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Schulz MT, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases. Immun Ageing 2025; 22:19. [PMID: 40390089 PMCID: PMC12087153 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-025-00511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025]
Abstract
As global life expectancy increases, research reveals a critical challenge in aging: the progressive deterioration of immune function, termed immunosenescence. This age-related immune decline is characterized by a complex dysregulation of immune responses, which leaves older adults increasingly vulnerable to infections, chronic inflammatory states, and various degenerative diseases. Without intervention, immunosenescence significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality among the elderly, intensifying healthcare burdens and diminishing quality of life on both individual and societal levels. This review explores the essential role of zinc, a trace element critical for immune health, in mitigating the impact of immunosenescence and slowing the cascade of immunological dysfunctions associated with aging. By modulating the activity of key immune cells and pathways, zinc supplementation emerges as a promising approach to strengthen immunity, reduce oxidative stress, and counteract "inflammaging," a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that accelerates tissue damage and drives disease progression. Zinc's involvement in cellular defense and repair mechanisms across the immune system highlights its ability to enhance immune cell functionality, resilience, and adaptability, strengthening the body's resistance to infection and its ability to manage stressors that contribute to diseases of aging. Indeed, zinc has demonstrated potential to improve immune responses, decrease inflammation, and mitigate the risk of age-related conditions including diabetes, depression, cardiovascular disease, and vision loss. Given the prevalent barriers to adequate zinc intake among older adults, including dietary limitations, decreased absorption, and interactions with medications, this review underscores the urgent need to address zinc deficiency in aging populations. Recent findings on zinc's cellular and molecular effects on immune health present zinc supplementation as a practical, accessible intervention for supporting healthier aging and improving quality of life. By integrating zinc into targeted strategies, public health efforts may not only sustain immunity in the elderly but also extend healthy longevity, reduce healthcare costs, and potentially mitigate the incidence and impact of chronic diseases that strain healthcare systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tobias Schulz
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Yao JH, Ortega EF, Panda A. Impact of zinc on immunometabolism and its putative role on respiratory diseases. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2025; 7:e00057. [PMID: 40051614 PMCID: PMC11882175 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Zinc is the second most abundant trace mineral in the human body and plays a critical role in immune cell function and metabolism. Zinc deficiency impairs immune cell function and is associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases, including pneumonia, influenza, and COVID-19. Zinc homeostasis, maintained by numerous zinc transporters and metal-binding proteins (ie, metallothionein), is essential for coordinating immune cell signaling, gene expression, and enzymatic activities in response to respiratory infections. This article highlights the emerging role of zinc in various aspects of immune function, particularly through its influence on cellular metabolism. Given the significant global burden of respiratory diseases, there is a need to identify effective nutritional interventions that could be readily leveraged to prevent and/or mitigate respiratory disease risk, particularly in older adults who are prone to zinc deficiency. However, the immunometabolic mechanisms underlying zinc's protective effects remain poorly characterized. Future research should focus on elucidating how micronutrients, such as zinc, can support changes in immune cell metabolism in response to infections. Such efforts will help determine how zinc metabolism and zinc intervention strategies may best be leveraged to prevent or mitigate respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Yao
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin F. Ortega
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Panda
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Apoorva E, Jacob R, Rao DN, Kumar S. Helicobacter pylori enhances HLA-C expression in the human gastric adenocarcinoma cells AGS and can protect them from the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13069. [PMID: 38516860 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) seems to play causative roles in gastric cancers. H. pylori has also been detected in established gastric cancers. How the presence of H. pylori modulates immune response to the cancer is unclear. The cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells, toward infected or malignant cells, is controlled by the repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on their surface. Here, we studied H. pylori-induced changes in the expression of ligands, of activating and inhibitory receptors of NK cells, in the gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells, and their impacts on NK cell responses. AGS cells lacked or had low surface expression of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) molecules HLA-E and HLA-C-ligands of the major NK cell inhibitory receptors NKG2A and killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR), respectively. However, AGS cells had high surface expression of ligands of activating receptors DNAM-1 and CD2, and of the adhesion molecules LFA-1. Consistently, AGS cells were sensitive to killing by NK cells despite the expression of inhibitory KIR on NK cells. Furthermore, H. pylori enhanced HLA-C surface expression on AGS cells. H. pylori infection enhanced HLA-C protein synthesis, which could explain H. pylori-induced HLA-C surface expression. H. pylori infection enhanced HLA-C surface expression also in the hepatoma Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, H. pylori-induced HLA-C surface expression on AGS cells promoted inhibition of NK cells by KIR, and thereby protected AGS cells from NK cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that H. pylori enhances HLA-C expression in host cells and protects them from the cytotoxic attack of NK cells expressing HLA-C-specific inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etikala Apoorva
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rini Jacob
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Desirazu N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Briassoulis G, Briassoulis P, Ilia S, Miliaraki M, Briassouli E. The Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Necroptotic Role of Zinc in COVID-19 and Sepsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1942. [PMID: 38001795 PMCID: PMC10669546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein-DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins. For many years, zinc has been acknowledged for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Furthermore, zinc is a potent inhibitor of caspases-3, -7, and -8, modulating the caspase-controlled apoptosis and necroptosis. In recent years, the immunomodulatory role of zinc in sepsis and COVID-19 has been investigated. Both sepsis and COVID-19 are related to various regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. Lack of zinc may have a negative effect on many immune functions, such as oxidative burst, cytokine production, chemotaxis, degranulation, phagocytosis, and RCD. While plasma zinc concentrations decline swiftly during both sepsis and COVID-19, this reduction is primarily attributed to a redistribution process associated with the inflammatory response. In this response, hepatic metallothionein production increases in reaction to cytokine release, which is linked to inflammation, and this protein effectively captures and stores zinc in the liver. Multiple regulatory mechanisms come into play, influencing the uptake of zinc, the binding of zinc to blood albumin and red blood cells, as well as the buffering and modulation of cytosolic zinc levels. Decreased zinc levels are associated with increasing severity of organ dysfunction, prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in septic and COVID-19 patients. Results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this narrative review. Existing evidence currently does not support pharmacological zinc supplementation in patients with sepsis or COVID-19. Complementation and repletion should follow current guidelines for micronutrients in critically ill patients. Further research investigating the pharmacological mechanism of zinc in programmed cell death caused by invasive infections and its therapeutic potential in sepsis and COVID-19 could be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Briassoulis
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Briassoulis
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Ilia
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Marianna Miliaraki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Efrossini Briassouli
- Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Zhang K, Han Y, Gu F, Gu Z, Zhao J, Chen J, Chen B, Gao M, Hou Z, Yu X, Cai T, Gao Y, Hu R, Xie J, Liu T. Association between dietary zinc intake and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1243908. [PMID: 37810930 PMCID: PMC10551451 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1243908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established etiological factor for gastric inflammation and a significant risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. However, the precise relationship between dietary zinc intake and seropositivity for Helicobacter pylori remains uncertain. Methods This cross-sectional observational study utilized data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1999 and 2000. The study cohort comprised 2,884 adults aged 20 years or older who provided comprehensive 24-h dietary recall data. The presence of Helicobacter pylori infection was confirmed using serum analysis and lgG protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Multivariable logistic regression models and generalized additive model (GAM) were employed to explore the potential association between dietary zinc intake and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. Results Additionally, subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of the primary findings. Of the 1,281 participants, 47.8% were male and the average age was 49.5 years. In the fully adjusted model, a statistically significant inverse association between dietary zinc intake and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity was observed [quartile variable, Q4 vs. Q1, odds ratio (OR): 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57-0.91, p = 0.007]. Furthermore, the relationship between dietary zinc intake and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity exhibited an L-shaped pattern, indicating a saturation effect. The results of sensitivity analysis remained consistent and reliable. Conclusion Therefore, this study suggests that higher dietary zinc intake may be associated with a lower prevalence of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. Notably, this association follows an L-shaped pattern, with a threshold point estimated at 24.925 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangming Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoxuan Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - JiaYu Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Bethune First College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Bethune First College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengyan Hou
- Bethune Second School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Bethune Second School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yafang Gao
- Bethune Second School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Bethune Third College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Xie
- Bethune Second School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianzhou Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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KIR signaling is regulated by electrostatic interaction of its cytosolic tail with the plasma membrane despite being neutral polyampholyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212987120. [PMID: 36574700 PMCID: PMC9910492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212987120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many receptors signal upon phosphorylation of tyrosine-based motifs in their cytosolic tail, with intrinsic disorder as a common feature. Studies on CD3ζ and CD3ε tails, which are disordered and polybasic, suggested regulation of phosphorylation through accessibility of tyrosines, governed by electrostatic interactions with membrane anionic lipids. We noticed characteristics of intrinsic disorder and previously unappreciated features in tyrosine-based motif-bearing cytosolic tails of many, especially, inhibitory receptors. They are neutral or acidic polyampholytes, with acidic and basic residues linearly segregated. To explore roles of these electrostatic features, we studied inhibitory killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR). Its cytosolic tail is a disordered neutrally charged polyampholyte, wherein juxtamembrane and membrane distal stretches are basic, and the intervening stretch is acidic. Despite lacking net charge, it interacted electrostatically with the plasma membrane. The juxtamembrane stretch was crucial for overall binding, which sequestered tyrosines in the lipid bilayer and restrained their constitutive phosphorylation. Human leukocyte antigen-C ligand binding to KIR released its tail from the plasma membrane to initiate signaling. Tail release occurred independently of KIR polymerization, clustering, or tyrosine phosphorylation, but required acidic residues of the acidic stretch. Tail interaction with the plasma membrane dictated signaling strength of KIR. These results revealed an electrostatic protein-lipid interaction that is unusual in being governed by segregated clusters of acidic and basic residues in polyampholytic disordered region of protein. In contrast to previously known, segregated distribution of oppositely charged residues made both binding and unbinding modules inherent to receptor tail, which could make the interaction an independent signaling switch.
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Nutritional immunity: the impact of metals on lung immune cells and the airway microbiome during chronic respiratory disease. Respir Res 2021; 22:133. [PMID: 33926483 PMCID: PMC8082489 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is the sequestration of bioavailable trace metals such as iron, zinc and copper by the host to limit pathogenicity by invading microorganisms. As one of the most conserved activities of the innate immune system, limiting the availability of free trace metals by cells of the immune system serves not only to conceal these vital nutrients from invading bacteria but also operates to tightly regulate host immune cell responses and function. In the setting of chronic lung disease, the regulation of trace metals by the host is often disrupted, leading to the altered availability of these nutrients to commensal and invading opportunistic pathogenic microbes. Similarly, alterations in the uptake, secretion, turnover and redox activity of these vitally important metals has significant repercussions for immune cell function including the response to and resolution of infection. This review will discuss the intricate role of nutritional immunity in host immune cells of the lung and how changes in this fundamental process as a result of chronic lung disease may alter the airway microbiome, disease progression and the response to infection.
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Wessels I, Fischer HJ, Rink L. Update on the multi-layered levels of zinc-mediated immune regulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 115:62-69. [PMID: 33323322 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The significance of zinc for an efficient immune response is well accepted. During zinc deficiency, an increase in the myeloid to lymphoid immune cells ratio was observed. This results in a disturbed balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes as well as defects in tolerance during infections. Consequently, instead of efficiently defending the body against invading pathogens, damage of host cells is frequently observed. This explains the increased susceptibility to infections and their severe progression observed for zinc deficient individuals as well as the association of autoimmune diseases with low serum zinc levels. Together with the advances in techniques for investigating cellular development, communication and intracellular metabolism, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the benefits of zinc for human health and the detriments of zinc deficiency has much improved. As analyses of the zinc status and effects of zinc supplementation were more frequently included into clinical studies, our knowledge of the association of zinc deficiency to a variety of diseases was strongly improved. Still there are several areas in zinc biology that require further in-depth investigation such as the interaction with other nutritional elements, the direct association between zinc transportation, membrane-structure, receptors, and signaling as well as its role in cell degeneration. This article will describe our current understanding of the role of zinc during the immune response focusing on the most recent findings and underlying mechanisms. Research questions that need to be addressed in the future will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henrike J Fischer
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Narendra DP, Guillermier C, Gyngard F, Huang X, Ward ME, Steinhauser ML. Coupling APEX labeling to imaging mass spectrometry of single organelles reveals heterogeneity in lysosomal protein turnover. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201901097. [PMID: 31719114 PMCID: PMC7039203 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of stable isotope tracers after metabolic labeling provides a snapshot of the dynamic state of living cells and tissue. A form of imaging mass spectrometry quantifies isotope ratios with a lateral resolution <50 nm, using a methodology that we refer to as multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS). Despite lateral resolution exceeding diffraction-limited light microscopy, lack of contrast has largely limited use of MIMS to large or specialized subcellular structures, such as the nucleus and stereocilia. In this study, we repurpose the engineered peroxidase APEX2 as the first genetically encoded marker for MIMS. Coupling APEX2 labeling of lysosomes and metabolic labeling of protein, we identify that individual lysosomes exhibit substantial heterogeneity in protein age, which is lost in iPSC-derived neurons lacking the lysosomal protein progranulin. This study expands the practical use of MIMS for cell biology by enabling measurements of metabolic function from stable isotope labeling within individual organelles in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P. Narendra
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christelle Guillermier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for NanoImaging, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Frank Gyngard
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for NanoImaging, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael E. Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew L. Steinhauser
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for NanoImaging, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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Wessels I, Rink L. Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108240. [PMID: 31841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional immune system is essential for healthy life. This is achieved by the coordinate activation and interaction of different immune cells. One should be aware that activation of the immune response is as important as its deactivation when the pathogens are cleared, as otherwise host tissue can be damaged up to life-threatening levels. Autoimmune diseases (AID) represent a phenomenon of immune cells attacking host cells and tissue. Five to eight percent of the world's population are currently affected by 80-100 AID. In recent years, the incidence has been constantly increasing, reaching alarmingly high numbers particularly for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and multiple sclerosis. This indicates a higher societal burden of AID for the future. This article provides an overview of general concepts of triggers and underlying mechanisms leading to self-destruction. Lately, several original concepts of disease etiology were revised, and there is a variety of hypotheses on triggers, underlying mechanisms and preventive actions. This article concentrates on the importance of nutrition, especially zinc and vitamin D, for balancing the immune function. Homespun nutritional remedies seem to reenter today's therapeutic strategies. Current treatment approaches are largely symptomatic or suppress the immune system. However, recent studies reveal significant benefits of nutrition-related therapeutic approaches including prevention and treatment of established disease, which offer a cost-efficient and trigger-unspecific alternative addressing balancing rather than suppression of the immune system. Zinc and vitamin D are currently the best studied and most promising candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Gyngard F, Steinhauser ML. Biological explorations with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2019; 34:1534-1545. [PMID: 34054180 PMCID: PMC8158666 DOI: 10.1039/c9ja00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of biological processes at the single cell or subcellular level is critical in order to better understand heterogenous cell populations. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) enables multiplexed, quantitative imaging of the elemental composition of a sample surface at high resolution (< 50 nm). Through measurement of two different isotopic variants of any given element, NanoSIMS provides nanoscale isotope ratio measurements. When coupled with stable isotope tracer methods, the measurement of isotope ratios functionally illuminates biochemical pathways at suborganelle resolution. In this review, we describe the practical application of NanoSIMS to study biological processes in organisms ranging from microbes to humans, highlighting experimental applications that have provided insight that is largely unattainable by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gyngard
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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12
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Garcia‐Seisdedos H, Villegas JA, Levy ED. Infinite Ansammlungen gefalteter Proteine im Kontext von Evolution, Krankheiten und Proteinentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José A. Villegas
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Emmanuel D. Levy
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
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13
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Garcia‐Seisdedos H, Villegas JA, Levy ED. Infinite Assembly of Folded Proteins in Evolution, Disease, and Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5514-5531. [PMID: 30133878 PMCID: PMC6471489 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations and changes in a protein's environment are well known for their potential to induce misfolding and aggregation, including amyloid formation. Alternatively, such perturbations can trigger new interactions that lead to the polymerization of folded proteins. In contrast to aggregation, this process does not require misfolding and, to highlight this difference, we refer to it as agglomeration. This term encompasses the amorphous assembly of folded proteins as well as the polymerization in one, two, or three dimensions. We stress the remarkable potential of symmetric homo-oligomers to agglomerate even by single surface point mutations, and we review the double-edged nature of this potential: how aberrant assemblies resulting from agglomeration can lead to disease, but also how agglomeration can serve in cellular adaptation and be exploited for the rational design of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A. Villegas
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Emmanuel D. Levy
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
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14
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Akkaya B, Oya Y, Akkaya M, Al Souz J, Holstein AH, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Matsumura R, Dorward DW, Glass DD, Shevach EM. Regulatory T cells mediate specific suppression by depleting peptide-MHC class II from dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:218-231. [PMID: 30643268 PMCID: PMC6402611 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) can activate multiple suppressive mechanisms in vitro upon activation via the T cell receptor resulting in antigen-independent suppression. However, it remains unclear whether similar pathways operate in vivo. Here, we found that antigen-specific Tregs activated by dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with two antigens suppressed Tnaive specific for both cognate and non-cognate antigens in vitro, but only suppressed Tnaive specific for cognate antigen in vivo. Antigen-specific Tregs formed strong interactions with DC resulting in selective inhibition of the binding of Tnaive to cognate antigen, yet allowing bystander Tnaive access. Strong binding resulted in removal of the cognate peptide-MHCII (pMHCII) from the DC surface reducing the capacity of the DC to present antigen. The enhanced binding of Tregs to DC coupled with their capacity to deplete pMHCII represents a novel pathway for Treg-mediated suppression and may be a mechanism by which Tregs maintain immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Oya
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Rheumatology, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chiba-East National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jafar Al Souz
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda H Holstein
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryutaro Matsumura
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chiba-East National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - David W Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Labs, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Deborah D Glass
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Rapa Therapeutics, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Bruijnesteijn J, van der Wiel MKH, de Groot N, Otting N, de Vos-Rouweler AJM, Lardy NM, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. Extensive Alternative Splicing of KIR Transcripts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2846. [PMID: 30564240 PMCID: PMC6288254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) form a multigene entity involved in modulating immune responses through interactions with MHC class I molecules. The complexity of the KIR cluster is reflected by, for instance, abundant levels of allelic polymorphism, gene copy number variation, and stochastic expression profiles. The current transcriptome study involving human and macaque families demonstrates that KIR family members are also subjected to differential levels of alternative splicing, and this seems to be gene dependent. Alternative splicing may result in the partial or complete skipping of exons, or the partial inclusion of introns, as documented at the transcription level. This post-transcriptional process can generate multiple isoforms from a single KIR gene, which diversifies the characteristics of the encoded proteins. For example, alternative splicing could modify ligand interactions, cellular localization, signaling properties, and the number of extracellular domains of the receptor. In humans, we observed abundant splicing for KIR2DL4, and to a lesser extent in the lineage III KIR genes. All experimentally documented splice events are substantiated by in silico splicing strength predictions. To a similar extent, alternative splicing is observed in rhesus macaques, a species that shares a close evolutionary relationship with humans. Splicing profiles of Mamu-KIR1D and Mamu-KIR2DL04 displayed a great diversity, whereas Mamu-KIR3DL20 (lineage V) is consistently spliced to generate a homolog of human KIR2DL5 (lineage I). The latter case represents an example of convergent evolution. Although just a single KIR splice event is shared between humans and macaques, the splicing mechanisms are similar, and the predicted consequences are comparable. In conclusion, alternative splicing adds an additional layer of complexity to the KIR gene system in primates, and results in a wide structural and functional variety of KIR receptors and its isoforms, which may play a role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bruijnesteijn
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marit K H van der Wiel
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Nanine de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Nel Otting
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Neubury M Lardy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Sanquin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja G de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Kumar S, Jain S. Immune signalling by supramolecular assemblies. Immunology 2018; 155:435-445. [PMID: 30144032 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of supramolecular assemblies appears to be a general mechanism in immune signalling pathways. These supramolecular assemblies appear to form through a nucleated polymerization mechanism. This review examines selected immune signalling pathways that involve supramolecular assemblies, describes the concepts of protein polymerization, and discusses how those concepts of protein polymerization implicate new elegant ways for signal amplification, setting threshold and noise reduction in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shweta Jain
- Department of Neurology and Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express an array of germ-line encoded receptors that are capable of triggering cytotoxicity. NK cells tend to express many members of a given family of signalling molecules. The presence of many activating receptors and many members of a given family of signalling molecules can enable NK cells to detect different kinds of target cells, and to mount different kinds of responses. This contributes also to the robustness of NK cells responses; cytotoxic functions of NK cells often remain unaffected in the absence of selected signalling molecules. NK cells express many MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors. Signals from MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors tightly control NK cell cytotoxicity and, paradoxically, maintain NK cells in a state of proper responsiveness. This review provides a brief overview of the events that underlie NK cell activation, and how signals from inhibitory receptors intercept NK cell activation to prevent inappropriate triggering of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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18
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Yu K, Davidson CL, Wójtowicz A, Lisboa L, Wang T, Airo AM, Villard J, Buratto J, Sandalova T, Achour A, Humar A, Boggian K, Cusini A, van Delden C, Egli A, Manuel O, Mueller N, Bochud PY, Burshtyn DN. LILRB1 polymorphisms influence posttransplant HCMV susceptibility and ligand interactions. J Clin Invest 2018. [PMID: 29528338 DOI: 10.1172/jci96174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UL18 is a human CMV (HCMV) MHC class I (MHCI) homolog that efficiently inhibits leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1)+ NK cells. We found an association of LILRB1 polymorphisms in the regulatory regions and ligand-binding domains with control of HCMV in transplant patients. Naturally occurring LILRB1 variants expressed in model NK cells showed functional differences with UL18 and classical MHCI, but not with HLA-G. The altered functional recognition was recapitulated in binding assays with the binding domains of LILRB1. Each of 4 nonsynonymous substitutions in the first 2 LILRB1 immunoglobulin domains contributed to binding with UL18, classical MHCI, and HLA-G. One of the polymorphisms controlled addition of an N-linked glycan, and that mutation of the glycosylation site altered binding to all ligands tested, including enhancing binding to UL18. Together, these findings indicate that specific LILRB1 alleles that allow for superior immune evasion by HCMV are restricted by mutations that limit LILRB1 expression selectively on NK cells. The polymorphisms also maintained an appropriate interaction with HLA-G, fitting with a principal role of LILRB1 in fetal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yu
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea L Davidson
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Wójtowicz
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Lisboa
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ting Wang
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adriana M Airo
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean Villard
- Immunology and Transplant Unit, Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremie Buratto
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atul Humar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Deborah N Burshtyn
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals metallothionein heterogeneity during hESC differentiation to definitive endoderm. Stem Cell Res 2018; 28:48-55. [PMID: 29427839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells towards definitive endoderm (DE) is the critical first step for generating cells comprising organs such as the gut, liver, pancreas and lung. This in-vitro differentiation process generates a heterogeneous population with a proportion of cells failing to differentiate properly and maintaining expression of pluripotency factors such as Oct4. RNA sequencing of single cells collected at four time points during a 4-day DE differentiation identified high expression of metallothionein genes in the residual Oct4-positive cells that failed to differentiate to DE. Using X-ray fluorescence microscopy and multi-isotope mass spectrometry, we discovered that high intracellular zinc level corresponds with persistent Oct4 expression and failure to differentiate. This study improves our understanding of the cellular heterogeneity during in-vitro directed differentiation and provides a valuable resource to improve DE differentiation efficiency.
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20
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Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1286. [PMID: 29186856 PMCID: PMC5748737 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of zinc deficiency in the 1960s, it soon became clear that zinc is essential for the function of the immune system. Zinc ions are involved in regulating intracellular signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells. Zinc homeostasis is largely controlled via the expression and action of zinc "importers" (ZIP 1-14), zinc "exporters" (ZnT 1-10), and zinc-binding proteins. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of zinc have long been documented, however, underlying mechanisms are still not entirely clear. Here, we report molecular mechanisms underlying the development of a pro-inflammatory phenotype during zinc deficiency. Furthermore, we describe links between altered zinc homeostasis and disease development. Consequently, the benefits of zinc supplementation for a malfunctioning immune system become clear. This article will focus on underlying mechanisms responsible for the regulation of cellular signaling by alterations in zinc homeostasis. Effects of fast zinc flux, intermediate "zinc waves", and late homeostatic zinc signals will be discriminated. Description of zinc homeostasis-related effects on the activation of key signaling molecules, as well as on epigenetic modifications, are included to emphasize the role of zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martina Maywald
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Zinc Signals and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102222. [PMID: 29064429 PMCID: PMC5666901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc homeostasis is crucial for an adequate function of the immune system. Zinc deficiency as well as zinc excess result in severe disturbances in immune cell numbers and activities, which can result in increased susceptibility to infections and development of especially inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the role of zinc in regulating intracellular signaling pathways in innate as well as adaptive immune cells. Main underlying molecular mechanisms and targets affected by altered zinc homeostasis, including kinases, caspases, phosphatases, and phosphodiesterases, will be highlighted in this article. In addition, the interplay of zinc homeostasis and the redox metabolism in affecting intracellular signaling will be emphasized. Key signaling pathways will be described in detail for the different cell types of the immune system. In this, effects of fast zinc flux, taking place within a few seconds to minutes will be distinguish from slower types of zinc signals, also designated as “zinc waves”, and late homeostatic zinc signals regarding prolonged changes in intracellular zinc.
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22
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Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has become an increasingly utilized tool in biologically relevant studies. Of these, high lateral resolution methodologies using the NanoSIMS 50/50L have been especially powerful within many biological fields over the past decade. Here, the authors provide a review of this technology, sample preparation and analysis considerations, examples of recent biological studies, data analyses, and current outlooks. Specifically, the authors offer an overview of SIMS and development of the NanoSIMS. The authors describe the major experimental factors that should be considered prior to NanoSIMS analysis and then provide information on best practices for data analysis and image generation, which includes an in-depth discussion of appropriate colormaps. Additionally, the authors provide an open-source method for data representation that allows simultaneous visualization of secondary electron and ion information within a single image. Finally, the authors present a perspective on the future of this technology and where they think it will have the greatest impact in near future.
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23
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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