1
|
Radiation Response of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071650. [PMID: 32660081 PMCID: PMC7408589 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms of disturbed differentiation and development by radiation, murine CGR8 embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were exposed to ionizing radiation and differentiated by forming embryoid bodies (EBs). The colony forming ability test was applied for survival and the MTT test for viability determination after X-irradiation. Cell cycle progression was determined by flow cytometry of propidium iodide-stained cells, and DNA double strand break (DSB) induction and repair by γH2AX immunofluorescence. The radiosensitivity of mESCs was slightly higher compared to the murine osteoblast cell line OCT-1. The viability 72 h after X-irradiation decreased dose-dependently and was higher in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Cells exposed to 2 or 7 Gy underwent a transient G2 arrest. X-irradiation induced γH2AX foci and they disappeared within 72 h. After 72 h of X-ray exposure, RNA was isolated and analyzed using genome-wide microarrays. The gene expression analysis revealed amongst others a regulation of developmental genes (Ada, Baz1a, Calcoco2, Htra1, Nefh, S100a6 and Rassf6), downregulation of genes involved in glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism whereas upregulation of genes related to the p53 signaling pathway. X-irradiated mESCs formed EBs and differentiated toward cardiomyocytes but their beating frequencies were lower compared to EBs from unirradiated cells. These results suggest that X-irradiation of mESCs deregulate genes related to the developmental process. The most significant biological processes found to be altered by X-irradiation in mESCs were the development of cardiovascular, nervous, circulatory and renal system. These results may explain the X-irradiation induced-embryonic lethality and malformations observed in animal studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee SW, Wu G, Choi NY, Lee HJ, Bang JS, Lee Y, Lee M, Ko K, Schöler HR, Ko K. Self-Reprogramming of Spermatogonial Stem Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells without Microenvironment of Feeder Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:631-638. [PMID: 29991673 PMCID: PMC6078851 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) derived from mouse testis are unipotent in regard of spermatogenesis. Our previous study demonstrated that SSCs can be fully reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, so called germline-derived pluripotent stem cells (gPS cells), on feeder cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), which supports SSC proliferation and induction of pluripotency. Because of an uncontrollable microenvironment caused by interactions with feeder cells, feeder-based SSC reprogramming is not suitable for elucidation of the self-reprogramming mechanism by which SSCs are converted into pluripotent stem cells. Recently, we have established a Matrigel-based SSC expansion culture system that allows long-term SSC proliferation without mouse embryonic fibroblast support. In this study, we developed a new feeder-free SSC self-reprogramming protocol based on the Matrigel-based culture system. The gPS cells generated using a feeder-free reprogramming system showed pluripotency at the molecular and cellular levels. The differentiation potential of gPS cells was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Our study shows for the first time that the induction of SSC pluripotency can be achieved without feeder cells. The newly developed feeder-free self-reprogramming system could be a useful tool to reveal the mechanism by which unipotent cells are self-reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster,
Germany
| | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Jin Seok Bang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yukyeong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Minseong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974,
Korea
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster,
Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster,
Germany
| | - Kinarm Ko
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- The University Open-Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sylvester CB, Abe JI, Patel ZS, Grande-Allen KJ. Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Importance of Linear Energy Transfer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:5. [PMID: 29445728 PMCID: PMC5797745 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) in the form of photons and protons is a well-established treatment for cancer. More recently, heavy charged particles have been used to treat radioresistant and high-risk cancers. Radiation treatment is known to cause cardiovascular disease (CVD) which can occur acutely during treatment or years afterward in the form of accelerated atherosclerosis. Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (RICVD) can be a limiting factor in treatment as well as a cause of morbidity and mortality in successfully treated patients. Inflammation plays a key role in both acute and chronic RICVD, but the underling pathophysiology is complex, involving DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and chronic inflammation. While understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RICVD has increased, the growing number of patients receiving RT warrants further research to identify individuals at risk, plans for prevention, and targets for the treatment of RICVD. Research on RICVD is also relevant to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) due to the prevalent space radiation environment encountered by astronauts. NASA's current research on RICVD can both contribute to and benefit from concurrent work with cell and animal studies informing radiotoxicities resulting from cancer therapy. This review summarizes the types of radiation currently in clinical use, models of RICVD, current knowledge of the mechanisms by which they cause CVD, and how this knowledge might apply to those exposed to various types of radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Sylvester
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zarana S Patel
- Science and Space Operations, KBRwyle, Houston, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luft S, Arrizabalaga O, Kulish I, Nasonova E, Durante M, Ritter S, Schroeder IS. Ionizing Radiation Alters Human Embryonic Stem Cell Properties and Differentiation Capacity by Diminishing the Expression of Activin Receptors. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:341-352. [PMID: 27937745 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the embryo to ionizing radiation (IR) is detrimental as it can cause genotoxic stress leading to immediate and latent consequences such as functional defects, malformations, or cancer. Human embryonic stem (hES) cells can mimic the preimplantation embryo and help to assess the biological effects of IR during early development. In this study, we describe the alterations H9 hES cells exhibit after X-ray irradiation in respect to cell cycle progression, apoptosis, genomic stability, stem cell signaling, and their capacity to differentiate into definitive endoderm. Early postirradiation, hES cells responded with an arrest in G2/M phase, elevated apoptosis, and increased chromosomal aberrations. Significant downregulation of stem cell signaling markers of the TGF beta-, Wnt-, and Hedgehog pathways was observed. Most prominent were alterations in the expression of activin receptors. However, hES cells responded differently depending on the culture conditions chosen for maintenance. Enzymatically passaged cells were less sensitive to IR than mechanically passaged ones showing fewer apoptotic cells and fewer changes in the stem cell signaling 24 h after irradiation, but displayed higher levels of chromosomal aberrations. Even though many of the observed changes were transient, surviving hES cells, which were differentiated 4 days postirradiation, showed a lower efficiency to form definitive endoderm than their mock-irradiated counterparts. This was demonstrated by lower expression levels of SOX17 and microRNA miR-375. In conclusion, hES cells are a suitable tool for the IR risk assessment during early human development. However, careful choice of the culture methods and a vigorous monitoring of the stem cell quality are mandatory for the use of these cells. Exposure to IR influences the stem cell properties of hES cells even when immediate radiation effects are overcome. This warrants consideration in the risk assessment of radiation effects during the earliest stages of human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Luft
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Onetsine Arrizabalaga
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ireen Kulish
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany .,2 Technical University Darmstadt , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elena Nasonova
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany .,3 Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research , Dubna, Russia
| | - Marco Durante
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ritter
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Insa S Schroeder
- 1 Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research , Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Achilles' heel of pluripotent stem cells: genetic, genomic and epigenetic variations during prolonged culture. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2453-66. [PMID: 26961132 PMCID: PMC11108315 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into almost any specialized adult cell type of an organism. PSCs can be derived either from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst-giving rise to embryonic stem cells-or after reprogramming of somatic terminally differentiated cells to obtain ES-like cells, named induced pluripotent stem cells. The potential use of these cells in the clinic, for investigating in vitro early embryonic development or for screening the effects of new drugs or xenobiotics, depends on capability to maintain their genome integrity during prolonged culture and differentiation. Both human and mouse PSCs are prone to genomic and (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture, a feature that seriously limits their real potential use. Culture-induced variations of specific chromosomes or genes, are almost all unpredictable and, as a whole, differ among independent cell lines. They may arise at different culture passages, suggesting the absence of a safe passage number maintaining genome integrity and rendering the control of genomic stability mandatory since the very early culture passages. The present review highlights the urgency for further studies on the mechanisms involved in determining (epi)genetic and chromosome instability, exploiting the knowledge acquired earlier on other cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Zuccotti
- Unita' di Anatomia, Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali (S.BI.BI.T.), Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Redi
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Garagna
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Helm A, Arrizabalaga O, Pignalosa D, Schroeder IS, Durante M, Ritter S. Ionizing Radiation Impacts on Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:178-88. [PMID: 26506910 PMCID: PMC4733326 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of ionizing radiation on the earliest stages of embryonic development although it is well recognized that ionizing radiation is a natural part of our environment and further exposure may occur due to medical applications. The current study addresses this issue using D3 mouse embryonic stem cells as a model system. Cells were irradiated with either X-rays or carbon ions representing sparsely and densely ionizing radiation and their effect on the differentiation of D3 cells into spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes through embryoid body (EB) formation was measured. This study is the first to demonstrate that ionizing radiation impairs the formation of beating cardiomyocytes with carbon ions being more detrimental than X-rays. However, after prolonged culture time, the number of beating EBs derived from carbon ion irradiated cells almost reached control levels indicating that the surviving cells are still capable of developing along the cardiac lineage although with considerable delay. Reduced EB size, failure to downregulate pluripotency markers, and impaired expression of cardiac markers were identified as the cause of compromised cardiomyocyte formation. Dysregulation of cardiac differentiation was accompanied by alterations in the expression of endodermal and ectodermal markers that were more severe after carbon ion irradiation than after exposure to X-rays. In conclusion, our data show that carbon ion irradiation profoundly affects differentiation and thus may pose a higher risk to the early embryo than X-rays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Helm
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Onetsine Arrizabalaga
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Diana Pignalosa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Insa S. Schroeder
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
- Physics Department, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ritter
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryonic and Somatic Stem Cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:1-9. [PMID: 26583376 DOI: 10.1159/000441645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of stem cells (SCs) for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, toxicological studies, drug delivery, and as in vitro model for the study of basic developmental processes implies large-scale in vitro culture. Here, after a brief description of the main techniques used for karyotype analysis, we will give a detailed overview of the chromosome abnormalities described in pluripotent (embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs) and somatic SCs, and the possible causes of their origin during culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitx00E0; degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muralidharan S, Sasi SP, Zuriaga MA, Hirschi KK, Porada CD, Coleman MA, Walsh KX, Yan X, Goukassian DA. Ionizing Particle Radiation as a Modulator of Endogenous Bone Marrow Cell Reprogramming: Implications for Hematological Cancers. Front Oncol 2015; 5:231. [PMID: 26528440 PMCID: PMC4604322 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of individuals to ionizing radiation (IR), as in the case of astronauts exploring space or radiotherapy cancer patients, increases their risk of developing secondary cancers and other health-related problems. Bone marrow (BM), the site in the body where hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation to mature blood cells occurs, is extremely sensitive to low-dose IR, including irradiation by high-charge and high-energy particles. Low-dose IR induces DNA damage and persistent oxidative stress in the BM hematopoietic cells. Inefficient DNA repair processes in HSC and early hematopoietic progenitors can lead to an accumulation of mutations whereas long-lasting oxidative stress can impair hematopoiesis itself, thereby causing long-term damage to hematopoietic cells in the BM niche. We report here that low-dose 1H- and 56Fe-IR significantly decreased the hematopoietic early and late multipotent progenitor (E- and L-MPP, respectively) cell numbers in mouse BM over a period of up to 10 months after exposure. Both 1H- and 56Fe-IR increased the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers Sox2, Nanog, and Oct4 in L-MPPs and 10 months post-IR exposure. We postulate that low doses of 1H- and 56Fe-IR may induce endogenous cellular reprogramming of BM hematopoietic progenitor cells to assume a more primitive pluripotent phenotype and that IR-induced oxidative DNA damage may lead to mutations in these BM progenitors. This could then be propagated to successive cell lineages. Persistent impairment of BM progenitor cell populations can disrupt hematopoietic homeostasis and lead to hematologic disorders, and these findings warrant further mechanistic studies into the effects of low-dose IR on the functional capacity of BM-derived hematopoietic cells including their self-renewal and pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Muralidharan
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sharath P Sasi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Maria A Zuriaga
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Christopher D Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
| | - Matthew A Coleman
- Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA , USA ; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, CA , USA
| | - Kenneth X Walsh
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Xinhua Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute , Boston, MA , USA ; Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - David A Goukassian
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA ; Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute , Boston, MA , USA ; Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Radiation sensitivity of the gastrula-stage embryo: Chromosome aberrations and mutation induction in lacZ transgenic mice: The roles of DNA double-strand break repair systems. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 792:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|