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Prado LG, Nagy LE. Role of Complement in Liver Diseases. Semin Liver Dis 2024; 44:510-522. [PMID: 39608405 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1795143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize recent research using animal models, cell models, and human data regarding the role of complement in liver disease. Complement is part of the innate immune system and was initially characterized for its role in control of pathogens. However, evidence now indicates that complement also plays an important role in the response to cellular injury that is independent of pathogens. The liver is the main organ responsible for producing circulating complement. In response to liver injury, complement is activated and likely plays a dual role, both contributing to and protecting from injury. In uncontrolled complement activation, cell injury and liver inflammation occur, contributing to progression of liver disease. Complement activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, fibrosis and cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and autoimmune hepatitis. However, the mechanisms by which complement is overactivated in liver diseases are still being unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan G Prado
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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2
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Mannes M, Savukoski S, Ignatius A, Halbgebauer R, Huber-Lang M. Crepuscular rays - The bright side of complement after tissue injury. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350848. [PMID: 38794857 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Acute injuries trigger an intense activation of the body's defense mechanisms aiming to limit damage and initiate healing. Among the crucial components of the intravascular immune system, the complement system plays a significant role in traumatic injuries, albeit often negatively. It has been suggested that excessive activation of the complement system, transitioning from a localized and timed response to a systemic one, can lead to a loss of its host-protective characteristics. Complement activation products have been associated with the severity of injuries, which sometimes serve as predictors for the onset of organ dysfunctions. Animal studies utilizing complement-targeting agents have provided the basis for considering complement in the management of traumatic injuries in humans. However, numerous studies suggest that the spatial and temporal aspects of complement inhibition are crucial for its efficacy. Understanding the underlying mechanism of the injury is essential to determine where, when, and whether complement inhibition is warranted. Despite the detrimental effects of uncontrolled complement activation, its regulated activation may contribute to essential aspects of healing, such as waste removal and regeneration. This review focuses on the beneficial roles of complement activation in trauma, which are often overlooked or given less consideration but are of immense importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mannes
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susa Savukoski
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Halbgebauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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3
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Schulz K, Trendelenburg M. C1q as a target molecule to treat human disease: What do mouse studies teach us? Front Immunol 2022; 13:958273. [PMID: 35990646 PMCID: PMC9385197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a field of growing interest for pharmacological intervention. Complement protein C1q, the pattern recognition molecule at the start of the classical pathway of the complement cascade, is a versatile molecule with additional non-canonical actions affecting numerous cellular processes. Based on observations made in patients with hereditary C1q deficiency, C1q is protective against systemic autoimmunity and bacterial infections. Accordingly, C1q deficient mice reproduce this phenotype with susceptibility to autoimmunity and infections. At the same time, beneficial effects of C1q deficiency on disease entities such as neurodegenerative diseases have also been described in murine disease models. This systematic review provides an overview of all currently available literature on the C1q knockout mouse in disease models to identify potential target diseases for treatment strategies focusing on C1q, and discusses potential side-effects when depleting and/or inhibiting C1q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schulz
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Kristina Schulz,
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Garg V, Chandanala S, David-Luther M, Govind M, Prasad RR, Kumar A, Prasanna SJ. The Yin and Yang of Immunity in Stem Cell Decision Guidance in Tissue Ecologies: An Infection Independent Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:793694. [PMID: 35198558 PMCID: PMC8858808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.793694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of immune system and inflammation on organ homeostasis and tissue stem cell niches in the absence of pathogen invasion has long remained a conundrum in the field of regenerative medicine. The paradoxical role of immune components in promoting tissue injury as well as resolving tissue damage has complicated therapeutic targeting of inflammation as a means to attain tissue homeostasis in degenerative disease contexts. This confound could be resolved by an integrated intricate assessment of cross-talk between inflammatory components and micro- and macro-environmental factors existing in tissues during health and disease. Prudent fate choice decisions of stem cells and their differentiated progeny are key to maintain tissue integrity and function. Stem cells have to exercise this fate choice in consultation with other tissue components. With this respect tissue immune components, danger/damage sensing molecules driving sterile inflammatory signaling cascades and barrier cells having immune-surveillance functions play pivotal roles in supervising stem cell decisions in their niches. Stem cells learn from their previous damage encounters, either endogenous or exogenous, or adapt to persistent micro-environmental changes to orchestrate their decisions. Thus understanding the communication networks between stem cells and immune system components is essential to comprehend stem cell decisions in endogenous tissue niches. Further the systemic interactions between tissue niches integrated through immune networks serve as patrolling systems to establish communication links and orchestrate micro-immune ecologies to better organismal response to injury and promote regeneration. Understanding these communication links is key to devise immune-centric regenerative therapies. Thus the present review is an integrated attempt to provide a unified purview of how inflammation and immune cells provide guidance to stem cells for tissue sculpting during development, organismal aging and tissue crisis based on the current knowledge in the field.
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Barratt J, Weitz I. Complement Factor D as a Strategic Target for Regulating the Alternative Complement Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712572. [PMID: 34566967 PMCID: PMC8458797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is central to first-line defense against invading pathogens. However, excessive complement activation and/or the loss of complement regulation contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases, systemic inflammation, and thrombosis. One of the three pathways of the complement system, the alternative complement pathway, plays a vital role in amplifying complement activation and pathway signaling. Complement factor D, a serine protease of this pathway that is required for the formation of C3 convertase, is the rate-limiting enzyme. In this review, we discuss the function of factor D within the alternative pathway and its implication in both healthy physiology and disease. Because the alternative pathway has a role in many diseases that are characterized by excessive or poorly mediated complement activation, this pathway is an enticing target for effective therapeutic intervention. Nonetheless, although the underlying disease mechanisms of many of these complement-driven diseases are quite well understood, some of the diseases have limited treatment options or no approved treatments at all. Therefore, in this review we explore factor D as a strategic target for advancing therapeutic control of pathological complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ilene Weitz
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Fan X, McCullough RL, Huang E, Bellar A, Kim A, Poulsen KL, McClain CJ, Mitchell M, McCullough AJ, Radaeva S, Barton B, Szabo G, Dasarathy S, Rotroff DM, Nagy LE. Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Complement in Patients With Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis. Hepatology 2021; 73:983-997. [PMID: 32557728 PMCID: PMC8005264 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Given the lack of effective therapies and high mortality in acute alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), it is important to develop rationally designed biomarkers for effective disease management. Complement, a critical component of the innate immune system, contributes to uncontrolled inflammatory responses leading to liver injury, but is also involved in hepatic regeneration. Here, we investigated whether a panel of complement proteins and activation products would provide useful biomarkers for severity of AH and aid in predicting 90-day mortality. APPROACH AND RESULTS Plasma samples collected at time of diagnosis from 254 patients with moderate and severe AH recruited from four medical centers and 31 healthy persons were used to quantify complement proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Luminex arrays. Components of the classical and lectin pathways, including complement factors C2, C4b, and C4d, as well as complement factor I (CFI) and C5, were reduced in AH patients compared to healthy persons. In contrast, components of the alternative pathway, including complement factor Ba (CFBa) and factor D (CFD), were increased. Markers of complement activation were also differentially evident, with C5a increased and the soluble terminal complement complex (sC5b9) decreased in AH. Mannose-binding lectin, C4b, CFI, C5, and sC5b9 were negatively correlated with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, whereas CFBa and CFD were positively associated with disease severity. Lower CFI and sC5b9 were associated with increased 90-day mortality in AH. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that AH is associated with a profound disruption of complement. Inclusion of complement, especially CFI and sC5b9, along with other laboratory indicators, could improve diagnostic and prognostic indications of disease severity and risk of mortality for AH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiude Fan
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Annette Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Adam Kim
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Mack Mitchell
- Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | | | | | - Bruce Barton
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Daniel M Rotroff
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Molecular MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
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7
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Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of fatty liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:73-91. [PMID: 33268887 PMCID: PMC7852578 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the pathogeneses of fatty liver diseases, and continuous inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although both ALD and NAFLD are closely related to inflammation, their respective developmental mechanisms differ to some extent. Here, we review the roles of multiple immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to the inflammation associated with fatty liver diseases and the differences in the progression of ASH and NASH. Multiple cell types in the liver, including macrophages, neutrophils, other immune cell types and hepatocytes, are involved in fatty liver disease inflammation. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and complement also contribute to the inflammatory process, as does intertissue crosstalk between the liver and the intestine, adipose tissue, and the nervous system. We point out that inflammation also plays important roles in promoting liver repair and controlling bacterial infections. Understanding the complex regulatory process of disrupted homeostasis during the development of fatty liver diseases may lead to the development of improved targeted therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Roth K, Strickland J, Joshi N, Deng M, Kennedy RC, Rockwell CE, Luyendyk JP, Billiar TR, Copple BL. Dichotomous Role of Plasmin in Regulation of Macrophage Function after Acetaminophen Overdose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1986-2001. [PMID: 31381887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for liver repair after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. These cells produce promitogenic cytokines and growth factors, and they phagocytose dead cell debris, a process that is critical for resolution of inflammation. The factors that regulate these dynamic functions of macrophages after APAP overdose, however, are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, is a key regulator of macrophage function after APAP-induced liver injury. In these studies, inhibition of plasmin in mice with tranexamic acid delayed up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines after APAP overdose. In culture, plasmin directly, and in synergy with high-mobility group B1, stimulated Kupffer cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages to produce cytokines by a mechanism that required NF-κB. Inhibition of plasmin in vivo also prevented trafficking of monocyte-derived macrophages into necrotic lesions after APAP overdose. This prevented phagocytic removal of dead cells, prevented maturation of monocyte-derived macrophages into F4/80-expressing macrophages, and prevented termination of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our studies reveal further that phagocytosis is an important stimulus for cessation of proinflammatory cytokine production as treatment of proinflammatory, monocyte-derived macrophages, isolated from APAP-treated mice, with necrotic hepatocytes decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that plasmin is an important regulator of macrophage function after APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebekah C Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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9
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Gao B, Ahmad MF, Nagy LE, Tsukamoto H. Inflammatory pathways in alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2019; 70:249-259. [PMID: 30658726 PMCID: PMC6361545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are primary contributors to the development and progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), with severe alcoholic hepatitis characterised by non-resolving inflammation. Inflammation in the progression of ASH is a complex response to microbial dysbiosis, loss of barrier integrity in the intestine, hepatocellular stress and death, as well as inter-organ crosstalk. Herein, we review the roles of multiple cell types that are involved in inflammation in ASH, including resident macrophages and infiltrating monocytes, as well as other cell types in the innate and adaptive immune system. In response to chronic, heavy alcohol exposure, hepatocytes themselves also contribute to the inflammatory process; hepatocytes express a large number of chemokines and inflammatory mediators and can also release damage-associated molecular patterns during injury and death. These cellular responses are mediated and accompanied by changes in the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as by signals which orchestrate the recruitment of immune cells and activation of the inflammatory process. Additional mechanisms for cell-cell and inter-organ communication in ASH are also reviewed, including the roles of extracellular vesicles and microRNAs, as well as inter-organ crosstalk. We highlight the concept that inflammation also plays an important role in promoting liver repair and controlling bacterial infection. Understanding the complex regulatory processes that are disrupted during the progression of ASH will likely lead to better targeted strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Maleeha F Ahmad
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Departments of Molecular Medicine, Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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McCullough RL, McMullen MR, Sheehan MM, Poulsen KL, Roychowdhury S, Chiang DJ, Pritchard MT, Caballeria J, Nagy LE. Complement Factor D protects mice from ethanol-induced inflammation and liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G66-G79. [PMID: 29597356 PMCID: PMC6109707 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00334.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Complement plays a crucial role in microbial defense and clearance of apoptotic cells. Emerging evidence suggests complement is an important contributor to alcoholic liver disease. While complement component 1, Q subcomponent (C1q)-dependent complement activation contributes to ethanol-induced liver injury, the role of the alternative pathway in ethanol-induced injury is unknown. Activation of complement via the classical and alternative pathways was detected in alcoholic hepatitis patients. Female C57BL/6J [wild type (WT)], C1q-deficient ( C1qa-/-, lacking classical pathway activation), complement protein 4-deficient ( C4-/-, lacking classical and lectin pathway activation), complement factor D-deficient ( FD-/-, lacking alternative pathway activation), and C1qa/FD-/- (lacking classical and alternative pathway activation) mice were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet or pair-fed control diet for 4 or 25 days. Following chronic ethanol exposure, liver injury, steatosis, and proinflammatory cytokine expression were increased in WT but not C1qa-/-, C4-/-, or C1qa/FD-/- mice. In contrast, liver injury, steatosis, and proinflammatory mediators were robustly increased in ethanol-fed FD-/- mice compared with WT mice. Complement activation, assessed by hepatic accumulation of C1q and complement protein 3 (C3) cleavage products (C3b/iC3b/C3c), was evident in livers of WT mice in response to both short-term and chronic ethanol. While C1q accumulated in ethanol-fed FD-/- mice (short term and chronic), C3 cleavage products were detected after short-term but not chronic ethanol. Consistent with impaired complement activation, chronic ethanol induced the accumulation of apoptotic cells and fibrogenic responses in the liver of FD-/- mice. These data highlight the protective role of complement factor D (FD) and suggest that FD-dependent amplification of complement is an adaptive response that promotes hepatic healing and recovery in response to chronic ethanol. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Complement, a component of the innate immune system, is an important pathophysiological contributor to ethanol-induced liver injury. We have identified a novel role for factor D, a component of the alternative pathway, in protecting the liver from ethanol-induced inflammation, accumulation of apoptotic hepatocytes, and profibrotic responses. These data indicate a dual role of complement with regard to inflammatory and protective responses and suggest that accumulation of apoptotic cells impairs hepatic healing/recovery during alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan R McMullen
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan M Sheehan
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dian J Chiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Swedish Medical Group , Seattle, Washington
| | - Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Juan Caballeria
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi iSunyer, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
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A Novel S100A8/A9 Induced Fingerprint of Mesenchymal Stem Cells associated with Enhanced Wound Healing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6205. [PMID: 29670130 PMCID: PMC5906602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We here investigated whether the unique capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to re-establish tissue homeostasis depends on their potential to sense danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and to mount an adaptive response in the interest of tissue repair. Unexpectedly, after injection of MSCs which had been pretreated with the calcium-binding DAMP protein S100A8/A9 into murine full-thickness wounds, we observed a significant acceleration of healing even exceeding that of non-treated MSCs. This correlates with a fundamental reprogramming of the transcriptome in S100A8/A9 treated MSCs as deduced from RNA-seq analysis and its validation. A network of genes involved in proteolysis, macrophage phagocytosis, and inflammation control profoundly contribute to the clean-up of the wound site. In parallel, miR582-5p and genes boosting energy and encoding specific extracellular matrix proteins are reminiscent of scar-reduced tissue repair. This unprecedented finding holds substantial promise to refine current MSC-based therapies for difficult-to-treat wounds and fibrotic conditions.
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12
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Kim A, McCullough RL, Poulsen KL, Sanz-Garcia C, Sheehan M, Stavitsky AB, Nagy LE. Hepatic Immune System: Adaptations to Alcohol. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:347-367. [PMID: 29374837 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are critical for the maintenance of healthy liver function. Immune activity maintains the tolerogenic capacity of the liver, modulates hepatocellular response to various stresses, and orchestrates appropriate cellular repair and turnover. However, in response to heavy, chronic alcohol exposure, the finely tuned balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in the liver is disrupted, leading to a state of chronic inflammation in the liver. Over time, this non-resolving inflammatory response contributes to the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Here we review the contributions of the cellular components of the immune system to the progression of ALD, as well as the pathophysiological roles for soluble and circulating mediators of immunity, including cytokines, chemokines, complement, and extracellular vesicles, in ALD. Finally, we compare the role of the innate immune response in health and disease in the liver to our growing understanding of the role of neuroimmunity in the development and maintenance of a healthy central nervous system, as well as the progression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carlos Sanz-Garcia
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Megan Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abram B Stavitsky
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Liver Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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13
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Schmid A, Hochberg A, Berghoff M, Schlegel J, Karrasch T, Kaps M, Schäffler A. Quantification and regulation of adipsin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84:194-202. [PMID: 26186410 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Data on quantification and regulation of adipsin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are sparse, and the physiological role of adipsin as an adipokine crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is uncertain. OBJECTIVES This study quantified adipsin concentrations in paired serum and CSF samples of patients undergoing neurological evaluation and spinal puncture. DESIGN A total of 270 consecutive patients with specified neurological diagnosis were included in this study without prior selection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adipsin serum and CSF concentrations were measured by ELISA. A variety of serum and CSF routine parameters were measured by standard procedures. Anthropometric data, medication and patient history were available. RESULTS Adipsin concentrations ranged between 467 and 5148 ng/ml in serum and between 4·2 and 133·5 ng/ml in CSF. Serum adipsin concentrations were correlated positively with respective CSF concentrations and were approximately 40-fold higher when compared to CSF. The mean CSF/serum ratio for adipsin was 27 ± 22 × 10-3 . Serum and CSF adipsin levels were independent of gender and significantly higher in overweight/obese individuals. Serum and CSF adipsin levels correlated significantly with age and were higher in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus or hypertension. CSF adipsin concentrations showed a significant correlation with markers of inflammation in CSF, but not with CSF total cell count or the presence of oligoclonal bands. Patients suffering from infectious diseases had higher CSF levels of adipsin than multiple sclerosis patients. CONCLUSIONS Adipsin is present in human CSF under pathophysiological conditions. The positive correlation between serum and CSF concentrations, the positive correlation between the CSF/serum ratios for adipsin and total protein and the lack of association with CSF cell count argue against an autochthonous production in the central nervous system. In contrast, the present data argue for a significant BBB permeability to adipsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hochberg
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Department of Neurology, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jutta Schlegel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kaps
- Department of Neurology, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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