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Edris R, Sultan LD, Best C, Mizrahi R, Weinstein O, Chen S, Kamennaya NA, Keren N, Zer H, Zhu H, Ostersetzer-Biran O. Root Primordium Defective 1 Encodes an Essential PORR Protein Required for the Splicing of Mitochondria-Encoded Group II Introns and for Respiratory Complex I Biogenesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:602-617. [PMID: 37702436 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular respiration involves complex organellar metabolic activities that are pivotal for plant growth and development. Mitochondria contain their own genetic system (mitogenome, mtDNA), which encodes key elements of the respiratory machinery. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger than their counterparts in Animalia, with complex genome organization and gene expression characteristics. The maturation of the plant mitochondrial transcripts involves extensive RNA editing, trimming and splicing events. These essential processing steps rely on the activities of numerous nuclear-encoded cofactors, which may also play key regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis and function and hence in plant physiology. Proteins that harbor the plant organelle RNA recognition (PORR) domain are represented in a small gene family in plants. Several PORR members, including WTF1, WTF9 and LEFKOTHEA, are known to act in the splicing of organellar group II introns in angiosperms. The AT4G33495 gene locus encodes an essential PORR protein in Arabidopsis, termed ROOT PRIMORDIUM DEFECTIVE 1 (RPD1). A null mutation of At.RPD1 causes arrest in early embryogenesis, while the missense mutant lines, rpd1.1 and rpd1.2, exhibit a strong impairment in root development and retarded growth phenotypes, especially under high-temperature conditions. Here, we further show that RPD1 functions in the splicing of introns that reside in the coding regions of various complex I (CI) subunits (i.e. nad2, nad4, nad5 and nad7), as well as in the maturation of the ribosomal rps3 pre-RNA in Arabidopsis mitochondria. The altered growth and developmental phenotypes and modified respiration activities are tightly correlated with respiratory chain CI defects in rpd1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Edris
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Laure D Sultan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Corinne Best
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Mizrahi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ofir Weinstein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Stav Chen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Nina A Kamennaya
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Bluestein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Sede Boqer 8499000, Israel
| | - Nir Keren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Hagit Zer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Oren Ostersetzer-Biran
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus-Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Adar O, Hollander A, Ilan Y. The Constrained Disorder Principle Accounts for the Variability That Characterizes Breathing: A Method for Treating Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Improving Mechanical Ventilation. Adv Respir Med 2023; 91:350-367. [PMID: 37736974 PMCID: PMC10514877 DOI: 10.3390/arm91050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Variability characterizes breathing, cellular respiration, and the underlying quantum effects. Variability serves as a mechanism for coping with changing environments; however, this hypothesis does not explain why many of the variable phenomena of respiration manifest randomness. According to the constrained disorder principle (CDP), living organisms are defined by their inherent disorder bounded by variable boundaries. The present paper describes the mechanisms of breathing and cellular respiration, focusing on their inherent variability. It defines how the CDP accounts for the variability and randomness in breathing and respiration. It also provides a scheme for the potential role of respiration variability in the energy balance in biological systems. The paper describes the option of using CDP-based artificial intelligence platforms to augment the respiratory process's efficiency, correct malfunctions, and treat disorders associated with the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofek Adar
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 1200, Israel; (O.A.); (A.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem P.O. Box 1200, Israel
| | - Adi Hollander
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 1200, Israel; (O.A.); (A.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem P.O. Box 1200, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 1200, Israel; (O.A.); (A.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem P.O. Box 1200, Israel
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Ren Z, Fan K, Zhen S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Fu J, Qi C, Wei Q, Du Y, Tatar W, Zhang X, Wang G, Rasmusson AG, Wang J, Liu Y. Tetratricopeptide-containing SMALL KERNEL 11 is essential for the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase in maize mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:170-187. [PMID: 36722259 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the functional complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain requires sophisticated and efficient regulatory mechanisms. In plants, the subunit composition and assembly factors involved in the biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) are substantially less defined than in mammals and yeast. In this study, we cloned maize (Zea mays) Small kernel 11 (Smk11) via map-based cloning. Smk11 encodes a mitochondria-localized tetratricopeptide repeat protein. Disruption of Smk11 severely affected the assembly and activity of mitochondrial complex IV, leading to delayed plant growth and seed development. Protein interactions studies revealed that SMK11 might interact with four putative complex IV assembly factors, Inner membrane peptidase 1A (ZmIMP1A), MYB domain protein 3R3 (ZmMYB3R-3), cytochrome c oxidase 23 (ZmCOX23), and mitochondrial ferredoxin 1 (ZmMFDX1), among which ZmMFDX1 might interact with subunits ZmCOX6a and ZmCOX-X1; ZmMYB3R-3 might also interact with ZmCOX6a. The mutation of SMK11 perturbed the normal assembly of these subunits, leading to the inactivation of complex IV. The results of this study revealed that SMK11 serves as an accessory assembly factor required for the normal assembly of subunits into complex IV, which will accelerate the elucidation of the assembly of complex IV in plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjing Ren
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kaijian Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sihan Zhen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlai Qi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qianhan Wei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yao Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wurinile Tatar
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Jianhua Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Jethva J, Lichtenauer S, Schmidt-Schippers R, Steffen-Heins A, Poschet G, Wirtz M, van Dongen JT, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Bilger W, Schwarzländer M, Sauter M. Mitochondrial alternative NADH dehydrogenases NDA1 and NDA2 promote survival of reoxygenation stress in Arabidopsis by safeguarding photosynthesis and limiting ROS generation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:96-112. [PMID: 36464787 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant submergence stress is a growing problem for global agriculture. During desubmergence, rising O2 concentrations meet a highly reduced mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) in the cells. This combination favors the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondria, which at excess can cause damage. The cellular mechanisms underpinning the management of reoxygenation stress are not fully understood. We investigated the role of alternative NADH dehydrogenases (NDs), as components of the alternative mETC in Arabidopsis, in anoxia-reoxygenation stress management. Simultaneous loss of the matrix-facing NDs, NDA1 and NDA2, decreased seedling survival after reoxygenation, while overexpression increased survival. The absence of NDAs led to reduced maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II linking the alternative mETC to photosynthetic function in the chloroplast. NDA1 and NDA2 were induced upon reoxygenation, and transcriptional activation of NDA1 was controlled by the transcription factors ANAC016 and ANAC017 that bind to the mitochondrial dysfunction motif (MDM) in the NDA1 promoter. The absence of NDA1 and NDA2 did not alter recovery of cytosolic ATP levels and NADH : NAD+ ratio at reoxygenation. Rather, the absence of NDAs led to elevated ROS production, while their overexpression limited ROS. Our observations indicate that the control of ROS formation by the alternative mETC is important for photosynthetic recovery and for seedling survival of anoxia-reoxygenation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jethva
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sophie Lichtenauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Anja Steffen-Heins
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Ecophysiology of Plants, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Margret Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Contrasting Metabolisms in Green and White Leaf Sectors of Variegated Pelargonium zonale—An Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065288. [PMID: 36982362 PMCID: PMC10048803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetically active green leaf (GL) and non-active white leaf (WL) tissues of variegated Pelargonium zonale provide an excellent model system for studying processes associated with photosynthesis and sink-source interactions, enabling the same microenvironmental conditions. By combining differential transcriptomics and metabolomics, we identified the main differences between these two metabolically contrasting tissues. Genes related to photosynthesis and associated pigments, the Calvin–Benson cycle, fermentation, and glycolysis were strongly repressed in WL. On the other hand, genes related to nitrogen and protein metabolism, defence, cytoskeletal components (motor proteins), cell division, DNA replication, repair and recombination, chromatin remodelling, and histone modifications were upregulated in WL. A content of soluble sugars, TCA intermediates, ascorbate, and hydroxybenzoic acids was lower, while the concentration of free amino acids (AAs), hydroxycinnamic acids, and several quercetin and kaempferol glycosides was higher in WL than in GL. Therefore, WL presents a carbon sink and depends on photosynthetic and energy-generating processes in GL. Furthermore, the upregulated nitrogen metabolism in WL compensates for the insufficient energy from carbon metabolism by providing alternative respiratory substrates. At the same time, WL serves as nitrogen storage. Overall, our study provides a new genetic data resource for the use of this excellent model system and for ornamental pelargonium breeding and contributes to uncovering molecular mechanisms underlying variegation and its adaptive ecological value.
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Garmash EV. Suppression of mitochondrial alternative oxidase can result in upregulation of the ROS scavenging network: some possible mechanisms underlying the compensation effect. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:43-53. [PMID: 36245276 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial alternative oxidase is an important protein involved in maintaining cellular metabolic and energy balance, especially under stress conditions. AOX genes knockout is aimed at revealing the functions of AOX genes. Under unfavourable conditions, AOX-suppressed plants (mainly based on Arabidopsis AOX1a-knockout lines) usually experience strong oxidative stress. However, a compensation effect, which consists of the absence of AOX1a leading to an increase in defence response mechanisms, concomitant with a decrease in ROS content, has also been demonstrated. This review briefly describes the possible mechanisms underlying the compensation effect upon the suppression of AOX1a. Information about mitochondrial retrograde regulation of AOX is given. The importance of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential in triggering the signal transmission from mitochondria in the absence of AOX or disturbance of mitochondrial electron transport chain functions is indicated. The few available data on the response of the cell to the absence of AOX at the level of changes in the hormonal balance and the reactions of chloroplasts are presented. The decrease in the relative amount of reduced ascorbate at stable ROS levels as a result of compensation in AOX1a-suppressed plants is proposed as a sign of stress development. Obtaining direct evidence on the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in AOX modulation in the genome should facilitate a deeper understanding of the role of AOX in the integration of cellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Garmash
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
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7
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Khan K, Van Aken O. The colonization of land was a likely driving force for the evolution of mitochondrial retrograde signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7182-7197. [PMID: 36055768 PMCID: PMC9675596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most retrograde signalling research in plants was performed using Arabidopsis, so an evolutionary perspective on mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR) is largely missing. Here, we used phylogenetics to track the evolutionary origins of factors involved in plant MRR. In all cases, the gene families can be traced to ancestral green algae or earlier. However, the specific subfamilies containing factors involved in plant MRR in many cases arose during the transition to land. NAC transcription factors with C-terminal transmembrane domains, as observed in the key regulator ANAC017, can first be observed in non-vascular mosses, and close homologs to ANAC017 can be found in seed plants. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are common to eukaryotes, but E-type CDKs that control MRR also diverged in conjunction with plant colonization of land. AtWRKY15 can be traced to the earliest land plants, while AtWRKY40 only arose in angiosperms and AtWRKY63 even more recently in Brassicaceae. Apetala 2 (AP2) transcription factors are traceable to algae, but the ABI4 type again only appeared in seed plants. This strongly suggests that the transition to land was a major driver for developing plant MRR pathways, while additional fine-tuning events have appeared in seed plants or later. Finally, we discuss how MRR may have contributed to meeting the specific challenges that early land plants faced during terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Khan
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sahu PK, Jayalakshmi K, Tilgam J, Gupta A, Nagaraju Y, Kumar A, Hamid S, Singh HV, Minkina T, Rajput VD, Rajawat MVS. ROS generated from biotic stress: Effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042936. [PMID: 36352882 PMCID: PMC9638130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varies between necrotrophs and biotrophs. A fine-tuned systemic induction system is involved in ROS-mediated disease development in plants. In regulated concentrations, ROS act as a signaling molecule and activate different pathways to suppress the pathogens. However, an excess of these ROS is deleterious to the plant system. Along with altering cell structure, ROS cause a variety of physiological reactions in plants that lower plant yield. ROS also degrade proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other substances. Plants have their own mechanisms to overcome excess ROS and maintain homeostasis. Microbes, especially endophytes, have been reported to maintain ROS homeostasis in both biotic and abiotic stresses by multiple mechanisms. Endophytes themselves produce antioxidant compounds and also induce host plant machinery to supplement ROS scavenging. The structured reviews on how endophytes play a role in ROS homeostasis under biotic stress were very meager, so an attempt was made to compile the recent developments in ROS homeostasis using endophytes. This review deals with ROS production, mechanisms involved in ROS signaling, host plant mechanisms in alleviating oxidative stress, and the roles of endophytes in maintaining ROS homeostasis under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Sahu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. Jayalakshmi
- Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Directorate of Onion Garlic Research, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotsana Tilgam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amrita Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Yalavarthi Nagaraju
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Barreto P, Koltun A, Nonato J, Yassitepe J, Maia IDG, Arruda P. Metabolism and Signaling of Plant Mitochondria in Adaptation to Environmental Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911176. [PMID: 36232478 PMCID: PMC9570015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of mitochondria with cellular components evolved differently in plants and mammals; in plants, the organelle contains proteins such as ALTERNATIVE OXIDASES (AOXs), which, in conjunction with internal and external ALTERNATIVE NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASES, allow canonical oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to be bypassed. Plant mitochondria also contain UNCOUPLING PROTEINS (UCPs) that bypass OXPHOS. Recent work revealed that OXPHOS bypass performed by AOXs and UCPs is linked with new mechanisms of mitochondrial retrograde signaling. AOX is functionally associated with the NO APICAL MERISTEM transcription factors, which mediate mitochondrial retrograde signaling, while UCP1 can regulate the plant oxygen-sensing mechanism via the PRT6 N-Degron. Here, we discuss the crosstalk or the independent action of AOXs and UCPs on mitochondrial retrograde signaling associated with abiotic stress responses. We also discuss how mitochondrial function and retrograde signaling mechanisms affect chloroplast function. Additionally, we discuss how mitochondrial inner membrane transporters can mediate mitochondrial communication with other organelles. Lastly, we review how mitochondrial metabolism can be used to improve crop resilience to environmental stresses. In this respect, we particularly focus on the contribution of Brazilian research groups to advances in the topic of mitochondrial metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barreto
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Koltun
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nonato
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana Yassitepe
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Campinas 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Ivan de Godoy Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-875, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Prusty S, Sahoo RK, Nayak S, Poosapati S, Swain DM. Proteomic and Genomic Studies of Micronutrient Deficiency and Toxicity in Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182424. [PMID: 36145825 PMCID: PMC9501179 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrients are essential for plants. Their growth, productivity and reproduction are directly influenced by the supply of micronutrients. Currently, there are eight trace elements considered to be essential for higher plants: Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, B, Mo, and Cl. Possibly, other essential elements could be discovered because of recent advances in nutrient solution culture techniques and in the commercial availability of highly sensitive analytical instrumentation for elemental analysis. Much remains to be learned about the physiology of micronutrient absorption, translocation and deposition in plants, and about the functions they perform in plant growth and development. With the recent advancements in the proteomic and molecular biology tools, researchers have attempted to explore and address some of these questions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of micronutrients in plants and the proteomic/genomic approaches used to study plant nutrient deficiency and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Prusty
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Subhendu Nayak
- Division of Health Sciences, The Clorox Company, 210W Pettigrew Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Sowmya Poosapati
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Durga Madhab Swain
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
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Yao L, Wang J, Yang K, Hu N, Li B, Meng Y, Ma X, Si E, Shang X, Wang H. Proteomic analysis reveals molecular mechanism of Cd 2+ tolerance in the leaves of halophyte Halogeton glomeratus. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104703. [PMID: 36084920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Halogeton glomeratus (H. glomeratus) is categorized as a halophyte, it can potentially endure not only salt but also heavy metals. The aim of this work was to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the Cd2+ tolerance of halophyte H. glomeratus seedlings. For that we used a combination of physiological characteristics and data-independent acquisition-based proteomic approaches. The results revealed that the significant changes of physiological characteristics of H. glomeratus occurred under approximately 0.4 mM Cd2+ condition and that Cd2+ accumulated in Cd2+-treated seedling roots, stems and leaves. At the early stage of Cd2+ stress, numerous differentially abundant proteins related to "phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase", "transmembrane transporters", and "vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein" took important roles in the response of H. glomeratus to Cd2+ stress. At the later stage of Cd2+ stress, some differentially abundant proteins involved in "alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase", "glutathione transferase", and "abscisic acid receptor" were considered to regulate the adaptation of H. glomeratus exposed to Cd2+ stress. Finally, we found various detoxification-related differentially abundant proteins related to Cd2+ stress. These biological processes and regulators synergistically regulated the Cd2+ tolerance of H. glomeratus. SIGNIFICANCE: The halophyte, H.glomeratus, has a strong tolerance to salinity, also survives in the heavy metal stress. At present, there are few reports on the comprehensive characterization and identification of Cd2+ response and adaption related regulators in H.glomeratus. This research focuses on the molecular mechanisms of H. glomeratus tolerance to Cd2+ stress at proteome levels to uncover the novel insight of the Cd2+-related biological processes and potential candidates involved in the response and adaption mechanism. The results will help elucidate the genetic basis of this species' tolerance to Cd2+ stress and develop application prospect of wild genetic resources to heavy metal phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Na Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Baochun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yaxiong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Erjing Si
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xunwu Shang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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12
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Mazorra Morales LM, Cosme Silva GM, Santana DB, Pireda SF, Dorighetto Cogo AJ, Heringer ÂS, de Oliveira TDR, Reis RS, Dos Santos Prado LA, de Oliveira AV, Silveira V, Da Cunha M, Barros CF, Façanha AR, Baldet P, Bartoli CG, da Silva MG, Oliveira JG. Mitochondrial dysfunction associated with ascorbate synthesis in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:55-68. [PMID: 35661586 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major organelles of energy production; however, active mitochondria can decline their energetic role and show a dysfunctional status. Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by high non-physiological level of L-galactone-1,4-lactone (L-GalL), the precursor of ascorbate (AsA), in plant mitochondria. The dysfunction induced by L-GalL was associated with the fault in the mitochondrial electron partition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-production. Using mitochondria from RNAi-plant lines harbouring silenced L-galactone-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (L-GalLDH) activity, it was demonstrated that such dysfunction is dependent on this enzyme activity. The capacity of alternative respiration was strongly decreased by L-GalL, probably mediated by redox-inactivation of the alternative oxidase (AOX) enzyme. Although, alternative respiration was shown to be the key factor that helps support AsA synthesis in dysfunctional mitochondria. Experiments with respiratory inhibitors showed that ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction were more associated with the decline in the activities of COX (cytochrome oxidase) and particularly AOX than with the lower activities of respiratory complexes I and III. The application of high L-GalL concentrations induced proteomic changes that indicated alterations in proteins related to oxidative stress and energetic status. However, supra-optimal L-GalL concentration was not deleterious for plants. Instead, the L-GalLDH activity could be positive. Indeed, it was found that wild type plants performed better growth than L-GalLDH-RNAi plants in response to high non-physiological L-GalL concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Mazorra Morales
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil; Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciência Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Michelle Cosme Silva
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Diederson Bortolini Santana
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Saulo F Pireda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antônio Jesus Dorighetto Cogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Schuabb Heringer
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense "Darcy Ribeiro" (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Dos Reis de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Reis
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense "Darcy Ribeiro" (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luís Alfredo Dos Santos Prado
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - André Vicente de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense "Darcy Ribeiro" (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Cláudia F Barros
- Laboratório de Botânica Estrutural, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro - IPJBRJ, Brazil
| | - Arnoldo R Façanha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux 1, Université Victor Ségalen-Bordeaux 2, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 103, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Bordeaux, BP 81, 33883, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Carlos G Bartoli
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET, cc327 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Gomes da Silva
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciência Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Jurandi G Oliveira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602, Brazil.
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13
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Meyer EH, Letts JA, Maldonado M. Structural insights into the assembly and the function of the plant oxidative phosphorylation system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1315-1329. [PMID: 35588181 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the key functions of mitochondria is the production of ATP to support cellular metabolism and growth. The last step of mitochondrial ATP synthesis is performed by the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, an ensemble of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In the last 25 yr, many structures of OXPHOS complexes and supercomplexes have been resolved in yeast, mammals, and bacteria. However, structures of plant OXPHOS enzymes only became available very recently. In this review, we highlight the plant-specific features revealed by the recent structures and discuss how they advance our understanding of the function and assembly of plant OXPHOS complexes. We also propose new hypotheses to be tested and discuss older findings to be re-evaluated. Further biochemical and structural work on the plant OXPHOS system will lead to a deeper understanding of plant respiration and its regulation, with significant agricultural, environmental, and societal implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne H Meyer
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - James A Letts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Maria Maldonado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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14
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Sun Y, Li X, Liu G. Enhanced pollutants removal and high-value cell inclusions accumulation with Fe 2+ in heavy oil refinery treatment system using Rhodopseudomonas and Pseudomonas. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133520. [PMID: 35032517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions has been widely used as a method of improving pollutant removal efficiency in wastewater biological treatment system. In order to enhance pollutants removal and high-value cell inclusions accumulation in heavy oil refinery wastewater treatment systems using PSB, different reactors were built feeding with different Fe2+ concentrations respectively, and run with enriching Rhodopseudomonas and Pseudomonas in the reactors. Solute chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), ammonia (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), nitrous nitrogen (NO2--N), Fe2+, and related cell inclusions were all detected, moreover, microbial community structure and the quantity of Rhodopseudomonas and Pseudomonas were also detected. The results showed that at the optimal dosage of Fe2+ with 20 mg/L, the corresponding removal ratios of solute chemical oxygen demand and ammonia were 73.51% and 92.26%, respectively. The yields of carotenoid, bacteriochlorophyll, and coenzyme Q10 were 11.18, 6.75, and 9.84 mg/g-DCW respectively. Furthermore, with 20 mg/L Fe2+ dosage, the relative abundance and gene number of Rhodopseudomonas were the highest in the system, which were 91.57% and 1.843 × 106 gene copies/μL, while Fe2+ had no obvious effect on the growth of Pseudomonas. The results showed that adding Fe2+ has improved the removal of pollutants and accumulation of high-value cells inclusions, also provided theoretical guidance for the treatment of heavy oil refinery wastewater using PSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Xiangkun Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Gaige Liu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
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15
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Wieloch T, Sharkey TD. Compartment-specific energy requirements of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Camelina sativa leaves. PLANTA 2022; 255:103. [PMID: 35415783 PMCID: PMC9005430 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway provides cytosolic NADPH yet reduces carbon and energy use efficiency. Repressing this pathway and introducing cytosolic NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase may increase crop yields by ≈5%. Detailed knowledge about plant energy metabolism may aid crop improvements. Using published estimates of flux through central carbon metabolism, we phenotype energy metabolism in illuminated Camelina sativa leaves (grown at 22 °C, 500 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and report several findings. First, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) transfers 3.3% of the NADPH consumed in the Calvin-Benson cycle to the cytosol. NADPH supply proceeds at about 10% of the rate of net carbon assimilation. However, concomitantly respired CO2 accounts for 4.8% of total rubisco activity. Hence, 4.8% of the flux through the Calvin-Benson cycle and photorespiration is spent on supplying cytosolic NADPH, a significant investment. Associated energy requirements exceed the energy output of the OPPP. Thus, autotrophic carbon metabolism is not simply optimised for flux into carbon sinks but sacrifices carbon and energy use efficiency to support cytosolic energy metabolism. To reduce these costs, we suggest bioengineering plants with a repressed cytosolic OPPP, and an inserted cytosolic NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase tuned to compensate for the loss in OPPP activity (if required). Second, sucrose cycling is a minor investment in overall leaf energy metabolism but a significant investment in cytosolic energy metabolism. Third, leaf energy balancing strictly requires oxidative phosphorylation, cofactor export from chloroplasts, and peroxisomal NADH import. Fourth, mitochondria are energetically self-sufficient. Fifth, carbon metabolism has an ATP/NADPH demand ratio of 1.52 which is met if ≤ 21.7% of whole electron flux is cyclic. Sixth, electron transport has a photon use efficiency of ≥ 62%. Last, we discuss interactions between the OPPP and the cytosolic oxidation-reduction cycle in supplying leaf cytosolic NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wieloch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, KB. H6, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Thomas David Sharkey
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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16
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Fuchs P, Bohle F, Lichtenauer S, Ugalde JM, Feitosa Araujo E, Mansuroglu B, Ruberti C, Wagner S, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Meyer AJ, Schwarzländer M. Reductive stress triggers ANAC017-mediated retrograde signaling to safeguard the endoplasmic reticulum by boosting mitochondrial respiratory capacity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1375-1395. [PMID: 35078237 PMCID: PMC9125394 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of universal life processes, such as metabolism, signaling, or folding of secreted proteins. Redox landscapes differ between cell compartments and are strictly controlled to tolerate changing conditions and to avoid cell dysfunction. While a sophisticated antioxidant network counteracts oxidative stress, our understanding of reductive stress responses remains fragmentary. Here, we observed root growth impairment in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of mitochondrial alternative oxidase 1a (aox1a) in response to the model thiol reductant dithiothreitol (DTT). Mutants of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (ucp1) displayed a similar phenotype indicating that impaired respiratory flexibility led to hypersensitivity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was enhanced in the mitochondrial mutants and limiting ER oxidoreductin capacity in the aox1a background led to synergistic root growth impairment by DTT, indicating that mitochondrial respiration alleviates reductive ER stress. The observations that DTT triggered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) reduction in vivo and that the presence of thiols led to electron transport chain activity in isolated mitochondria offer a biochemical framework of mitochondrion-mediated alleviation of thiol-mediated reductive stress. Ablation of transcription factor Arabidopsis NAC domain-containing protein17 (ANAC017) impaired the induction of AOX1a expression by DTT and led to DTT hypersensitivity, revealing that reductive stress tolerance is achieved by adjusting mitochondrial respiratory capacity via retrograde signaling. Our data reveal an unexpected role for mitochondrial respiratory flexibility and retrograde signaling in reductive stress tolerance involving inter-organelle redox crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elias Feitosa Araujo
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Oh GGK, O’Leary BM, Signorelli S, Millar AH. Alternative oxidase (AOX) 1a and 1d limit proline-induced oxidative stress and aid salinity recovery in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1521-1536. [PMID: 34919733 PMCID: PMC8896607 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Proline (Pro) catabolism and reactive oxygen species production have been linked in mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans, while increases in leaf respiration rate follow Pro exposure in plants. Here, we investigated how alternative oxidases (AOXs) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain accommodate the large, atypical flux resulting from Pro catabolism and limit oxidative stress during Pro breakdown in mature Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Following Pro treatment, AOX1a and AOX1d accumulate at transcript and protein levels, with AOX1d approaching the level of the typically dominant AOX1a isoform. We therefore sought to determine the function of both AOX isoforms under Pro respiring conditions. Oxygen consumption rate measurements in aox1a and aox1d leaves suggested these AOXs can functionally compensate for each other to establish enhanced AOX catalytic capacity in response to Pro. Generation of aox1a.aox1d lines showed complete loss of AOX proteins and activity upon Pro treatment, yet full respiratory induction in response to Pro remained possible via the cytochrome pathway. However, aox1a.aox1d leaves displayed symptoms of elevated oxidative stress and suffered increased oxidative damage during Pro metabolism compared to the wild-type (WT) or the single mutants. During recovery from salt stress, when relatively high rates of Pro catabolism occur naturally, photosynthetic rates in aox1a.aox1d recovered slower than in the WT or the single aox lines, showing that both AOX1a and AOX1d are beneficial for cellular metabolism during Pro drawdown following osmotic stress. This work provides physiological evidence of a beneficial role for AOX1a but also the less studied AOX1d isoform in allowing safe catabolism of alternative respiratory substrates like Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Guek Khim Oh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan M O’Leary
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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18
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Jethva J, Schmidt RR, Sauter M, Selinski J. Try or Die: Dynamics of Plant Respiration and How to Survive Low Oxygen Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020205. [PMID: 35050092 PMCID: PMC8780655 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in oxygen (O2) availability occur as a result of flooding, which is periodically encountered by terrestrial plants. Plant respiration and mitochondrial energy generation rely on O2 availability. Therefore, decreased O2 concentrations severely affect mitochondrial function. Low O2 concentrations (hypoxia) induce cellular stress due to decreased ATP production, depletion of energy reserves and accumulation of metabolic intermediates. In addition, the transition from low to high O2 in combination with light changes-as experienced during re-oxygenation-leads to the excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we will update our current knowledge about the mechanisms enabling plants to adapt to low-O2 environments, and how to survive re-oxygenation. New insights into the role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, chromatin modification, as well as moonlighting proteins and mitochondrial alternative electron transport pathways (and their contribution to low O2 tolerance and survival of re-oxygenation), are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jethva
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Romy R. Schmidt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Margret Sauter
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Selinski
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)431-880-4245
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19
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Pham PA, Cavalcanti JHF, Omena-Garcia RP, Barros JAS, Rosado-Souza L, Vallarino JG, Mutwil M, Avin-Wittenberg T, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Araújo WL. The Arabidopsis electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase is required during normal seed development and germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:196-214. [PMID: 34741366 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the alternative donation of electrons to the ubiquinol pool via the electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF/ETFQO) complex has been demonstrated. However, the functional significance of this pathway during seed development and germination remains to be elucidated. To assess the function of this pathway, we performed a detailed metabolic and transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants to test the molecular consequences of a dysfunctional ETF/ETFQO pathway. We demonstrate that the disruption of this pathway compromises seed germination in the absence of an external carbon source and also impacts seed size and yield. Total protein and storage protein content is reduced in dry seeds, whilst sucrose levels remain invariant. Seeds of ETFQO and related mutants were also characterized by an altered fatty acid composition. During seed development, lower levels of fatty acids and proteins accumulated in the etfqo-1 mutant as well as in mutants in the alternative electron donors isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (ivdh-1) and d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (d2hgdh1-2). Furthermore, the content of several amino acids was increased in etfqo-1 mutants during seed development, indicating that these mutants are not using such amino acids as alternative energy source for respiration. Transcriptome analysis revealed alterations in the expression levels of several genes involved in energy and hormonal metabolism. Our findings demonstrated that the alternative pathway of respiration mediated by the ETF/ETFQO complex affects seed germination and development by directly adjusting carbon storage during seed filling. These results indicate a role for the pathway in the normal plant life cycle to complement its previously defined roles in the response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Phuong Anh Pham
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - João Henrique F Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jessica A S Barros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - José G Vallarino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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20
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Petersen G, Shyama Prasad Rao R, Anderson B, Zervas A, Seberg O, Rasmusson AG, Max Møller I. Genes from oxidative phosphorylation complexes II-V and two dual-function subunits of complex I are transcribed in Viscum album despite absence of the entire mitochondrial holo-complex I. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:1-12. [PMID: 34740863 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoes (Viscum) and close relatives are unique among flowering plants in having a drastically altered electron transport chain. Lack of complex I genes has previously been reported for the mitochondrial genome, and here we report an almost complete absence of nuclear-encoded complex I genes in the transcriptome of Viscum album. Compared to Arabidopsis with approximately 40 nuclear complex I genes, we recover only transcripts of two dual-function genes: gamma carbonic anhydrase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase. The complement of genes belonging to complexes II-V of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway appears to be in accordance with other vascular plants. Additionally, transcripts encoding alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases and alternative oxidase were found. Despite sequence divergence, structural modeling suggests that the encoded proteins are structurally conserved. Complex I loss is a special feature in Viscum species and relatives, as all other parasitic flowering plants investigated to date seem to have a complete OXPHOS system. Hence, Viscum offers a unique system for specifically investigating molecular consequences of complex I absence, such as the role of complex I subunits involved in secondary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Petersen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Benjamin Anderson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Athanasios Zervas
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole Seberg
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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21
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Møller IM, Rasmusson AG, Van Aken O. Plant mitochondria - past, present and future. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:912-959. [PMID: 34528296 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant mitochondria started in earnest around 1950 with the first isolations of mitochondria from animal and plant tissues. The first 35 years were spent establishing the basic properties of plant mitochondria and plant respiration using biochemical and physiological approaches. A number of unique properties (compared to mammalian mitochondria) were observed: (i) the ability to oxidize malate, glycine and cytosolic NAD(P)H at high rates; (ii) the partial insensitivity to rotenone, which turned out to be due to the presence of a second NADH dehydrogenase on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane in addition to the classical Complex I NADH dehydrogenase; and (iii) the partial insensitivity to cyanide, which turned out to be due to an alternative oxidase, which is also located on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, in addition to the classical Complex IV, cytochrome oxidase. With the appearance of molecular biology methods around 1985, followed by genomics, further unique properties were discovered: (iv) plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is 10-600 times larger than the mammalian mtDNA, yet it only contains approximately 50% more genes; (v) plant mtDNA has kept the standard genetic code, and it has a low divergence rate with respect to point mutations, but a high recombinatorial activity; (vi) mitochondrial mRNA maturation includes a uniquely complex set of activities for processing, splicing and editing (at hundreds of sites); (vii) recombination in mtDNA creates novel reading frames that can produce male sterility; and (viii) plant mitochondria have a large proteome with 2000-3000 different proteins containing many unique proteins such as 200-300 pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. We describe the present and fairly detailed picture of the structure and function of plant mitochondria and how the unique properties make their metabolism more flexible allowing them to be involved in many diverse processes in the plant cell, such as photosynthesis, photorespiration, CAM and C4 metabolism, heat production, temperature control, stress resistance mechanisms, programmed cell death and genomic evolution. However, it is still a challenge to understand how the regulation of metabolism and mtDNA expression works at the cellular level and how retrograde signaling from the mitochondria coordinates all those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
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22
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Eggers R, Jammer A, Jha S, Kerschbaumer B, Lahham M, Strandback E, Toplak M, Wallner S, Winkler A, Macheroux P. The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112822. [PMID: 34118767 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are utilized as coenzymes in many biochemical reduction-oxidation reactions owing to the ability of the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system to employ the oxidized, radical and reduced state. We have analyzed the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana to establish an inventory of genes encoding flavin-dependent enzymes (flavoenzymes) as a basis to explore the range of flavin-dependent biochemical reactions that occur in this model plant. Expectedly, flavoenzymes catalyze many pivotal reactions in primary catabolism, which are connected to the degradation of basic metabolites, such as fatty and amino acids as well as carbohydrates and purines. On the other hand, flavoenzymes play diverse roles in anabolic reactions most notably the biosynthesis of amino acids as well as the biosynthesis of pyrimidines and sterols. Importantly, the role of flavoenzymes goes much beyond these basic reactions and extends into pathways that are equally crucial for plant life, for example the production of natural products. In this context, we outline the participation of flavoenzymes in the biosynthesis and maintenance of cofactors, coenzymes and accessory plant pigments (e. g. carotenoids) as well as phytohormones. Moreover, several multigene families have emerged as important components of plant immunity, for example the family of berberine bridge enzyme-like enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the versatility of flavoenzymes is highlighted by their role in reactions leading to tRNA-modifications, chromatin regulation and cellular redox homeostasis. The favorable photochemical properties of the flavin chromophore are exploited by photoreceptors to govern crucial processes of plant adaptation and development. Finally, a sequence- and structure-based approach was undertaken to gain insight into the catalytic role of uncharacterized flavoenzymes indicating their involvement in unknown biochemical reactions and pathways in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinmar Eggers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Kerschbaumer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Majd Lahham
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Emilia Strandback
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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23
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Phua SY, De Smet B, Remacle C, Chan KX, Van Breusegem F. Reactive oxygen species and organellar signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5807-5824. [PMID: 34009340 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of photosynthesis and its associated metabolic pathways has been crucial to the successful establishment of plants, but has also challenged plant cells in the form of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, multiple forms of ROS are generated in virtually every plant cell compartment through diverse pathways. As a result, a sophisticated network of ROS detoxification and signaling that is simultaneously tailored to individual organelles and safeguards the entire cell is necessary. Here we take an organelle-centric view on the principal sources and sinks of ROS across the plant cell and provide insights into the ROS-induced organelle to nucleus retrograde signaling pathways needed for operational readjustments during environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Phua
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
| | - Barbara De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/Phytosystems, Université de Liège, Liège,Belgium
| | - Kai Xun Chan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
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24
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Moseler A, Kruse I, Maclean AE, Pedroletti L, Franceschetti M, Wagner S, Wehler R, Fischer-Schrader K, Poschet G, Wirtz M, Dörmann P, Hildebrandt TM, Hell R, Schwarzländer M, Balk J, Meyer AJ. The function of glutaredoxin GRXS15 is required for lipoyl-dependent dehydrogenases in mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1507-1525. [PMID: 33856472 PMCID: PMC8260144 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors in all life and are used in a wide array of diverse biological processes, including electron transfer chains and several metabolic pathways. Biosynthesis machineries for Fe-S clusters exist in plastids, the cytosol, and mitochondria. A single monothiol glutaredoxin (GRX) is involved in Fe-S cluster assembly in mitochondria of yeast and mammals. In plants, the role of the mitochondrial homolog GRXS15 has only partially been characterized. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) grxs15 null mutants are not viable, but mutants complemented with the variant GRXS15 K83A develop with a dwarf phenotype similar to the knockdown line GRXS15amiR. In an in-depth metabolic analysis of the variant and knockdown GRXS15 lines, we show that most Fe-S cluster-dependent processes are not affected, including biotin biosynthesis, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, the electron transport chain, and aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Instead, we observed an increase in most TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids, especially pyruvate, glycine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Additionally, we found an accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), the first degradation products resulting from transamination of BCAAs. In wild-type plants, pyruvate, glycine, and BCKAs are all metabolized through decarboxylation by mitochondrial lipoyl cofactor (LC)-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. These enzyme complexes are very abundant, comprising a major sink for LC. Because biosynthesis of LC depends on continuous Fe-S cluster supply to lipoyl synthase, this could explain why LC-dependent processes are most sensitive to restricted Fe-S supply in grxs15 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moseler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Present address: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Present address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Luca Pedroletti
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wagner
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Wehler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer-Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP)—Plant Energy Biology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Author for communication:
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25
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Van Aken O. Mitochondrial redox systems as central hubs in plant metabolism and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:36-52. [PMID: 33624829 PMCID: PMC8154082 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria are indispensable for plant metabolism and are tightly integrated into cellular homeostasis. This review provides an update on the latest research concerning the organization and operation of plant mitochondrial redox systems, and how they affect cellular metabolism and signaling, plant development, and stress responses. New insights into the organization and operation of mitochondrial energy systems such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) are discussed. The mtETC produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can act as signals or lead to cellular damage, and are thus efficiently removed by mitochondrial antioxidant systems, including Mn-superoxide dismutase, ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases. Plant mitochondria are tightly connected with photosynthesis, photorespiration, and cytosolic metabolism, thereby providing redox-balancing. Mitochondrial proteins are targets of extensive post-translational modifications, but their functional significance and how they are added or removed remains unclear. To operate in sync with the whole cell, mitochondria can communicate their functional status via mitochondrial retrograde signaling to change nuclear gene expression, and several recent breakthroughs here are discussed. At a whole organism level, plant mitochondria thus play crucial roles from the first minutes after seed imbibition, supporting meristem activity, growth, and fertility, until senescence of darkened and aged tissue. Finally, plant mitochondria are tightly integrated with cellular and organismal responses to environmental challenges such as drought, salinity, heat, and submergence, but also threats posed by pathogens. Both the major recent advances and outstanding questions are reviewed, which may help future research efforts on plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Author for communication:
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26
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Dorigan de Matos Furlanetto AL, Kaziuk FD, Martinez GR, Donatti L, Merlin Rocha ME, Dos Santos ALW, Floh EIS, Cadena SMSC. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and enzymatic antioxidant defense differ in Paraná pine cell lines with contrasting embryogenic potential. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:255-266. [PMID: 33961525 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1921172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Araucaria angustifolia is classified as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This threat is worsened by the inefficiency of methods for ex-situ conservation and propagation. In conifers, somatic embryogenesis (SE) associated with cryopreservation is an efficient method to achieve germplasm conservation and mass clonal propagation. However, the efficiency of SE is highly dependent on genotype responsivity to the artificial stimulus used in vitro during cell line proliferation and later during somatic embryo development. In this study, we evaluated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and characterized mitochondrial functions during the proliferation of embryogenic cells of A. angustifolia responsive (SE1) and non-responsive (SE6) to the development of somatic embryos. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes GR (EC 1.6.4.2), MDHAR (EC 1.6.5.4), and POX (EC 1.11.1.7) were increased in SE1 culture, while in SE6 culture, only the activity of DHAR (EC 1.8.5.1) was significantly higher. Additionally, SE6 culture presented a higher number of mitochondria, which agreed with the increased rate of oxygen consumption compared to responsive SE1 culture; however, the mitochondrial volume was lower. Although the ATP levels did not differ, the NAD(P)H levels were higher in SE1 cells. NDs, AOX, and UCP were less active in responsive SE1 than in non-responsive cells. Our results show significant differences between SE1 and SE6 embryogenic cells regarding mitochondrial functions and antioxidant enzyme activities, which may be intrinsic to the in vitro proliferation phase of both cell lines, possessing a crucial role for the induction of in vitro maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Diego Kaziuk
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucelia Donatti
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Protein interaction patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf mitochondria change in dependence to light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148443. [PMID: 33965424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biology is underpinned by the presence and activity of large protein assemblies participating in the organelle-located steps of respiration, TCA-cycle, glycine oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. While the enzymatic roles of these complexes are undisputed, little is known about the interactions of the subunits beyond their presence in these protein complexes and their functions in regulating mitochondrial metabolism. By applying one of the most important regulatory cues for plant metabolism, the presence or absence of light, we here assess changes in the composition and molecular mass of protein assemblies involved in NADH-production in the mitochondrial matrix and in oxidative phosphorylation by employing a differential complexome profiling strategy. Covering a mass up to 25 MDa, we demonstrate dynamic associations of matrix enzymes and of components involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The data presented here form the basis for future studies aiming to advance our understanding of the role of protein:protein interactions in regulating plant mitochondrial functions.
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28
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Shevtsov-Tal S, Best C, Matan R, Chandran SA, Brown GG, Ostersetzer-Biran O. nMAT3 is an essential maturase splicing factor required for holo-complex I biogenesis and embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1128-1147. [PMID: 33683754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Group-II introns are self-splicing mobile genetic elements consisting of catalytic intron-RNA and its related intron-encoded splicing maturase protein cofactor. Group-II sequences are particularly plentiful within the mitochondria of land plants, where they reside within many critical gene loci. During evolution, the plant organellar introns have degenerated, such as they lack regions that are are required for splicing, and also lost their evolutionary related maturase proteins. Instead, for their splicing the organellar introns in plants rely on different host-acting protein cofactors, which may also provide a means to link cellular signals with respiratory functions. The nuclear genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes four maturase-related factors. Previously, we showed that three of the maturases, nMAT1, nMAT2 and nMAT4, function in the excision of different group-II introns in Arabidopsis mitochondria. The function of nMAT3 (encoded by the At5g04050 gene locus) was found to be essential during early embryogenesis. Using a modified embryo-rescue method, we show that nMAT3-knockout plants are strongly affected in the splicing of nad1 introns 1, 3 and 4 in Arabidopsis mitochondria, resulting in complex-I biogenesis defects and altered respiratory activities. Functional complementation of nMAT3 restored the organellar defects and embryo-arrested phenotypes associated with the nmat3 mutant line. Notably, nMAT3 and nMA4 were found to act on the same RNA targets but have no redundant functions in the splicing of nad1 transcripts. The two maturases, nMAT3 and nMAT4 are likely to cooperate together in the maturation of nad1 pre-RNAs. Our results provide important insights into the roles of maturases in mitochondria gene expression and the biogenesis of the respiratory system during early plant life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Shevtsov-Tal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Corinne Best
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Roei Matan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Sam A Chandran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Oren Ostersetzer-Biran
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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29
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Garmash EV, Belykh ES, Velegzhaninov IO. The gene expression profiles of mitochondrial respiratory components in Arabidopsis plants with differing amounts of ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE1a under high intensity light. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1864962. [PMID: 33369529 PMCID: PMC7889022 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1864962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We compared the expression of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and other non-phosphorylating respiratory components (NPhPs) in wild type and AOX1a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana following short-term transfer of plants to higher irradiance conditions to gain more insight into the mechanisms of AOX functioning under light. The AOX1a overexpressing line (XX-2) showed the highest amount of AOX1a transcripts and AOX1A synthesis during the entire experiment, and many NPhPs genes were down-regulated after 6-8 h under the higher light conditions. Antisense AS-12 plants displayed a compensatory effect, typically after 8 h of exposure to higher irradiance, by up-regulating their expression of the majority of genes encoding AOX and other respiratory components. In addition, AS-12 plants displayed 'overcompensation effects' prior to their transfer to high light conditions, i.e., they showed a higher expression level of certain genes. As a result, the ROS content in AS-12, as in XX-2, was consistently lower than in the wild type. All NPhPs genes share, in common with AOX1a, light- and stress-related cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) in their promoters. However, the expression of respiratory genes does not always depend on the level of AOX1a expression. This suggests the presence of multiple combinations of signaling pathways in gene induction. Based on our results, we outline possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Garmash
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
- CONTACT Elena V. Garmash Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Elena S. Belykh
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ilya O. Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
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30
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Garmash EV. Role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase in the regulation of cellular homeostasis during development of photosynthetic function in greening leaves. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:221-228. [PMID: 33190385 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Here, recent publications on the role of mitochondrial non-phosphorylating pathways (NPhPs) in the electron transport chain during the de-etiolation of wheat leaves are reviewed. Among NPhPs, the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway is the most effective pathway in maintaining cellular redox and energy balance, especially under stress conditions, including light stress. AOX is considered to dissipate excess reductants produced in the chloroplasts, and thereby prevent photooxidation. However, when etiolated wheat plants were exposed to a physiologically relevant light level, AOX was rapidly induced and increased, although the etioplasts did not produce excess reductants and have their own strong photoprotective mechanisms. The present study provides further insights into the role of AOX in greening cells and highlights the importance of AOX in the integration of cellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Garmash
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russian Federation
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Razi K, Muneer S. Drought stress-induced physiological mechanisms, signaling pathways and molecular response of chloroplasts in common vegetable crops. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:669-691. [PMID: 33525946 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1874280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most adverse abiotic stresses that hinder plants' growth and productivity, threatening sustainable crop production. It impairs normal growth, disturbs water relations and reduces water-use efficiency in plants. However, plants have evolved many physiological and biochemical responses at the cellular and organism levels, in order to cope with drought stress. Photosynthesis, which is considered one of the most crucial biological processes for survival of plants, is greatly affected by drought stress. A gradual decrease in CO2 assimilation rates, reduced leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation under drought stress, disturbs plant water relations, reducing water-use efficiency, disrupts photosynthetic pigments and reduces the gas exchange affecting the plants adversely. In such conditions, the chloroplast, organelle responsible for photosynthesis, is found to counteract the ill effects of drought stress by its critical involvement as a sensor of changes occurring in the environment, as the first process that drought stress affects is photosynthesis. Beside photosynthesis, chloroplasts carry out primary metabolic functions such as the biosynthesis of starch, amino acids, lipids, and tetrapyroles, and play a central role in the assimilation of nitrogen and sulfur. Because the chloroplasts are central organelles where the photosynthetic reactions take place, modifications in their physiology and protein pools are expected in response to the drought stress-induced variations in leaf gas exchanges and the accumulation of ROS. Higher expression levels of various transcription factors and other proteins including heat shock-related protein, LEA proteins seem to be regulating the heat tolerance mechanisms. However, several aspects of plastid alterations, following a water deficit environment are still poorly characterized. Since plants adapt to various stress tolerance mechanisms to respond to drought stress, understanding mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in plants will lead toward the development of drought tolerance in crop plants. This review throws light on major droughts stress-induced molecular/physiological mechanisms in response to severe and prolonged drought stress and addresses the molecular response of chloroplasts in common vegetable crops. It further highlights research gaps, identifying unexplored domains and suggesting recommendations for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaukab Razi
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowbiya Muneer
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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George DM, Vincent AS, Mackey HR. An overview of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and their applications in environmental biotechnology for sustainable Resource recovery. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00563. [PMID: 33304839 PMCID: PMC7714679 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of organisms that can harness solar energy for their growth and metabolism. These bacteria vary broadly in terms of their metabolism as well as the composition of their photosynthetic apparatus. Unlike oxygenic phototrophic bacteria such as algae and cyanobacteria, APB can use both organic and inorganic electron donors for light-dependent fixation of carbon dioxide without generating oxygen. Their versatile metabolism, ability to adapt in extreme conditions, low maintenance cost and high biomass yield make APB ideal for wastewater treatment, resource recovery and in the production of high value substances. This review highlights the advantages of APB over algae and cyanobacteria, and their applications in photo-bioelectrochemical systems, production of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates, single-cell protein, biofertilizers and pigments. The ecology of ABP, their distinguishing factors, various physiochemical parameters governing the production of high-value substances and future directions of APB utilization are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ALA, 5-Aminolevulinic acid
- APB, Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
- Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB)
- BChl, Bacteriochlorophyll
- BES, Bioelectrochemical systems
- BPV, Biophotovoltaic
- BPh, Bacteriopheophytin
- Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)
- Chl, Chlorophyll
- CoQ10, Coenzyme Q10
- DET, Direct electron transfer
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DO, Dissolved oxygen
- DXP, 1 deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate
- FPP, Farnesyl pyrophosphate
- Fe-S, Iron-Sulfur
- GNSB, Green non sulfur bacteria
- GSB, Green sulfur bacteria
- IPP, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
- LED, light emitting diode
- LH2, light-harvesting component II
- MFC, Microbial fuel cell
- MVA, Mevalonate
- PH3B, Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- PHA, Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates
- PHB, Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
- PNSB, Purple non sulfur bacteria
- PPB, Purple phototrophic bacteria
- PSB, Purple sulfur bacteria
- Pheo-Q, Pheophytin-Quinone
- Photo-BES, Photosynthetic bioelectrochemical systems
- Photo-MFC, Photo microbial fuel cell
- Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB)
- Resource recovery
- RuBisCO, Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SCP, Single-cell protein
- SOB, Sulfide oxidizing bacteria
- SRB, Sulfate reducing bacteria
- Single-cell proteins (SCP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya M. George
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Annette S. Vincent
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Biological Sciences Program, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar
| | - Hamish R. Mackey
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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The conundrum of hot mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148348. [PMID: 33248118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is often referred as the cellular powerhouse because the organelle oxidizes organic acids and NADH derived from nutriments, converting around 40% of the Gibbs free energy change of these reactions into ATP, the major energy currency of cell metabolism. Mitochondria are thus microscopic furnaces that inevitably release heat as a by-product of these reactions, and this contributes to body warming, especially in endotherms like birds and mammals. Over the last decade, the idea has emerged that mitochondria could be warmer than the cytosol, because of their intense energy metabolism. It has even been suggested that our own mitochondria could operate under normal conditions at a temperature close to 50 °C, something difficult to reconcile with the laws of thermal physics. Here, using our combined expertise in biology and physics, we exhaustively review the reports that led to the concept of a hot mitochondrion, which is essentially based on the development and use of a variety of molecular thermosensors whose intrinsic fluorescence is modified by temperature. Then, we discuss the physical concepts of heat diffusion, including mechanisms like phonons scattering, which occur in the nanoscale range. Although most of approaches with thermosensors studies present relatively sparse data and lack absolute temperature calibration, overall, they do support the hypothesis of hot mitochondria. However, there is no convincing physical explanation that would allow the organelle to maintain a higher temperature than its surroundings. We nevertheless proposed some research directions, mainly biological, that might help throw light on this intriguing conundrum.
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Nadarajah KK. ROS Homeostasis in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5208. [PMID: 32717820 PMCID: PMC7432042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced abiotic stress results in crop yield and production losses. These stresses result in changes at the physiological and molecular level that affect the development and growth of the plant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is formed at high levels due to abiotic stress within different organelles, leading to cellular damage. Plants have evolved mechanisms to control the production and scavenging of ROS through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative processes. However, ROS has a dual function in abiotic stresses where, at high levels, they are toxic to cells while the same molecule can function as a signal transducer that activates a local and systemic plant defense response against stress. The effects, perception, signaling, and activation of ROS and their antioxidative responses are elaborated in this review. This review aims to provide a purview of processes involved in ROS homeostasis in plants and to identify genes that are triggered in response to abiotic-induced oxidative stress. This review articulates the importance of these genes and pathways in understanding the mechanism of resistance in plants and the importance of this information in breeding and genetically developing crops for resistance against abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani K Nadarajah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM BANGI, Malaysia
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Rasmusson AG, Escobar MA, Hao M, Podgórska A, Szal B. Mitochondrial NAD(P)H oxidation pathways and nitrate/ammonium redox balancing in plants. Mitochondrion 2020; 53:158-165. [PMID: 32485334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is characterised by alternative electron transport pathways with different energetic efficiencies, allowing turnover of cellular redox compounds like NAD(P)H. These electron transport chain pathways are profoundly affected by soil nitrogen availability, most commonly as oxidized nitrate (NO3-) and/or reduced ammonium (NH4+). The bioenergetic strategies involved in assimilating different N sources can alter redox homeostasis and antioxidant systems in different cellular compartments, including the mitochondria and the cell wall. Conversely, changes in mitochondrial redox systems can affect plant responses to N. This review explores the integration between N assimilation, mitochondrial redox metabolism, and apoplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan G Rasmusson
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Matthew A Escobar
- California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Mengshu Hao
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Podgórska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Ilii Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Ilii Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Braun HP. The Oxidative Phosphorylation system of the mitochondria in plants. Mitochondrion 2020; 53:66-75. [PMID: 32334143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) provides ATP for driving cellular functions. In plants, OXPHOS takes place in the context of photosynthesis. Indeed, metabolism of mitochondria and chloroplasts is tightly linked. OXPHOS has several extra functions in plants. This review takes a view on the OXPHOS system of plants, the electron transfer chain (ETC), the ATP synthase complex and the numerous supplementary enzymes involved. Electron transport pathways are especially branched in plants. Furthermore, the "classical" OXPHOS complexes include extra subunits, some of which introduce side activities into these complexes. Consequently, and to a remarkable degree, OXPHOS is a multi-functional system in plants that needs to be efficiently regulated with respect to all its physiological tasks in the mitochondria, the chloroplasts, and beyond. Regulatory mechanisms based on posttranslational protein modifications and formation of supramolecular protein assemblies are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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Vanlerberghe GC, Dahal K, Alber NA, Chadee A. Photosynthesis, respiration and growth: A carbon and energy balancing act for alternative oxidase. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:197-211. [PMID: 32278748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes knowledge of alternative oxidase, a mitochondrial electron transport chain component that lowers the ATP yield of plant respiration. Analysis of mutant and transgenic plants has established that alternative oxidase activity supports leaf photosynthesis. The interaction of alternative oxidase respiration with chloroplast metabolism is important under conditions that challenge energy and/or carbon balance in the photosynthetic cell. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase provides an extra-chloroplastic means to optimize the status of chloroplast energy pools (ATP, NADPH) and to manage cellular carbohydrate pools in response to changing rates of carbon fixation and carbon demand for growth and maintenance. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms ensure that alternative oxidase can respond effectively when carbon and energy balance are being challenged. This function appears particularly significant under abiotic stress conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, or temperature extremes. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase respiration positively affects growth and stress tolerance, despite it lowering the energy yield and carbon use efficiency of respiration. In part, this beneficial effect relates to the ability of alternative oxidase respiration to prevent excessive reactive oxygen species generation in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Recent evidence suggests that alternative oxidase respiration is an interesting target for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada.
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B4Z7, Canada
| | - Nicole A Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
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Igamberdiev AU. Citrate valve integrates mitochondria into photosynthetic metabolism. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:218-230. [PMID: 32278088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While in heterotrophic cells and in darkness mitochondria serve as main producers of energy, during photosynthesis this function is transferred to chloroplasts and the main role of mitochondria in bioenergetics turns to be the balance of the level of phosphorylation of adenylates and of reduction of pyridine nucleotides to avoid over-energization of the cell and optimize major metabolic fluxes. This is achieved via the establishment and regulation of local equilibria of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes malate dehydrogenase and fumarase in one branch and aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in another branch. In the conditions of elevation of redox level, the TCA cycle is transformed into a non-cyclic open structure (hemicycle) leading to the export of the tricarboxylic acid (citrate) to the cytosol and to the accumulation of the dicarboxylic acids (malate and fumarate). While the buildup of NADPH in chloroplasts provides operation of the malate valve leading to establishment of NADH/NAD+ ratios in different cell compartments, the production of NADH by mitochondria drives citrate export by establishing conditions for the operation of the citrate valve. The latter regulates the intercompartmental NADPH/NADP+ ratio and contributes to the biosynthesis of amino acids and other metabolic products during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Podgórska A, Mazur R, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Kryzheuskaya K, Dziewit K, Borysiuk K, Wdowiak A, Burian M, Rasmusson AG, Szal B. Efficient Photosynthetic Functioning of Arabidopsis thaliana Through Electron Dissipation in Chloroplasts and Electron Export to Mitochondria Under Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:103. [PMID: 32174931 PMCID: PMC7054346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An improvement in photosynthetic rate promotes the growth of crop plants. The sink-regulation of photosynthesis is crucial in optimizing nitrogen fixation and integrating it with carbon balance. Studies on these processes are essential in understanding growth inhibition in plants with ammonium ( NH 4 + ) syndrome. Hence, we sought to investigate the effects of using nitrogen sources with different states of reduction (during assimilation of NO 3 - versus NH 4 + ) on the photosynthetic performance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results demonstrated that photosynthetic functioning during long-term NH 4 + nutrition was not disturbed and that no indication of photoinhibition of PSII was detected, revealing the robustness of the photosynthetic apparatus during stressful conditions. Based on our findings, we propose multiple strategies to sustain photosynthetic activity during limited reductant utilization for NH 4 + assimilation. One mechanism to prevent chloroplast electron transport chain overreduction during NH 4 + nutrition is for cyclic electron flow together with plastid terminal oxidase activity. Moreover, redox state in chloroplasts was optimized by a dedicated type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenase. In order to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers and to facilitate photosynthetic protection during NH 4 + nutrition, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and ample xanthophyll cycle pigments efficiently dissipate excess excitation. Additionally, high redox load may be dissipated in other metabolic reactions outside of chloroplasts due to the direct export of nucleotides through the malate/oxaloacetate valve. Mitochondrial alternative pathways can downstream support the overreduction of chloroplasts. This mechanism correlated with the improved growth of A. thaliana with the overexpression of the alternative oxidase 1a (AOX1a) during NH 4 + nutrition. Most remarkably, our findings demonstrated the capacity of chloroplasts to tolerate NH 4 + syndrome instead of providing redox poise to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podgórska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katsiaryna Kryzheuskaya
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kacper Dziewit
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Borysiuk
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wdowiak
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Burian
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Szal
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Garmash EV, Velegzhaninov IO, Ermolina KV, Rybak AV, Malyshev RV. Altered levels of AOX1a expression result in changes in metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana plants acclimated to low dose rates of ultraviolet B radiation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110332. [PMID: 31928662 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UV-B is a damaging component of solar radiation that inevitably reaches the Earth's surface. Plants have developed response mechanisms to adapt to UVB exposure. The alternative oxidase (AOX) catalyzes the ATP-uncoupling cyanide-resistant alternative pathway (AP) in plant mitochondria and is thought to be an important part of the cellular defense network under stress conditions. This study aimed to unravel the poorly understood functional significance of AOX1a induction in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves exposed to ecologically relevant doses of UVB radiation, by comparing wild-type (WT) plants with plants with modified expression of the AOX1a gene, either downregulated by antisense (AS-12) or overexpressed (XX-2). UVB exposure resulted in a phenotypic difference between lines. AOX1a overexpression resulted in the highest induction of AOX1A synthesis and MnSOD activity, and the lowest ROS level without pronounced changes in the phenotype relative to other genotypes. In AS-12 plants, expression of the majority of the genes encoding AOX was detected, other non-phosphorylating pathway components and antioxidant enzymes increased along with anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, and the ROS content was lower than in the WT. In addition to the expected AOX1 protein size (34 kDa), an AOX1 30 kDa band appeared under UVB exposure in all genotypes. However, in AS-12, the alterations in the transcript level and in the abundance of AOX1 protein isoforms induced by UVB could not fully functionally compensate for the lack of AOX1A. This was confirmed by the observed low AP capacity and increased levels of the oxidized form of ascorbate. These results highlight the importance of AOX in plant response to UVB for the control of a balanced metabolism, and indicate that AOX1a plays a key role in the regulation of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Garmash
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia.
| | - Ilya O Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Ermolina
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Anna V Rybak
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ruslan V Malyshev
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Souza PVL, Hou LY, Schwab S, Geigenberger P, Nunes-Nesi A, Timm S, Fernie AR, Thormählen I, Araújo WL, Daloso DM. Thioredoxin h2 contributes to the redox regulation of mitochondrial photorespiratory metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:188-208. [PMID: 31378951 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are important proteins involved in redox regulation of metabolism. In plants, it has been shown that the mitochondrial metabolism is regulated by the mitochondrial TRX system. However, the functional significance of TRX h2, which is found at both cytosol and mitochondria, remains unclear. Arabidopsis plants lacking TRX h2 showed delayed seed germination and reduced respiration alongside impaired stomatal and mesophyll conductance, without impacting photosynthesis under ambient O2 conditions. However, an increase in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2 release was found during O2 -dependent gas exchange measurements in trxh2 mutants. Metabolite profiling of trxh2 leaves revealed alterations in key metabolites of photorespiration and in several metabolites involved in respiration and amino acid metabolism. Decreased abundance of serine hydroxymethyltransferase and glycine decarboxylase (GDC) H and L subunits as well as reduced NADH/NAD+ ratios were also observed in trxh2 mutants. We further demonstrated that the redox status of GDC-L is altered in trxh2 mutants in vivo and that recombinant TRX h2 can deactivate GDC-L in vitro, indicating that this protein is redox regulated by the TRX system. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TRX h2 plays an important role in the redox regulation of mitochondrial photorespiratory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo V L Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Liang-Yu Hou
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Saskia Schwab
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18051, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Stefan Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18051, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
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Zer H, Mizrahi H, Malchenko N, Avin-Wittenberg T, Klipcan L, Ostersetzer-Biran O. The Phytotoxicity of Meta-Tyrosine Is Associated With Altered Phenylalanine Metabolism and Misincorporation of This Non-Proteinogenic Phe-Analog to the Plant's Proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:140. [PMID: 32210982 PMCID: PMC7069529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of specialized (secondary) metabolites that are highly diverse chemically, and exhibit distinct biological functions. Here, we focus on meta-tyrosine (m-tyrosine), a non-proteinogenic byproduct that is often formed by a direct oxidation of phenylalanine (Phe). Some plant species (e.g., Euphorbia myrsinites and Festuca rubra) produce and accumulate high levels of m-tyrosine in their root-tips via enzymatic pathways. Upon its release to soil, the Phe-analog, m-tyrosine, affects early post-germination development (i.e., altered root development, cotyledon or leaf chlorosis, and retarded growth) of nearby plant life. However, the molecular basis of m-tyrosine-mediated (phyto)toxicity remains, to date, insufficiently understood and are still awaiting their functional characterization. It is anticipated that upon its uptake, m-tyrosine impairs key metabolic processes, or affects essential cellular activities in the plant. Here, we provide evidences that the phytotoxic effects of m-tyrosine involve two distinct molecular pathways. These include reduced steady state levels of several amino acids, and in particularly altered biosynthesis of the phenylalanine (Phe), an essential α-amino acid, which is also required for the folding and activities of proteins. In addition, proteomic studies indicate that m-tyrosine is misincorporated in place of Phe, mainly into the plant organellar proteomes. These data are supported by analyses of adt mutants, which are affected in Phe-metabolism, as well as of var2 mutants, which lack FtsH2, a major component of the chloroplast FtsH proteolytic machinery, which show higher sensitivity to m-tyrosine. Plants treated with m-tyrosine show organellar biogenesis defects, reduced respiration and photosynthetic activities and growth and developmental defect phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Zer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Mizrahi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nikol Malchenko
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liron Klipcan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, the Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Negev, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liron Klipcan, ; Oren Ostersetzer-Biran,
| | - Oren Ostersetzer-Biran
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liron Klipcan, ; Oren Ostersetzer-Biran,
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Arabidopsis thaliana alternative dehydrogenases: a potential therapy for mitochondrial complex I deficiency? Perspectives and pitfalls. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:236. [PMID: 31665043 PMCID: PMC6821020 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex I (CI or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) deficiency is the most frequent cause of mitochondrial respiratory chain defect. Successful attempts to rescue CI function by introducing an exogenous NADH dehydrogenase, such as the NDI1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScNDI1), have been reported although with drawbacks related to competition with CI. In contrast to ScNDI1, which is permanently active in yeast naturally devoid of CI, plant alternative NADH dehydrogenases (NDH-2) support the oxidation of NADH only when the CI is metabolically inactive and conceivably when the concentration of matrix NADH exceeds a certain threshold. We therefore explored the feasibility of CI rescue by NDH-2 from Arabidopsis thaliana (At) in human CI defective fibroblasts. RESULTS We showed that, other than ScNDI1, two different NDH-2 (AtNDA2 and AtNDB4) targeted to the mitochondria were able to rescue CI deficiency and decrease oxidative stress as indicated by a normalization of SOD activity in human CI-defective fibroblasts. We further demonstrated that when expressed in human control fibroblasts, AtNDA2 shows an affinity for NADH oxidation similar to that of CI, thus competing with CI for the oxidation of NADH as opposed to our initial hypothesis. This competition reduced the amount of ATP produced per oxygen atom reduced to water by half in control cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, despite their promising potential to rescue CI defects, due to a possible competition with remaining CI activity, plant NDH-2 should be regarded with caution as potential therapeutic tools for human mitochondrial diseases.
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Henriksson N, Marshall J, Lundholm J, Boily Å, Boily JF, Näsholm T. Improved in vivo measurement of alternative oxidase respiration in field-collected pine roots. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:34-47. [PMID: 30561048 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular respiration via the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) leads to a considerable loss in efficiency. Compared to the cytochrome pathway (COP), AOP produces 0-50% as much ATP per carbon (C) respired. Relative partitioning between the pathways can be measured in vivo based on their differing isotopic discriminations against 18 O in O2 . Starting from published methods, we have refined and tested a new protocol to improve measurement precision and efficiency. The refinements detect an effect of tissue water content (P < 0.0001), which we have removed, and yield precise discrimination endpoints in the presence of pathway-specific respiratory inhibitors [CN- and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)], which improves estimates of AOP/COP partitioning. Fresh roots of Pinus sylvestris were sealed in vials with a CO2 trap. The air was replaced to ensure identical starting conditions. Headspace air was repeatedly sampled and isotopically analyzed using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The method allows high-precision measurement of the discrimination against 18 O in O2 because of repeated measurements of the same incubation vial. COP and AOP respiration discriminated against 18 O by 15.1 ± 0.3‰ and 23.8 ± 0.4‰, respectively. AOP contributed to root respiration by 23 ± 0.2% of the total in an unfertilized stand. In a second, nitrogen-fertilized, stand AOP contribution was only 14 ± 0.2% of the total. These results suggest the improved method can be used to assess the relative importance of COP and AOP activities in ecosystems, potentially yielding information on the role of each pathway for the carbon use efficiency of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Henriksson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - John Marshall
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Lundholm
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Boily
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jean-Francois Boily
- Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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Brzezowski P, Ksas B, Havaux M, Grimm B, Chazaux M, Peltier G, Johnson X, Alric J. The function of PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN IX OXIDASE in chlorophyll biosynthesis requires oxidised plastoquinone in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Commun Biol 2019; 2:159. [PMID: 31069268 PMCID: PMC6499784 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last common enzymatic step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, prior to the branching point leading to the biosynthesis of heme and chlorophyll, protoporphyrinogen IX (Protogen) is oxidised to protoporphyrin IX (Proto) by protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPX). The absence of thylakoid-localised plastid terminal oxidase 2 (PTOX2) and cytochrome b6f complex in the ptox2 petB mutant, results in almost complete reduction of the plastoquinone pool (PQ pool) in light. Here we show that the lack of oxidised PQ impairs PPX function, leading to accumulation and subsequently uncontrolled oxidation of Protogen to non-metabolised Proto. Addition of 3(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) prevents the over-reduction of the PQ pool in ptox2 petB and decreases Proto accumulation. This observation strongly indicates the need of oxidised PQ as the electron acceptor for the PPX reaction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The PPX-PQ pool interaction is proposed to function as a feedback loop between photosynthetic electron transport and chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Brzezowski
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Chazaux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Dorigan de Matos Furlanetto AL, Valente C, Martinez GR, Merlin Rocha ME, Maurer JBB, Cadena SMSC. Cold stress on Araucaria angustifolia embryogenic cells results in oxidative stress and induces adaptation: implications for conservation and propagation. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:45-56. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1548767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Valente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - G. R. Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - M. E. Merlin Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - J. B. B. Maurer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - S. M. S. C. Cadena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Decros G, Baldet P, Beauvoit B, Stevens R, Flandin A, Colombié S, Gibon Y, Pétriacq P. Get the Balance Right: ROS Homeostasis and Redox Signalling in Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1091. [PMID: 31620143 PMCID: PMC6760520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant central metabolism generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are key regulators that mediate signalling pathways involved in developmental processes and plant responses to environmental fluctuations. These highly reactive metabolites can lead to cellular damage when the reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis becomes unbalanced. Whilst decades of research have studied redox homeostasis in leaves, fundamental knowledge in fruit biology is still fragmentary. This is even more surprising when considering the natural profusion of fruit antioxidants that can process ROS and benefit human health. In this review, we explore redox biology in fruit and provide an overview of fruit antioxidants with recent examples. We further examine the central role of the redox hub in signalling during development and stress, with particular emphasis on ascorbate, also referred to as vitamin C. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the redox regulations that are linked to central metabolism and stress pathways will help to define novel strategies for optimising fruit nutritional quality, fruit production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Decros
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Decros, ; Pierre Pétriacq,
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Amélie Flandin
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Decros, ; Pierre Pétriacq,
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Lothier J, De Paepe R, Tcherkez G. Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction increases CO 2 efflux and reconfigures metabolic fluxes of day respiration in tobacco leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:750-763. [PMID: 30133747 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutants affected in complex I are useful to understand the role played by mitochondrial electron transport and redox metabolism in cellular homeostasis and signaling. However, their respiratory phenotype is incompletely described and a specific examination of day respiration (Rd ) is lacking. Here, we used isotopic methods and metabolomics to investigate the impact of complex I dysfunction on Rd in two respiratory mutants of forest tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris): cytoplasmic male sterile II (CMSII) and nuclear male sterile 1 (NMS1), previously characterized for complex I disruption. Rd was higher in mutants and the inhibition of leaf respiration by light was lower. Higher Rd values were caused by increased (phosphoenol)pyruvate (PEP) metabolism at the expense of anaplerotic (PEP carboxylase (PEPc) -catalyzed) activity. De novo synthesis of Krebs cycle intermediates in the light was larger in mutants than in the wild-type, although numerically small in all genotypes. Carbon metabolism in mutants involved alternative pathways, such as alanine synthesis, and an increase in amino acid production with the notable exception of aspartate. Our results show that the alteration of NADH re-oxidation activity by complex I does not cause a general inhibition of catabolism, but rather a re-orchestration of fluxes in day respiratory metabolism, leading to an increased CO2 efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lothier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345 INRA-Université d'Angers, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Rosine De Paepe
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris Sud, CNRS-INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, ANU College of Science, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Thermodynamic buffering, stable non-equilibrium and establishment of the computable structure of plant metabolism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 146:23-36. [PMID: 30444975 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The equilibria of coenzyme nucleotides and substrates established in plant cells generate simple rules that govern the plant metabolome and provide optimal conditions for the non-equilibrium fluxes of major metabolic processes such as ATP synthesis, CO2 fixation, and mitochondrial respiration. Fast and abundant enzymes, such as adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase or malate dehydrogenase, provide constant substrate flux for these processes. These "buffering" enzymes follow the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics and operate near equilibrium. The non-equilibrium "engine" enzymes, such as ATP synthase, Rubisco or the respiratory complexes, follow the modified version of MM kinetics due to their high concentration and low concentration of their substrates. The equilibrium reactions serve as control gates for the non-equilibrium flux through the engine enzymes establishing the balance of the fluxes of load and consumption of metabolic components. Under the coordinated operation of buffering and engine enzymes, the concentrations of free and Mg-bound adenylates and of free Mg2+ are set, serving as feedback signals from the adenylate metabolome. Those are linked to various cell energetics parameters, including membrane potentials. Also, internal levels of reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides are established in the coordinated operation of malate dehydrogenase and respiratory components, with proton concentration as a feedback from pyridine nucleotide pools. Non-coupled pathways of respiration serve to equilibrate the levels of pyridine nucleotides, adenylates, and as a pH stat. This stable non-equilibrium organizes the fluxes of energy spatially and temporally, controlling the rates of major metabolic fluxes that follow thermodynamically and kinetically defined computational principles.
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50
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Antos-Krzeminska N, Jarmuszkiewicz W. Alternative Type II NAD(P)H Dehydrogenases in the Mitochondria of Protists and Fungi. Protist 2018; 170:21-37. [PMID: 30553126 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants, fungi, and some protists possess a more branched electron transport chain in their mitochondria compared to canonical one. In these organisms, the electron transport chain contains several rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases. Some are located on the outer surface, and others are located on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The putative role of these enzymes still remains elusive, but they may prevent the overreduction of the electron transport chain components and decrease the production of reaction oxygen species as a consequence. The last two decades resulted in the discovery of alternative rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases present in representatives of fungi and protozoa. The aim of this review is to gather and focus on current information concerning molecular and functional properties, regulation, and the physiological role of fungal and protozoan alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Antos-Krzeminska
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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