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Xu J, Jiao K, Liu X, Sun Q, Wang K, Xu H, Zhang S, Wu Y, Wu L, Liu D, Wang W, Liu H. Omi/HtrA2 Participates in Age-Related Autophagic Deficiency in Rat Liver. Aging Dis 2018; 9:1031-1042. [PMID: 30574416 PMCID: PMC6284766 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is a vital organ with many important functions, and the maintenance of normal hepatic function is necessary for health. As an essential mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis, autophagy plays an important role in ensuring normal organ function. Studies have indicated that the degeneration of hepatic function is associated with autophagic deficiency in aging liver. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. The serine protease Omi/HtrA2 belongs to the HtrA family and promotes apoptosis through either the caspase-dependent or caspase-independent pathway. Mice lacking Omi/HtrA2 exhibited progeria symptoms (premature aging), which were similar to the characteristics of autophagic insufficiency. In this study, we demonstrated that both the protein level of Omi/HtrA2 in liver and hepatic function were reduced as rats aged, and there was a positive correlation between them. Furthermore, several autophagy-related proteins (LC3II/I, Beclin-1 and LAMP2) in rat liver were decreased significantly with the increasing of age. Finally, inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 resulted in reduced autophagy and hepatic dysfunction. In conclusion, these results suggest that Omi/HtrA2 participates in age-related autophagic deficiency in rat liver. This study may offer a novel insight into the mechanism involved in liver aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangyue Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linguo Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Asaoka Y, Furutani-Seiki M. YAP mediated mechano-homeostasis - conditioning 3D animal body shape. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 49:64-70. [PMID: 29253723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cells of terrestrial animals are constantly exposed to external forces including gravity. However, the complex 3D structure of the body and its organs form without being flattened. A century ago, the mathematical biologist D'Arcy Thompson predicted in 'On Growth and Form' that terrestrial animal body shapes are entirely conditioned by gravity [1], but the prediction remained to be proved due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. In this review, we outline a new mechanism of morphogenesis which ensures the generation of vertebrate 3D body shape that can withstand gravity and in which Hippo-YAP signaling acts as a mechano-effector controlling mechano-homeostasis. We will highlight the recent papers that advanced the field and discuss the impact of this previously unrecognized function of YAP-mediated signaling on the established concept of organogenesis, tissue homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Asaoka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Department of Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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3
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Kupsco A, Schlenk D. Developmental expression and regulation of flavin-containing monooxygenase by the unfolded protein response in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:7-13. [PMID: 27612667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) play a key role in xenobiotic metabolism, are regulated by environmental conditions, and are differentially regulated during mammalian development. Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) are a common model organism for toxicological studies. The goal of the current research was to characterize developmental expression and regulation of FMOs in Japanese medaka embryos to better understand the role of FMOs in this model species. Five putative medaka fmos were characterized from the medaka genome through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database by protein motifs and alignments, then identified as fmo4, fmo5A, fmo5B, fmo5C and fmo5D for the current study. Fmo gene expression was analyzed at 1dpf, 3dpf, 6dpf and 9dpf and distinct developmental patterns of expression were observed. Fmo4 and fmo5D increased 3-fold during mid organogenesis (6dpf), while fmo5B and fmo5C decreased significantly in early organogenesis (3dpf) and fmo5A was unaltered. Promoter analysis was performed for transcription factor binding sites and indicated regulation by developmental factors and a role for the unfolded protein response in fmo modulation. Fmo regulation by the UPR was assessed with treatments of 1μg/ml, 2μg/ml, and 4μg/ml Tunicamycin (Tm), and 2mM and 4mM dithiothreitol (DTT), well-known inducers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, for 24h from 5-6dpf. High concentrations to Tm induced fmo4 and fmo5A up to two-fold, while DTT significantly decreased expression of fmo5A, fmo5B, and fmo5C. Results suggest that medaka fmos are variably regulated by the UPR during organogenesis with variable developmental expression, and suggesting potential stage-dependent activation or detoxification of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kupsco
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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4
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Miyares RL, de Rezende VB, Farber SA. Zebrafish yolk lipid processing: a tractable tool for the study of vertebrate lipid transport and metabolism. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:915-27. [PMID: 24812437 PMCID: PMC4073280 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly in developed nations. Investigating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in experimentally tractable animal models is a crucial step towards understanding and treating human dyslipidemias. The zebrafish, a well-established embryological model, is emerging as a notable system for studies of lipid metabolism. Here, we describe the value of the lecithotrophic, or yolk-metabolizing, stages of the zebrafish as a model for studying lipid metabolism and lipoprotein transport. We demonstrate methods to assay yolk lipid metabolism in embryonic and larval zebrafish. Injection of labeled fatty acids into the zebrafish yolk promotes efficient uptake into the circulation and rapid metabolism. Using a genetic model for abetalipoproteinemia, we show that the uptake of labeled fatty acids into the circulation is dependent on lipoprotein production. Furthermore, we examine the metabolic fate of exogenously delivered fatty acids by assaying their incorporation into complex lipids. Moreover, we demonstrate that this technique is amenable to genetic and pharmacologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L Miyares
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Vitor B de Rezende
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine of Federal University of Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Steven A Farber
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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5
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Tena JJ, González-Aguilera C, Fernández-Miñán A, Vázquez-Marín J, Parra-Acero H, Cross JW, Rigby PWJ, Carvajal JJ, Wittbrodt J, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Martínez-Morales JR. Comparative epigenomics in distantly related teleost species identifies conserved cis-regulatory nodes active during the vertebrate phylotypic period. Genome Res 2014; 24:1075-85. [PMID: 24709821 PMCID: PMC4079964 DOI: 10.1101/gr.163915.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The complex relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny has been the subject of attention and controversy since von Baer’s formulations in the 19th century. The classic concept that embryogenesis progresses from clade general features to species-specific characters has often been revisited. It has become accepted that embryos from a clade show maximum morphological similarity at the so-called phylotypic period (i.e., during mid-embryogenesis). According to the hourglass model, body plan conservation would depend on constrained molecular mechanisms operating at this period. More recently, comparative transcriptomic analyses have provided conclusive evidence that such molecular constraints exist. Examining cis-regulatory architecture during the phylotypic period is essential to understand the evolutionary source of body plan stability. Here we compare transcriptomes and key epigenetic marks (H3K4me3 and H3K27ac) from medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), two distantly related teleosts separated by an evolutionary distance of 115–200 Myr. We show that comparison of transcriptome profiles correlates with anatomical similarities and heterochronies observed at the phylotypic stage. Through comparative epigenomics, we uncover a pool of conserved regulatory regions (≈700), which are active during the vertebrate phylotypic period in both species. Moreover, we show that their neighboring genes encode mainly transcription factors with fundamental roles in tissue specification. We postulate that these regulatory regions, active in both teleost genomes, represent key constrained nodes of the gene networks that sustain the vertebrate body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ana Fernández-Miñán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Helena Parra-Acero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joe W Cross
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W J Rigby
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime J Carvajal
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, COS, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Zhang X, Guan G, Chen J, Naruse K, Hong Y. Parameters and efficiency of direct gene disruption by zinc finger nucleases in medaka embryos. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:125-134. [PMID: 24149659 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) can generate targeted gene disruption (GD) directly in developing embryos of zebrafish, mouse and human. In the fish medaka, ZFNs have been attempted on a transgene. Here, we developed procedures and parameters for ZFN-mediated direct GD on the gonad-specifically expressed gsdf locus in medaka. A pair of ZFNs was designed to target the first exon of gsdf and their synthetic mRNAs were microinjected into 1-cell stage embryos. We reveal dose-dependent survival rate and GD efficiency. In fry, ZFN mRNA injection at 10 ng/μl led to a GD efficiency of 30 %. This value increased up to nearly 100 % when the dose was enhanced to 40 ng/μl. In a typical series of experiments of ZFN mRNA injection at 10 ng/μl, 420 injected embryos developed into 94 adults, 4 of which had altered gsdf alleles. This leads to a GD efficacy of ∼4 % in the adulthood. Sequencing revealed a wide variety of subtle allelic alterations including additions and deletions of 1∼18 bp in length in ZFN-injected samples. Most importantly, one of the 4 adults examined was capable of germline transmission to 15.2 % of its F1 progeny. Interestingly, ontogenic analyses of the allelic profile revealed that GD commenced early in development, continued during subsequent stages of development and in primordia for different adult organs of the three germ layers. These results demonstrate the feasibility and--for the first time to our knowledge--the efficacy of ZFN-mediated direct GD on a chromosomal gene in medaka embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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7
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Ezetimibe reduces fatty acid quantity in liver and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and improved NASH in medaka model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Telmisartan improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in medaka (Oryzias latipes) by reducing macrophage infiltration and fat accumulation. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:125-34. [PMID: 21327395 PMCID: PMC3063342 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of the antihypertensive drug telmisartan (Tel) and the mechanisms underlying the progression from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) NASH model. We used the NASH activity score (NAS) developed in humans to assess the histology of the medaka NASH model and found that NAS increased with time. Further, TUNEL-positive apoptosis hepatocytes were found in the medaka NASH model. Tel administration resulted in the increased expression of liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and decreased the number of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine-positive hepatocytes and the migration of macrophages positive for diastase-periodic-acid-Schiff. Medaka NAS was improved by Tel administration but fatty acid content was not affected. Tel reduced the infiltration of macrophages into the liver and ameliorated NASH pathology.
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9
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Anderson JL, Carten JD, Farber SA. Zebrafish lipid metabolism: from mediating early patterning to the metabolism of dietary fat and cholesterol. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 101:111-41. [PMID: 21550441 PMCID: PMC3593232 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387036-0.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids serve essential functions in cells as signaling molecules, membrane components, and sources of energy. Defects in lipid metabolism are implicated in a number of pandemic human diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Many aspects of how fatty acids and cholesterol are absorbed and processed by intestinal cells remain unclear and present a hurdle to developing approaches for disease prevention and treatment. Numerous studies have shown that the zebrafish is an excellent model for vertebrate lipid metabolism. In this chapter, we review studies that employ zebrafish to better understand lipid signaling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Anderson
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch. These organs form the gastrointestinal tract and are involved with the absorption, delivery, and metabolism of nutrients. The liver has a central role in regulating these processes because it controls lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and breakdown of endogenous and xenobiotic products. Liver dysfunction frequently leads to significant morbidity and mortality; however, in most settings of organ injury, the liver exhibits remarkable regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista E North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Porazinski SR, Wang H, Furutani-Seiki M. Essential techniques for introducing medaka to a zebrafish laboratory--towards the combined use of medaka and zebrafish for further genetic dissection of the function of the vertebrate genome. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 770:211-241. [PMID: 21805266 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The medaka, Oryzias latipes, a small egg-laying freshwater fish, is one of the three vertebrate model organisms in which genome-wide phenotype-driven mutant screens have been carried out. Despite a number of large-scale screens in zebrafish, a substantial number of mutants with new distinct phenotypes were identified in similar large-scale screens in the medaka. This observed difference in phenotype is due to the two species having a unique combination of genetic, biological and evolutional properties. The two genetic models share a whole-genome duplication event over that of tetrapods; however, each has independently specialized or lost the function of one of the two paralogues. The two fish species complement each other as genetic systems as straightforward comparison of phenotypes, ease of side-by-side analysis using the same techniques and simple and inexpensive husbandry of mutants make these small teleosts quite powerful in combination. Furthermore, both have draft genome sequences and bioinformatic tools available that facilitate further genetic dissection including whole-genome approaches. Together with the gene-driven approach to generate gene knockout mutants of the fish models, the two fish models complement the mouse in genetically dissecting vertebrate genome functions. The external embryogenesis and transparent embryos of the fish allow systematic isolation of embryonic lethal mutations, the most difficult targets in mammalian mutant screens. This chapter will describe how to work with both medaka and zebrafish almost as one species in a lab, focusing on medaka and highlighting the differences between the medaka and zebrafish systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Porazinski
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Bath, Bath, UK
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12
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Negishi T, Nagai Y, Asaoka Y, Ohno M, Namae M, Mitani H, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Terai S, Sakaida I, Kondoh H, Katada T, Furutani-Seiki M, Nishina H. Retinoic acid signaling positively regulates liver specification by inducing wnt2bb gene expression in medaka. Hepatology 2010; 51:1037-45. [PMID: 19957374 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED During vertebrate embryogenesis, the liver develops at a precise location along the endodermal primitive gut tube because of signaling delivered by adjacent mesodermal tissues. Although several signaling molecules have been associated with liver formation, the molecular mechanism that regulates liver specification is still unclear. We previously performed a screen in medaka to isolate mutants with impaired liver development. The medaka hio mutants exhibit a profound (but transient) defect in liver specification that resembles the liver formation defect found in zebrafish prometheus (prt) mutants, whose mutation occurs in the wnt2bb gene. In addition to their liver abnormality, hio mutants lack pectoral fins and die after hatching. Positional cloning indicated that the hio mutation affects the raldh2 gene encoding retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type2 (RALDH2), the enzyme principally responsible for retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis. Mutations of raldh2 in zebrafish preclude the development of pectoral fins. Interestingly, in hio mutants, expression of wnt2bb in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) directly adjacent to the liver-forming endoderm was completely lost. CONCLUSION Our data reveal the unexpected finding that RA signaling positively regulates the wnt2bb gene expression required for liver specification in medaka. These results suggest that a common molecular mechanism may underlie liver and pectoral fin specification during piscine embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Negishi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Terai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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14
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Carten JD, Farber SA. A new model system swims into focus: using the zebrafish to visualize intestinal metabolism in vivo. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2009; 4:501-515. [PMID: 20174460 PMCID: PMC2822395 DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many fundamental questions remain regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of digestive lipid metabolism. One major impediment to answering important questions in the field has been the lack of a tractable and sufficiently complex model system. Until recently, most studies of lipid metabolism have been performed in vitro or in mice, yet each approach possesses certain limitations. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) offers an excellent model system in which to study lipid metabolism in vivo, owing to its small size, genetic tractability and optical clarity. Fluorescent lipid dyes and optical reporters of lipid-modifying enzymes are now being used in live zebrafish to generate visible readouts of digestive physiology. Here we review recent advances in visualizing intestinal lipid metabolism in live larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A Farber
- Author for correspondence: Carnegie Institution, Department of Embryology, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, Tel.: +1 410 246 3072, Fax: +1 410 243 6311,
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Abstract
The liver is an organ with vital functions, including the processing and storage of nutrients, maintenance of serum composition, detoxification and bile production. Over the last 10 years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying liver development. These advances have been achieved through the use of knockout mice as well as through forward-genetics studies employing mutant fish. The examination of many such murine and piscine mutants with defects in liver formation and/or function have pinpointed numerous factors crucial for hepatic cell differentiation and growth. In addition, these studies have permitted the identification of several important liver-specific markers that allow the contributions of variouscell types to hepatogenesis to be monitored. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge of the shared molecular mechanisms that underlie liver development in species as diverse as fish and mice. A better molecular understanding of liver formation may provide new insights into both normal liver biology and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Miyake A, Higashijima SI, Kobayashi D, Narita T, Jindo T, Setiamarga DHE, Ohisa S, Orihara N, Hibiya K, Konno S, Sakaguchi S, Horie K, Imai Y, Naruse K, Kudo A, Takeda H. Mutation in the abcb7 gene causes abnormal iron and fatty acid metabolism in developing medaka fish. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 50:703-16. [PMID: 19046159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2008.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) is an emerging model organism for which a variety of unique developmental mutants have now been generated. Our recent mutagenesis screening of the medaka isolated a unique mutant that develops a fatty liver at larval stages. Positional cloning identified the responsible gene as medaka abcb7. Abcb7, a mitochondrial ABC (ATP binding cassette) half-transporter, has been implicated in iron metabolism. Recently, human Abcb7 was found to be mutated in X-linked sideroblastic anemia with cerebellar ataxia (XLSA/A). The homozygous medaka mutant exhibits abnormal iron metabolism in erythrocytes and accumulation of lipid in the liver. Microarray and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that the expression of genes involved in iron and lipid metabolisms are both affected in the mutant liver, suggesting novel roles of Abcb7 in the development of physiologically functional liver. The medaka abcb7 mutant thus could provide insights into the pathogenesis of XLSA/A as well as the normal function of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimitsu Miyake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Blagbrough IS, Zara C. Animal models for target diseases in gene therapy--using DNA and siRNA delivery strategies. Pharm Res 2008; 26:1-18. [PMID: 18841450 PMCID: PMC7088656 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, including lipopolyamines leading to lipoplexes, liposomes, and polyplexes are targeted drug carrier systems in the current search for a successful delivery system for polynucleic acids. This review is focused on the impact of gene and siRNA delivery for studies of efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics within the setting of the wide variety of in vivo animal models now used. This critical appraisal of the recent literature sets out the different models that are currently being investigated to bridge from studies in cell lines through towards clinical reality. Whilst many scientists will be familiar with rodent (murine, fecine, cricetine, and musteline) models, few probably think of fish as a clinically relevant animal model, but zebrafish, madake, and rainbow trout are all being used. Larger animal models include rabbit, cat, dog, and cow. Pig is used both for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease and human diseases, sheep is a model for corneal transplantation, and the horse naturally develops arthritis. Non-human primate models (macaque, common marmoset, owl monkey) are used for preclinical gene vector safety and efficacy trials to bridge the gap prior to clinical studies. We aim for the safe development of clinically effective delivery systems for DNA and RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Blagbrough
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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18
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Zaret KS. Genetic programming of liver and pancreas progenitors: lessons for stem-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9:329-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Selected papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 1:165-72. [PMID: 18248227 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2004.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Schlegel A, Stainier DYR. Lessons from "lower" organisms: what worms, flies, and zebrafish can teach us about human energy metabolism. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e199. [PMID: 18081423 PMCID: PMC2098794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic of metabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and obesity), unleashed by multiple social and economic factors beyond the control of most individuals, threatens to diminish human life span for the first time in the modern era. Given the redundancy and inherent complexity of processes regulating the uptake, transport, catabolism, and synthesis of nutrients, magic bullets to target these diseases will be hard to find. Recent studies using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the zebrafish Danio rerio indicate that these "lower" metazoans possess unique attributes that should help in identifying, investigating, and even validating new pharmaceutical targets for these diseases. We summarize findings in these organisms that shed light on highly conserved pathways of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Schlegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Endocrinology at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Hata S, Namae M, Nishina H. Liver development and regeneration: from laboratory study to clinical therapy. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:163-70. [PMID: 17335437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The liver has an unusual capacity to regenerate after a loss of mass and function caused by surgical resection or toxic liver injury. Over the last 10 years there have been major advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying liver development and regeneration. The numerous factors crucial to these phenomena have been identified mainly by using knockout mice. Forward-genetics studies using zebrafish and medaka have also generated many mutants with liver disorders or defects in liver formation. Our goal is to translate knowledge gained from laboratory work and animal models into novel therapies for human liver diseases. Exciting progress has been achieved using human partial liver transplantation and autologous cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hata
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Fujita M, Isogai S, Kudo A. Vascular anatomy of the developing medaka, Oryzias latipes: a complementary fish model for cardiovascular research on vertebrates. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:734-46. [PMID: 16450400 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a very useful vertebrate model for cardiovascular research, but detailed morphogenetic studies have revealed that it differs from mammals in certain aspects of the primary circulatory system, in particular, the early vitelline circulation. We searched for another teleost species that might serve as a complementary model for the formation of these early primary vessels. Here (and online at http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/medaka/atlas/), we present a detailed characterization of the vascular anatomy of the developing medaka embryo from the stage 24 (1 day 20 hr) through stage 30 (3 days 10 hr). Three-dimensional images using confocal microangiography show that the medaka, Oryzias latipes, follows the common embryonic circulatory pattern consisting of ventral aorta, aortic arches, dorsal aorta, transverse vessels, vitelline capillary plexus, and marginal veins. The medaka, thus, may serve as a valuable model system for genetic analysis of the primary vasculature of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Fujita
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Roong Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Furutani-Seiki M, Sasado T, Morinaga C, Suwa H, Niwa K, Yoda H, Deguchi T, Hirose Y, Yasuoka A, Henrich T, Watanabe T, Iwanami N, Kitagawa D, Saito K, Asaka S, Osakada M, Kunimatsu S, Momoi A, Elmasri H, Winkler C, Ramialison M, Loosli F, Quiring R, Carl M, Grabher C, Winkler S, Del Bene F, Shinomiya A, Kota Y, Yamanaka T, Okamoto Y, Takahashi K, Todo T, Abe K, Takahama Y, Tanaka M, Mitani H, Katada T, Nishina H, Nakajima N, Wittbrodt J, Kondoh H. A systematic genome-wide screen for mutations affecting organogenesis in Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Mech Dev 2005; 121:647-58. [PMID: 15210174 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale mutagenesis screen was performed in Medaka to identify genes acting in diverse developmental processes. Mutations were identified in homozygous F3 progeny derived from ENU-treated founder males. In addition to the morphological inspection of live embryos, other approaches were used to detect abnormalities in organogenesis and in specific cellular processes, including germ cell migration, nerve tract formation, sensory organ differentiation and DNA repair. Among 2031 embryonic lethal mutations identified, 312 causing defects in organogenesis were selected for further analyses. From these, 126 mutations were characterized genetically and assigned to 105 genes. The similarity of the development of Medaka and zebrafish facilitated the comparison of mutant phenotypes, which indicated that many mutations in Medaka cause unique phenotypes so far unrecorded in zebrafish. Even when mutations of the two fish species cause a similar phenotype such as one-eyed-pinhead or parachute, more genes were found in Medaka than in zebrafish that produced the same phenotype when mutated. These observations suggest that many Medaka mutants represent new genes and, therefore, are important complements to the collection of zebrafish mutants that have proven so valuable for exploring genomic function in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Furutani-Seiki
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kondoh Differentiation Signaling Project, Kawaaracho 14, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8305, Japan.
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Schartl M, Nanda I, Kondo M, Schmid M, Asakawa S, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Henrich T, Wittbrodt J, Furutani-Seiki M, Kondoh H, Himmelbauer H, Hong Y, Koga A, Nonaka M, Mitani H, Shima A. Current status of medaka genetics and genomics. The Medaka Genome Initiative (MGI). Methods Cell Biol 2004; 77:173-99. [PMID: 15602912 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)77010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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