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Eş I, Thakur A, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Foged C, de la Torre LG. Engineering aspects of lipid-based delivery systems: In vivo gene delivery, safety criteria, and translation strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108342. [PMID: 38518964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Defects in the genome cause genetic diseases and can be treated with gene therapy. Due to the limitations encountered in gene delivery, lipid-based supramolecular colloidal materials have emerged as promising gene carrier systems. In their non-functionalized form, lipid nanoparticles often demonstrate lower transgene expression efficiency, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes, specifically through reduced percentages of cells expressing the transgene. Due to chemically active substituents, the engineering of delivery systems for genetic drugs with specific chemical ligands steps forward as an innovative strategy to tackle the drawbacks and enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Despite intense investigations into functionalization strategies, the clinical outcome of such therapies still needs to be improved. Here, we highlight and comprehensively review engineering aspects for functionalizing lipid-based delivery systems and their therapeutic efficacy for developing novel genetic cargoes to provide a full snapshot of the translation from the bench to the clinics. We outline existing challenges in the delivery and internalization processes and narrate recent advances in the functionalization of lipid-based delivery systems for nucleic acids to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and safety. Moreover, we address clinical trials using these vectors to expand their clinical use and principal safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Eş
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University 191002, 9 Lomonosova Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Cooper CG, Kafetzis KN, Patabendige A, Tagalakis AD. Blood-brain barrier disruption in dementia: Nano-solutions as new treatment options. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1359-1385. [PMID: 38154805 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Candidate drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS) demonstrate extremely low clinical success rates, with more than 98% of potential treatments being discontinued due to poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Neurological conditions were shown to be the second leading cause of death globally in 2016, with the number of people currently affected by neurological disorders increasing rapidly. This increasing trend, along with an inability to develop BBB permeating drugs, is presenting a major hurdle in the treatment of CNS-related disorders, like dementia. To overcome this, it is necessary to understand the structure and function of the BBB, including the transport of molecules across its interface in both healthy and pathological conditions. The use of CNS drug carriers is rapidly gaining popularity in CNS research due to their ability to target BBB transport systems. Further research and development of drug delivery vehicles could provide essential information that can be used to develop novel treatments for neurological conditions. This review discusses the BBB and its transport systems and evaluates the potential of using nanoparticle-based delivery systems as drug carriers for CNS disease with a focus on dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adjanie Patabendige
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Chen J, Li J, Sun X, Lu H, Liu K, Li Z, Guan J, Song H, Wei W, Ge Y, Fan Q, Bao W, Ma B, Du Z. Precision Therapy of Recurrent Breast Cancer through Targeting Different Malignant Tumor Cells with a HER2/CD44-Targeted Hydrogel Nanobot. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301043. [PMID: 37154208 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity and drug resistance of tumor cells are the leading causes of incurability and poor survival for patients with recurrent breast cancer. In order to accurately deliver the biological anticancer drugs to different subtypes of malignant tumor cells for omnidirectional targeted treatment of recurrent breast cancer, a distinct design is demonstrated by embedding liposome-based nanocomplexes containing pro-apoptotic peptide and survivin siRNA drugs (LPR) into Herceptin/hyaluronic acid cross-linked nanohydrogels (Herceptin-HA) to fabricate a HER2/CD44-targeted hydrogel nanobot (named as ALPR). ALPR delivered cargoes to the cells overexpressing CD44 and HER2, followed by Herceptin-HA biodegradation, subsequently, the exposed lipid component containing DOPE fused with the endosomal membrane and released peptide and siRNA into the cytoplasm. These experiments indicated that ALPR can specifically deliver Herceptin, peptide, and siRNA drugs to HER2-positive SKBR-3, triple-negative MDA-MB-231, and HER2-negative drug-resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. ALPR completely inhibited the growth of heterogeneous breast tumors via multichannel synergistic effects: disrupting mitochondria, downregulating the survivin gene, and blocking HER2 receptors on the surface of HER2-positive cells. The present design overcomes the chemical drug resistance and opens a feasible route for the combinative treatment of recurrent breast cancer, even other solid tumors, utilizing different kinds of biological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huixia Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kuai Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhenbo Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianyue Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huiling Song
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanhong Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiong Fan
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Buyong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zixiu Du
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Kafetzis KN, Papalamprou N, McNulty E, Thong KX, Sato Y, Mironov A, Purohit A, Welsby PJ, Harashima H, Yu-Wai-Man C, Tagalakis AD. The Effect of Cryoprotectants and Storage Conditions on the Transfection Efficiency, Stability, and Safety of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for mRNA and DNA Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203022. [PMID: 36906918 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles have recently shown great promise, establishing themselves as the gold standard in delivering novel RNA therapeutics. However, research on the effects of storage on their efficacy, safety, and stability is still lacking. Herein, the impact of storage temperature on two types of lipid-based nanocarriers, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and receptor-targeted nanoparticles (RTNs), loaded with either DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA), is explored and the effects of different cryoprotectants on the stability and efficacy of the formulations are investigated. The medium-term stability of the nanoparticles was evaluated by monitoring their physicochemical characteristics, entrapment and transfection efficiency, every two weeks over one month. It is demonstrated, that the use of cryoprotectants protects nanoparticles against loss of function and degradation in all storage conditions. Moreover, it is shown that the addition of sucrose enables all nanoparticles to remain stable and maintain their efficacy for up to a month when stored at -80 °C, regardless of cargo or type of nanoparticle. DNA-loaded nanoparticles also remain stable in a wider variety of storage conditions than mRNA-loaded ones. Importantly, these novel LNPs show increased GFP expression that can signify their future use in gene therapies, beyond the established role of LNPs in RNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisha McNulty
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Kai X Thong
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (RRID: SCR_021147), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Atul Purohit
- Oncology Drug Discovery & Women's Health Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | | | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Subhan MA, Parveen F, Filipczak N, Yalamarty SSK, Torchilin VP. Approaches to Improve EPR-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030389. [PMID: 36983571 PMCID: PMC10051487 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The innovative development of nanomedicine has promised effective treatment options compared to the standard therapeutics for cancer therapy. However, the efficiency of EPR-targeted nanodrugs is not always pleasing as it is strongly prejudiced by the heterogeneity of the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR). Targeting the dynamics of the EPR effect and improvement of the therapeutic effects of nanotherapeutics by using EPR enhancers is a vital approach to developing cancer therapy. Inadequate data on the efficacy of EPR in humans hampers the clinical translation of cancer drugs. Molecular targeting, physical amendment, or physiological renovation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial approaches for improving the EPR effect. Advanced imaging technologies for the visualization of EPR-induced nanomedicine distribution in tumors, and the use of better animal models, are necessary to enhance the EPR effect. This review discusses strategies to enhance EPR effect-based drug delivery approaches for cancer therapy and imaging technologies for the diagnosis of EPR effects. The effort of studying the EPR effect is beneficial, as some of the advanced nanomedicine-based EPR-enhancing approaches are currently undergoing clinical trials, which may be helpful to improve EPR-induced drug delivery and translation to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Farzana Parveen
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy Services, DHQ Hospital Jhang 35200, Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nina Filipczak
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Vladimir P. Torchilin
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (V.P.T.)
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Tang Z, Wu S, Zhao P, Wang H, Ni D, Li H, Jiang X, Wu Y, Meng Y, Yao Z, Cai W, Bu W. Chemical Factory-Guaranteed Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy for Orthotopic Liver Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201232. [PMID: 35712774 PMCID: PMC9376848 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nanomedicine, there is a tendency of matching designed nanomaterials with a suitable type of orthotopic cancer model, not just a casual subcutaneous one. Under this condition, knowing the specific features of the chosen cancer model is the priority, then introducing a proper therapy strategy using designed nanomaterials. Here, the Fenton chemistry is combined with zinc peroxide nanoparticles in the treatment of orthotopic liver cancer which has a "chemical factory" including that liver is the main place for iron storage, metabolism, and also the main metabolic sites for the majority of ingested substances, guaranteeing customized and enhanced chemodynamic therapy and normal liver cells protection as well. The good results in vitro and in vivo can set an inspiring example for exploring and utilizing suitable nanomaterials in corresponding cancer models, ensuring well-fitness of nanomaterials for disease and satisfactory therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Tang
- Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072P. R. China
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, Materials Science & EngineeringPharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin − MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Shiman Wu
- Department of RadiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Peiran Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Dalong Ni
- Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Xingwu Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Yelin Wu
- Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072P. R. China
| | - Yun Meng
- Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of RadiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, Materials Science & EngineeringPharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin − MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200438P. R. China
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Progress and Hurdles of Therapeutic Nanosystems against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020388. [PMID: 35214119 PMCID: PMC8874925 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine against cancer, including diagnosis, prevention and treatment, has increased expectations for the solution of many biomedical challenges in the fight against this disease. In recent decades, an exhaustive design of nanosystems with high specificity, sensitivity and selectivity has been achieved due to a rigorous control over their physicochemical properties and an understanding of the nano–bio interface. However, despite the considerable progress that has been reached in this field, there are still different hurdles that limit the clinical application of these nanosystems, which, along with their possible solutions, have been reviewed in this work. Specifically, physiological processes as biological barriers and protein corona formation related to the administration routes, designing strategies to overcome these obstacles, promising new multifunctional nanotherapeutics, and recent clinical trials are presented in this review.
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Tarvirdipour S, Skowicki M, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. Peptide-Assisted Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems on the Rise. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9092. [PMID: 34445799 PMCID: PMC8396486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns associated with nanocarriers' therapeutic efficacy and side effects have led to the development of strategies to advance them into targeted and responsive delivery systems. Owing to their bioactivity and biocompatibility, peptides play a key role in these strategies and, thus, have been extensively studied in nanomedicine. Peptide-based nanocarriers, in particular, have burgeoned with advances in purely peptidic structures and in combinations of peptides, both native and modified, with polymers, lipids, and inorganic nanoparticles. In this review, we summarize advances on peptides promoting gene delivery systems. The efficacy of nucleic acid therapies largely depends on cell internalization and the delivery to subcellular organelles. Hence, the review focuses on nanocarriers where peptides are pivotal in ferrying nucleic acids to their site of action, with a special emphasis on peptides that assist anionic, water-soluble nucleic acids in crossing the membrane barriers they encounter on their way to efficient function. In a second part, we address how peptides advance nanoassembly delivery tools, such that they navigate delivery barriers and release their nucleic acid cargo at specific sites in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Tarvirdipour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- Department of Biosystem Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Skowicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Gong Y, Wu Q, Zhang L, Jiao S. Bioinformatic Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines to the Efficacy of Nimotuzumab. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2611-2621. [PMID: 34168487 PMCID: PMC8217909 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s312770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to be a cancer with rising incidence, high mortality, and recurrence rate. The therapeutic effects on HCC are not satisfactory currently. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important factor, while anti-EGFR agencies have not shown ideal results in HCC. Materials and Methods We tested efficacy of nimotuzumab and EGFR expression on cell surface in six HCC cell lines (Hep 3B2.1–7, Li-7, PLC/PRF/5, SK-HEP-1, SNU-182, and SNU-387). Then, we analyzed RNA sequences of every cell line and performed a bioinformatic analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed. The data, TCGA-LIHC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE102079 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), were used to analyse DEGs of Hoshida subclass. Results Hep 3B2.1–7 and PLC/PRF/5 were sensitive to nimotuzumab whereas Li-7, SK-HEP-1, SNU-182, and SNU-387 cell lines were resistant. Then, we compared the DEGs between sensitive and resistant group cell lines. We enriched DEGs in GO and KEGG and performed GSEA in each group. Genes in two groups did not show obvious different expressions in EGFR pathways, while Hoshida subclass of HCC seemed to associate with the efficacy of nimotuzumab in that S2 and S3 showed better therapeutic effect than S1. Therefore, we analyzed genes in human tumor samples which were from TCGA-LIHC and GSE102079. We found that COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and MMP9 were the focus DEGs of S1 and S2 & S3 related to EGFR. Conclusion The efficacy of nimotuzumab in HCC did not show direct relevance with EGFR protein expression and EGFR-related pathway. However, efficacy could associate with Hoshida subclass of HCC. Three ECM genes (COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1) and MMP9 were paid attention, as they might play important roles in the curative effect of nimotuzumab in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Faculty, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing DCTY® Biotech Co.,Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Gong
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing DCTY® Biotech Co.,Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Faculty, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Faculty, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Faculty, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu Y, Tan M, Fang C, Chen X, Liu H, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Min W. A novel multifunctional gold nanorod-mediated and tumor-targeted gene silencing of GPC-3 synergizes photothermal therapy for liver cancer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:175101. [PMID: 33445163 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abdbed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-specific targeted delivery is a major obstacle to clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we have developed a novel multi-functional nanostructure GAL-GNR-siGPC-3, which consists of Galactose (GAL) as the HCC-targeting moiety, golden nanorods (GNR) as a framework to destroy tumor cells under laser irradiation, and siRNA of Glypican-3 (siGPC-3) which induce specifically gene silence of GPC-3 in HCC. Glypican-3 (GPC-3) gene is highly associated with HCC and is a new potential target for HCC therapy. On the other hand, Gal can specifically bind to the asialoglycoprotein receptor which is highly expressed on membrane of hepatoma cells. GAL and siGPC-3 can induce targeted silencing of GPC-3 gene in hepatoma cells. In vivo and in vitro results showed that GAL-GNR-siGPC-3 could significantly induce downregulation of GPC-3 gene and inhibit the progression of HCC. More notably, GAL-GNR-siGPC-3 could induce both GPC-3 gene silencing and photothermal effects, and the synergistic treatment of tumors was more effective than individual treatments. In summary, GAL-GNR-siGPC-3 achieved a synergistic outcome to the treatment of cancer, which opens up a new approach for the development of clinical therapies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Tan
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjuan Fang
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Liu
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Min
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008 People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Pathology and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5A5, Canada
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11
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Raghav PK, Mann Z. Cancer stem cells targets and combined therapies to prevent cancer recurrence. Life Sci 2021; 277:119465. [PMID: 33831426 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) control the dynamics of tumorigenesis by self-renewal ability and differentiation potential. These properties contribute towards tumor malignancy, metastasis, cellular heterogeneity, and immune escape, which are regulated by multiple signaling pathways. The CSCs are chemoresistant and cause cancer recurrence, generally recognized as a small side-population that eventually leads to tumor relapse. Despite many treatment options available, none can be considered entirely efficient due to a lack of specificity and dose limitation. This review primarily highlights the processes involved in CSCs development and maintenance. Secondly, the current effective therapies based on stem cells, cell-free therapies that involve exosomes and miRNAs, and photodynamic therapy have been discussed. Also, the inhibitors that specifically target various signaling pathways, which can be used in combination to control CSCs kinetics have been highlighted. Conclusively, this comprehensive review is a detailed study of recently developed novel treatment strategies that will facilitate in coming up with better-targeted approaches against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoya Mann
- Independent Researcher, New Delhi, India
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: Key to Selective Intracellular Delivery. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:967-1092. [PMID: 33050847 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920090011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an integral surface protein mediating cellular response to a number of growth factors. Its overexpression and increased activation due to mutations is one of the most common traits of many types of cancer. Development and clinical use of the agents, which block EGFR activation, became a prime example of the personalized targeted medicine. However, despite the obvious success in this area, cancer cure remains unattainable in most cases. Because of that, as well as the result of the search for possible ways to overcome the difficulties of treatment, a huge number of new treatment methods relying on the use of EGFR overexpression and its changes to destroy cancer cells. Modern data on the structure, functioning, and intracellular transport of EGFR, its natural ligands, as well as signaling cascades triggered by the EGFR activation, peculiarities of the EGFR expression and activation in oncological disorders, as well as applied therapeutic approaches aimed at blocking EGFR signaling pathway are summarized and analyzed in this review. Approaches to the targeted delivery of various chemotherapeutic agents, radionuclides, immunotoxins, photosensitizers, as well as the prospects for gene therapy aimed at cancer cells with EGFR overexpression are reviewed in detail. It should be noted that increasing attention is being paid nowadays to the development of multifunctional systems, either carrying several different active agents, or possessing several environment-dependent transport functions. Potentials of the systems based on receptor-mediated endocytosis of EGFR and their possible advantages and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rosenkranz
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. .,Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - T A Slastnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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Wang Y, Shen N, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Chen X. Self-Amplifying Nanotherapeutic Drugs Homing to Tumors in a Manner of Chain Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002094. [PMID: 33382144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active tumor-targeting drug delivery has great potency in cancer therapy. However, the targeting efficiency of traditional active tumor-targeting nanotherapeutic drugs is limited by the scarcity of their accessible targets/receptors in tumors. Here, a novel self-amplifying tumor-targeting strategy with a chain reaction mechanism is developed. A coagulation targeting peptide (GNQEQVSPLTLLKXC, termed A15)-decorated poly(L-glutamic acid)-graft-maleimide poly(ethylene glycol)/combretastatin A4 conjugate (A15-PLG-CA4) is prepared to obtain a self-amplifying nanotherapeutic platform homing to tumors. After administration to tumor-bearing mice, A15-PLG-CA4 starts a chain reaction cycle consisting of intratumoral hemorrhage, target FXIIIa amplification, blood clot binding, and CA4 release in tumors. In this way, A15-PLG-CA4 increases the level of its accessible targets (FXIIIa) in a manner of chain reaction. The FXIIIa activity at 8 h is 4.1-fold more than the one at 0 h in the C26 tumors treated with A15-PLG-CA4. The total CA4 concentration at 24 h is 2.9-fold more than the control. A15-PLG-CA4 shows a significantly higher antitumor effect against large C26 tumors (≈500 mm3 ) thanks to the remarkable tumor-targeting ability compared with the control. Therefore, this report highlights the potential of the self-amplifying tumor-targeting strategy in the development of next generation active tumor-targeting nanotherapeutic drugs for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Na Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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14
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Assembly strategy of liposome and polymer systems for siRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Grigoletto A, Tedeschini T, Canato E, Pasut G. The evolution of polymer conjugation and drug targeting for the delivery of proteins and bioactive molecules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1689. [PMID: 33314717 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation can be considered one of the leading approaches within the vast field of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In fact, such technology can be exploited for delivering an active molecule, such as a small drug, a protein, or genetic material, or it can be applied to other drug delivery systems as a strategy to improve their in vivo behavior or pharmacokinetic activities such as prolonging the half-life of a drug, conferring stealth properties, providing external stimuli responsiveness, and so on. If on the one hand, polymer conjugation with biotech drug is considered the linchpin of the protein delivery field boasting several products in clinical use, on the other, despite dedicated research, conjugation with low molecular weight drugs has not yet achieved the milestone of the first clinical approval. Some of the primary reasons for this debacle are the difficulties connected to achieving selective targeting to diseased tissue, organs, or cells, which is the main goal not only of polymer conjugation but of all delivery systems of small drugs. In light of the need to achieve better drug targeting, researchers are striving to identify more sophisticated, biocompatible delivery approaches and to open new horizons for drug targeting methodologies leading to successful clinical applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Grigoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tedeschini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Canato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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Xia D, Hang D, Li Y, Jiang W, Zhu J, Ding Y, Gu H, Hu Y. Au-Hemoglobin Loaded Platelet Alleviating Tumor Hypoxia and Enhancing the Radiotherapy Effect with Low-Dose X-ray. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15654-15668. [PMID: 33108152 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely explored clinical modality to combat cancer. However, its therapeutic efficacy is not always satisfied because of the severe hypoxic microenvironment in solid tumors and the high dosage of radiation harmful to the adjacent healthy tissue. Herein, Au nanoparticle-hemoglobin complex nanoparticle loaded platelets (Au-Hb@PLT) were fabricated. These Au-Hb@PLT would be activated by tumor cells, and the formed platelet-derivate particles (PM) could deliver Au nanoparticle-hemoglobin complex deeply into tumor tissue because of their small size and tumor homing ability. Hemoglobin acts as an oxygen carrier to relieve the hypoxia and gold nanoparticles work as radiosensitizers to potentiate the sensitivity of tumor cells to X-ray, thus, enhancing the in vivo therapeutic outcome even under a low-dose RT in tumor bearing mice. The enhanced antitumor effect and survival benefits endowed by the Au-Hb@PLT were confirmed in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that these Au-Hb@PLT can work as an oxygen vehicle, offer a promising approach to mitigate hypoxia and improve RT efficacy with a low RT dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Xia
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Daming Hang
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226362, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Gu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Tan M, Zhang Y, Huang W, Min L, Peng S, Yuan K, Qiu L, Min W. Targeted Gene Silencing BRAF Synergized Photothermal Effect Inhibits Hepatoma Cell Growth Using New GAL-GNR-siBRAF Nanosystem. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:116. [PMID: 32449085 PMCID: PMC7246281 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The RAF kinase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); therefore, inhibition of the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway has become a new therapeutic strategy for novel HCC therapy. However, targeted specific delivery systems for tumors are still significant obstacle to clinical applications. Galactose (GAL) can target the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on liver cancer cells. In this study, we designed a novel multifunctional nanomaterial GAL-GNR-siBRAF which consists of three parts, GAL as the liver cancer-targeting moiety, golden nanorods (GNR) offering photothermal capability under near infrared light, and siRNA specifically silencing BRAF (siBRAF). The nanocarrier GAL-GNR-siBRAF showed high siRNA loading capacity and inhibited the degradation of siRNA in serum. Compared with naked gold nanorods, GAL-GNR-siBRAF possessed lower biotoxicity and higher efficacy of gene silencing. Treatment with GAL-GNR-siBRAF significantly downregulated the expression of BRAF and impaired proliferation, migration, and invasion of liver cancer cells. Moreover, combinatorial photothermal effects and BRAF knockdown by GAL-GNR-siBRAF effectively given rise to tumor cell death. Therefore, our study developed a new type of targeted multi-functional nanomaterial GAL-GNR-siBRAF for the treatment of liver cancer, which provides ideas for the development of new clinical treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098 China
- Jiangxi Institute of Medical Sciences Nanchang, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Manman Tan
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Liangliang Min
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Shanshan Peng
- Jiangxi Institute of Medical Sciences Nanchang, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Keng Yuan
- Jiangxi Institute of Medical Sciences Nanchang, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Min
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098 China
- Jiangxi Institute of Medical Sciences Nanchang, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
- Department of Surgery, Pathology and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5A5 Canada
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Varmazyar M, Habibi M, Amini M, Pordanjani AH, Afrand M, Vahedi SM. Numerical simulation of magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery in presence of atherosclerotic plaques and under the effects of magnetic field. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Extracellular matrix-cell interactions: Focus on therapeutic applications. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109487. [PMID: 31778739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules together with a multitude of different molecules residing in the extracellular space play a vital role in the regulation of cellular phenotype and behavior. This is achieved via constant reciprocal interactions between the molecules of the ECM and the cells. The ECM-cell interactions are mediated via cell surface receptors either directly or indirectly with co-operative molecules. The ECM is also under perpetual remodeling process influencing cell-signaling pathways on its part. The fragmentation of ECM macromolecules provides even further complexity for the intricate environment of the cells. However, as long as the interactions between the ECM and the cells are in balance, the health of the body is retained. Alternatively, any dysregulation in these interactions can lead to pathological processes and finally to various diseases. Thus, therapeutic applications that are based on retaining normal ECM-cell interactions are highly rationale. Moreover, in the light of the current knowledge, also concurrent multi-targeting of the complex ECM-cell interactions is required for potent pharmacotherapies to be developed in the future.
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Park J, Choi Y, Chang H, Um W, Ryu JH, Kwon IC. Alliance with EPR Effect: Combined Strategies to Improve the EPR Effect in the Tumor Microenvironment. Theranostics 2019; 9:8073-8090. [PMID: 31754382 PMCID: PMC6857053 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanomedicine for cancer treatment takes advantage of its preferential accumulation in tumors owing to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The development of cancer nanomedicine has promised highly effective treatment options unprecedented by standard therapeutics. However, the therapeutic efficacy of passively targeted nanomedicine is not always satisfactory because it is largely influenced by the heterogeneity of the intensity of the EPR effect exhibited within a tumor, at different stages of a tumor, and among individual tumors. In addition, limited data on EPR effectiveness in human hinders further clinical translation of nanomedicine. This unsatisfactory therapeutic outcome in mice and humans necessitates novel approaches to improve the EPR effect. This review focuses on current attempts at overcoming the limitations of traditional EPR-dependent nanomedicine by incorporating supplementary strategies, such as additional molecular targeting, physical alteration, or physiological remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This review will provide valuable insight to researchers who seek to overcome the limitations of relying on the EPR effect alone in cancer nanomedicine and go "beyond the EPR effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwhan Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoun Chang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Wooram Um
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Huang K, He Y, Zhu Z, Guo J, Wang G, Deng C, Zhong Z. Small, Traceable, Endosome-Disrupting, and Bioresponsive Click Nanogels Fabricated via Microfluidics for CD44-Targeted Cytoplasmic Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22171-22180. [PMID: 31190543 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels (NG) are among the most ideal cytoplasmic protein delivery vehicles; however, their performance is suboptimal, partly owing to relatively big size, poor cell uptake, and endosomal entrapment. Here, we developed small, traceable, endosome-disrupting, and bioresponsive hyaluronic acid NG (HA-NG) for CD44-targeted intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. With microfluidics and catalyst-free photo-click cross-linking, HA-NG with hydrodynamic diameters of ca. 80 and 150 nm, strong green fluorescence and efficient loading of various proteins including saporin (Sap), cytochrome C, herceptin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and bovine serum albumin could be fabricated. Interestingly, 80 nm-sized HA-NG revealed clearly better cellular uptake than its 150 nm counterparts in both CD44-negative U87 cancer cells and CD44-positive 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, small NG exhibited accelerated endosomal escape, which was further boosted by introducing GALA, a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide. Accordingly, Sap-loaded small and GALA-functionalized HA-NG showed the highest cytotoxicity in CD44-positive MDA-MB-231, 4T1, A549, and SMMC-7721 cancer cells. The biodistribution studies demonstrated that 80 nm-sized HA-NG displayed significantly greater tumor uptake as well as penetration in MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor xenografts than its 150 nm counterparts, whereas the introduction of GALA had no detrimental effect on tumor accumulation. Small, endosome-disrupting, and bioresponsive HA-NG with easy and controlled fabrication hold a great potential for targeted protein therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yahui He
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhehong Zhu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jiakun Guo
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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