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Crous C, Pretorius J, Petzer A. Overview of popular cosmeceuticals in dermatology. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 4:e340. [PMID: 38577050 PMCID: PMC10988741 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The eternal pursuit to prevent ageing and maintain a youthful appearance has resulted in a rapidly expanding cosmeceutical industry. Cosmeceutical products, particularly of natural origin, are in high demand due to claims of efficacy for signs of ageing and other skin conditions. Consumers often include cosmeceutical products in their skin care regime as they are readily available, and a more affordable option compared to prescription products. However, many cosmeceutical ingredients lack clinical evidence regarding their efficacy and safety as these products are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This review provides a brief overview of several popular cosmeceutical ingredients with regards to their potential indications, targets and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantalle Crous
- Pharmaceutical ChemistrySchool of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | | | - Anél Petzer
- Pharmaceutical ChemistrySchool of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
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2
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Altay Benetti A, Tarbox T, Benetti C. Current Insights into the Formulation and Delivery of Therapeutic and Cosmeceutical Agents for Aging Skin. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
“Successful aging” counters the traditional idea of aging as a disease and is increasingly equated with minimizing age signs on the skin, face, and body. From this stems the interest in preventative aesthetic dermatology that might help with the healthy aging of skin, help treat or prevent certain cutaneous disorders, such as skin cancer, and help delay skin aging by combining local and systemic methods of therapy, instrumental devices, and invasive procedures. This review will discuss the main mechanisms of skin aging and the potential mechanisms of action for commercial products already on the market, highlighting the issues related to the permeation of the skin from different classes of compounds, the site of action, and the techniques employed to overcome aging. The purpose is to give an overall perspective on the main challenges in formulation development, especially nanoparticle formulations, which aims to defeat or slow down skin aging, and to highlight new market segments, such as matrikines and matrikine-like peptides. In conclusion, by applying enabling technologies such as those delivery systems outlined here, existing agents can be repurposed or fine-tuned, and traditional but unproven treatments can be optimized for efficacious dosing and safety.
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3
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Pincemail J, Meziane S. On the Potential Role of the Antioxidant Couple Vitamin E/Selenium Taken by the Oral Route in Skin and Hair Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2270. [PMID: 36421456 PMCID: PMC9686906 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oxidative stress and skin aging/disorders is well established. Many topical and oral antioxidants (vitamins C and E, carotenoids, polyphenols) have been proposed to protect the skin against the deleterious effect induced by increased reactive oxygen species production, particularly in the context of sun exposure. In this review, we focused on the combination of vitamin E and selenium taken in supplements since both molecules act in synergy either by non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways to eliminate skin lipids peroxides, which are strongly implicated in skin and hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Pincemail
- CHU of Liège, Platform Antioxidant Nutrition and Health, Pathology Tower, 4130, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Smail Meziane
- Institut Européen des Antioxydants, 54000 Nancy, France
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4
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CUI Z, SHU Y, XIE X, JIN Y. Light-driven activation of NADPH oxidases. SCIENTIA SINICA VITAE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/ssv-2022-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Implications of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7881717. [PMID: 35087618 PMCID: PMC8789419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7881717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the ability of antioxidant systems to decompose those products. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, melanoma, and other skin diseases. Regulatory networks involving oxidative stress and related pathways are widely represented in hypopigmentation diseases, particularly vitiligo. However, there is no complete review into the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation disorders, especially regarding associations involving oxidative stress and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review oxidative and antioxidant systems, oxidative stress-induced signal transduction mechanisms, and effects of antioxidant drugs used in preclinical and clinical settings in hyperpigmentation disorders.
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6
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Chiu LY, Wu NL, Hung CF, Bai P, Dai YS, Lin WW. PARP-1 involves in UVB-induced inflammatory response in keratinocytes and skin injury via regulation of ROS-dependent EGFR transactivation and p38 signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21393. [PMID: 33570794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002285rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation can injure the epidermis, resulting in sunburn, inflammation, and cutaneous tissue disorders. Previous studies demonstrate that EGFR in keratinocytes can be activated by UVB and contributes to inflammation. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme and plays an essential role in DNA repair under moderate stress. In this study, we set out to understand how PARP-1 regulates UVB irradiation-induced skin injury and interplays with EGFR to mediate the inflammation response. We found that PARP-1 deficiency exacerbated the UVB-induced inflammation, water loss, and back skin damage in mice. In human primary keratinocytes, UVB can activate PARP-1 and enhance DNA damage upon PARP-1 gene silencing. Moreover, PARP-1 silencing and PARP inhibitor olaparib can suppress UVB-induced COX-2 and MMP-1 expression, but enhance TNF-α and IL-8 expression. In addition, EGFR silencing or EGFR inhibition by gefitinib can decrease UVB-induced COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-8 expression, suggesting EGFR activation via paracrine action can mediate UVB-induced inflammation responses. Immunoblotting data revealed that PARP-1 inhibition decreases UVB-induced EGFR and p38 activation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 also dramatically led to the attenuation of UVB-induced inflammatory gene expression. Of note, genetic ablation of PARP-1 or EGFR can attenuate UVB-induced ROS production, and antioxidant NAC can attenuate UVB-induced EGFR-p38 signaling axis and PARP-1 activation. These data suggest the regulatory loops among EGFR, PARP-1, and ROS upon UVB stress. PARP-1 not only serves DNA repair function but also orchestrates interactions to EGFR transactivation and ROS production, leading to p38 signaling for inflammatory gene expression in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ya Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Yang-Shia Dai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Agro-Industrial By-Products and Their Bioactive Compounds—An Ally against Oxidative Stress and Skin Aging. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased consumer awareness towards hazards related with sun exposure has given a boost in the cosmetics industry and particularly the sun care market. Human skin is continually being threatened by the UV irradiation present in sunlight and acute UV exposure leads to skin photoaging. Cosmetic and/or dermatological applications include several bioactive compounds that contribute to the regulation of epidermal homeostasis by providing protection against solar radiation and improving the antioxidant activity of epidermis. Plant extracts are sources of active ingredients with intense therapeutic properties, and the topical application or oral intake of these compounds could ameliorate skin condition. Nowadays, there is a growing demand for the application of the bioactive agents contained in agro-industrial byproducts in sun care products, since many of them have shown promising properties as skin photoprotectants. However, well-conducted clinical studies are required to prove their safety and efficacy before they could be regularly used. Environmentally friendly extraction and sustainable techniques are therefore under examination for recovering such compounds from agro-industrial byproducts and converting them into innovative high-value natural ingredients used in cosmetic formulations.
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8
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Protective effect of Thai silk extracts on drug-induced phototoxicity in human epidermal A431 cells and a reconstructed human epidermis model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 188:50-59. [PMID: 30216760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori silk extracts, derived from the cocoon degumming process of draw and dye silk in the textile industry, are mainly composed of sericin protein. To add value to the Thai silk extracts, and hence the silk industry, a simple enrichment process was recently developed and the enriched silk extracts were then applied in nano-cosmeceutical products and nano-delivery systems. In this study, the protective effect of Thai silk extracts from three different strains of Bombyx mori on the drug-induced phototoxicity was evaluated in vitro using chlorpromazine (CPZ), a commonly used antipsychotic drug, as a representative phototoxic drug. The human epidermal A431 cell line and reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) model were used as the in vitro skin model. The silk extracts significantly improved the viability of A431 cells after CPZ exposure and ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation, as shown by the significantly increased CPZ and UVA IC50 values and the decreased proportion of apoptotic cells. The protective effect of these silk extracts against the CPZ-induced UVA-phototoxicity in A431 cells was associated with the attenuation of intracellular oxidative stress via an increased intracellular glutathione level. Likewise, the silk extracts exhibited a protective effect on the CPZ-induced UVA-phototoxicity in the RhE model, in terms of an improved tissue viability and attenuation of the released inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1α. These findings support the potential usefulness of silk extracts in novel applications, especially in the protection of drug-induced phototoxicity.
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9
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Glady A, Tanaka M, Moniaga CS, Yasui M, Hara-Chikuma M. Involvement of NADPH oxidase 1 in UVB-induced cell signaling and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:7-15. [PMID: 29872728 PMCID: PMC5986629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme family are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are known to be involved in several physiological functions in response to various stimuli including UV irradiation. UVB-induced ROS have been associated with inflammation, cytotoxicity, cell death, or DNA damage in human keratinocytes. However, the source and the role of UVB-induced ROS remain undefined. Here, we show that Nox1 is involved in UVB-induced p38/MAPK activation and cytotoxicity via ROS generation in keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown or inhibitor decreased UVB-induced ROS production in human keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown impaired UVB-induced p38 activation, accompanied by reduced IL-6 levels and attenuated cell toxicity. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent ROS scavenger, suppressed p38 activation as well as consequent IL-6 production and cytotoxicity in response to UVB exposure. p38 inhibitor also suppressed UVB-induced IL-6 production and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the blockade of IL-6 production by IL-6 neutralizing antibody reduced UVB-induced cell toxicity. In vivo assay using wild-type mice, the intradermal injection of lysates from UVB-irradiated control cells, but not from UVB-irradiated Nox1 knockdown cells, induced inflammatory swelling and IL-6 production in the skin of ears. Moreover, administration of Nox1 inhibitor suppressed UVB-induced increase in IL-6 mRNA expression in mice skin. Collectively, these data suggest that Nox1-mediated ROS production is required for UVB-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through p38 activation and inflammatory cytokine production, such as IL-6. Thus, our findings suggest Nox1 as a therapeutic target for cytotoxicity and inflammation in response to UVB exposure. Nox1 knockdown decreased UVB-increased cellular ROS in keratinocytes. Nox1 knockdown suppressed UVB-induced p38 activation, accompanied by reduced in IL-6 levels and attenuated cell toxicity. UVB-induced cytotoxicity is involved in p38/MAPK pathway and IL-6 production, which is partially dependent on Nox1-generated ROS.
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Key Words
- ASK1, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- Bax, BCL2-associated X protein
- Cytotoxicity
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DPI, Diphenyleneiodonium
- Erk, Extracellular Signal-regulated kinase
- GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- H2DCFDA, Fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinases;
- Keratinocyte
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MKK, MAP Kinase
- MKP, MAPK phosphatase
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- NADPH oxidase 1
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B;
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2-, Superoxide
- OH, Hydroxyl radical
- P38/MAP kinase
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- Reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- UV, Ultraviolet
- UVB
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Affiliation(s)
- Azela Glady
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Manami Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Catharina Sagita Moniaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, Japan
| | - Mariko Hara-Chikuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Costa JAV, Barbieri Moro GM, de Moraes Vaz Batista Filgueira D, Corsini E, Bertolin TE. The Potential of Spirulinaand Its Bioactive Metabolites as Ingested Agents for Skin Care. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2017.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Medianeira Barbieri Moro
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Biomolecular, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Telma Elita Bertolin
- Fermentation Laboratory, Post Graduate in Food Science and Technology, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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11
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Lee CW, Lin ZC, Hu SCS, Chiang YC, Hsu LF, Lin YC, Lee IT, Tsai MH, Fang JY. Urban particulate matter down-regulates filaggrin via COX2 expression/PGE2 production leading to skin barrier dysfunction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27995. [PMID: 27313009 PMCID: PMC4911555 DOI: 10.1038/srep27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the regulation of filaggrin, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression induced by urban particulate matter (PM) in human keratinocytes. In addition, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in PM-induced effects on COX2/PGE2 and filaggrin. PMs induced increases in COX2 expression and PGE2 production, and decreased filaggrin expression. These effects were attenuated by pretreatment with COX2 inhibitor and PGE2 receptor antagonist, or after transfection with siRNAs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), gp91phox and p47phox. Furthermore, PM-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase activity was attenuated by pretreatment with an AhR antagonist (AhRI) or antioxidants. Moreover, Nox-dependent ROS generation led to phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, which then activated the downstream molecules NF-κB and AP-1, respectively. In vivo studies in PMs-treated mice showed that AhRI and apocynin (a Nox2 inhibitor) had anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing COX2 and increasing filaggrin expression. Our results reveal for the first time that PMs-induced ROS generation is mediated through the AhR/p47 phox/NADPH oxidase pathway, which in turn activates ERK1/2, p38/NF-κB and JNK/AP-1, and which ultimately induces COX2 expression and filaggrin downregulation. Up-regulated expression of COX2 and production of PGE2 may lead to impairment of skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Park K. Role of micronutrients in skin health and function. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:207-17. [PMID: 25995818 PMCID: PMC4428712 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the first line of defense for protecting our bodies against external perturbations, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, mechanical/chemical stress, and bacterial infection. Nutrition is one of many factors required for the maintenance of overall skin health. An impaired nutritional status alters the structural integrity and biological function of skin, resulting in an abnormal skin barrier. In particular, the importance of micronutrients (such as certain vitamins and minerals) for skin health has been highlighted in cell culture, animal, and clinical studies. These micronutrients are employed not only as active compounds in therapeutic agents for treating certain skin diseases, but also as ingredients in cosmetic products. Here, the author describes the barrier function of the skin and the general nutritional requirements for skin health. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential roles and current knowledge of selected micronutrients in skin health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Dermatology, Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)-VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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13
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Hong CH, Chang KL, Wang HJ, Yu HS, Lee CH. IL-9 induces IL-8 production via STIM1 activation and ERK phosphorylation in epidermal keratinocytes: A plausible mechanism of IL-9R in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:206-14. [PMID: 25840641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-9 and its receptor play important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. Its role in atopic dermatitis (AD) was examined in just a few studies, including nucleotide polymorphisms, increased transcriptional levels of IL-9 and IL-9R in diseased skin, and an association of blood IL-9 levels with clinical severity. OBJECTIVE Little was known about the pathophysiological regulation of IL-9/IL-9R in AD skin. We asked whether IL-9R was expressed in epidermal keratinocytes; if so, what the functional outcome, cytokine production, and signaling pathway of IL-9/IL-9R in keratinocytes are. METHODS We measured and compared the expression of IL-9R in skin from AD patients and controls by immunofluorescence. We also performed in vitro studies on the IL-9-treated primary keratinocytes, including flow cytometry for IL-9R expressions, Western blotting for mTOR, S6K, ERK, p38, and STAT3 activations, ELISA for cytokine levels, and immunofluorescence for STIM1. RESULTS We found that IL-9R was indeed expressed in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts. Its expression in keratinocytes was enhanced by IL-4 but not by TGF-beta1. IL-9 induced a moderate production of IL-8 but not CXCL16, CCL22, TSLP, nor IL-33. IL-9 induced formation of STIM1-puncta. IL-9 induced ERK phosphorylation both dose- and time-dependently, but not mTOR, S6K, p38, or STAT3. Pretreatment with U0126 (ERK inhibitor) but not rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) abrogated the IL-9-mediated IL-8 production. Blockage of STIM1 with BTP2 or SKF96265 abrogated ERK phosphorylation and IL-8 production induced by IL-9. CONCLUSION This study represents the first to show the regulation of the IL-9-STIM1-ERK-IL-8 axis in keratinocyte, and how the axis might play an important role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Wang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institute, Miao-Li, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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14
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Lorencini M, Brohem CA, Dieamant GC, Zanchin NI, Maibach HI. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:100-15. [PMID: 24675046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The decisive role of the epidermis in maintaining body homeostasis prompted studies to evaluate the changes in epidermal structure and functionality over the lifetime. This development, along with the identification of molecular mechanisms of epidermal signaling, maintenance, and differentiation, points to a need for new therapeutic alternatives to treat and prevent skin aging. In addition to recovering age- and sun-compromised functions, proper treatment of the epidermis has important esthetic implications. This study reviews active ingredients capable of counteracting symptoms of epidermal aging, organized according to the regulation of specific age-affected epidermal functions: (1) several compounds, other than retinoids and derivatives, act on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, supporting the protective barrier against mechanical and chemical insults; (2) natural lipidic compounds, as well as glycerol and urea, are described as agents for maintaining water-ion balance; (3) regulation of immunological pathogen defense can be reinforced by natural extracts and compounds, such as resveratrol; and (4) antioxidant exogenous sources enriched with flavonoids and vitamin C, for example, improve solar radiation protection and epidermal antioxidant activity. The main objective is to provide a functional classification of active ingredients as regulatory elements of epidermal homeostasis, with potential cosmetic and/or dermatological applications.
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15
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Liu-Smith F, Dellinger R, Meyskens FL. Updates of reactive oxygen species in melanoma etiology and progression. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:51-5. [PMID: 24780245 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in all aspects of melanoma development, however, the source of ROS is not well defined. In this review we summarize recent advancement in this rapidly developing field. The cellular ROS pool in melanocytes can be derived from mitochondria, melanosomes, NADPH oxidase (NOX) family enzymes, and uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Current evidence suggests that Nox1, Nox4 and Nox5 are expressed in melanocytic lineage. While there is no difference in Nox1 expression levels in primary and metastatic melanoma tissues, Nox4 expression is significantly higher in a subset of metastatic melanoma tumors as compared to the primary tumors; suggesting distinct and specific signals and effects for NOX family enzymes in melanoma. Targeting these NOX enzymes using specific NOX inhibitors may be effective for a subset of certain tumors. ROS also play important roles in BRAF inhibitor induced drug resistance; hence identification and blockade of the source of this ROS may be an effective way to enhance efficacy and overcome resistance. Furthermore, ROS from different sources may interact with each other and interact with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and drive the melanomagenesis process at all stages of disease. Further understanding ROS and RNS in melanoma etiology and progression is necessary for developing new prevention and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu-Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Ryan Dellinger
- Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Public Health, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Cigarette smoke affects keratinocytes SRB1 expression and localization via H2O2 production and HNE protein adducts formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33592. [PMID: 22442701 PMCID: PMC3307738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger Receptor B1 (SR-B1), also known as HDL receptor, is involved in cellular cholesterol uptake. Stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of more than 25% cholesterol. Several reports support the view that alteration of SC lipid composition may be the cause of impaired barrier function which gives rise to several skin diseases. For this reason the regulation of the genes involved in cholesterol uptake is of extreme significance for skin health. Being the first shield against external insults, the skin is exposed to several noxious substances and among these is cigarette smoke (CS), which has been recently associated with various skin pathologies. In this study we first have shown the presence of SR-B1 in murine and human skin tissue and then by using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, RT-PCR, and confocal microscopy we have demonstrated the translocation and the subsequent lost of SR-B1 in human keratinocytes (cell culture model) after CS exposure is driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that derives not only from the CS gas phase but mainly from the activation of cellular NADPH oxidase (NOX). This effect was reversed when the cells were pretreated with NOX inhibitors or catalase. Furthermore, CS caused the formation of SR-B1-aldheydes adducts (acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) and the increase of its ubiquitination, which could be one of the causes of SR-B1 loss. In conclusion, exposure to CS, through the production of H2O2, induced post-translational modifications of SR-B1 with the consequence lost of the receptor and this may contribute to the skin physiology alteration as a consequence of the variation of cholesterol uptake.
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Polyamide Nanocapsules and Nano-emulsions Containing Parsol® MCX and Parsol® 1789: In Vitro Release, Ex Vivo Skin Penetration and Photo-Stability Studies. Pharm Res 2011; 29:559-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Han CY, Hien TT, Lim SC, Kang KW. Role of Pin1 in UVA-induced cell proliferation and malignant transformation in epidermal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:68-74. [PMID: 21640077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation (λ = 320-400 nm) is considered a major cause of human skin cancer. Pin1, a peptidyl prolyl isomerase, is overexpressed in most types of cancer tissues and plays an important role in cell proliferation and transformation. Here, we demonstrated that Pin1 expression was enhanced by low energy UVA (300-900 mJ/cm(2)) irradiation in both skin tissues of hairless mice and JB6 C141 epidermal cells. Exposure of epidermal cells to UVA radiation increased cell proliferation and cyclin D1 expression, and these changes were blocked by Pin1 inhibition. UVA irradiation also increased activator protein-1 (AP-1) minimal reporter activity and nuclear levels of c-Jun, but not c-Fos, in a Pin1-dependent manner. The increases in Pin1 expression and in AP-1 reporter activity in response to UVA were abolished by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment. Finally, we found that pre-exposure of JB6 C141 cells to UVA potentiated EGF-inducible, anchorage-independent growth, and this effect was significantly suppressed by Pin1inhibition or by NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeob Han
- BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
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19
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Pastore S, Lulli D, Potapovich AI, Fidanza P, Kostyuk VA, Dellambra E, De Luca C, Maurelli R, Korkina LG. Differential modulation of stress-inflammation responses by plant polyphenols in cultured normal human keratinocytes and immortalized HaCaT cells. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:104-14. [PMID: 21620684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental and endogenous stresses to skin are considered causative reasons for skin cancers, premature ageing, and chronic inflammation. Screening of substances with preventive and/or curative properties is currently based on mechanistic studies of their effects towards stress-induced responses in skin cell cultures. OBJECTIVE We compared effects of plant polyphenols (PPs) on the constitutive, UVA-, LPS-, or TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory responses in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and immortalized HaCaT cells. METHODS Representatives of three classes of PPs, flavonoids, stilbenoids, and phenylpropanoids were studied. Their effects on mRNA were determined by qRT-PCR; protein expression was assayed by Western blot and bioplexed ELISA; phosphorylation of Akt1, ERK1/2, EGFR, and NFkappaB was quantified by intracellular ELISA or Western blot. RESULTS PPs or their combination with UVA or LPS induced strong up-regulation of stress responses in HaCaT but not in NHEK. In addition, compared to NHEK, HaCaT responded to TNF-alpha with higher synthesis of MCP-1, IP-10 and IL-8, concomitant with stronger NFkappaB activation. PPs down-regulated the chemokine release from both cell types, although with distinct effects on NFkappaB, Akt1, ERK, and EGFR activation. CONCLUSION Results of pharmacological screenings obtained by using HaCaT should be cautiously considered while extending them to primary keratinocytes from human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveria Pastore
- Lab. Tissue Engineering and Skin Pathophysiology, Dermatology Institute (Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI IRCCS), Rome 00167, Italy
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Protective Effects of Liposomal N-Acetylcysteine against Paraquat-Induced Cytotoxicity and Gene Expression. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:808967. [PMID: 21584258 PMCID: PMC3090768 DOI: 10.1155/2011/808967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide that preferentially accumulates in the lung and exerts its cytotoxicity via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is no specific treatment for paraquat poisoning. Attempts have been made to increase the antioxidant status in the lung using antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine) but the outcome from such treatments is limited. Encapsulation of antioxidants in liposomes improves their therapeutic potential against oxidant-induced lung damage because liposomes facilitate intracellular delivery and prolong the retention of entrapped agents inside the cell. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of conventional N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and liposomal-NAC (L-NAC) against PQ-induced cytotoxicity and examined the mechanism(s) by which these antioxidant formulations conferred cytoprotection. The effects of NAC or L-NAC against PQ-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells were assessed by measuring cellular PQ uptake, intracellular glutathione content, ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular gene expression, inflammatory cytokine release and cell viability. Pretreatment of cells with L-NAC was significantly more effective than pretreatment with the conventional drug in reducing PQ-induced cytotoxicity, as indicated by the biomarkers used in this study. Our results suggested that the delivery of NAC as a liposomal formulation improves its effectiveness in counteracting PQ-induced cytotoxicity.
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Montreekachon P, Chotjumlong P, Bolscher JGM, Nazmi K, Reutrakul V, Krisanaprakornkit S. Involvement of P2X(7) purinergic receptor and MEK1/2 in interleukin-8 up-regulation by LL-37 in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:327-37. [PMID: 21338358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial peptide LL-37, derived from human neutrophils, can directly chemoattract leukocytes and up-regulate the expression of several immune-related genes in various cell types. In this study, we wanted to determine the immunoregulatory effect of LL-37 on interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and to characterize intracellular signaling pathway(s) and receptor(s) involved in IL-8 induction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations of LL-37 or interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as a positive control, for specific periods of time in the presence or absence of various inhibitors. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were conducted to analyze the expression of IL-8 mRNA, and the IL-8 levels in cell-free culture media were measured using ELISAs. The MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of LL-37. RESULTS Nontoxic concentrations of LL-37 (up to 10 μm) and IL-1β significantly up-regulated the expression of IL-8 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The IL-8 protein levels were consistently significantly elevated in conditioned media of LL-37-treated HGFs (p < 0.05). IL-8 up-regulation by LL-37 was completely abrogated by 20 μm U0126, consistent with transient phosphorylation of p44/42 MAP kinases. Moreover, pretreatment with Brilliant Blue G (a selective antagonist of the P2X(7) receptor) and the neutralizing antibody against P2X(7) blocked IL-8 up-regulation in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with expression of the P2X(7) receptor in HGFs. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that LL-37 induces IL-8 expression via the P2X(7) receptor and the MEK1/2-dependent p44/42 MAP kinases in HGFs, suggesting both direct and indirect involvement of LL-37 in neutrophil recruitment into an inflammatory site within diseased periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Montreekachon
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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22
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Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Poli G. Targeting tissue oxidative damage by means of cell signaling modulators: The antioxidant concept revisited. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:336-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Masaki H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: anti-aging effects. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 58:85-90. [PMID: 20399614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular and extracellular oxidative stress initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) advance skin aging, which is characterized by wrinkles and atypical pigmentation. Because UV enhances ROS generation in cells, skin aging is usually discussed in relation to UV exposure. The use of antioxidants is an effective approach to prevent symptoms related to photo-induced aging of the skin. In this review, the mechanisms of ROS generation and ROS elimination in the body are summarized. The effects of ROS generated in the skin and the roles of ROS in altering the skin are also discussed. In addition, the effects of representative antioxidants on the skin are summarized with a focus on skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Masaki
- Nikkol Group Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd., 3-24-3 Hasune, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 174-0046, Japan.
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Potapovich AI, Pastore S, Kostyuk VA, Lulli D, Mariani V, De Luca C, Dudich EI, Korkina LG. alpha-Fetoprotein as a modulator of the pro-inflammatory response of human keratinocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1236-47. [PMID: 19785658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The immunomodulatory effects of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) on lymphocytes and macrophages have been described in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant forms of human AFP have been proposed as potential therapeutic entities for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We examined the effects of embryonic and recombinant human AFP on the spontaneous, UVA- and cytokine-induced pro-inflammatory responses of human keratinocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultures of primary and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human blood T lymphocytes were used. The effects of AFP on cytokine expression were studied by bioplexed elisa and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Kinase and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) phosphorylation were quantified by intracellular elisa. Nuclear activator protein 1 and NFkappaB DNA binding activity was measured by specific assays. Nitric oxide and H(2)O(2) production and redox status were assessed by fluorescent probe and biochemical methods. KEY RESULTS All forms of AFP enhanced baseline expression of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. AFP dose-dependently increased tumour necrosis factor alpha-stimulated granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin 8 expression and decreased tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and IP-10 (interferon gamma-produced protein of 10 kDa) expression. AFP induced a marked activator protein 1 activation in human keratinocytes. AFP also increased H(2)O(2) and modulated nitrite/nitrate levels in non-stimulated keratinocytes whereas it did not affect these parameters or cytokine release from UVA-stimulated cells. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and Akt1 but not NFkappaB was activated by AFP alone or by its combination with UVA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Exogenous AFP induces activation of human keratinocytes, with de novo expression of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators and modulation of their pro-inflammatory response to cytokines or UVA. AFP may modulate inflammatory events in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Potapovich
- Lab Tissue Engineering and Skin Pathophysiology, Dermatology Institute (Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Zampieri N, Zuin V, Burro R, Ottolenghi A, Camoglio FS. A prospective study in children: Pre- and post-surgery use of vitamin E in surgical incisions. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 63:1474-8. [PMID: 19766552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main problems of elective surgery is the cosmetic result. OBJECTIVE This prospective controlled study aims to determine the effects of topical vitamin E on cosmetic results in children. METHODS A single-blind study was carried out. Topical vitamin E was used on the intended incision site for at least 15 days, thrice daily, before surgery and for at least 30 days, twice daily, after surgery (group A). The control group received topical petrolatum-based ointment (group B). RESULTS No patients in group A developed keloids. A total of 96% of patients (or parents) considered the cosmetic results very good. No patients had wound infection. In the control group, only 78% of patients (or parents) considered the cosmetic results very good and 13 (6.5%) patients developed keloids after 6 months. There were no cases of wound infection. CONCLUSION Topical vitamin E before and after surgery improved surgical wound healing and improved cosmetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zampieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Surgical Unit, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B.Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro n. 1, Verona, Italy.
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Nakamura YK, Omaye ST. Vitamin E-modulated gene expression associated with ROS generation. J Funct Foods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Lambeth JD, Krause KH, Clark RA. NOX enzymes as novel targets for drug development. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:339-63. [PMID: 18509646 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The members of the NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases mediate such physiologic functions as host defense, cell signaling, and thyroid hormone biosynthesis through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, ROS are involved in a broad range of fundamental biochemical and cellular processes, and data accumulated in recent years indicate that the NOX enzymes comprise one of the most important biological sources of ROS. Given the high biochemical reactivity of ROS, it is not surprising that they have been implicated in a wide variety of pathologies and diseases. Prominent among the settings that feature ROS-mediated tissue injury are disorders associated with inflammation, aging, and progressive degenerative changes in cells and organ systems, and it appears that essentially no organ system is exempt. Among the disorders currently believed to be mediated at least in part by NOX-derived ROS are hypertension, aortic aneurysm, myocardial infarction (and other ischemia-reperfusion disorders), pulmonary fibrosis and hypertension, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, diabetic nephropathy, and renal cell carcinoma. Several small-molecule and peptide inhibitors of the NOX enzymes have been useful in experimental studies, but issues of specificity, potency, and toxicity militate against any of the existing published compounds as candidates for drug development. Given the broad array of disease targets documented in recent work, the time is here for vigorous efforts to develop clinically useful inhibitors of the NOX enzymes. As most (though not all) NOX-related diseases appear to be mediated by a single member of the NOX family, agents with isoform specificity will be preferred, although broadly active NOX inhibitors may prove to be useful in some settings.
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