Novel heterogeneous membranes for enhanced separation in organic-organic pervaporation

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)-Releasing Sachet for Preservation of Cherry Tomatoes

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a powerful sterilizing agent that is widely used to prevent the spoilage of fresh foods during delivery and storage. However, its practical applications are hindered by a short sterilization duration, complex deployment processes, and high treatment costs. To address these challenges, an innovative ClO2 self-releasing sachet was developed, which was specifically designed for use in retail and wholesale markets. The sachet utilizes polyether block amide (PEBAX®) as a hydrophilic polymer to facilitate the dissociation of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and citric acid (CA), which generates ClO2. A PEBAX/CA composite film was coated onto kraft paper to construct the sachet. This design extended the ClO2 release period to over 3 d, with a controllable release rate being achieved by adjusting the concentrations of NaClO2 and CA. In practical tests, the sachets inhibited fungal growth by >50% over 14 d at 20 °C within a corrugated box. Furthermore, they preserved the quality of the cherry tomatoes for 16 d during storage. These results demonstrate that the newly developed sachet offers an economical and user-friendly solution for fresh-food packaging, effectively preserving product quality.

Optical Response of PDMS Surface Diffraction Gratings under Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds

Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air is significantly gaining importance due to their adverse effects on human health. Among the diverse detection methods is optical sensing, which employs materials sensitive to the presence of gases in the environment. In this work, we investigate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one of the materials utilized for gas sensing, in a novel transducer: a surface relief diffraction grating. Upon adsorption of the volatile analyte, the PDMS grating swells, and its refractive index changes; both effects lead to increased diffraction efficiency in the first diffraction order. Hence, the possibility of VOC detection emerges from the measurement of the optical power transmitted or diffracted by the grating. Here, we investigated responses of PDMS gratings with varying surface profile properties upon exposure to VOCs with different polarities, i.e., ethanol, n-butanol, toluene, chloroform, and m-xylene, and compared their response in the context of the Hansen theory of solubility. We also studied the response of the grating with a 530 nm deep surface profile to different concentrations of m-xylene, showing a sensitivity and limit of detection of 0.017 μW/ppm and 186 ppm, respectively. Structures in the PDMS were obtained as copies of sinusoidal surface gratings fabricated holographically in acrylamide photopolymer and revealed good sensing repeatability, reversibility, and a fast response time. The proposed sensing technique can be directly adopted as a simple method for VOC detection or can be further improved by implementing a functional coating to significantly enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the device.

PEBA/PDMS Composite Multilayer Hollow Fiber Membranes for the Selective Separation of Butanol by Pervaporation

The growing interest in the production of biofuels has motivated numerous studies on separation techniques that allow the separation/concentration of organics produced by fermentation, improving productivity and performance. In this work, the preparation and characterization of new butanol-selective membranes was reported. The prepared membranes had a hollow fiber configuration and consisted of two dense selective layers: a first layer of PEBA and a second (outer) layer of PDMS. The membranes were tested to evaluate their separation performance in the selective removal of organics from a synthetic ABE solution. Membranes with various thicknesses were prepared in order to evaluate the effect of the PDMS protective layer on permeant fluxes and membrane selectivity. The mass transport phenomena in the pervaporation process were characterized using a resistances-in-series model. The experimental results showed that PEBA as the material of the dense separating layer is the most favorable in terms of selectivity towards butanol with respect to the other components of the feed stream. The addition of a protective layer of PDMS allows the sealing of possible pinholes; however, its thickness should be kept as small as possible since permeation fluxes decrease with increasing thickness of PDMS and this material also has greater selectivity towards acetone compared to other feed components.

Effect of Fluoroalkylsilane Surface Functionalization on Boron Combustion

Boron has been regarded as a promising high-energy fuel due to its high volumetric and gravimetric heating values. However, it remains challenging for boron to attain its theoretical heat of combustion because of the existence of its native boron oxide layer and its high melting and boiling temperatures that delay ignition and inhibit complete combustion. Boron combustion is known to be enhanced by physically adding fluorine-containing chemicals, such as fluoropolymer or metal fluorides, to remove surface boron oxides. Herein, we chemically functionalize the surface of boron particles with three different fluoroalkylsilanes: FPTS-B (F3-B), FOTS-B (F13-B), and FDTS-B (F17-B). We evaluated the ignition and combustion properties of those three functionalized boron particles as well as pristine ones. The boron particles functionalized with the longest fluorocarbon chain (F17) exhibit the most powerful energetic performance, the highest heat of combustion, and the strongest BO₂ emission among all samples. These results suggest that the surface functionalization with fluoroalkylsilanes is an efficient strategy to enhance boron ignition and combustion.

Porous PVA-g-SPA/PVA-SA Catalytic Composite Membrane via Lyophilization for Esterification Enhancement

A catalytic composite membrane was developed for the enhancement of esterification by lyophilization for the first time. The catalytic composite membrane was composed of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-sodium alginate (SA) separation layer and a spongy porous catalytic layer cross-linked by PVA and 4-sulfophthalic acid (SPA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated the successful synthesis of the catalytic composite membrane. The membrane properties were evaluated by ethanol dehydration and esterification. The conversion rate of acetic acid reached 95.9% after 12 h. Compared with batch reactions, the conversion rate increased by 24.4%. After five cycles, the membrane still maintained outstanding catalytic activity. The resistance of mass transfer was analyzed, and the results showed that the porous structure reduced the catalytic layer resistance to total resistance from 70.27 to 32.88%. The composite membrane with a spongy porous catalytic layer exhibited superior dehydration and catalytic performance.

Biodegradable Polymeric Membranes for Organic Solvent/Water Pervaporation Applications

Biodegradable polymers are a green alternative to apply as the base membrane materials in versatile processes. In this study, two dense membranes were made from biodegradable PGS (poly(glycerol sebacate)) and APS (poly(1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-co-polyol sebacate)), respectively. The prepared membranes were characterized by FE-SEM, AFM, ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC, water contact angle, and degree of swelling, in comparison with the PDMS (polydimethylpolysiloxane) membrane. In the pervaporation process for five organic solvent/water systems at 37 °C, both biodegradable membranes exhibited higher separation factors for ethanol/water and acetic acid/water separations, while the PDMS membrane attained better effectiveness in the other three systems. In particular, a positive relationship between the separation factor and the swelling ratio of organic solvent to water (DS_o/DS_w) was noticed. In spite of their biodegradability, the stability of both PGS and APS membranes was not deteriorated on ethanol/water pervaporation for one month. Furthermore, these two biodegradable membranes were applied in the pervaporation of simulated ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation solution, and the results were comparable with those reported in the literature.

CO2/N2 Gas Separation Using Pebax/ZIF-7-PSf Composite Membranes

In this study, we mixed the zeolitic imidazolate framework-7 (ZIF-7) with poly(ether-b-amide)^® 2533 (Pebax-2533) and used it as a selective layer for a composite membrane. We prepared the composite membrane’s substrate using polysulfone (PSf), adjusted its pore size using polyethylene glycol (PEG), and applied polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to the gutter layer and the coating layer. Then, we investigated the membrane’s properties of gases by penetrating a single gas (N₂, CO₂) into the membrane. We identified the peaks and geometry of ZIF-7 to determine if it had been successfully synthesized. We confirmed that ZIF-7 had a BET surface area of 303 m²/g, a significantly high Langmuir surface area of 511 m²/g, and a high CO₂/N₂ adsorption selectivity of approximately 50. Considering the gas permeation, with ZIF-7 mixed into Pebax-2533, N₂ permeation decreased from 2.68 GPU in a pure membrane to 0.43 GPU in the membrane with ZIF-7 25 wt%. CO₂ permeation increased from 18.43 GPU in the pure membrane to 26.22 GPU in the ZIF-7 35 wt%. The CO₂/N₂ ideal selectivity increased from 6.88 in the pure membrane to 50.43 in the ZIF-7 25 wt%. Among the membranes, Pebax-2533/ZIF-7 25 wt% showed the highest permeation properties and the characteristics of CO₂-friendly ZIF-7.

Alicyclic Polyimide/SiO2 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Water/n-Butanol Pervaporation

Alicyclic polyimides (PIs) have excellent properties in solubility, mechanical strength, thermal property, etc. This study developed two types of alicyclic PI-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for water/n-butanol pervaporation application, which have never been investigated previously. The fillers were hydrophilic SiO₂ nanoparticles. The synthesized PI was mixed with SiO₂ nanoparticles in DMAc to make the casting solution, and a liquid film was formed over PET substrate using doctor blade. A dense MMM was fabricated at 80 °C and further treated via multi-stage curing (100–170 °C). The prepared membranes were characterized by FTIR, TGA, FE-SEM, water contact angle, and solvent swelling. The trends of pure solvent swelling effects agree well with the water contact angle results. Moreover, the pervaporation efficiencies of alicyclic PI/SiO₂ MMMs for 85 wt% n-butanol aqueous solution at 40 °C were investigated. The results showed that BCDA-3,4′-ODA/SiO₂ MMMs had a larger permeation flux and higher separation factor than BCDA-1,3,3-APB/SiO₂ MMMs. For both types of MMMs, the separation factor increased first and then decreased, with increasing SiO₂ loading. Based on the PSI performance, the optimal SiO₂ content was 0.5 wt% for BCDA-3,4′-ODA/SiO₂ MMMs and 5 wt% for BCDA-1,3,3-APB/SiO₂ MMMs. The overall separation efficiency of BCDA-3,4′-ODA-based membranes was 10–30-fold higher.

Stitch and copolymerization of thin-film composite membranes to enhance hydrophilicity and organics resistance for the separation of glycerol-based wastewater

Many industries produce large amounts of glycerol-based wastewater, which always contains hazardous organic chlorides. Compared with complicated biological treatments or physical adsorption, membrane separation decreases the cost and saves energy. Strong swelling of traditional thin-film composite (TFC) membranes influence the performance in the separation of organic molecules. Here we prepared TFC membranes with an acrylamide-grafted PAN support layer to copolymerize with m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The link of separative layer and support layer was created like a zipper stitching to enhance the stability and resistance for the removal of organic molecules. An aquatic grass-like layer of acrylamide enlarges the surface area and hydrophilicity with superior separation performances (15.8 LMH bar^-1 flux, 72.0% rejection of dichloropropanol (DCP) and 64.6% rejection of glycerol (Gl)). The trade-off upper bound was improved to a high level. We also established the simulations of evaporation using Aspen Plus and mathematical models of reverse osmosis to calculate the energy consumption corresponding to the recycle of glycerol-based wastewater. The experimental and theoretical results illustrate the advantages of acrylamide-grafted TFC membranes in the ap-plications to concentrate organic solutes and treat wastewater.

The Effects of PEI Hollow Fiber Substrate Characteristics on PDMS/PEI Hollow Fiber Membranes for CO2/N2 Separation

The CO2 separation from flue gas based on membrane technology has drawn great attention in the last few decades. In this work, polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fibers were fabricated by using a dry-jet-wet spinning technique. Subsequently, the composite hollow fiber membranes were prepared by dip coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) selective layer on the outer surface of PEI hollow fibers. The hollow fibers spun from various spinning conditions were fully characterized. The influence of hollow fiber substrates on the CO2/N2 separation performance of PDMS/PEI composite membranes was estimated by gas permeance and ideal selectivity. The prepared composite membrane where the hollow fiber substrate was spun from 20 wt% of dope solution, 12 mL/min of bore fluid (water) flow rate exhibited the highest ideal selectivity equal to 21.3 with CO2 permeance of 59 GPU. It was found that the dope concentration, bore fluid flow rate and bore fluid composition affect the porous structure, surface morphology and dimension of hollow fibers. The bore fluid composition significantly influenced the gas permeance and ideal selectivity of the PDMS/PEI composite membrane. The prepared PDMS/PEI composite membranes possess comparable CO2/N2 separation performance to literature ones.

Molecular Decoration of Ceramic Supports for Highly Effective Enzyme Immobilization-Material Approach

A highly effective method was developed to functionalize ceramic supports (Al₂O₃ powders and membranes) using newly synthesized spacer molecules. The functionalized materials were subsequently utilized for Candida antarctica lipase B enzyme immobilization. The objective is to systematically evaluate the impact of various spacer molecules grafted onto the alumina materials will affect both the immobilization of the enzymes and specific material surface properties, critical to enzymatic reactors performance. The enzyme loading was significantly improved for the supports modified with shorter spacer molecules, which possessed higher grafting effectiveness on the order of 90%. The specific enzyme activity was found to be much higher for samples functionalized with longer modifiers yielding excellent enantioselectivity >97%. However, the enantiomeric ratio of the immobilized lipase was slightly lower in the case of shorter spacer molecules.

A New Type of Composite Membrane PVA-NaY/PA-6 for Separation of Industrially Valuable Mixture Ethanol/Ethyl Tert-Butyl Ether by Pervaporation

Pervaporation is a membrane technique used to separate azeotropic and close boiling solvents. Heterogenous PVA composite membranes with NaY zeolite supported on polyamide-6 were fabricated and utilized in organic-organic pervaporation. The efficiency of prepared membranes was evaluated in the separation of ethanol/ethyl tert-butyl ether (EtOH/ETBE) using separation factor (β) and the thickness normalized pervaporation separation index (PSIN). Implementation of the fringe projection phase-shifting method allowed to the determined contact angle corrected by roughness. The influence of the presence of water traces in the feed on the overall separation efficiency was also discussed using the enrichment factor for water (EFwater). The incorporation of NaY into PVA matrix increases surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the composite membrane. It was found that membranes selectively transport ethanol from the binary EtOH/ETBE mixture. The values of β (2.3) and PSIN (288 μm g m-2 h-1) for PVA-NaY/PA6 membrane were improved by 143% and 160% in comparison to the values for the pristine PVA/PA6 membrane. It was found that membranes showed EFwater > 1, thus revealing the preferential transport of water molecules across membranes. These results are also significant for the design of membranes for the removal of water excess from the mixtures of organic solvents.

Specific Structure and Properties of Composite Membranes Based on the Torlon® (Polyamide-imide)/Layered Perovskite Oxide

The use of perovskite-type layered oxide K2La2Ti3O10 (Per) as a modifier of the Torlon® polyamide-imide (PAI) membrane has led to the formation of an specific structure of a dense nonsymmetrical film, namely, a thin perovskite-enriched layer (3–5 μm) combined with the polymer matrix (~30 μm). The PAI/Per membrane structure was studied by SEM in combination with energy dispersive microanalysis of the elemental composition which illustrated different compositions of top and bottom surfaces of the perovskite-containing membranes. Measurement of water and alcohol contact angles and calculation of surface tension revealed hydrophilization of the membrane surface enriched with perovskite. The transport properties of the nonsymmetrical PAI/Per membranes were studied in the pervaporation of ethanol‒ethyl acetate mixture. The inclusion of 2 wt.% Per in the PAI gives a membrane with a high separation factor and increased total flux.