1
|
Valentin-Escalera J, Leclerc M, Calon F. High-Fat Diets in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: How Can Eating Too Much Fat Increase Alzheimer's Disease Risk? J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:977-1005. [PMID: 38217592 PMCID: PMC10836579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
High dietary intake of saturated fatty acids is a suspected risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To decipher the causal link behind these associations, high-fat diets (HFD) have been repeatedly investigated in animal models. Preclinical studies allow full control over dietary composition, avoiding ethical concerns in clinical trials. The goal of the present article is to provide a narrative review of reports on HFD in animal models of AD. Eligibility criteria included mouse models of AD fed a HFD defined as > 35% of fat/weight and western diets containing > 1% cholesterol or > 15% sugar. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from 1946 to August 2022, and 32 preclinical studies were included in the review. HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance have been replicated in most studies, but with methodological variability. Most studies have found an aggravating effect of HFD on brain Aβ pathology, whereas tau pathology has been much less studied, and results are more equivocal. While most reports show HFD-induced impairment on cognitive behavior, confounding factors may blur their interpretation. In summary, despite conflicting results, exposing rodents to diets highly enriched in saturated fat induces not only metabolic defects, but also cognitive impairment often accompanied by aggravated neuropathological markers, most notably Aβ burden. Although there are important variations between methods, particularly the lack of diet characterization, these studies collectively suggest that excessive intake of saturated fat should be avoided in order to lower the incidence of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josue Valentin-Escalera
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jang YJ, Choi MG, Yoo BJ, Lee KJ, Jung WB, Kim SG, Park SA. Interaction Between a High-Fat Diet and Tau Pathology in Mice: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:485-506. [PMID: 38108353 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its relation with tau pathology (i.e., aberrant tau protein behavior in tauopathies such as AD) has been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the interaction between a high-fat diet (HFD) and tau pathology in adult male mice. METHODS Transgenic mice overexpressing human P301S Tau (those with the pathology) and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to behavioral tests, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and western blotting analysis to investigate the effects of prolonged HFD versus regular diet during adulthood. RESULTS HFD increased body weight in both WT and P301S mice but had minimal effect on blood glucose levels. The brain response to HFD was tau genotype-specific. WT mice exhibited decreased recognition memory and enhanced network connectivity in fMRI, while P301S mice exhibited white matter tract disorganization in DTI as the sole significant finding. The reduction of insulin receptor β, insulin downstream signaling, neuronal nuclear protein, CD68-positive phagocytic activity, and myelin basic protein level were confined to the cortex of WT mice. In contrast to P301S mice, WT mice showed significant changes in the tau protein and its phosphorylation levels along with increased soluble neurofilament light levels in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS HFD-induced brain dysfunction and pathological changes were blunted in mice with the pathology and more profound in healthy mice. Our findings highlight the need to consider this interaction between obesity and tau pathology when tailoring treatment strategies for AD and other tauopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Jang
- Lab for Neurodegenerative Dementia, Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Choi
- Lab for Neurodegenerative Dementia, Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jae Yoo
- Lab for Neurodegenerative Dementia, Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jae Lee
- Lab for Neurodegenerative Dementia, Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Beom Jung
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Lab for Neurodegenerative Dementia, Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rezaei MH, Madadizadeh E, Aminaei M, Abbaspoor M, Schierbauer J, Moser O, Khoramipour K, Chamari K. Leptin Signaling Could Mediate Hippocampal Decumulation of Beta-Amyloid and Tau Induced by High-Intensity Interval Training in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3465-3478. [PMID: 37378849 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Leptin (LEP) can cross the blood-brain barrier and facilitate cross-talk between the adipose tissue and central nerve system (CNS). This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the LEP signaling in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes. 20 rats were randomly divided into four groups: (i) control (Con), (ii) type 2 diabetes (T2D), (iii) exercise (EX), and (iv) type 2 diabetes + exercise (T2D + EX). The rats in the T2D and T2D + EX were fed a high-fat diet for two months, then a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg) was injected to induce diabetes. The EX and T2D + EX groups performed 4-10 intervals of treadmill running at 80-100% of Vmax. Serum and hippocampal levels of LEP as well as hippocampal levels of LEP receptors (LEP-R), Janus kinase 2 (JAK-2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), activated protein kinase (AMP-K), proxy zoster receptor α (PGC-1α), beta-secretase 1 (BACE1), Beta-Amyloid (Aβ), Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3β), and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins (TAU) were measured. One-way ONOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data. Serum and hippocampal levels of LEP as well as hippocampal levels of LEP-R, JAK-2, STAT-3, AMP-K, PGC1α, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR were increased while hippocampal levels of BACE1, GSK3B, TAU, and Aβ were decreased in T2D + EX compared with T2D group. Serum LEP and hippocampal levels of LEP, LEP-R, JAK-2, STAT-3, AMP-K, PGC1α, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR were decreased. Conversely hippocampal levels of BACE1, GSK3B, TAU, and Aβ were increased in T2D group compared with CON group. HIIT could improve LEP signaling in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes and decrease the accumulation of Tau and Aβ, which may reduce the risk of memory impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hossein Rezaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Madadizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aminaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbaspoor
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Janis Schierbauer
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism (Sports Medicine), BaySpo-Bayreuth Centre of Sports Science, University of Bayreuht, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Othmar Moser
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism (Sports Medicine), BaySpo-Bayreuth Centre of Sports Science, University of Bayreuht, Bayreuth, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ávila-Villanueva M, Dolado AM, Fernández-Blázquez M. How to Prevent and/or Revert Alzheimer's Disease Continuum During Preclinical Phases. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:505-512. [PMID: 37313496 PMCID: PMC10259072 DOI: 10.3233/adr220100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) follows three consecutive phases: namely preclinical, prodromal or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. In addition, the preclinical phase can be divided into subphases related to the presence of biomarkers that appear at different points before the onset of MCI. Indeed, an early risk factor could promote the appearance of additional ones through a continuum. The presence of various risk factors may trigger specific biomarkers. In this review, we comment on how modifiable risk factors for AD may be reverted, thus correlating with a possible decrease in the specific biomarkers for the disease. Finally, we discuss the development of a suitable AD prevention strategy by targeting modifiable risk factors, thereby increasing the level of "precision medicine" in healthcare systems worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ávila-Villanueva
- Research in Alzheimer’s Disease, Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos Dolado
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Blázquez
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030571. [PMID: 36979506 PMCID: PMC10046452 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brook ES, D'Alonzo ZJ, Lam V, Chan DC, Dhaliwal SS, Watts GF, Mamo JCL, Takechi R. Plasma Amyloid-β Homeostasis Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Weight Loss in People with Overweight and Obesity. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:653-664. [PMID: 37066906 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is linked to a higher incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies show that plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) dyshomeostasis, particularly low 42/40 ratio indicates a heightened risk for developing AD. However, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and circulating plasma Aβ has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that people with a high BMI have altered plasma Aβ homeostasis compared with people with a lower BMI. We also tested whether reducing BMI by calorie-restriction could normalize plasma concentrations of Aβ. METHODS Plasma concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/40 ratio were measured in 106 participants with BMIs classified as lean, overweight, or obese. From this cohort, twelve participants with overweight or obese BMIs entered a 12-week calorie-restriction weight loss program. We then tested whether decreasing BMI affected plasma Aβ concentrations. RESULTS Plasma Aβ42/40 ratio was 17.54% lower in participants with an obese BMI compared to lean participants (p < 0.0001), and 11.76% lower compared to participants with an overweight BMI (p < 0.0001). The weight loss regimen decreased BMI by an average of 4.02% (p = 0.0005) and was associated with a 6.5% decrease in plasma Aβ40 (p = 0.0425). However, weight loss showed negligible correlations with plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/40 ratio. CONCLUSION Obesity is associated with aberrant plasma Aβ homeostasis which may be associated with an increased risk for AD. Weight loss appears to lower Aβ40, but large-scale longitudinal studies in addition to molecular studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of how obesity and weight loss influence plasma Aβ homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Brook
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Zachary J D'Alonzo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Satvinder S Dhaliwal
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore
| | - Geraldb F Watts
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Cardiometabolic Service, Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - John C L Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Perron Institute of Neurological and Translational Sciences, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salas-Venegas V, Flores-Torres RP, Rodríguez-Cortés YM, Rodríguez-Retana D, Ramírez-Carreto RJ, Concepción-Carrillo LE, Pérez-Flores LJ, Alarcón-Aguilar A, López-Díazguerrero NE, Gómez-González B, Chavarría A, Konigsberg M. The Obese Brain: Mechanisms of Systemic and Local Inflammation, and Interventions to Reverse the Cognitive Deficit. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:798995. [PMID: 35422689 PMCID: PMC9002268 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.798995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are now considered a worldwide pandemic and a growing public health problem with severe economic and social consequences. Adipose tissue is an organ with neuroimmune-endocrine functions, which participates in homeostasis. So, adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia induce a state of chronic inflammation that causes changes in the brain and induce neuroinflammation. Studies with obese animal models and obese patients have shown a relationship between diet and cognitive decline, especially working memory and learning deficiencies. Here we analyze how obesity-related peripheral inflammation can affect central nervous system physiology, generating neuroinflammation. Given that the blood-brain barrier is an interface between the periphery and the central nervous system, its altered physiology in obesity may mediate the consequences on various cognitive processes. Finally, several interventions, and the use of natural compounds and exercise to prevent the adverse effects of obesity in the brain are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Salas-Venegas
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Pamela Flores-Torres
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yesica María Rodríguez-Cortés
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Retana
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Jair Ramírez-Carreto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Edgar Concepción-Carrillo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Josefina Pérez-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Alarcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Edith López-Díazguerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mina Konigsberg
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mina Konigsberg,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coulibaly SM, Mesfioui A, Berkiks I, Ennaciri A, Chahirou Y, Diagana Y, Ouichou A, El Midaoui A, El Hessni A. Effects of the Methyl Donors Supplementation on Hippocampal Oxidative Stress, Depression and Anxiety in Chronically High Fructose-treated Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 476:1-11. [PMID: 34543673 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of anxiety and depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether methyl donors supplementation could exert beneficial effects on hippocampal oxidative stress, anxiety and depression in chronically high fructose-treated rats, a new animal model of anxiety and mood disorders. Rats were divided into two groups and treated for 10 weeks as follows: Group 1 represents the control group and Group 2 was treated with 23% fructose. After 10 weeks, the fructose-fed animals were divided into two groups and treated for 8 weeks as follows: Group 2 continued to receive fructose while Group 3 was treated with methyl donors and fructose. High fructose-fed rats showed increases in glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol as well as in the final body weight and the adipose tissue weight. High fructose induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. High fructose caused an increase of the nitrite content and the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus tissue in association with an induction of damage in the dorsal hippocampus neurons. The 8-weeks dietary supplementation with methyl donors normalized the depression-like behavior, oxidative stress in the hippocampus, reversed the damage observed in the hippocampal neurons. These findings demonstrate that high fructose induced depression in association with the induction of a hippocampal oxidative stress. The anti-depressive action of methyl donors appears to be associated to their anti-oxidative properties since they normalized the nitrite content and the MDA levels at the hippocampus in the high fructose-fed female rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Mohamed Coulibaly
- Laboratory of Genetics, Neuro-endocrinology and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Abdelhalem Mesfioui
- Laboratory of Genetics, Neuro-endocrinology and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Inssaf Berkiks
- Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, FSK Kénitra and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa
| | - Abdeljabbar Ennaciri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Neuro-endocrinology and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Yassine Chahirou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Neuro-endocrinology and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Yacouba Diagana
- Faculté des sciences, Université Noukchott Al Aasriya, Mauritania
| | - Ali Ouichou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Neuro-endocrinology and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Adil El Midaoui
- Research Team "Biology, Environment and Health", Department of Biology, FST Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Morocco.
| | - Aboubaker El Hessni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Neuro-endocrinology and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Yue B, Zhang X, Guo X, Sun Z, Niu R. Effect of exercise on microglial activation and transcriptome of hippocampus in fluorosis mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143376. [PMID: 33172640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis is a widespread endemic disease. Reports have shown that high fluoride causes the dysfunction of central nervous system (CNS) in animals. The neurotoxicity of fluoride may be related to the activation of microglia. Moreover, numerous studies have found that exercise facilitates the plasticity of structure and function in CNS, partly owing to the regulation of microglia activation. The present study was conducted to explore the effect of exercise on the microglial activation of hippocampus in fluorosis mice. One hundred adult female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (group C, distilled water by gavage); exercise group (group E, distilled water by gavage and treadmill exercise); fluoride group [group F, 24 mg/kg sodium fluoride (NaF) by gavage]; fluoride plus exercise group (group F + E, 24 mg/kg NaF by gavage and treadmill exercise). After 8 weeks, hippocampal morphological structure, microglial activation and RNA transcriptome of mice in each group were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR) and transcriptome sequencing. We discovered that the number of M1-type microglia in fluorosis-mice hippocampus was significantly increased when compared to group C; group F + E showed a decrease in the number of M1-type microglia with the comparison to group F. In addition, the hippocampal transcriptome analysis showed that 576 differential expression genes (DEG) were confirmed in group F, compared to group C, and 670 DEG were differently expressed in group F + E when compared to group F. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that changed genes were implicated in regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, integral component of membrane and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of 670 DEG was helpful to find neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. In conclusion, these results indicate that treadmill running inhibits the excessive activation of microglia in hippocampus of the fluoride-toxic mice, accompanied with the alteration of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Baijuan Yue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xuhua Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shabir O, Moll TA, Matuszyk MM, Eyre B, Dake MD, Berwick J, Francis SE. Preclinical models of disease and multimorbidity with focus upon cardiovascular disease and dementia. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Glendining KA, Higgins MBA, Fisher LC, Jasoni CL. Maternal obesity modulates sexually dimorphic epigenetic regulation and expression of leptin receptor in offspring hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:151-160. [PMID: 32173454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with a greater risk for obesity and neurodevelopmental deficits in offspring. This developmental programming of disease is proposed to involve neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and epigenetic factors during gestation that disrupt normal fetal brain development. The hormones leptin and insulin are each intrinsically linked to metabolism, inflammation, and neurodevelopment, which led us to hypothesise that maternal obesity may disrupt leptin or insulin receptor signalling in the developing brain of offspring. Using a C57BL/6 mouse model of high fat diet-induced maternal obesity (mHFD), we performed qPCR to examine leptin receptor (Lepr) and insulin receptor (Insr) gene expression in gestational day (GD) 17.5 fetal brain. We found a significant effect of maternal diet and offspring sex on Lepr regulation in the developing hippocampus, with increased Lepr expression in female mHFD offspring (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Maternal diet did not alter hippocampal Insr in the fetal brain, or Lepr or Insr in prefrontal cortex, amygdala, or hypothalamus of female or male offspring. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed decreased binding of histones possessing the repressive histone mark H3K9me3 at the Lepr promoter (p < 0.05) in hippocampus of female mHFD offspring compared to controls, but not in males. Sex-specific deregulation of Lepr could be reproduced in vitro by exposing female hippocampal neurons to the obesity related proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, but not IL-17a or IFNG. Our findings indicate that the obesity-related proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 during pregnancy leads to sexually dimorphic changes in the modifications of histones binding at the Lepr gene promoter, and concomitant changes to Lepr transcription in the developing hippocampus. This suggests that exposure of the fetus to metabolic inflammatory molecules can impact epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the developing hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Glendining
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M B A Higgins
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L C Fisher
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Glendining KA, Fisher LC, Jasoni CL. Maternal Obesity Modulates Expression of Satb2 in Hypothalamic VMN of Female Offspring. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10040048. [PMID: 32344561 PMCID: PMC7235991 DOI: 10.3390/life10040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with a greater risk of poor health outcomes in offspring, including obesity, metabolic disorders, and anxiety, however the incidence of these diseases differs for males and females. Similarly, animal models of maternal obesity have reported sex differences in offspring, for both metabolic outcomes and anxiety-like behaviors. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) is a brain region known to be involved in the regulation of both metabolism and anxiety, and is well documented to be sexually dimorphic. As the VMN is largely composed of glutamatergic neurons, which are important for its functions in modulating metabolism and anxiety, we hypothesized that maternal obesity may alter the number of glutamatergic neurons in the offspring VMN. We used a mouse model of a maternal high-fat diet (mHFD), to examine mRNA expression of the glutamatergic neuronal marker Satb2 in the mediobasal hypothalamus of control and mHFD offspring at GD17.5. We found sex differences in Satb2 expression, with mHFD-induced upregulation of Satb2 mRNA in the mediobasal hypothalamus of female offspring, compared to controls, but not males. Using immunohistochemistry, we found an increase in the number of SATB2-positive cells in female mHFD offspring VMN, compared to controls, which was localized to the rostral region of the nucleus. These data provide evidence that maternal nutrition during gestation alters the developing VMN, possibly increasing its glutamatergic drive of offspring in a sex-specific manner, which may contribute to sexual dimorphism in offspring health outcomes later in life.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Tau protein which was discovered in 1975 [310] became of great interest when it was identified as the main component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), a pathological feature in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) [39, 110, 232]. Tau protein is expressed mainly in the brain as six isoforms generated by alternative splicing [46, 97]. Tau is a microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and plays a role in microtubules assembly and stability, as well as diverse cellular processes such as cell morphogenesis, cell division, and intracellular trafficking [49]. Additionally, Tau is involved in much larger neuronal functions particularly at the level of synapses and nuclei [11, 133, 280]. Tau is also physiologically released by neurons [233] even if the natural function of extracellular Tau remains to be uncovered (see other chapters of the present book).
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao Y. Ginsenosides reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet‑induced obese mice via endoplasmic reticulum stress and p‑STAT3/STAT3 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1059-1070. [PMID: 32016448 PMCID: PMC7003045 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been increasing globally for over three decades. According to previous studies, dietary obesity is usually associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and STAT3 signaling, which result in interference with the homeostatic control of energy and lipid metabolism. Ginsenosides (GS) administered to mice will modulate adiposity and food intake; however, the mechanism of food inhibition is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether GS may inhibit ERS and regulate STAT3 phosphorylation in GT1‑7 cells (a mouse hypothalamus gonadotropin‑releasing hormone neuron cell line) and the hypothalamus in order to reduce the body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)‑induced obese mice. In the present study, GS inhibited the appetite, reduced the body weight, visceral fat, body fat content and blood glucose, and ameliorated the glucose tolerance of the obese mice compared with HFD mice. In addition, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride (TG), leptin and insulin in the serum were reduced compared with HFD mice. There was less TG in the liver, but more in the feces compared with HFD mice. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining of HepG2 cells and liver tissues, GS were demonstrated to improve the non‑alcoholic fatty liver of the HFD‑induced obese mice and reduce the diameter of the fat cells compared with HFD mice. GS also increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the metabolic cage data compared with HFD mice. In the GT1‑7 cells, GS alleviated the ERS induced by tunicamycin and enhanced the activation of the STAT3 phosphorylation pathway. Furthermore the ERS of the liver was relieved to achieve the aforementioned pharmacological effects. GS were used in the homeostatic control of the energy and lipid metabolism of a diet‑induced obesity model. In conclusion, present studies suggest that GS exert these effects by increasing STAT3 phosphorylation expression and reducing the ERS. Thus, GS reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in HFD‑induced obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mee-Inta O, Zhao ZW, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Inhibits Inflammation and Microglial Activation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070691. [PMID: 31324021 PMCID: PMC6678635 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can enhance brain function and attenuate neurodegeneration. Besides improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates multiple systems that are known to regulate neuroinflammation and glial activation. Activated microglia and several pro-inflammatory cytokines play active roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the impacts of exercise on microglial activation. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated microglial activation are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed in order to disclose the detailed mechanisms, but this approach offers therapeutic potential for improving the brain health of millions of aging people where pharmacological intervention has failed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onanong Mee-Inta
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shimada T, Shindo A, Matsuyama H, Yata K, Niwa A, Sasaki R, Ayaki T, Maki T, Wakita H, Tomimoto H. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion upregulates leptin receptor expression in astrocytes and tau phosphorylation in tau transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
17
|
Leptin in hippocampus mediates benefits of mild exercise by an antioxidant on neurogenesis and memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10988-10993. [PMID: 31085646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815197116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise and dietary supplements with antioxidants each have the potential to improve cognitive function and attenuate cognitive decline, and, in some cases, they enhance each other. Our current results reveal that low-intensity exercise (mild exercise, ME) and the natural antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (AX) each have equivalent beneficial effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and memory function. We found that the enhancement by ME combined with AX in potentiating hippocampus-based plasticity and cognition is mediated by leptin (LEP) made and acting in the hippocampus. In assessing the combined effects upon wild-type (WT) mice undergoing ME with or without an AX diet for four weeks, we found that, when administrated alone, ME and AX separately enhanced neurogenesis and spatial memory, and when combined they were at least additive in their effects. DNA microarray and bioinformatics analyses revealed not only the up-regulation of an antioxidant gene, ABHD3, but also that the up-regulation of LEP gene expression in the hippocampus of WT mice with ME alone is further enhanced by AX. Together, they also increased hippocampal LEP (h-LEP) protein levels and enhanced spatial memory mediated through AKT/STAT3 signaling. AX treatment also has direct action on human neuroblastoma cell lines to increase cell viability associated with increased LEP expression. In LEP-deficient mice (ob/ob), chronic infusion of LEP into the lateral ventricles restored the synergy. Collectively, our findings suggest that not only h-LEP but also exogenous LEP mediates effects of ME on neural functions underlying memory, which is further enhanced by the antioxidant AX.
Collapse
|
18
|
Clyburn C, Browning KN. Role of astroglia in diet-induced central neuroplasticity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1195-1206. [PMID: 30699056 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00823.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by increased adiposity that develops when energy intake outweighs expenditure, is rapidly becoming a serious health crisis that affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with severe comorbid disorders including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type II diabetes. Obesity is also associated with the dysregulation of central neurocircuits involved in the control of autonomic, metabolic, and cognitive functions. Systemic inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO) has been proposed to be responsible for the development of these comorbidities as well as the dysregulation of central neurocircuits. A growing body of evidence suggests, however, that exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) may cause neuroinflammation and astroglial activation even before systemic inflammation develops, which may be sufficient to cause dysregulation of central neurocircuits involved in energy homeostasis before the development of obesity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature exploring astroglial-dependent modulation of central circuits following exposure to HFD and DIO, including not only dysregulation of neurocircuits involved in energy homeostasis and feeding behavior, but also the dysregulation of learning, memory, mood, and reward pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Clyburn
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santos CL, Bobermin LD, Souza DO, Quincozes-Santos A. Leptin stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hypothalamic astrocyte cultures from adult and aged rats. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:2059-2063. [PMID: 30229384 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose tissue-derived hormone that acts on the hypothalamus in order to maintain energy homeostasis. However, leptin can also induce an inflammatory response. Increasing evidence has highlighted a critical role of astrocytes in the effects of leptin on the hypothalamus. In addition, astrocytes participate in neuroinflammation by producing and releasing a wide range of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we aimed to investigate the age-dependent effect of leptin on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines released by the hypothalamic astrocyte cultures obtained from newborn, adult, and aged Wistar rats. In hypothalamic astrocytes from newborn rats, leptin did not change the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). On the other contrary, leptin increased the release of both TNF-α and IL-1β in astrocyte cultures from adult and aged animals. Regarding the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10), we did not observe any change in response to leptin. In conclusion, our data suggests a pro-inflammatory action of leptin on the hypothalamus during aging. This in turn may be related to the triggering of metabolic disorders, as both of these conditions are associated with neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leite Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guadagnin E, Mázala D, Chen YW. STAT3 in Skeletal Muscle Function and Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082265. [PMID: 30072615 PMCID: PMC6121875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling plays critical roles in regulating skeletal muscle mass, repair, and diseases. In this review, we discuss the upstream activators of STAT3 in skeletal muscles, with a focus on interleukin 6 (IL6) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). We will also discuss the double-edged effect of STAT3 activation in the muscles, including the role of STAT3 signaling in muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise training or muscle wasting in cachectic diseases and muscular dystrophies. STAT3 is a critical regulator of satellite cell self-renewal after muscle injury. STAT3 knock out affects satellite cell myogenic progression by impairing proliferation and inducing premature differentiation. Recent studies in STAT3 signaling demonstrated its direct role in controlling myogenic capacity of myoblasts and satellite cells, as well as the potential benefit in using STAT3 inhibitors to treat muscle diseases. However, prolonged STAT3 activation in muscles has been shown to be responsible for muscle wasting by activating protein degradation pathways. It is important to balance the extent of STAT3 activation and the duration and location (cell types) of the STAT3 signaling when developing therapeutic interventions. STAT3 signaling in other tissues and organs that can directly or indirectly affects skeletal muscle health are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Guadagnin
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Davi Mázala
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
- Department Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sarmiento Salinas FL, Santillán Benítez JG, Hernández Navarro MD, Mendieta Zerón H. NF-κB1/IKKε Gene Expression and Clinical Activity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Lab Med 2018; 49:11-17. [PMID: 29069487 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and autoimmune disorder whose primary characteristic is the chronic inflammation of joints. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there was an association between nuclear factor kappa beta1/IKK epsilon (NF-κB1/IKKε) gene expression and clinical activity in RA. Methods Sixty patients with RA were included in the study: 30 with clinical activity and 30 with clinical remission. NF-κB1/IKKε gene expression was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction through relative quantification with Taqman probes. A ROC curve for NF-κB1 and IKKε was also constructed. Results There were significant differences in NF-κB1 and IKKε gene expression (P ≤ .001 and P ≤ .029, respectively) between RA patients with clinical activity and clinical remission. The multivariate lineal general model showed that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs influenced the NF-κB1 (P = .046) and IKKε (P = .005) expression. The ROC curves for the event "clinical activity" showed the greater area under the curve for NF-κB1 (0.827, 95% CI 0.717-0.937), P ≤ .001. Conclusion Although the use of NSAIDs influences the NF-κB1/IKKε pathway, the IKKε expression might be a useful laboratorial analysis to evaluate the RA clinical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonnathan Guadalupe Santillán Benítez
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico.,ISSEMyM Medical Center, Metepec, Mexico
| | | | - Hugo Mendieta Zerón
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico.,Asociación Científica Latina A.C., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shaw ME, Abhayaratna WP, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N. Increasing Body Mass Index at Midlife is Associated with Increased Cortical Thinning in Alzheimer's Disease-Vulnerable Regions. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:113-120. [PMID: 28550257 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Higher body mass index (BMI) at midlife is associated with greater decreases in cognitive function at older age as well as increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, compared to those with normal BMI. Here, we tested whether BMI at midlife was associated with cortical thinning in brain regions known to be affected in early AD. We examined a large sample (n = 404) of midlife individuals (44-49 years) from the PATH population-based study. Individuals were scanned with magnetic resonance imaging (1.5T) on up to three occasions over eight years. Change in cortical thickness was modeled as a linear function of BMI and change in BMI longitudinally. Being obese was associated with thinner right frontal cortex at baseline (44-49 years). Across all individuals, increasing BMI over the 8-year study period was associated with increased cortical thinning in posterior cingulate bilaterally, as well as right lingual gyrus, anterior cingulate, and the peri-calcarine sulcus. Accelerated age-related cortical atrophy at midlife, particularly in posterior cingulate, is consistent with increased risk of AD in individuals with high BMI at this age. The findings suggest that management of body weight at midlife could reduce the risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marnie E Shaw
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inflammation as a Possible Link Between Dyslipidemia and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2018; 376:127-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
24
|
Jiménez-Maldonado A, Ying Z, Byun HR, Gomez-Pinilla F. Short-term fructose ingestion affects the brain independently from establishment of metabolic syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:24-33. [PMID: 29017895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic fructose ingestion is linked to the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and poses a serious threat to brain function. We asked whether a short period (one week) of fructose ingestion potentially insufficient to establish peripheral metabolic disorder could impact brain function. We report that the fructose treatment had no effect on liver/body weight ratio, weight gain, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, was sufficient to reduce several aspects of hippocampal plasticity. Fructose consumption reduced the levels of the neuronal nuclear protein NeuN, Myelin Basic Protein, and the axonal growth-associated protein 43, concomitant with a decline in hippocampal weight. A reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II by fructose treatment is indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the GLUT5 fructose transporter was increased in the hippocampus after fructose ingestion suggesting that fructose may facilitate its own transport to brain. Fructose elevated levels of ketohexokinase in the liver but did not affect SIRT1 levels, suggesting that fructose is metabolized in the liver, without severely affecting liver function commensurable to an absence of metabolic syndrome condition. These results advocate that a short period of fructose can influence brain plasticity without a major peripheral metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hyae Ran Byun
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gratuze M, Julien J, Morin F, Marette A, Planel E. Differential effects of voluntary treadmill exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology fed with Western diet. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:452-461. [PMID: 28779908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that becomes pathological when it undergoes hyperphosphorylation and aggregation as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is mostly sporadic, with environmental, biological and/or genetic risks factors, interacting together to promote the disease. In the past decade, reports have suggested that obesity in midlife could be one of these risk factors. On the other hand, caloric restriction and physical exercise have been reported to reduce the incidence and outcome of obesity as well as AD. METHODS We evaluated the impact of voluntary physical exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathology during 2months in hTau mice under high caloric diet in order to evaluate if these strategies could prevent AD-like pathology in obese conditions. RESULTS We found no effects of obesity induced by Western diet on both Tau phosphorylation and aggregation compared to controls. However, exercise reduced tau phosphorylation while caloric restriction exacerbated its aggregation in the brains of obese hTau mice. We then examined the mechanisms underlying changes in tau phosphorylation and aggregation by exploring major tau kinases and phosphatases and key proteins involved in autophagy. However, there were no significant effects of voluntary exercise and caloric restriction on these proteins in hTau mice that could explain our results. CONCLUSION In this study, we report differential effects of voluntary treadmill exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathogenesis in our obese mice, namely beneficial effect of exercise on tau phosphorylation and deleterious effect of caloric restriction on tau aggregation. Our results suggest that lifestyle strategies used to reduce metabolic disorders and AD must be selected and studied carefully to avoid exacerbation of pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jacinthe Julien
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - Françoise Morin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - André Marette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zanini P, Arbo BD, Niches G, Czarnabay D, Benetti F, Ribeiro MF, Cecconello AL. Diet-induced obesity alters memory consolidation in female rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 180:91-97. [PMID: 28821446 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by the abnormal or excessive fat accumulation, which is caused by an energy imbalance between consumed and expended calories. Obesity leads to an inflammatory response that may result in peripheral and central metabolic changes, including insulin and leptin resistance. Insulin and leptin resistance have been associated with metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions. Obesity and some neurodegenerative diseases that lead to dementia affect mainly women. However, the effects of diet-induced obesity on memory consolidation in female rats are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a hypercaloric diet on the object recognition memory of female rats and on possible related metabolic changes. The animals submitted to the hypercaloric diet presented a higher food intake in grams and in calories, resulting in increased weight gain and liposomatic index in comparison with the animals exposed to the control diet. These animals presented a memory deficit in the object recognition test and increased serum levels of glucose and leptin. However, no significant differences were found in the serum levels of insulin, TNF-α and IL-1β, in the index of insulin resistance (HOMA), in the hippocampal levels of insulin, TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as on Akt expression or activation in the hippocampus. Our findings indicate that adult female rats submitted to a hypercaloric diet present memory consolidation impairment, which could be associated with diet-induced weight gain and leptin resistance, even without the development of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Zanini
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - B D Arbo
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Department of Pharmacology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G Niches
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D Czarnabay
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Cognitiva e do Desenvolvimento, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - F Benetti
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Cognitiva e do Desenvolvimento, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A L Cecconello
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Du SF, Yu Q, Chuan K, Ye CL, He ZJ, Liu SJ, Zhu XY, Liu YJ. In obese mice, exercise training increases 11β-HSD1 expression, contributing to glucocorticoid activation and suppression of pulmonary inflammation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:717-727. [PMID: 28663379 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is advocated for treating chronic inflammation and obesity-related metabolic syndromes. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the anti-inflammatory hormones, are synthesized or metabolized in extra-adrenal organs. This study aims to examine whether exercise training affects obesity-associated pulmonary inflammation by regulating local GC synthesis or metabolism. We found that sedentary obese (ob/ob) mice exhibited increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and leukocyte infiltration in lung tissues compared with lean mice, which was alleviated by 6 wk of exercise training. Pulmonary corticosterone levels were decreased in ob/ob mice. Exercise training increased pulmonary corticosterone levels in both lean and ob/ob mice. Pulmonary corticosterone levels were negatively correlated with IL-1β, IL-18, and MCP-1. Immunohistochemical staining of the adult mouse lung sections revealed positive immunoreactivities for the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), the steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and type 1 and type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) but not for 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). Exercise training significantly increased pulmonary 11β-HSD1 expression in both lean and ob/ob mice. In contrast, exercise training per se had no effect on pulmonary 11β-HSD2 expression, although pulmonary 11β-HSD2 levels in ob/ob mice were significantly higher than in lean mice. RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, blocked the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in lung tissues of obese mice and increased inflammatory cytokines in lean exercised mice. These findings indicate that exercise training increases pulmonary expression of 11β-HSD1, thus contributing to local GC activation and suppression of pulmonary inflammation in obese mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Treadmill training leads to a significant increase in pulmonary corticosterone levels in ob/ob mice, which is in parallel with the favorable effects of exercise on obesity-associated pulmonary inflammation. Exercise training increases pulmonary 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression but has no significant effect on 11β-HSD2 expression in both lean and ob/ob mice. These findings indicate that exercise training increases pulmonary expression of 11β-HSD1, thus contributing to local glucocorticoid activation and suppression of pulmonary inflammation in obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Du
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chuan
- Institute of Physical Education, Yibin University, Sichuan, China; and
| | - Chang-Lin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Jia He
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Obesity, a major risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer, arises from a chronic positive energy balance that is often due to unlimited access to food and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle on the background of a genetic and epigenetic vulnerability. Our understanding of the humoral and neuronal systems that mediate the control of energy homeostasis has improved dramatically in the past few decades. However, our ability to develop effective strategies to slow the current epidemic of obesity has been hampered, largely owing to the limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying resistance to the action of metabolic hormones such as leptin and ghrelin. The development of resistance to leptin and ghrelin, hormones that are crucial for the neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis, is a hallmark of obesity. Intensive research over the past several years has yielded tremendous progress in our understanding of the cellular pathways that disrupt the action of leptin and ghrelin. In this Review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance to leptin and ghrelin and how they can be exploited as targets for pharmacological management of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mouse models of frontotemporal dementia: A comparison of phenotypes with clinical symptomatology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:126-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
30
|
High-fat, high-sugar, and high-cholesterol consumption does not impact tau pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:71-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
31
|
Di Cataldo V, Géloën A, Langlois JB, Chauveau F, Thézé B, Hubert V, Wiart M, Chirico EN, Rieusset J, Vidal H, Pialoux V, Canet-Soulas E. Exercise Does Not Protect against Peripheral and Central Effects of a High Cholesterol Diet Given Ad libitum in Old ApoE -/- Mice. Front Physiol 2016; 7:453. [PMID: 27766082 PMCID: PMC5052582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Advanced atherosclerosis increases inflammation and stroke risk in the cerebral vasculature. Exercise is known to improve cardio-metabolic profiles when associated with a caloric restriction, but it remains debated whether it is still beneficial without the dietary control. The aim of this study was to determine both the peripheral and central effects of exercise training combined with a cholesterol-rich diet given ad libitum in old ApoE−/− mice. Methods: Forty-five-weeks old obese ApoE−/− mice fed with a high cholesterol diet ad libitum were divided into Exercise-trained (EX; running wheel free access) and Sedentary (SED) groups. Insulin tolerance and brain imaging were performed before and after the twelve-weeks training. Tissue insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation markers in plasma, aorta, and brain were then assessed. Results: In EX ApoE−/− mice, no beneficial effect of exercise was observed on weight, abdominal fat, metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, or inflammation compared to SED. Despite the regular exercise training in ApoE−/− EX mice (mean of 12.5 km/week during 12 weeks), brain inflammation imaging score was significantly associated with increased blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage evaluated by imaging follow-up (r2 = 0.87; p = 0.049) with a faster evolution compared to SED ApoE−/−mice. Conclusion: We conclude that in a context of high cardio-metabolic risk, exercise does not provide any protective effect in old ApoE−/− animals under high cholesterol diet given ad libitum. Peripheral (insulin sensitivity and oxidative/inflammatory status) but also central features (BBB preservation and protection against inflammation) did not show any benefits of exercise. Indeed, there was a fast induction of irreversible brain damage that was more pronounced in exercise-trained ApoE−/− mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Di Cataldo
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1060, INRA U1397, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, F-69600 Oullins, France
| | - Alain Géloën
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1060, INRA U1397, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, F-69600 Oullins, France
| | | | - Fabien Chauveau
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Benoît Thézé
- Laboratoire Imagerie Moléculaire In vivo, UMR 1023 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale /CEA/Université Paris Sud - ERL 9218 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEA/I2BM/SHFJ Orsay, France
| | - Violaine Hubert
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5220, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.1060 (CREATIS), University Claude Bernard Lyon1 INSA de Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Wiart
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5220, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.1060 (CREATIS), University Claude Bernard Lyon1 INSA de Lyon, France
| | - Erica N Chirico
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (EA647) Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1060, INRA U1397, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, F-69600 Oullins, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1060, INRA U1397, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, F-69600 Oullins, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (EA647) Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1060, INRA U1397, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, F-69600 Oullins, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chowen JA, Argente-Arizón P, Freire-Regatillo A, Frago LM, Horvath TL, Argente J. The role of astrocytes in the hypothalamic response and adaptation to metabolic signals. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:68-87. [PMID: 27000556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is crucial in the regulation of homeostatic functions in mammals, with the disruption of hypothalamic circuits contributing to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and infertility. Metabolic signals and hormonal inputs drive functional and morphological changes in the hypothalamus in attempt to maintain metabolic homeostasis. However, the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and its secondary complications, such as type 2 diabetes, have evidenced the need to better understand how this system functions and how it can go awry. Growing evidence points to a critical role of astrocytes in orchestrating the hypothalamic response to metabolic cues by participating in processes of synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and nutrient sensing. These glial cells express receptors for important metabolic signals, such as the anorexigenic hormone leptin, and determine the type and quantity of nutrients reaching their neighboring neurons. Understanding the mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in hypothalamic adaptations to changes in dietary and metabolic signals is fundamental for understanding the neuroendocrine control of metabolism and key in the search for adequate treatments of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Osborne DM, Fitzgerald DP, O'Leary KE, Anderson BM, Lee CC, Tessier PM, McNay EC. Intrahippocampal administration of a domain antibody that binds aggregated amyloid-β reverses cognitive deficits produced by diet-induced obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1291-8. [PMID: 26970498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of high fat diets (HFD), diet-induced obesity (DIO) and Type 2 diabetes continues to increase, associated with cognitive impairment in both humans and rodent models. Mechanisms transducing these impairments remain largely unknown: one possibility is that a common mechanism may be involved in the cognitive impairment seen in obese and/or diabetic states and in dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). DIO is well established as a risk factor for development of AD. Oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) is neurotoxic, and we showed that intrahippocampal oligomeric Aβ produces cognitive and metabolic dysfunction similar to that seen in DIO or diabetes. Moreover, animal models of DIO show elevated brain Aβ, a hallmark of AD, suggesting that this may be one source of cognitive impairment in both conditions. METHODS Intrahippocampal administration of a novel anti-Aβ domain antibody for aggregated Aβ, or a control domain antibody, to control or HFD-induced DIO rats. Spatial learning measured in a conditioned contextual fear (CCF) task after domain antibody treatment; postmortem, hippocampal NMDAR and AMPAR were measured. RESULTS DIO caused impairment in CCF, and this impairment was eliminated by intrahippocampal administration of the active domain antibody. Measurement of hippocampal proteins suggests that DIO causes dysregulation of hippocampal AMPA receptors, which is also reversed by acute domain antibody administration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the concept that oligomeric Aβ within the hippocampus of DIO animals may not only be a risk factor for development of AD but may also cause cognitive impairment before the development of dementia. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE AND INTEREST Our work integrates the engineering of domain antibodies with conformational- and sequence-specificity for oligomeric amyloid beta with a clinically relevant model of diet-induced obesity in order to demonstrate not only the pervasive effects of obesity on several aspects of brain biochemistry and behavior, but also the bioengineering of a successful treatment against the long-term detrimental effects of a pre-diabetic state on the brain. We show for the first time that cognitive impairment linked to obesity and/or insulin resistance may be due to early accumulation of oligomeric beta-amyloid in the brain, and hence may represent a pre-Alzheimer's state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Osborne
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Dennis P Fitzgerald
- Hofstra North Shore-Long Island School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kelsey E O'Leary
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brian M Anderson
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Christine C Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Folch J, Patraca I, Martínez N, Pedrós I, Petrov D, Ettcheto M, Abad S, Marin M, Beas-Zarate C, Camins A. The role of leptin in the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. Interactions with the adipokines amylin, ghrelin and the pituitary hormone prolactin. Life Sci 2015; 140:19-28. [PMID: 25998028 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leptin (Lep) is emerging as a pivotal molecule involved in both the early events and the terminal phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the canonical pathway, Lep acts as an anorexigenic factor via its effects on hypothalamic nucleus. However, additional functions of Lep in the hippocampus and cortex have been unravelled in recent years. Early events in the sporadic form of AD likely involve cellular level alterations which can have an effect on food intake and metabolism. Thus, AD can be conceivably interpreted as a multiorgan pathology that not only results in a dramatic neuronal loss in brain areas such as the hippocampus and the cortex (ultimately leading to a significant cognitive impairment) but as a disease which also affects body-weight homeostasis. According to this view, body-weight control disruptions are to be expected in both the early- and late-stage AD, concomitant with changes in serum Lep content, alterations in Lep transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and Lep receptor-related signalling abnormalities. Lep is a member of the adipokine family of molecules, while the Lep receptor belongs to the class I cytokine receptors. Since cellular response to adipokine signalling can be either potentiated or diminished as a result of specific ligand-receptor interactions, Lep interactions with other members of the adipokine family including amylin, ghrelin and hormones such as prolactin require further investigation. In this review, we provide a general perspective on the functions of Lep in the brain, with a particular focus on the sporadic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Folch
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Patraca
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nohora Martínez
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pedrós
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Petrov
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Abad
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marin
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Av. Pío Jaramillo Alvarado y Reinaldo Espinosa, La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, C.U.C.B.A., Universidad de Guadalajara and División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Mexico; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Av. Pío Jaramillo Alvarado y Reinaldo Espinosa, La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang Y, Fischer KE, Soto V, Liu Y, Sosnowska D, Richardson A, Salmon AB. Obesity-induced oxidative stress, accelerated functional decline with age and increased mortality in mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 576:39-48. [PMID: 25558793 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious chronic disease that increases the risk of numerous co-morbidities including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as increases risk of mortality, leading some to suggest this condition represents accelerated aging. Obesity is associated with significant increases in oxidative stress in vivo and, despite the well-explored relationship between oxidative stress and aging, the role this plays in the increased mortality of obese subjects remains an unanswered question. Here, we addressed this by undertaking a comprehensive, longitudinal study of a group of high fat-fed obese mice and assessed both their changes in oxidative stress and in their performance in physiological assays known to decline with aging. In female C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet starting in adulthood, mortality was significantly increased as was oxidative damage in vivo. High fat-feeding significantly accelerated the decline in performance in several assays, including activity, gait, and rotarod. However, we also found that obesity had little effect on other markers of function and actually improved performance in grip strength, a marker of muscular function. Together, this first comprehensive assessment of longitudinal, functional changes in high fat-fed mice suggests that obesity may induce segmental acceleration of some of the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhang
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen E Fischer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vanessa Soto
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Danuta Sosnowska
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ohia-Nwoko O, Montazari S, Lau YS, Eriksen JL. Long-term treadmill exercise attenuates tau pathology in P301S tau transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:54. [PMID: 25432085 PMCID: PMC4280713 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that modifying lifestyle by increasing physical activity could be a non-pharmacological approach to improving symptoms and slowing disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Previous studies have shown that exercise reduces tau hyperphosphorylation, however, it is not known whether exercise reduces the accumulation of soluble or insoluble tau aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles, which are both neuropathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathy. In this study, 7-month old P301S tau transgenic mice were subjected to 12-weeks of forced treadmill exercise and evaluated for effects on motor function and tau pathology at 10 months of age. Results Exercise improved general locomotor and exploratory activity and resulted in significant reductions in full-length and hyperphosphorylated tau in the spinal cord and hippocampus as well as a reduction in sarkosyl-insoluble AT8-tau in the spinal cord. Exercise did not attenuate significant neuron loss in the hippocampus or cortex. Key proteins involved in autophagy—microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 and p62/sequestosome 1 —were also measured to assess whether autophagy is implicated in the exercised-induced reduction of aggregated tau protein. There were no significant effects of forced treadmill exercise on autophagy protein levels in P301S mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that forced treadmill exercise differently affects the brain and spinal cord of aged P301S tau mice, with greater benefits observed in the spinal cord versus the brain. Our work adds to the growing body of evidence that exercise is beneficial in tauopathy, however these benefits may be more limited at later stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason L Eriksen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|