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Qu R, Du W, Li S, Li W, Wei G, Chen Z, Gao H, Shi S, Zou L, Li H. Destruction of vascular endothelial glycocalyx during formation of pre-metastatic niches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29101. [PMID: 38601565 PMCID: PMC11004892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A special microenvironment called the "pre-metastatic niche" is thought to help primary tumor cells migrate to new tissues and invade them, in part because the normal barrier function of the vascular endothelium is compromised. While the primary tumor itself can promote the creation of such niches by secreting pro-metastatic factors, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we show that the injection of primary tumor-secreted pro-metastatic factors from B16F10 melanoma or 4T1 breast cancer cells into healthy mice can induce the destruction of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx, which is a polysaccharide coating on the vascular endothelial lumen that normally inhibits tumor cell passage into and out of the circulation. However, when human umbilical vein endothelial cultures were treated in vitro with these secreted pro-metastatic factors, no significant destruction of the glycocalyx was observed, implying that this destruction requires a complex in vivo microenvironment. The tissue section analysis revealed that secreted pro-metastatic factors could clearly upregulate macrophage-related molecules such as CD11b and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney, which is associated with the upregulation and activation of heparanase. In addition, macrophage depletion significantly attenuated the degradation of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx induced by secreted pro-metastatic factors. This indicates that the secreted pro-metastatic factors that destroy the vascular endothelial glycocalyx rely primarily on macrophages. Our findings suggest that the formation of pre-metastatic niches involves degradation of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx, which may hence be a useful target for developing therapies to inhibit cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Wenxuan Du
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Guangfei Wei
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, 212004, China
| | - Zhoujiang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research, Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
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Kolesov D, Astakhova A, Galdobina M, Moskovtsev A, Kubatiev A, Sokolovskaya A, Ukrainskiy L, Morozov S. Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Studying the Cell Glycocalyx. Cells 2023; 12:2778. [PMID: 38132098 PMCID: PMC10741541 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a brush-like layer that covers the surfaces of the membranes of most cell types. It consists of a mixture of carbohydrates, mainly glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Due to its structure and sensitivity to environmental conditions, it represents a complicated object to investigate. Here, we review studies of the glycocalyx conducted using scanning probe microscopy approaches. This includes imaging techniques as well as the measurement of nanomechanical properties. The nanomechanics of the glycocalyx is particularly important since it is widely present on the surfaces of mechanosensitive cells such as endothelial cells. An overview of problems with the interpretation of indirect data via the use of analytical models is presented. Special insight is given into changes in glycocalyx properties during pathological processes. The biological background and alternative research methods are briefly covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kolesov
- Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Astakhova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Galdobina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Moskovtsev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa Sokolovskaya
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Ukrainskiy
- Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Wakatsuki M, Takaki T, Ushiyama A, Honda K, Iijima T. Fast-track preparation of lung specimens for electron microscope observations of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx. Med Mol Morphol 2023; 56:239-249. [PMID: 37405470 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-023-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx (GCX) covers the luminal surface of blood vessels and regulates vascular permeability. As GCX degradation predicts various types of vasculopathy, confirming the presence of this structure is useful for diagnosis. Since the GCX layer is very fragile, careful fixation is necessary to preserve its structure. We explored appropriate and feasible methodologies for visualizing the GCX layer using lung tissue specimens excised from anesthetized mice. Each specimen was degassed and immersed in Alcian blue (ALB) fixative solution, and then observed using electron microscopy. Specimens from septic mice were prepared as negative GCX controls. Using these immersion-fixed specimens, the GCX layer was successfully observed using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy; these observations were similar to those obtained using the conventional method of lanthanum perfusion fixation. Spherical aggregates of GCX were observed in the septic mouse specimens, and the GCX density was lower in the septic specimens than in the non-septic specimens. Of note, the presently reported methodology reduced the specimen preparation time from 6 to 2 days. We, therefore, concluded that our novel method could be applied to human lung specimens and could potentially contribute to the further elucidation of vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mone Wakatsuki
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Takaki
- Center of Electron Microscopy, Showa University School, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuho Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Iijima
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Park S, Newton J, Hidjir T, Young EWK. Bidirectional airflow in lung airway-on-a-chip with matrix-derived membrane elicits epithelial glycocalyx formation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3671-3682. [PMID: 37462986 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip systems are rapidly advancing as a viable alternative to existing experimental models in respiratory research. To date, however, epithelial cell cultures within lung airway-on-a-chip devices have yet to demonstrate the presence of an epithelial glycocalyx, a thin layer of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids known to play an important role in regulating epithelial function. Here, we demonstrate that an airway-on-a-chip device that incorporates bidirectional flow mimicking breathing cycles in combination with an ultra-thin matrix-derived membrane (UMM) layer can generate a glycocalyx layer comprised of heparan sulfate. Results with this device and airflow system showed dramatic differences of airway epithelial cell viability and expression of tight junctions, cilia, and mucus over a wide range of flow rates when cultured under oscillatory flow. More importantly, for the first time in a microfluidic organ-on-a-chip setting, we achieved the visualization of an airflow-induced epithelial glycocalyx layer. Our experiments highlight the importance of physiological mimicry in developing in vitro models, as bidirectional airflow showed more representative mucociliary differentiation compared to continuous unidirectional airflow. Thus, the lung airway-on-a-chip platform demonstrated in this study holds great potential as a lung epithelial barrier model for studying the mechanisms of various respiratory diseases and for testing the efficacy of therapeutic candidates in the presence of bidirectional airflow and the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwan Park
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Jeremy Newton
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tesnime Hidjir
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
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Verjan Garcia N, Hong KU, Matoba N. The Unfolded Protein Response and Its Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2066. [PMID: 37509705 PMCID: PMC10377089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation. Our recent studies have shown that EPICERTIN, a recombinant variant of the cholera toxin B subunit containing an ER retention motif, can induce a protective UPR in colon epithelial cells, subsequently promoting epithelial restitution and mucosal healing in IBD models. These findings support the idea that compounds modulating UPR may be promising pharmaceutical candidates for the treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ER stress and UPR in IBD, focusing on their roles in maintaining cell homeostasis, dysregulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that promote the cytoprotection of colon epithelial cells and reduce inflammation via pharmacological manipulation of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kyung U Hong
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Sampaio RF, Carvalho CN, Bradaschia-Correa V, Gonçalves BLL, Arana-Chavez V, de Carvalho APL, Nogueira APA, Grazziotin-Soares R, Bauer J, Gavini G, Carvalho EM. Apical Sealing and Bioactivity of an Experimental Gutta-Percha Containing Niobium Phosphate Bioglass. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071679. [PMID: 37050293 PMCID: PMC10097297 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the apical sealing ability and bioactivity of an experimental gutta-percha containing niobium phosphate bioglass. Thirty-six human premolars were endodontically prepared and divided into three groups: GPC—filling with conventional gutta-percha; GBC—filling with bioceramic gutta-percha (EndoSequence BC); GNB—filling with experimental gutta-percha containing niobophosphate. Teeth were stored in tubes containing 2 mL of simulated body fluid (SBF) solution in an oven for 30 days. Then, the samples were immersed in lanthanum nitrate solution and analyzed for apical nanoleakage (NI) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Gutta-percha specimens were immersed for 28 days (SBF) and analyzed in SEM/EDS and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess bioactivity. NI data originated from the SEM/EDS were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 5%). NI data originated from TEM and bioactivity were descriptively reported. Statistical analysis did not detect a significant difference between groups (p = 0.13) for NI. In the bioactivity analysis, an abundant layer of hydroxyapatite was identified only in the surface of the GNB group samples. The gutta-percha containing niobophosphate bioglass promoted an apical sealing similar to EndoSequence BC, in addition to demonstrating bioactivity through the deposition of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the material after immersion in SBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ferreira Sampaio
- Dentistry Postgraduate Program, University Ceuma, R. Josué Montello, 1, Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Ceci Nunes Carvalho
- Dentistry Postgraduate Program, University Ceuma, R. Josué Montello, 1, Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Laís Lins Gonçalves
- Dentistry Postgraduate Program, University Ceuma, R. Josué Montello, 1, Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Victor Arana-Chavez
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre P. Lima de Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Palmeira Arruda Nogueira
- Dentistry Biomaterials Laboratory (Biomma), School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Renata Grazziotin-Soares
- Endodontics Division, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - José Bauer
- Dentistry Biomaterials Laboratory (Biomma), School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Giulio Gavini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edilausson Moreno Carvalho
- Dentistry Postgraduate Program, University Ceuma, R. Josué Montello, 1, Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+55-(98)-4020-7525
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Ermert K, Buhl EM, Klinkhammer BM, Floege J, Boor P. Reduction of Endothelial Glycocalyx on Peritubular Capillaries in Chronic Kidney Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:138-147. [PMID: 36414084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), peritubular capillaries undergo anatomic and functional alterations, such as rarefaction and increased permeability. The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a carbohydrate-rich gel-like mesh, which covers the luminal surface of endothelial cells. It is involved in many regulatory functions of the endothelium, including vascular permeability. Herein, we investigated ultrastructural alterations of the EG in different murine CKD models. Fluorescence staining using different lectins with high affinity to components of the renal glycocalyx revealed a reduced binding to the endothelium in CKD in the animal models, and there were similar finding in human kidney specimens. Lanthanum Dysprosium Glycosamino Glycan adhesion staining technique was used to visualize the ultrastructure of the glycocalyx in transmission electron microscopy. This also enabled quantitative analyses, showing a significant reduction of the EG thickness and density. In addition, mRNA expression of proteins involved in glycocalyx biology, synthesis, and turnover (ie, syndecan 1 and glypican 1), which are main components of the glycocalyx, and exostosin 2, involved in the synthesis of the glycocalyx, were significantly up-regulated in endothelial cells isolated from murine CKD models. Visualization of glycocalyx using specific transmission electron microscopy analyses allows qualitative and quantitative analyses and revealed significant pathologic alterations in peritubular capillaries in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ermert
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Jia X, Zhu Z, Miao J, Zhang L, Li X, Bao Y, Jiang M. Serum Syndecan-1 levels in patients with immunoglobulin A vasculitis in children. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 98:526-532. [PMID: 35240047 PMCID: PMC9510791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) levels in patients with immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV) in children and its relation with gastrointestinal involvements. METHODS Sixty-eight children with IgAV and 48 healthy children were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Clinical and related laboratory data were collected from a computerized hospital database. Serum SDC-1 was collected on admission prior to treatment. RESULTS Forty-eight patients fully met the IgAV diagnostic criteria at admission (IgAV group), 20 patients with rash only and diagnosed IgAV during hospitalization (Purpura group). In IgAV group, 30 patients with gastrointestinal involvements (IgAV-GI group) and 18 patients without gastrointestinal involvements (IgAV-NGI group). SDC-1 serum levels were significantly higher in the IgAV group (86.37 ng/mL (IQR 59.16-117.14 ng/mL)) than in the controls (20.37 ng/mL (IQR 15.52-26.45 ng/mL)) and the Purpura group (32.66 ng/mL (IQR 14.87-49.89 ng/mL)). Additionally, SDC-1 (OR = 1.08) was independently associated with IgAV with a cut-off value (sensitivity and specificity) of 66.55 ng/mL (68.8%, 95.0%), and the area under the curve was 0.908. The serum SDC-1 levels of the IgAV-GI group (106.92 ± 50.12 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in the IgAV-NGI group (67.52 ± 17.59 ng/mL). Logistic regression analysis showed that SDC-1 (OR = 1.03) was independently associated with IgAV-GI with a cut-off value of 89.39 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS SDC-1 serum levels may mirror vascular endothelium injury and mucosal damage in IgAV. Its applicability as a surrogate biomarker in IgAV remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Jia
- Gastrointestinal Lab, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China; Endoscopy center and Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Gastrointestinal Lab, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Gastrointestinal Lab, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Linqian Zhang
- Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Yunguang Bao
- Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University and Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Gastrointestinal Lab, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Endoscopy center and Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Priming of Cardiopulmonary Bypass with Human Albumin Decreases Endothelial Dysfunction after Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion in an Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168938. [PMID: 36012201 PMCID: PMC9408928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The routine use of mechanical circulatory support during lung transplantation (LTx) is still controversial. The use of prophylactic human albumin (HA) or hypertonic sodium lactate (HSL) prime in mechanical circulatory support during LTx could prevent ischemia−reperfusion (IR) injuries and pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and thus prevent the development of pulmonary graft dysfunction. The objective was to investigate the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming with HA and HSL compared to a CPB prime with Gelofusine (GF) on pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in a lung IR rat model. Rats were assigned to four groups: IR-CPB-GF group, IR-CPB-HA group, IR-CPB-HSL group and a sham group. The study of pulmonary vascular reactivity by wire myograph was the primary outcome. Glycocalyx degradation (syndecan-1 and heparan) was also assessed by ELISA and electron microscopy, systemic and pulmonary inflammation by ELISA (IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) and immunohistochemistry. Clinical parameters were evaluated. We employed a CPB model with three different primings, permitting femoral−femoral assistance with left pulmonary hilum ischemia for IR. Pulmonary endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was significantly decreased in the IR-CPB-GF group (11.9 ± 6.2%) compared to the IR-CPB-HA group (52.8 ± 5.2%, p < 0.0001), the IR-CPB-HSL group (57.7 ± 6.3%, p < 0.0001) and the sham group (80.8 ± 6.5%, p < 0.0001). We did not observe any difference between the groups concerning glycocalyx degradation, and systemic or tissular inflammation. The IR-CPB-HSL group needed more vascular filling and developed significantly more pulmonary edema than the IR-CPB-GF group and the IR-CPB-HA group. Using HA as a prime in CPB during Ltx could decrease pulmonary endothelial dysfunction’s IR-mediated effects. No effects of HA were found on inflammation.
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Mugerli S, Zupančič D, Rok Romih, Lučovnik M. Transmission electron microscopy demonstration of reduced endothelial glycocalyx in severe preeclampsia. Placenta 2022; 126:64-69. [PMID: 35779415 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the luminal side of blood vessels. Its damage was demonstrated in different groups of critically ill patients. Indirect evidence showed that endothelial glycocalyx degradation might be an important factor in pathophysiology of preeclampsia. The aim of our study was to demonstrate endothelial glycocalyx by transmission electron microscopy and to compare its amount in the omentum vessels of pregnant patients with severe preeclampsia and two control groups. METHODS Patients with severe preeclampsia who had a cesarean section were included in the study. Controls were healthy pregnant people at term with an elective cesarean section and non-pregnant patients of reproductive age who underwent laparoscopy for benign conditions. We performed omentum biopsies in all three groups. Samples were prepared for transmission electron microscopy using perfusion with ruthenium red. We measured the amount of endothelial glycocalyx attached to apical plasma membrane of endothelial cells as the area of glycocalyx observed with transmission electron microscope. RESULTS In the analysis we included nine patients from each group and demonstrated statistically significant difference in the amount of endothelial glycocalyx among the three groups (p = 0.018). Glycocalyx was significantly reduced in severe preeclampsia (median 1.90 μm2, interquartile range 0.80-4.1 μm2) compared to non-pregnant controls (median 14.34 μm2, interquartile range 3.80-73.32 μm2); p = 0.021. A trend towards reduced glycocalyx amount in preeclampsia vs. pregnant controls and pregnant controls vs. non-pregnant controls was observed but without statistical significance. DISCUSSION Compared to non-pregnant controls the endothelial glycocalyx was significantly reduced in pregnant patients with severe preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mugerli
- Department of Perinatology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Daša Zupančič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miha Lučovnik
- Department of Perinatology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Chevalier L, Selim J, Castro C, Cuvilly F, Baste JM, Richard V, Pareige P, Bellien J. Combined Electron Microscopy Approaches for Arterial Glycocalyx Visualization. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:840689. [PMID: 35355969 PMCID: PMC8959549 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.840689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mainly constituted of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, the glycocalyx is anchored in the plasma membrane, covering, in particular, the extracellular face of the arterial endothelium. Due to its complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture, the glycocalyx interacts with a wide variety of proteins, contributing to vascular permeability, the flow of mechanotransduction, and the modulation of local inflammatory processes. Alterations of glycocalyx structure mediate the endothelial dysfunction and contribute to the aggravation of peripheral vascular diseases. Therefore, the exploration of its ultrastructure becomes a priority to evaluate the degree of injury under physiopathological conditions and to assess the impact of therapeutic approaches. The objective of this study was to develop innovative approaches in electron microscopy to visualize the glycocalyx at the subcellular scale. Intravenous perfusion on rats with a fixing solution containing aldehyde fixatives enriched with lanthanum ions was performed to prepare arterial samples. The addition of lanthanum nitrate in the fixing solution allowed the enhancement of the staining of the glycocalyx for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and to detect elastic and inelastic scattered electrons, providing complementary qualitative information. The strength of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used on resin-embedded serial sections, allowing rapid and efficient large field imaging and previous correlative TEM observations for ultrastructural fine details. To demonstrate the dynamic feature of the glycocalyx, 3D tomography was provided by dual-beam focus-ion-beam-SEM (FIB-SEM). These approaches allowed us to visualize and characterize the ultrastructure of the pulmonary artery glycocalyx under physiological conditions and in a rat pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion model, known to induce endothelial dysfunction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combined SEM, TEM, and FIB-SEM tomography approaches on the same sample as the multiscale visualization and the identification of structural indicators of arterial endothelial glycocalyx integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Chevalier
- Université Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie- Normandie Université- GPM-UMR 6634, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Laurence Chevalier
| | - Jean Selim
- Université Rouen Normandie, INSERM, Normandie Université, ENVI- U1096, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Rouen, France
| | - Celia Castro
- Université Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie- Normandie Université- GPM-UMR 6634, Rouen, France
| | - Fabien Cuvilly
- Université Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie- Normandie Université- GPM-UMR 6634, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Baste
- Université Rouen Normandie, INSERM, Normandie Université, ENVI- U1096, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Université Rouen Normandie, INSERM, Normandie Université, ENVI- U1096, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Pareige
- Université Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie- Normandie Université- GPM-UMR 6634, Rouen, France
| | - Jeremy Bellien
- Université Rouen Normandie, INSERM, Normandie Université, ENVI- U1096, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Rouen, France
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12
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Bagel A, Sergentet D. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Milk Fat Globules. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030496. [PMID: 35336072 PMCID: PMC8953591 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic Gram-negative bacteria. While raw milk cheese consumption is healthful, contamination with pathogens such as STEC can occur due to poor hygiene practices at the farm level. STEC infections cause mild to serious symptoms in humans. The raw milk cheese-making process concentrates certain milk macromolecules such as proteins and milk fat globules (MFGs), allowing the intrinsic beneficial and pathogenic microflora to continue to thrive. MFGs are surrounded by a biological membrane, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which has a globally positive health effect, including inhibition of pathogen adhesion. In this review, we provide an update on the adhesion between STEC and raw MFGs and highlight the consequences of this interaction in terms of food safety, pathogen detection, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bagel
- ‘Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment’ Research Team, Université de Lyon, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research), VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France;
| | - Delphine Sergentet
- ‘Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment’ Research Team, Université de Lyon, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research), VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France;
- Laboratoire d’Etudes des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes-French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli Including Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), VetAgro Sup—Campus Vétérinaire, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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13
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Zheng Y, Pierce AF, Wagner WL, Khalil HA, Chen Z, Funaya C, Ackermann M, Mentzer SJ. Biomaterial-Assisted Anastomotic Healing: Serosal Adhesion of Pectin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2811. [PMID: 34451349 PMCID: PMC8401717 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage is a frequent complication of intestinal surgery and a major source of surgical morbidity. The timing of anastomotic failures suggests that leaks are the result of inadequate mechanical support during the vulnerable phase of wound healing. To identify a biomaterial with physical and mechanical properties appropriate for assisted anastomotic healing, we studied the adhesive properties of the plant-derived structural heteropolysaccharide called pectin. Specifically, we examined high methoxyl citrus pectin films at water contents between 17-24% for their adhesivity to ex vivo porcine small bowel serosa. In assays of tensile adhesion strength, pectin demonstrated significantly greater adhesivity to the serosa than either nanocellulose fiber (NCF) films or pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) (p < 0.001). Similarly, in assays of shear resistance, pectin demonstrated significantly greater adhesivity to the serosa than either NCF films or PSA (p < 0.001). Finally, the pectin films were capable of effectively sealing linear enterotomies in a bowel simulacrum as well as an ex vivo bowel segment. We conclude that pectin is a biomaterial with physical and adhesive properties capable of facilitating anastomotic healing after intestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zheng
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Y.Z.); (A.F.P.); (W.L.W.); (H.A.K.); (Z.C.)
| | - Aidan F. Pierce
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Y.Z.); (A.F.P.); (W.L.W.); (H.A.K.); (Z.C.)
| | - Willi L. Wagner
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Y.Z.); (A.F.P.); (W.L.W.); (H.A.K.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Translational Lung Research Center, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan A. Khalil
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Y.Z.); (A.F.P.); (W.L.W.); (H.A.K.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zi Chen
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Y.Z.); (A.F.P.); (W.L.W.); (H.A.K.); (Z.C.)
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Steven J. Mentzer
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Y.Z.); (A.F.P.); (W.L.W.); (H.A.K.); (Z.C.)
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14
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Selim J, Hamzaoui M, Boukhalfa I, Djerada Z, Chevalier L, Piton N, Genty D, Besnier E, Clavier T, Dumesnil A, Renet S, Mulder P, Doguet F, Tamion F, Veber B, Richard V, Baste JM. Cardiopulmonary bypass increases endothelial dysfunction after pulmonary ischaemia-reperfusion in an animal model. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 59:1037-1047. [PMID: 33276375 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endothelial dysfunction during ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) is a major cause of primary graft dysfunction during lung transplantation. The routine use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during lung transplantation remains controversial. However, the contribution of CPB to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. The objective was to investigate the impact of CPB on endothelial dysfunction in a lung IR rat model. METHODS Rats were allocated to 4 groups: (i) Sham, (ii) IR, (iii) CPB and (iv) IR-CPB. The primary outcome was the study of pulmonary vascular reactivity by wire myograph. We also assessed glycocalyx degradation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electron microscopy and both systemic and pulmonary inflammation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Rats were exposed to 45 min of CPB and IR. We used a CPB model allowing femoro-femoral support with left pulmonary hilum ischaemia for IR. RESULTS Pulmonary endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was markedly reduced in the IR-CPB group (10.7 ± 9.1%) compared to the IR group (50.5 ± 5.2%, P < 0.001), the CPB group (54.1 ± 4.7%, P < 0.001) and the sham group (80.8 ± 6.7%, P < 0.001), suggesting that the association of pulmonary IR and CPB increases endothelial dysfunction. In IR-CPB, IR and CPB groups, vasorelaxation was completely abolished when inhibiting nitric oxide synthase, suggesting that this relaxation process was mainly mediated by nitric oxide. We observed higher syndecan-1 plasma levels in the IR-CPB group in comparison with the other groups, reflecting an increased degradation of glycocalyx. We also observed higher systemic inflammation in the IR-CPB group as shown by the increased plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-10. CONCLUSIONS CPB significantly increased the IR-mediated effects on pulmonary endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, the use of CPB during lung transplantation could be deleterious, by increasing endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Selim
- Normandie Univ, UNIVROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Piton
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France
| | - Damien Genty
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France
| | - Emmanuel Besnier
- Normandie Univ, UNIVROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Clavier
- Normandie Univ, UNIVROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Paul Mulder
- Normandie Univ, UNIVROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Fabien Doguet
- Normandie Univ, UNIVROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France
| | | | - Benoît Veber
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Baste
- Normandie Univ, UNIVROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Rouen, France
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15
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Immuno-Electron and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of the Glycocalyx. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050402. [PMID: 34064459 PMCID: PMC8147923 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The glycocalyx (GCX) is a hydrated, gel-like layer of biological macromolecules attached to the cell membrane. The GCX acts as a barrier and regulates the entry of external substances into the cell. The function of the GCX is highly dependent on its structure and composition. Pathogenic factors can affect the protective structure of the GCX. We know very little about the three-dimensional organization of the GXC. The tiny and delicate structures of the GCX are difficult to study by microscopic techniques. In this study, we evaluated a method to preserve and label sensitive GCX components with antibodies for high-resolution microscopy analysis. High-resolution microscopy is a powerful tool because it allows visualization of ultra-small components and biological interactions. Our method can be used as a tool to better understand the role of the GCX during the development and progression of diseases, such as viral infections, tumor invasion, and the development of atherosclerosis. Abstract The glycocalyx (GCX), a pericellular carbohydrate rich hydrogel, forms a selective barrier that shields the cellular membrane, provides mechanical support, and regulates the transport and diffusion of molecules. The GCX is a fragile structure, making it difficult to study by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Sample preparation by conventional chemical fixation destroys the GCX, giving a false impression of its organization. An additional challenge is to process the GCX in a way that preserves its morphology and enhanced antigenicity to study its cell-specific composition. The aim of this study was to provide a protocol to preserve both antigen accessibility and the unique morphology of the GCX. We established a combined high pressure freezing (HPF), osmium-free freeze substitution (FS), rehydration, and pre-embedding immunogold labeling method for TEM. Our results showed specific immunogold labeling of GCX components expressed in human monocytic THP-1 cells, hyaluronic acid receptor (CD44) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), and maintained a well-preserved GCX morphology. We adapted the protocol for antigen localization by CLSM and confirmed the specific distribution pattern of GCX components. The presented combination of HPF, FS, rehydration, and immunolabeling for both TEM and CLSM offers the possibility for analyzing the morphology and composition of the unique GCX structure.
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16
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Brandt R, Timm S, Gorenflos López JL, Kwame Abledu J, Kuebler WM, Hackenberger CPR, Ochs M, Lopez-Rodriguez E. Metabolic Glycoengineering Enables the Ultrastructural Visualization of Sialic Acids in the Glycocalyx of the Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line hAELVi. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:614357. [PMID: 33520965 PMCID: PMC7841390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.614357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx—a plethora of sugars forming a dense layer that covers the cell membrane—is commonly found on the epithelial surface of lumen forming tissue. New glycocalyx specific properties have been defined for various organs in the last decade. However, in the lung alveolar epithelium, its structure and functions remain almost completely unexplored. This is partly due to the lack of physiologically relevant, cost effective in vitro models. As the glycocalyx is an essential but neglected part of the alveolar epithelial barrier, understanding its properties holds the promise to enhance the pulmonary administration of drugs and delivery of nanoparticles. Here, using air-liquid-interface (ALI) cell culture, we focus on combining metabolic glycoengineering with glycan specific electron and confocal microscopy to visualize the glycocalyx of a recently immortalized human alveolar epithelial cell line (hAELVi). For this purpose, we applied different bioorthogonal labeling approaches to visualize sialic acid—an amino sugar that provides negative charge to the lung epithelial glycocalyx—using both fluorescence and gold-nanoparticle labeling. Further, we compared mild chemical fixing/freeze substitution and standard cytochemical electron microscopy embedding protocols for their capacity of contrasting the glycocalyx. In our study, we established hAELVi cells as a convenient model for investigating human alveolar epithelial glycocalyx. Transmission electron microscopy revealed hAELVi cells to develop ultrastructural features reminiscent of alveolar epithelial type II cells (ATII). Further, we visualized extracellular uni- and multilamellar membranous structures in direct proximity to the glycocalyx at ultrastructural level, indicating putative interactions. The lamellar membranes were able to form structures of higher organization, and we report sialic acid to be present within those. In conclusion, combining metabolite specific glycoengineering with ultrastructural localization presents an innovative method with high potential to depict the molecular distribution of individual components of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx and its interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Brandt
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Timm
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Department Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Department Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Möckl L. The Emerging Role of the Mammalian Glycocalyx in Functional Membrane Organization and Immune System Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:253. [PMID: 32351961 PMCID: PMC7174505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells in the human body are covered by a dense layer of sugars and the proteins and lipids to which they are attached, collectively termed the "glycocalyx." For decades, the organization of the glycocalyx and its interplay with the cellular state have remained enigmatic. This changed in recent years. Latest research has shown that the glycocalyx is an organelle of vital significance, actively involved in and functionally relevant for various cellular processes, that can be directly targeted in therapeutic contexts. This review gives a brief introduction into glycocalyx biology and describes the specific challenges glycocalyx research faces. Then, the traditional view of the role of the glycocalyx is discussed before several recent breakthroughs in glycocalyx research are surveyed. These results exemplify a currently unfolding bigger picture about the role of the glycocalyx as a fundamental cellular agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Möckl
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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18
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Human Colorectal Cancer Infrastructure Constructed by the Glycocalyx. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091270. [PMID: 31443371 PMCID: PMC6780787 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can survive and grow via angiogenesis. An alternative but controversial theory is cancer cells may grow via vasculogenic mimicry (VM), in which the cancer cells themselves construct vessel-like channels that are considered a leading cause of drug resistance. The dynamic functions of the glycocalyx (GCX), a meshwork composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins that surrounds cell membranes, have been observed in endothelial cells within tumors. However, the actual structural shape formed by the GCX in human patients remains unclear. Here, we visualized the three-dimensional (3D) network structure constructed by bulky GCX in human colorectal cancer (CRC) patients using scanning electron microscopy with lanthanum nitrate staining. The network structure extended throughout the cancer cell nest, opening into capillaries, with a tunnel channel that exhibited a net- and spongy-like ultrastructure. The expression of endothelial and cancer-specific GCX-binding lectins was dramatically increased in the interstitial spaces between cancer cells. Even accounting for the presence of artifacts resulting from sample preparation methods, the intercellular tunnels appeared to be coated with the bulky GCX. Further, this 3D network structure was also observed in the tumors of ApcMin/+ mice. In conclusion, the bulky GCX modifies the network structure of CRCs in human and mice.
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19
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Sanavio B, Librizzi L, Pennacchio P, Beznoussenko GV, Sousa F, Silva PJ, Mironov AA, Frassoni C, Stellacci F, de Curtis M, Krol S. Distribution of superparamagnetic Au/Fe nanoparticles in an isolated guinea pig brain with an intact blood brain barrier. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22420-22428. [PMID: 30475372 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders, such as epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases and tumors, would benefit from innovative approaches to deliver therapeutic or diagnostic compounds into the brain parenchyma, with either a homogeneous or a targeted localized distribution pattern. To assess the mechanistic aspect of penetration of nanoparticles (NPs) into the brain parenchyma, a complex, yet controlled and facilitated environment was used: the isolated guinea pig brain maintained in vitro by arterial perfusion. In this unique preparation the blood-brain barrier and the interactions between vascular and neuronal compartments are morphologically and functionally preserved. In this study, superparamagnetic Au/Fe nanoparticles (MUS:OT Au/Fe NPs), recently studied as a promising magnetic resonance T2 contrast agent with high cellular penetration, were arterially perfused into the in vitro isolated brain and showed high and homogeneous penetration through transcytosis into the brain parenchyma. Ultramicroscopy investigation of the in vitro isolated brain sections by TEM analysis of the electron-dense core of the MUS:OT Au/Fe NPs was conducted to understand NPs' brain penetration through the BBB after in vitro arterial perfusion and their distribution in the parenchyma. Our data suggest that MUS:OT Au/Fe NPs enter the brain utilizing a physiological route and therefore can be exploited as brain penetrating nanomaterials with potential contrast agent and theranostics capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sanavio
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, c/o AMADEOLAB, via G.A. Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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20
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Fabre-Gray ACM, Down CJ, Neal CR, Foster RR, Satchell SC, Bills VL. Imaging the placental glycocalyx with transmission electron microscopy. Placenta 2018; 74:59-61. [PMID: 30616903 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant glycocalyx present at the maternal-fetal interface of the human placenta, with increasing evidence to suggest it has an important role in placental function. Glycocalyx is adversely affected by traditional tissue processing and fixation techniques. Using transmission electron microscopy, we present methodologies for reliably imaging and measuring glycocalyx of both the syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium in term healthy placentae. These techniques can be used to study the role of the placental glycocalyx in both health and disease, including pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C M Fabre-Gray
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Colin J Down
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
| | - Christopher R Neal
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Victoria L Bills
- Department of Fetal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Henry
- Center for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Center for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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22
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Machin DR, Bloom SI, Campbell RA, Phuong TTT, Gates PE, Lesniewski LA, Rondina MT, Donato AJ. Advanced age results in a diminished endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H531-H539. [PMID: 29750566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00104.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related microvascular dysfunction is well characterized in rodents and humans, but little is known about the properties of the microvascular endothelial glycocalyx in advanced age. We examined the glycocalyx in microvessels of young and old male C57BL6 mice (young: 6.1 ± 0.1 mo vs. old: 24.6 ± 0.2 mo) using intravital microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and in human participants (young: 29 ± 1 yr vs. old: 60 ± 2 yr) using intravital microscopy. Glycocalyx thickness in mesenteric and skeletal muscle microvessels was 51-54% lower in old compared with young mice. We also observed 33% lower glycocalyx thickness in the sublingual microcirculation of humans in advanced age. The perfused boundary region, a marker of glycocalyx barrier function, was also obtained using an automated capture and analysis system. In advanced age, we observed a 10-22% greater perfused boundary region in mice and humans, indicating a more penetrable glycocalyx. Finally, using this automated analysis system, we examined perfused microvascular density and red blood cell (RBC) fraction. Perfused microvascular density is a marker of microvascular function that reflects the length of perfused microvessel segments in a given area; RBC fraction represents the heterogeneity in RBC presence between microvessel segments. Compared with young, the perfused microvascular density was 16-21% lower and RBC fraction was 5-14% lower in older mice and in older humans. These data provide novel evidence that, across mammalian species, a diminished glycocalyx is present in advanced age and is accompanied by markers of impaired microvascular perfusion. Age-related glycocalyx deterioration may be an important contributor to microvascular dysfunction in older adults and subsequent pathophysiology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Advanced age is characterized by microvascular dysfunction that contributes to age-related cardiovascular diseases, but little is known about endothelial glycocalyx properties in advanced age. This study reveals, for the first time, lower glycocalyx thickness and barrier function that is accompanied by impaired microvascular perfusion in both mice and humans in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Machin
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert A Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tam T T Phuong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Phillip E Gates
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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