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Thakkar Y, Joshi K, Hickey C, Wahler J, Wall B, Etter S, Smith B, Griem P, Tate M, Jones F, Oudraogo G, Pfuhler S, Choi C, Williams G, Greim H, Eisenbrand G, Dekant W, Api AM. OUP accepted manuscript. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:13-23. [PMID: 35302169 PMCID: PMC8976226 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BlueScreen HC is a mammalian cell-based assay for measuring the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of chemical compounds and mixtures. The BlueScreen HC assay has been utilized at the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials in a safety assessment program as a screening tool to prioritize fragrance materials for higher-tier testing, as supporting evidence when using a read-across approach, and as evidence to adjust the threshold of toxicological concern. Predictive values for the BlueScreen HC assay were evaluated based on the ability of the assay to predict the outcome of in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity and chromosomal damage genotoxicity assays. A set of 371 fragrance materials was assessed in the BlueScreen HC assay along with existing or newly generated in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity data. Based on a weight-of-evidence approach, the majority of materials in the data set were deemed negative and concluded not to have the potential to be genotoxic, while only a small proportion of materials were determined to show genotoxic effects in these assays. Analysis of the data set showed a combination of high positive agreement but low negative agreement between BlueScreen HC results, in vitro regulatory genotoxicity assays, and higher-tier test results. The BlueScreen HC assay did not generate any false negatives, thereby providing robustness when utilizing it as a high-throughput screening tool to evaluate the large inventory of fragrance materials. From the perspective of protecting public health, it is desirable to have no or minimal false negatives, as a false-negative result may incorrectly indicate the lack of a genotoxicity hazard. However, the assay did have a high percentage of false-positive results, resulting in poor positive predictivity of the in vitro genotoxicity test battery outcome. Overall, the assay generated 100% negative predictivity and 3.9% positive predictivity. In addition to the data set of 371 fragrance materials, 30 natural complex substances were evaluated for BlueScreen HC, Ames, and in vitro micronucleus assay, and a good correlation in all three assays was observed. Overall, while a positive result may have to be further investigated, these findings suggest that the BlueScreen HC assay can be a valuable screening tool to detect the genotoxic potential of fragrance materials and mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yax Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States
- Corresponding author. Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677-7654, United States. E-mail:
| | - Kaushal Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States
| | - Christina Hickey
- Firmenich, Inc., 250 Plainsboro Rd, Plainsboro Township, NJ 08536, United States
| | - Joseph Wahler
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States
- Present address: 15211 North Kierland Blvd Scottsdale, AZ 85254, United States
| | - Brian Wall
- Global Product Safety, Colgate-Palmolive Company, 909 River Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Sylvain Etter
- Firmenich, Inc., Rue de la Bergère 7, 1242 Satigny, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, #20-10 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, North Tower, 138632, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Food & Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, 1, #20-10 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, North Tower, 138632, Singapore
| | - Peter Griem
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstr 1, 37603, Holzminden, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Matthew Tate
- Gentronix, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jones
- SC Johnson, 1525 Howe St, Racine, WI 53403, United States
| | - Gladys Oudraogo
- L'Oreal Life Sciences Research, 1, Av Eugene Schueller 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Centre, Mason, OH, United States
| | | | - Gary Williams
- New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Rd, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired)
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of Würzburg, Sanderring 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States
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Behrendorff JBYH, Gillam EMJ. Prospects for Applying Synthetic Biology to Toxicology: Future Opportunities and Current Limitations for the Repurposing of Cytochrome P450 Systems. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:453-468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth M. J. Gillam
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Luijten M, Olthof ED, Hakkert BC, Rorije E, van der Laan JW, Woutersen RA, van Benthem J. An integrative test strategy for cancer hazard identification. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:615-39. [PMID: 27142259 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2016.1171294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic potential is considered one of the basic requirements when evaluating possible human health risks associated with exposure to chemicals. Test strategies currently in place focus primarily on identifying genotoxic potential due to the strong association between the accumulation of genetic damage and cancer. Using genotoxicity assays to predict carcinogenic potential has the significant drawback that risks from non-genotoxic carcinogens remain largely undetected unless carcinogenicity studies are performed. Furthermore, test systems already developed to reduce animal use are not easily accepted and implemented by either industries or regulators. This manuscript reviews the test methods for cancer hazard identification that have been adopted by the regulatory authorities, and discusses the most promising alternative methods that have been developed to date. Based on these findings, a generally applicable tiered test strategy is proposed that can be considered capable of detecting both genotoxic as well as non-genotoxic carcinogens and will improve understanding of the underlying mode of action. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of this new integrative test strategy for cancer hazard identification are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Evelyn D Olthof
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Betty C Hakkert
- b Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- b Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud A Woutersen
- d Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) , Zeist , the Netherlands
| | - Jan van Benthem
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
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Nachtergael A, Poivre M, Belayew A, Duez P. In vitro genotoxicity tests point to an unexpected and harmful effect of a Magnolia and Aristolochia association. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:178-186. [PMID: 26278811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE in the 1990s, a Belgian cohort of more than 100 patients reported cases of Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy (AAN). This progressive renal and interstitial fibrosis, frequently associated with urothelial malignancies, was consecutive to the Chinese-herbs based slimming capsules intake where a plant Stephania tetrandra S. Moore was replaced by a highly genotoxic Aristolochia species. 70% of the Belgian patients evolved into end-stage renal disease, requiring dialysis or renal transplantation. Furthermore the prevalence of upper urinary tract carcinoma was found alarmingly high in these patients. The Aristolochia adulteration was blamed for the intoxication cases and, to the best of our knowledge, the prescription itself has not been further investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY This work proposes to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Aristolochia and Magnolia traditional aqueous decoctions and their association. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of extracts has been assessed by a MTT cell proliferation assay and the genotoxicity by measuring the presence of γ-H2AX, a phosphorylated histone associated with DNA damages. RESULTS Treating cells for 24h with a mixture 1:1 of Magnolia officinalis and Aristolochia baetica decoctions led to an increase in the production of γ-H2AX. CONCLUSIONS This genotoxic potentiation warrants further studies but may lead to an explanatory factor for the "Chinese herb nephropathy" cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Nachtergael
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, 20 Place du Paarc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Poivre
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, 20 Place du Paarc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Belayew
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, 20 Place du Paarc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Criteria for the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) safety evaluation process for fragrance ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82 Suppl:S1-S19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1123] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Scott H, Walmsley RM. Ames positive boronic acids are not all eukaryotic genotoxins. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 777:68-72. [PMID: 25726177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acids and their derivatives have been exploited for their pharmacological activity and their utility as intermediates in the synthesis of novel non-boron containing compounds. A recent study reported that boronic acids are bacterial mutagens. Here, results are reported from the testing of nine boronic acids using the pan-mechanistic eukaryotic GADD45a genotoxicity assays, BlueScreen HC and GreenScreen HC. Positive results were produced for one compound in GreenScreen and four compounds in BlueScreen. Only negative results were produced when tested with S9 metabolic activation. These data suggest that there is not a general genotoxic liability in eukaryotes, within this chemical domain. Furthermore, they are not potent eukaryotic genotoxins: positive results were produced only at concentrations between 1mM and 10mM. Their presence as low concentration contaminants or impurities would be unlikely to produce misleading positive results for a test material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Scott
- Gentronix Ltd., BioHub at Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Walmsley
- Gentronix Ltd., BioHub at Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Simpson K, Bevan N, Hastwell P, Eidam P, Shah P, Gogo E, Rees S, Brown A. The BlueScreen-384 assay as an indicator of genotoxic hazard potential in early-stage drug discovery. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2013; 18:441-52. [PMID: 23264450 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112470858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput cell-based techniques that permit early detection of compound-induced genotoxic damage have recently become available. Methods based on induction of the GADD45a promoter are attractive because multiple intracellular mechanisms that detect genetic damage intersect at this checkpoint gene. Consequently, assays such as GreenScreen HC, which uses p53-competant human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells and a GADD45a-GFP reporter, have been developed. GreenScreen HC allows weekly testing of dozens of compounds using 96-well microplates, with high interassay consistency. BlueScreen HC is a recent advancement, coupling GADD45a to Gaussia luciferase, with several advantages over GADD45a-GFP including the potential for miniaturization. Here we describe implementation of a 384-well BlueScreen assay. For drug discovery programs carrying out iterative analogue synthesis around a chemical lead series, these assays permit assessment of compound genotoxic potential in parallel to, rather than subsequent to, determination of activity at a therapeutic target. We demonstrate comparability of BlueScreen-384 to GreenScreen HC and illustrate the use of BlueScreen-384 to explore the structure-activity relationship around a genotoxic lead molecule to identify nongenotoxic analogues. BlueScreen-384 can reduce the need for costly and time-consuming analogue testing in more traditional genotoxicity tests, such as the Ames test.
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Allsup J, Billinton N, Scott H, Walmsley RM. Applicability domain of the GADD45a reporter assays: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not produce misleading genotoxicity results. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Luzy AP, Orsini N, Linget JM, Bouvier G. Evaluation of the GADD45α-GFP GreenScreen HC assay for rapid and reliable in vitro early genotoxicity screening. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1303-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Pascale Luzy
- Galderma R&D, Les Templiers; Route des Colles BP87; F-06902; Sophia-Antipolis; France
| | - Nicolas Orsini
- Galderma R&D, Les Templiers; Route des Colles BP87; F-06902; Sophia-Antipolis; France
| | - Jean-Michel Linget
- Galderma R&D, Les Templiers; Route des Colles BP87; F-06902; Sophia-Antipolis; France
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Galderma R&D, Les Templiers; Route des Colles BP87; F-06902; Sophia-Antipolis; France
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Hughes C, Rabinowitz A, Tate M, Birrell L, Allsup J, Billinton N, Walmsley RM. Development of a High-Throughput Gaussia Luciferase Reporter Assay for the Activation of the GADD45a Gene by Mutagens, Promutagens, Clastogens, and Aneugens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:1302-15. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112453312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to genotoxic carcinogens leads to increased expression of the GADD45a gene in mammalian cells. This signature of genotoxic hazard has previously been exploited in the GreenScreen HC assay, in which GADD45a expression is linked to green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the human TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line. This article describes the development and validation of an alternative assay (“BlueScreen HC”), in which expression is linked to Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) expression, yielding a luminescent reporter, the preferred optical output in high-throughput screening. The coelentrazine substrate of GLuc is relatively unstable, and a new buffer is reported that improves its stability. A more sensitive method is demonstrated for the measurement of cell densities in the assay, using the fluorescent cyanine dye thiazole orange. A protocol amendment also allows the assessment of pro-genotoxicity using S9 liver extracts. Compounds from the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) recommended list for the assessment of new or improved genotoxicity assays were evaluated with and without S9 in the new assay. The new GLuc assay was as effective as the GFP assay in producing positive results for all classes of genotoxic carcinogen and negative results for all nongenotoxins tested.
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Ouedraogo M, Baudoux T, Stévigny C, Nortier J, Colet JM, Efferth T, Qu F, Zhou J, Chan K, Shaw D, Pelkonen O, Duez P. Review of current and "omics" methods for assessing the toxicity (genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity) of herbal medicines and mushrooms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:492-512. [PMID: 22386524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The increasing use of traditional herbal medicines around the world requires more scientific evidence for their putative harmlessness. To this end, a plethora of methods exist, more or less satisfying. In this post-genome era, recent reviews are however scarce, not only on the use of new "omics" methods (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics) for genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment, but also on conventional ones. METHODS The present work aims (i) to review conventional methods used to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity of medicinal plants and mushrooms; (ii) to report recent progress in the use of "omics" technologies in this field; (iii) to underline advantages and limitations of promising methods; and lastly (iv) to suggest ways whereby the genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment of traditional herbal medicines could be more predictive. RESULTS Literature and safety reports show that structural alerts, in silico and classical in vitro and in vivo predictive methods are often used. The current trend to develop "omics" technologies to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity is promising but most often relies on methods that are still not standardized and validated. CONCLUSION Hence, it is critical that toxicologists in industry, regulatory agencies and academic institutions develop a consensus, based on rigorous methods, about the reliability and interpretation of endpoints. It will also be important to regulate the integration of conventional methods for toxicity assessments with new "omics" technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Ouedraogo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. mustapha
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Abstract
Positive genetic toxicity data suggest carcinogenic hazard, and this can stop a candidate pharmaceutical reaching the clinic. However, during the last decade, it has become clear that many non-carcinogens produce misleading positive results in one or other of the regulatory genotoxicity assays. These doubtful conclusions cost a lot of time and money, as they trigger additional testing of apparently genotoxic candidates, both in vitro and in animals, to discover whether the suggested hazard is genuine. This in turn means that clinical trials can be put on hold. This review describes the current approaches to the 'misleading positive' problem as well as efforts to reduce the use of animals in genotoxicity assessment. The following issues are then addressed: the application of genotoxicity testing screens earlier in development; the search for new or improved in vitro genotoxicity tests; proposed changes to the International Committee on Harmonisation guidance on genotoxicity testing [S2(R1)]. Together, developments in all these areas offer good prospects of a more rapid and cost-effective way to understand genetic toxicity concerns.
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Lynch AM, Sasaki JC, Elespuru R, Jacobson-Kram D, Thybaud V, De Boeck M, Aardema MJ, Aubrecht J, Benz RD, Dertinger SD, Douglas GR, White PA, Escobar PA, Fornace A, Honma M, Naven RT, Rusling JF, Schiestl RH, Walmsley RM, Yamamura E, van Benthem J, Kim JH. New and emerging technologies for genetic toxicity testing. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:205-223. [PMID: 20740635 DOI: 10.1002/em.20614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Project Committee on the Relevance and Follow-up of Positive Results in In Vitro Genetic Toxicity (IVGT) Testing established an Emerging Technologies and New Strategies Workgroup to review the current State of the Art in genetic toxicology testing. The aim of the workgroup was to identify promising technologies that will improve genotoxicity testing and assessment of in vivo hazard and risk, and that have the potential to help meet the objectives of the IVGT. As part of this initiative, HESI convened a workshop in Washington, DC in May 2008 to discuss mature, maturing, and emerging technologies in genetic toxicology. This article collates the abstracts of the New and Emerging Technologies Workshop together with some additional technologies subsequently considered by the workgroup. Each abstract (available in the online version of the article) includes a section addressed specifically to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the respective technology. Importantly, an overview of the technologies and an indication of how their use might be aligned with the objectives of IVGT are presented. In particular, consideration was given with regard to follow-up testing of positive results in the standard IVGT tests (i.e., Salmonella Ames test, chromosome aberration assay, and mouse lymphoma assay) to add weight of evidence and/or provide mechanism of action for improved genetic toxicity risk assessments in humans.
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Billinton N, Bruce S, Hansen JR, Hastwell PW, Jagger C, McComb C, Klug ML, Pant K, Rabinowitz A, Rees R, Tate M, Vinggaard AM, Walmsley RM. A pre-validation transferability study of the GreenScreen HC GADD45a-GFP assay with a metabolic activation system (S9). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 700:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, Rice JR, Shields PG. Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 18:3263-304. [PMID: 19959677 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro toxicology studies of tobacco and tobacco smoke have been used to understand why tobacco use causes cancer and to assess the toxicologic impact of tobacco product design changes. The need for toxicology studies has been heightened given the Food and Drug Administration's newly granted authority over tobacco products for mandating tobacco product performance standards and evaluate manufacturers' health claims about modified tobacco products. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate in vitro toxicology methods related to cancer for assessing tobacco products and to identify related research gaps. METHODS PubMed database searches were used to identify tobacco-related in vitro toxicology studies published since 1980. Articles published before 1980 with high relevance also were identified. The data were compiled to examine (a) the goals of the study, (b) the methods for collecting test substances, (c) experimental designs, (d) toxicologic end points, and (e) relevance to cancer risk. RESULTS A variety of in vitro assays are available to assess tobacco smoke that address different modes of action, mostly using non-human cell models. However, smokeless tobacco products perform poorly in these assays. Although reliable as a screening tool for qualitative assessments, the available in vitro assays have been poorly validated for quantitative comparisons of different tobacco products. Assay batteries have not been developed, although they exist for nontobacco assessments. Extrapolating data from in vitro studies to human risks remains hypothetical. CONCLUSIONS In vitro toxicology methods are useful for screening toxicity, but better methods are needed for today's context of regulation and evaluation of health claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA
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Carmichael P, Davies M, Dent M, Fentem J, Fletcher S, Gilmour N, MacKay C, Maxwell G, Merolla L, Pease C, Reynolds F, Westmoreland C. Non-Animal Approaches for Consumer Safety Risk Assessments: Unilever's Scientific Research Programme. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:595-610. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-animal based approaches to risk assessment are now routinely used for assuring consumer safety for some endpoints (such as skin irritation) following considerable investment in developing and applying new methods over the past 20 years. Unilever's research programme into non-animal approaches for safety assessment is currently focused on the application of new technologies to risk assessments in the areas of skin allergy, cancer and general toxicity (including inhalation toxicity). In all of these areas, a long-term investment is essential to increase the scientific understanding of the underlying biological and chemical processes that we believe will ultimately form a sound basis for novel risk assessment approaches. Our research programme in these priority areas consists of in-house research as well as Unilever-sponsored academic research, involvement with EU-funded projects (e.g. Sens-it-iv, carcino-GENOMICS), participation in cross-industry collaborative research (e.g. COLIPA, EPAA) and ongoing involvement with other scientific initiatives on non-animal approaches to risk assessment (e.g. UK NC3Rs, US ‘Human Toxicology Project’ consortium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Matt Dent
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Julia Fentem
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Samantha Fletcher
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Cameron MacKay
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Leona Merolla
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Camilla Pease
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Fiona Reynolds
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
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Salazar AM, Sordo M, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Relationship between micronuclei formation and p53 induction. Mutat Res 2008; 672:124-8. [PMID: 19041731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to multiple chemicals compromises the integrity of genetic material. Hence, it is essential to determine the extent of DNA damage induced by xenobiotics. In cell lines, the induction of p53 expression in response to treatments with DNA-damaging agents has been proposed as a tool for the detection of genotoxic damage, although a direct correlation between a marker of chromosomal damage and p53 expression has not previously been studied. The micronucleus assay is a widely used genotoxicity test that has been shown to detect structural and numerical chromosomal damage. The present study was designed to characterize the relationship between micronuclei and p53 induction. RKO cells were cultured and treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of colchicine, vinblastine, bleomycin or arsenic. Mannitol and clofibrate, which are non-genotoxic chemicals, were also included. The frequency of micronuclei was evaluated using the cytokinesis-block assay, and p53 induction was measured by Western blot assay. Our data showed that a significant induction of micronuclei and of p53 protein occurred only with the genotoxic chemicals. No differences in p53 induction were associated with the clastogenic or aneuplodogenic potential of the chemical exposure. The linear regression analysis revealed a direct relationship between p53 levels and the induction of micronuclei (p=0.0001, r(2)=0.9372), indicating that the level of p53 is associated with chromosomal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic toxicology is getting very interesting. The International Conference on Harmonisation has drafted new guidance that allows for the registration of pharmaceuticals without the submission of data from in vitro mammalian genotoxicity tests (in vitro micronucleus test, chromosomal aberrations, mouse lymphoma assay). These tests often produce falsely positive predictions of genotoxic carcinogenicity. OBJECTIVES This article reviews the properties of the Gadd45a-GFP (green fluorescent protein) assay, for which positive results appear to provide more reliable predictions of genotoxic carcinogenicity. The criteria for assessment of genotoxicity assays are reviewed. Consideration is given to the value of genotoxicity hazard assessment early in pharmaceutical discovery. METHODS Peer-reviewed data have been reviewed, as well as information contributed to the public domain through conference presentations. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The Gadd45a assay is increasingly used as a screening tool, and has utility in the prioritisation of Ames-negative compounds prior to in vivo genotoxicity assessment.
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Jagger C, Tate M, Cahill PA, Hughes C, Knight AW, Billinton N, Walmsley RM. Assessment of the genotoxicity of S9-generated metabolites using the GreenScreen HC GADD45a-GFP assay. Mutagenesis 2008; 24:35-50. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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