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Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, da Silva-Júnior EF. TNF-α Inhibitors from Natural Compounds: An Overview, CADD Approaches, and their Exploration for Anti-inflammatory Agents. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2317-2340. [PMID: 34269666 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210715165943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural process that occurs in the organism in response to harmful external agents. Despite being considered beneficial, exaggerated cases can cause severe problems for the body. The main inflammatory manifestations are pain, increased temperature, edema, decreased mobility, and quality of life for affected individuals. Diseases such as arthritis, cancer, allergies, infections, arteriosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic problems are mainly characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response. Inflammation is related to two categories of substances: pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Among the pro-inflammatory mediators is Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α). It is associated with immune diseases, cancer, and psychiatric disorders which increase its excretion. Thus, it becomes a target widely used in discovering new antiinflammatory drugs. In this context, secondary metabolites biosynthesized by plants have been used for thousands of years and continue to be one of the primary sources of new drug scaffolds against inflammatory diseases. To decrease costs related to the drug discovery process, Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) techniques are broadly explored to increase the chances of success. In this review, the main natural compounds derived from alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, and polyphenols as promising TNF-α inhibitors will be discussed. Finally, we applied a molecular modeling protocol involving all compounds described here, suggesting that their interactions with Tyr59, Tyr119, Tyr151, Leu57, and Gly121 residues are essential for the activity. Such findings can be useful for research groups worldwide to design new anti-inflammatory TNF-α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Yu J, Li W, Zhao L, Qiao Y, Yu J, Huang Q, Yang Y, Xiao X, Guo D. Quyu Shengxin capsule (QSC) inhibits Ang-II-induced abnormal proliferation of VSMCs by down-regulating TGF-β, VEGF, mTOR and JAK-STAT pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114112. [PMID: 33905820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Quyu Shengxin capsule (QSC) is an herbal compound commonly used to treat blood stasis syndrome in China, and blood stasis syndrome is considered to be the root of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the potential molecular mechanism of QSC is still unknown. AIM OF STUDY To study the therapeutic effect of QSC on the abnormal proliferation of VSMCs induced by Ang-II, and to explore its possible mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Qualitative analysis and quality control of QSC through UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC. The rat thoracic aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultured in vitro, and then stimulated with Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang-II) (10-7 mol/L) for 24 h to establish a cardiovascular cell model. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of QSC drug-containing serum or normal goat serum. MTT assay was used to detect the viability of VSMCs and abnormal cell proliferation. In order to analyze the possible signal transduction pathways, the content of various factors in the supernatant of VSMCs was screened and determined by means of the Luminex liquid suspension chip detection platform, and the phosphoprotein profile in VSMCs was screened by Phospho Explorer antibody array. RESULTS Compared with the model group, serum cell viability and inflammatory factor levels with QSC were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression levels of TGF-β, VEGF, mTOR and JAK-STAT in the QSC-containing serum treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group. QSC may regulate the pathological process of CVD by reducing the levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and protecting VSMCs from the abnormal proliferation induced by Ang-II. CONCLUSION QSC inhibits Ang-II-induced abnormal proliferation of VSMCs, which is related to the down-regulation of TGF-β, VEGF, mTOR and JAK-STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Lintao Zhao
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yuan Qiao
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiabao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yajie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dong Guo
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, PR China.
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Lin J, Gao L, Lin Y, Wang S, Yang Z, Ren S, Chen M, Wu B. Pharmacokinetics-Based Chronoefficacy of Semen Strychni and Tripterygium Glycoside Tablet Against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:673263. [PMID: 34108880 PMCID: PMC8181759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.673263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and bone destruction. Identifying drugs with time-varying efficacy and toxicity, and elucidating the mechanisms would help to improve treatment efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Here, we aimed to determine the chronoefficacy of semen strychni (SS) and tripterygium glycoside tablet (TGT) against rheumatoid arthritis in mice, and to investigate a potential role of circadian pharmacokinetics in generating chronoefficacy. SS extract and TGT suspension were prepared with ultrasonication. Effects of SS and TGT on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were evaluated by measuring TNF-α and IL-6 levels. SS dosed at ZT18 was more effective in protecting against CIA than drug dosed at ZT6 (i.e., lower levels of key inflammatory factors at ZT18 than at ZT6). This was accompanied by higher systemic exposure levels of strychnine and brucine (two main putative active ingredients of SS) in ZT18-treated than in ZT6-treated CIA mice. TGT dosing at ZT2 showed a better efficacy against CIA as compared to herb doing at ZT14. Consistently, ZT2 dosing generated a higher exposure of triptolide (a main putative active ingredient of TGT) as compared to ZT14 dosing in CIA mice. Moreover, strychnine, brucine, and triptolide significantly inhibited the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 and the mRNAs of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, suggesting that they possessed an anti-arthritis activity. In conclusion, SS and TGT display chronoefficacy against rheumatoid arthritis in mice, that is attributed to circadian pharmacokinetics of main active ingredients. Our findings have implications for improving treatment outcomes of SS and TGT via timed delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanke Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Transdermal Delivery Systems of Natural Products Applied to Skin Therapy and Care. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215051. [PMID: 33143260 PMCID: PMC7662758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are favored because of their non-toxicity, low irritants, and market reacceptance. We collected examples, according to ancient wisdom, of natural products to be applied in transdermal delivery. A transdermal delivery system, including different types of agents, such as ointments, patches, and gels, has long been used for skin concerns. In recent years, many novel transdermal applications, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and microneedles, have been reported. Nanosized drug delivery systems are widely applied in natural product deliveries. Nanosized materials notably enhance bioavailability and solubility, and are reported to improve the transdermal permeation of many substances compared with conventional topical formulations. Natural products have been made into nanosized biomaterials in order to enhance the penetration effect. Before introducing the novel transdermal applications of natural products, we present traditional methods within this article. The descriptions of novel transdermal applications are classified into three parts: liposomes, emulsions, and lipid nanoparticles. Each section describes cases that are related to promising natural product transdermal use. Finally, we summarize the outcomes of various studies on novel transdermal agents applied to skin treatments.
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Tsuji-Tamura K, Sato M, Fujita M, Tamura M. Glycine exerts dose-dependent biphasic effects on vascular development of zebrafish embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:539-544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang T, Chen X, Yu J, Du Q, Zhu J, Yang M, Wu H, Wang M, Zhu Y. High-Throughput Electrophysiology Screen Revealed Cardiotoxicity of Strychnine by Selectively Targeting hERG Channel. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1825-1840. [PMID: 30545237 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1850091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the efficacy and the health care advantages of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) have become increasingly recognized worldwide, the potential side effects and toxicity still restrict its broader application. This study established and applied an integrated platform anchored on automatic patch clamp system to screen and evaluate a collection of CHM extracts, compositions and monomeric compounds for in vitro cardiac toxicity. Of 1036 CHM samples screened, 2.79% significantly inhibited hERG channel activity. Among them, Strychnine was identified for the first time as a potent hERG inhibitor with an IC 50 of 6.65±1.04μ M in comparison to that of Dofetilide at 1.80±0.24μ M and Quinidine at 7.42±0.54μ M. Langendorff-perfusion experiments confirmed that strychnine increased QT interphase from 71.69±5.34 ms to 98.61±5.54 ms and decreased heart rates from 227.65±5.40 bmp to 162.91±14.70 bmp in isolated rat hearts. The cardiac toxicity effect of strychnine appears to be specific to hERG channel since an in vitro multiplex imaging analysis showed that it did not affect cellular phenotypes such as cell vitality, nucleus area, mitochondria mass and function, nor intracellular calcium in rat primary myocytes. This integrated high-throughput hERG patch clamp and high-content multi-parameter imaging cardiac toxicity screen approach should be useful for large-scale preclinical evaluation of complex Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyi Wang
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qunqun Du
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Honghua Wu
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- 1 Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.,2 Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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Saraswati S, Alhaider AA, Abdelgadir AM. Costunolide suppresses an inflammatory angiogenic response in a subcutaneous murine sponge model. APMIS 2018; 126:257-266. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Saraswati
- Camel Biomedical Research Unit; College of Pharmacy and Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulqader A. Alhaider
- Department of Physiology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelgalil M. Abdelgadir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences; College of Medicine; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City; National Guard Health Affairs; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Guo R, Wang T, Zhou G, Xu M, Yu X, Zhang X, Sui F, Li C, Tang L, Wang Z. Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Strychnos nux-vomica L.: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1-23. [PMID: 29298518 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strychnos nux-vomica L. belongs to the genus Strychnos of the family Loganiaceae and grows in Sri Lanka, India and Australia. The traditional medicinal component is its seed, called Nux vomica. This study provides a relevant and comprehensive review of S. nux-vomica L., including its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, thus providing a foundation for future studies. Up to the present day, over 84 compounds, including alkaloids, iridoid glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, triterpenoids, steroids and organic acids, among others, have been isolated and identified from S. nux-vomica. These compounds possess an array of biological activities, including effects on the nervous system, analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions, antitumor effects, inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and regulation of immune function. Furthermore, toxicity and detoxification methods are preliminarily discussed toward the end of this review. In further research on S. nux-vomica, bioactivity-guided isolation strategies should be emphasized. Its antitumor effects should be investigated further and in vivo animal experiments should be performed alongside in vitro testing. The pharmacological activity and toxicology of strychnine [Formula: see text]-oxide and brucine [Formula: see text]-oxide should be studied to explore the detoxification mechanism associated with processing more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Guo
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Guohong Zhou
- † School of Chinese Material Medica, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, No. 321 Longdongbei Ave., Guangzhou 510520, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Xu
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China.,‡ School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Ave., Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Xiankuo Yu
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China.,‡ School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Ave., Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Feng Sui
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Chun Li
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Liying Tang
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Zhuju Wang
- * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, P. R. China
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Cassini-Vieira P, Felipetto M, Prado LB, Verano-Braga T, Andrade SP, Santos RAS, Teixeira MM, de Lima ME, Pimenta AMC, Barcelos LS. Ts14 from Tityus serrulatus boosts angiogenesis and attenuates inflammation and collagen deposition in sponge-induced granulation tissue in mice. Peptides 2017; 98:63-69. [PMID: 27732900 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a 25mer anti-hypertensive peptide, previously named TsHpt-I (Tityus serrulatus Hypotensin-I), now Ts14, as an agonist of B2 kinin receptor. Bradykinin is known to play physiological roles in angiogenic, inflammatory, and fibrogenic processes, mostly mediated by B2 receptor. Therefore, we investigated whether Ts14 could modulate key events (neovascularization, inflammatory cell recruitment, and extracellular matrix deposition) of the fibrovascular tissue, induced by polyether-polyurethane sponge implants in mice. Sponges were implanted in the dorsum of 7-week-old C57Bl/6 male mice that received daily intrasponge treatment with Ts14 (27.25μg/sponge/day in 10μL PBS) or vehicle (10μL PBS/sponge/day) and were assessed on day 7 after surgery. Hemoglobin content, blood flow (laser Doppler perfusion imaging), and VEGF levels in the implants, used as indices of vascularization, indicated that Ts14 enhanced angiogenesis in implants relative to the PBS-treated group. Interestingly, Ts14 reduced TNF-α levels and neutrophil infiltration, although stimulated macrophage infiltration into implants, as determined by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) enzyme activities, respectively. Regarding the fibrogenic component (soluble collagen content and Sirius-red histological staining), we observed that Ts14 inhibited collagen deposition in the implants. Overall, our results suggest that Ts14 exerts proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrogenic activities. These effects may indicate a therapeutical potential of this peptide in conditions where angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis contribute to disease progression and chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puebla Cassini-Vieira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariane Felipetto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Barbosa Prado
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano M C Pimenta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciola Silva Barcelos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Ramu A, Kathiresan S, Ali Ahmed B. Gramine inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis via modulation of TGF-β signalling in 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 33:69-76. [PMID: 28887922 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its receptors are considered as a novel target in cancer chemotherapy. Gramine, an indole alkaloid, possesses various pharmacological properties including antiproliferative and anticancer. However, the anti-angiogenic property remains unexplored. PURPOSE The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-angiogenic and apoptosis induction properties of gramine through inhibiting TGF-β on DMBA induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the hamster buccal pouch (HBP). METHODS The effects of gramine on TGF-β signalling in DMBA induced carcinogenic events such as angiogenesis and apoptosis were analysed by studying the mRNA expression using RT-PCR, protein expression by western blot and histopathological analysis using haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. RESULTS Gramine significantly inhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad4 by blocking activity of the TGFβ-RII, RI and activation of inhibitory Smad7. Gramine inhibited angiogenic markers such as MMP-2, MMP-9, HIF-1α, VEGF, and VEGF-R2 as well as increased TIMP-2 expression. Furthermore, gramine induced apoptosis in DMBA induced tumour bearing animals by up regulating the pro apoptotic proteins Bax, cytochrome C, apaf-1, caspase-9 caspase-3 and PARP. CONCLUSION In this study, we clearly demonstrated that gramine treatment diminishes angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis by modulating TGF-β signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Ramu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kathiresan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Faculty of Applied Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; University of Malaya, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Giovannini P, Howes MJR. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:240-256. [PMID: 28179114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Every year between 1.2 and 5.5 million people worldwide are victims of snakebites, with about 400,000 left permanently injured. In Central America an estimated 5500 snakebite cases are reported by health centres, but this is likely to be an underestimate due to unreported cases in rural regions. The aim of this study is to review the medicinal plants used traditionally to treat snakebites in seven Central American countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on published primary data on medicinal plants of Central America and those specifically pertaining to use against snakebites. Plant use reports for traditional snakebite remedies identified in primary sources were extracted and entered in a database, with data analysed in terms of the most frequent numbers of use reports. The scientific evidence that might support the local uses of the most frequently reported species was also examined. RESULTS A total of 260 independent plant use reports were recorded in the 34 sources included in this review, encompassing 208 species used to treat snakebite in Central America. Only nine species were reported in at least three studies: Cissampelos pareira L., Piper amalago L., Aristolochia trilobata L., Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, Strychnos panamensis Seem., Dorstenia contrajerva L., Scoparia dulcis L., Hamelia patens Jacq., and Simaba cedron Planch. Genera with the highest number of species used to treat snakebite were Piper, Aristolochia, Hamelia, Ipomoea, Passiflora and Peperomia. The extent of the scientific evidence available to understand any pharmacological basis for their use against snakebites varied between different plant species. CONCLUSION At least 208 plant species are traditionally used to treat snakebite in Central America but there is a lack of clinical research to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Available pharmacological data suggest different plant species may target different symptoms of snakebites, such as pain or anxiety, although more studies are needed to further evaluate the scientific basis for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Giovannini
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Yang G, Shao GF. Elevated serum IL-11, TNF α, and VEGF expressions contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). Neurol Sci 2016; 37:1253-9. [PMID: 27115896 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To study the changes in serum interleukin-11 (IL-11), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions following hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH), and explore their associations with disease severity and prognosis. Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF levels after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after HICH were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and neurological deficit score (NDS) were recorded at admission and discharge for 99 HICH cases. Then 45 healthy controls were included and assayed for serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF levels. Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF levels were higher in HICH patients than healthy controls (all P < 0.05). TNF-α was higher at the 3rd day following disease onset than other time points (all P < 0.05), while IL-11 and VEGF peaked at the 7th day and dropped below baseline values at the 14th day (all P < 0.05). Serum IL-11 was positively correlated with TNF-α (r = 0.70, P < 0.05) and VEGF (r = 0.72, P < 0.05). Serum TNF-α was positively correlated with VEGF (r = 0.46, P < 0.05). Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF were associated with disease severity in HICH patients. Patients with more severe disease tended to have higher NDS at admission, and higher IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF during treatment were associated with higher NDS at discharge. Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF may involve in the pathophysiology of HICH, thus IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF may be prognostic factors for post HICH neurologic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No. 9 Jianmin Road, Taozhu Street, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gao-Feng Shao
- Department of Neurology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No. 9 Jianmin Road, Taozhu Street, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China
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Inhibitory effect of endostar on specific angiogenesis induced by human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:957574. [PMID: 25983751 PMCID: PMC4423035 DOI: 10.1155/2015/957574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of endostar on specific angiogenesis induced by human hepatocellular carcinoma, this research systematically elucidated the inhibitory effect on HepG2-induced angiogenesis by endostar from 50 ng/mL to 50000 ng/mL. We employed fluorescence quantitative Boyden chamber analysis, wound-healing assay, flow cytometry examination using a coculture system, quantitative analysis of tube formation, and in vivo Matrigel plug assay induced by HCC conditioned media (HCM) and HepG2 compared with normal hepatocyte conditioned media (NCM) and L02. Then, we found that endostar as a tumor angiogenesis inhibitor could potently inhibit human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration in response to HCM after four- to six-hour action, inhibit HCM-induced HUVEC migration to the lesion part in a dose-dependent manner between 50 ng/mL and 5000 ng/mL at 24 hours, and reduce HUVEC proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. Endostar inhibited HepG2-induced tube formation of HUVECs which peaked at 50 ng/mL. In vivo Matrigel plug formation was also significantly reduced by endostar in HepG2 inducing system rather than in L02 inducing system. It could be concluded that, at cell level, endostar inhibited the angiogenesis-related biological behaviors of HUVEC in response to HCC, including migration, adhesion proliferation, and tube formation. At animal level, endostar inhibited the angiogenesis in response to HCC in Matrigel matrix.
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Important poisonous plants in tibetan ethnomedicine. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:138-55. [PMID: 25594733 PMCID: PMC4303819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan ethnomedicine is famous worldwide, both for its high effectiveness and unique cultural background. Many poisonous plants have been widely used to treat disorders in the Tibetan medicinal system. In the present review article, some representative poisonous plant species are introduced in terms of their significance in traditional Tibetan medicinal practices. They are Aconitumpendulum, Strychnos nux-vomica, Daturastramonium and Anisodus tanguticus, for which the toxic chemical constituents, bioactivities and pharmacological functions are reviewed herein. The most important toxins include aconitine, strychnine, scopolamine, and anisodamine. These toxic plants are still currently in use for pain-reduction and other purposes by Tibetan healers after processing.
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Gu L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Lu H, Bi K, Chen X. Determination of 12 potential nephrotoxicity biomarkers in rat serum and urine by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and its application to renal failure induced by Semen Strychni. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1058-66. [PMID: 24610835 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In previous nephrotoxicity metabonomic studies, several potential biomarkers were found and evaluated. To investigate the relationship between the nephrotoxicity biomarkers and the therapeutic role of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on Semen Strychni-induced renal failure, 12 typical biomarkers are selected and a simple LC-MS method has been developed and validated. Citric acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, taurine, guanidinoacetic acid, uric acid, creatinine, hippuric acid, xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid, and phenaceturic acid were separated by a Phenomenex Luna C18 column and a methanol/water (5 mM ammonium acetate) gradient program with a runtime of 20 min. The prepared calibration curves showed good linearity with regression coefficients all above 0.9913. The absolute recoveries of analytes from serum and urine were all more than 70.4%. With the developed method, analytes were successfully determined in serum and urine samples within 52 days. Results showed that guanidinosuccinic acid, guanidinoacetic acid, 3-indoxyl sulfate, and indole-3-acetic acid (only in urine) were more sensitive than the conventional renal function markers in evaluating the therapeutic role of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on Semen Strychni-induced renal failure. The method could be further used in predicting and monitoring renal failure cause by other reasons in the following researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Gu L, Wang X, Liu Z, Ju P, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Ma B, Bi K, Chen X. A study of Semen Strychni-induced renal injury and herb-herb interaction of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract and/or Rhizoma Ligustici extract on the comparative toxicokinetics of strychnine and brucine in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:226-33. [PMID: 24704041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the renal injury caused by Semen strychni and its major toxic constituents, strychnine and brucine, was reported in many clinical cases. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the renal injury induced by Semen Strychni and the protective effects of Radix Glycyrrhizae and Rhizoma Ligustici. The protective mechanisms were related to the comparative toxicokinetics of strychnine and brucine. Serum and urine uric acid and creatinine were used as renal function markers to evaluate the condition of kidney, and renal injury was directly reflected by histopathological changes. Compared with rats in blank group and protective herb groups, rats in Semen Strychni high-dose group showed significant differences in the results of renal function markers, and various glomerular and tubular degenerations were found in the histopathological study. The decreased AUC (only strychnine) and Cmax, the increased Tmax by Radix Glycyrrhizae and the decreased T1/2 by Radix Glycyrrhizae and Rhizoma Ligustici were found in model groups. Results indicated that high dose of Semen Strychni might induce renal injury. Radix Glycyrrhizae and Rhizoma Ligustici might work together and have effects on the elimination of strychnine and brucine. The protective effects of Radix Glycyrrhizae might also be explained by the slow absorption of the alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ping Ju
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lunhui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingjie Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Camel urine inhibits inflammatory angiogenesis in murine sponge implant angiogenesis model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Alhaider AA, Abdel Gader AGM, Almeshaal N, Saraswati S. Camel milk inhibits inflammatory angiogenesis via downregulation of proangiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines in mice. APMIS 2013; 122:599-607. [PMID: 24320686 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Camel milk has traditionally been used to treat cancer, but this practice awaits scientific scrutiny, in particular its role in tumor angiogenesis, the key step involved in tumor growth and metastasis. We aimed to investigate the effects of camel milk on key components of inflammatory angiogenesis in sponge implant angiogenesis model. Polyester-polyurethane sponges, used as a framework for fibrovascular tissue growth, were implanted in Swiss albino mice and camel milk (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) was administered for 14 days through installed cannula. The implants collected at day 14 post-implantation were processed for the assessment of hemoglobin (Hb), myeloperoxidase (MPO), N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and collagen, which were used as indices for angiogenesis, neutrophil, and macrophage accumulation and extracellular matrix deposition, respectively. Relevant inflammatory, angiogenic, and fibrogenic cytokines were also determined. Camel milk treatment attenuated the main components of the fibrovascular tissue, wet weight, vascularization (Hb content), macrophage recruitment (NAG activity), collagen deposition and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β. A regulatory function of camel milk on multiple parameters of the main components of inflammatory angiogenesis has been revealed, giving insight into the potential therapeutic benefit underlying the anti-cancer actions of camel milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulqader A Alhaider
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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α-santalol inhibits the angiogenesis and growth of human prostate tumor growth by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:147. [PMID: 24261856 PMCID: PMC4221991 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitors, as efficient antiangiogenesis agents, have been applied in the cancer treatment. However, recently, most of these anticancer drugs have some adverse effects. Discovery of novel VEGFR2 inhibitors as anticancer drug candidates is still needed. Methods We used α-santalol and analyzed its inhibitory effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Prostate tumor cells (PC-3 or LNCaP) in vitro. Tumor xenografts in nude mice were used to examine the in vivo activity of α-santalol. Results α-santalol significantly inhibits HUVEC proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation. Western blot analysis indicated that α-santalol inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 kinase and the downstream protein kinases including AKT, ERK, FAK, Src, mTOR, and pS6K in HUVEC, PC-3 and LNCaP cells. α-santalol treatment inhibited ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis as evident by rat aortic and sponge implant angiogenesis assay. α-santalol significantly reduced the volume and the weight of solid tumors in prostate xenograft mouse model. The antiangiogenic effect by CD31 immunohistochemical staining indicated that α-santalol inhibited tumorigenesis by targeting angiogenesis. Furthermore, α-santalol reduced the cell viability and induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells, which were correlated with the downregulation of AKT, mTOR and P70S6K expressions. Molecular docking simulation indicated that α-santalol form hydrogen bonds and aromatic interactions within the ATP-binding region of the VEGFR2 kinase unit. Conclusion α-santalol inhibits angiogenesis by targeting VEGFR2 regulated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway, and could be used as a potential drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Saraswati S, Alhaider AA, Agrawal S. Punarnavine, an alkaloid from Boerhaavia diffusa exhibits anti-angiogenic activity via downregulation of VEGF in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Saraswati S, Kanaujia PK, Kumar S, Kumar R, Alhaider AA. Tylophorine, a phenanthraindolizidine alkaloid isolated from Tylophora indica exerts antiangiogenic and antitumor activity by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated angiogenesis. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:82. [PMID: 23895055 PMCID: PMC3733984 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-angiogenesis targeting VEGFR2 has been considered as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Tylophorine is known to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, but its roles in tumor angiogenesis, the key step involved in tumor growth and metastasis, and the involved molecular mechanism is still unknown. Therefore, we examined its anti-angiogenic effects and mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Methods We used tylophorine and analyzed its inhibitory effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor in vivo. Results Tylophorine significantly inhibited a series of VEGF-induced angiogenesis processes including proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. Besides, it directly inhibited VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase activity and its downstream signaling pathways including Akt, Erk and ROS in endothelial cells. Using HUVECs we demonstrated that tylophorine inhibited VEGF-stimulated inflammatory responses including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MMP-2 and NO secretion. Tylophorine significantly inhibited neovascularization in sponge implant angiogenesis assay and also inhibited tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. Molecular docking simulation indicated that tylophorine could form hydrogen bonds and aromatic interactions within the ATP-binding region of the VEGFR2 kinase unit. Conclusion Tylophorine exerts anti-angiogenesis effects via VEGFR2 signaling pathway thus, may be a viable drug candidate in anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Saraswati
- Camel Biomedical Research Unit, College of Pharmacy and Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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