. Based on phylogenetics, the identified viruses are closely related to bat-associated viruses with comparably low estimation of human pathogenic potential. In further studies, the seasonal variation of the virome will be analyzed to identify possible shedding patterns for particular viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Muzeniek
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thejanee Perera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Sahan Siriwardana
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilara Bas
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatimanur Bayram
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mizgin Öruc
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- Centre for International Health Protection, Public Health Laboratory Support (ZIG 4), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inoka Perera
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Jagathpriya Weerasena
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiroma Handunnetti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sunil Premawansa
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Wipula Yapa
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kohl
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Jang SS, Noh JY, Kim MC, Lim HA, Song MS, Kim HK. α2,3-Linked Sialic Acids Are the Potential Attachment Receptor for Shaan Virus Infection in MARC-145 Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125622. [PMID: 35924912 PMCID: PMC9430483 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01256-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shaan virus (ShaV), a novel species of the genus Jeilongvirus, family Paramyxoviridae, was isolated from an insectivore bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) in Korea in 2016. ShaV particles contain a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein in their envelope that allows the virus to target cells. Typically, diverse paramyxoviruses with HN glycoprotein are reported to interact predominantly with sialic acids, but there are no studies of receptors for ShaV. In this study, the identification of potential receptors for ShaV was demonstrated using sialidase treatments, glycan microarray, magnetic bead-based virus binding assay, and neuraminidase inhibitor treatments. Pretreatment of MARC-145 cells with sialidase, which cleaves α2,3-linked sialic acids, showed higher inhibition of viral infection than α2,6-linked-specific sialidase. These data were supported by the binding of ShaV to predominantly α2,3-linked sialylated glycans in the screening of sialyl linkage patterns through glycan microarray. To further confirm the direct interaction between ShaV and α2,3-linked sialic acids, ShaV was incubated with α2,3- or α2,6-linked sialylated glycans conjugated to magnetic beads, and binding signals were detected only for α2,3-linked sialylated glycans. In addition, the potential of sialic acids as a receptor was demonstrated by the viral replication inhibitory effect of the neuraminidase inhibitor 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminicacid (DANA) in the mature virion release steps. Collectively, these results support that α2,3-linked sialic acids are the potential receptor for ShaV infection in MARC-145 cells. IMPORTANCE Bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses, and novel paramyxoviruses are increasingly being reported around the world. Shaan virus (ShaV), from the genus Jeilongvirus, family Paramyxoviridae, has a potential attachment glycoprotein, HN. Here, we identify that ShaV binds to sialic acid and demonstrate that α2,3-linked sialic acids are the potential receptor for ShaV infection. The presented data regarding ShaV receptor specificity will enable studies into the viral tropism for the host and contribute to the development of new antiviral strategies targeting viral receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Sik Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A. Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Highly Potent Host-Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus Replication with High Resistance Barrier. mBio 2021; 12:e0262121. [PMID: 34724816 PMCID: PMC8561388 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02621-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple enveloped RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae, like measles virus (MeV), Nipah virus (NiV), canine distemper virus (CDV), or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are of high clinical relevance. Each year a huge number of lives are lost as a result of these viral infections. Worldwide, MeV infection alone is responsible for over a hundred thousand deaths each year despite available vaccine. Therefore, there is an urgent need for treatment options to counteract these viral infections. The development of antiviral drugs in general stands as a huge challenge due to the rapid emergence of viral escape mutants. Here, we disclose the discovery of a small-molecule antiviral, compound 1 (ZHAWOC9045), active against several pneumo-/paramyxoviruses, including MeV, NiV, CDV, RSV, and parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV-5). A series of mechanistic characterizations revealed that compound 1 targets a host factor which is indispensable for viral genome replication. Drug resistance profiling against a paramyxovirus model (CDV) demonstrated no detectable adaptation despite prolonged time of investigation, thereby mitigating the rapid emergence of escape variants. Furthermore, a thorough structure-activity relationship analysis of compound 1 led to the invention of 100-times-more potent-derivatives, e.g., compound 2 (ZHAWOC21026). Collectively, we present in this study an attractive host-directed pneumoviral/paramyxoviral replication inhibitor with potential therapeutic application.
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