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Elgazzaz M, Berdasco C, Garai J, Baddoo M, Lu S, Daoud H, Zabaleta J, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lazartigues E. Maternal Western diet programs cardiometabolic dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation via epigenetic mechanisms predominantly in the male offspring. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101864. [PMID: 38159883 PMCID: PMC10806294 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal exposure during pregnancy is a strong determinant of offspring health outcomes. Such exposure induces changes in the offspring epigenome resulting in gene expression and functional changes. In this study, we investigated the effect of maternal Western hypercaloric diet (HCD) programming during the perinatal period on neuronal plasticity and cardiometabolic health in adult offspring. METHODS C57BL/6J dams were fed HCD for 1 month prior to mating with regular diet (RD) sires and kept on the same diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, offspring were maintained on either HCD or RD for 3 months resulting in 4 treatment groups that underwent cardiometabolic assessments. DNA and RNA were extracted from the hypothalamus to perform whole genome methylation, mRNA, and miRNA sequencing followed by bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS Maternal programming resulted in male-specific hypertension and hyperglycemia, with both males and females showing increased sympathetic tone to the vasculature. Surprisingly, programmed male offspring fed HCD in adulthood exhibited lower glucose levels, less insulin resistance, and leptin levels compared to non-programmed HCD-fed male mice. Hypothalamic genes involved in inflammation and type 2 diabetes were targeted by differentially expressed miRNA, while genes involved in glial and astrocytic differentiation were differentially methylated in programmed male offspring. These data were supported by our findings of astrogliosis, microgliosis and increased microglial activation in programmed males in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Programming induced a protective effect in male mice fed HCD in adulthood, resulting in lower protein levels of hypothalamic TGFβ2, NF-κB2, NF-κBp65, Ser-pIRS1, and GLP1R compared to non-programmed HCD-fed males. Although TGFβ2 was upregulated in male mice exposed to HCD pre- or post-natally, only blockade of the brain TGFβ receptor in RD-HCD mice improved glucose tolerance and a trend to weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that maternal HCD programs neuronal plasticity in the offspring and results in male-specific hypertension and hyperglycemia associated with hypothalamic inflammation in mechanisms and pathways distinct from post-natal HCD exposure. Together, our data unmask a compensatory role of HCD programming, likely via priming of metabolic pathways to handle excess nutrients in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elgazzaz
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Clara Berdasco
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Jone Garai
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shiping Lu
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hisham Daoud
- School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Da J, Xu Y, Tan Y, Zhang J, Yu J, Zhao J, Da Q, Yu F, Zha Y. Central administration of Dapagliflozin alleviates a hypothalamic neuroinflammatory signature and changing tubular lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic nephropathy by upregulating MCPIP1. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115840. [PMID: 37931516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic neuroinflammation is associated with disorders of lipid metabolism. Considering the anti-neuroinflammation effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2) inhibitors, a central administration of Dapagliflozin is postulated to provide hypothalamic protection and change lipid metabolism in kidney against diabetic kidney disease (DKD). METHODS Blood samples of DKD patients were collected. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin and a high-fat diet, db/db mice and palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated BV2 microglia were used for study models. 0.28 mg/3ul dapagliflozin was injected into the lateral ventricle in db/db mice. Genes and protein expression levels were determined by qPCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry staining. Secreted IL-1β and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA. Oil red O staining, lipidomic, and non-targeted metabolomics were performed to evaluate abnormal lipid metabolism in kidney. RESULTS The decrease of serum MCPIP1 was an independent risk factor for renal progression in DKD patients (OR=1.22, 95 %CI: 1.02-1.45, P = 0.033). Higher microglia marker IBA1 and lower MCPIP1 in the hypothalamus, as well as lipid droplet deposition increasing in the kidney were observed in DKD rats. Central dapagliflozin could reduce the blood sugar, hypothalamic inflammatory cytokines, lipid droplet deposition in renal tubular. Lipidomics and metabolomics results showed that dapagliflozin changed 37 lipids and 19 metabolites considered on promoting lipolysis. These lipid metabolism changes were attributed to dapagliflozin by upregulating MCPIP1, and inhibiting cytokines in the microglia induced by PA. CONCLUSIONS Central administrated Dapagliflozin elicits an anti-inflammatory effect by upregulating MCPIP1 levels in microglia and changes lipid metabolism in kidney of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Da
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic & Urinary Disease, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic & Urinary Disease, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianqiu Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic & Urinary Disease, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Qingen Da
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxun Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic & Urinary Disease, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.
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Xiao X, Hu H, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Tang K, Pan Z, Huang J, Yang X, Wang Q, Gao Y. Microglia Sirt6 modulates the transcriptional activity of NRF2 to ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity. Mol Med 2023; 29:108. [PMID: 37582706 PMCID: PMC10428617 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation, while obesity triggers hypothalamic microglia activation and inflammation. Sirt6 is an important regulator of energy metabolism in many peripheral tissues and hypothalamic anorexic neurons. However, the exact mechanism for microglia Sirt6 in controlling high-fat diet-induced obesity remain unknown. METHODS Microglia Sirt6 expression levels under various nutritional conditions were measured in the hypothalamus of mice. Also, microglia Sirt6-deficient mice were provided various diets to monitor metabolic changes and hypothalamic inflammatory response. Besides, RNA-seq and Co-IP of microglia with Sirt6 alterations were conducted to further investigate the detailed mechanism by which Sirt6 modulated microglia activity. RESULTS We found that Sirt6 was downregulated in hypothalamic microglia in mice given a high-fat diet (HFD). Additionally, knockout of microglia Sirt6 exacerbated high-fat diet-induced hypothalamic microglial activation and inflammation. As a result, mice were more prone to obesity, exhibiting a decrease in energy expenditure, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin and leptin resistance, and increased food intake. In vitro, Sirt6 overexpression in BV2 cells displayed protective effects against oleic acid and palmitic acid treatment-derived inflammatory response. Mechanically, Sirt6 deacetylated and stabilised NRF2 to increase the expression of anti-oxidative genes and defend against reactive oxygen species overload. Pharmacological inhibition of NRF2 eliminated the beneficial modulating effects of Sirt6 on microglial activity. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results revealed that microglial Sirt6 was a primary contributor of microglial activation in the central regulation of obesity. Thus, microglial Sirt6 may be an important therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Xiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510289, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510289, China
| | - Yadi Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhisen Pan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiawen Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Cernackova A, Tillinger A, Bizik J, Mravec B, Horvathova L. Dynamics of cachexia-associated inflammatory changes in the brain accompanying intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma growth in Wistar rats. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 376:578033. [PMID: 36738563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that inflammation affecting brain structures participates in the development of cancer-related cachexia. However, the mechanisms responsible for the induction and progression of cancer-related neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. Therefore, we studied the time-course of neuroinflammation in selected brain structures and cachexia development in tumor-bearing rats. After tumor cells inoculation, specifically on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of tumor growth, we assessed the presence of cancer-associated cachexia in rats. Changes in gene expression of inflammatory factors were studied in selected regions of the hypothalamus, brain stem, and circumventricular organs. We showed that the initial stages of cancer growth (7th and 14th day after tumor cells inoculation), are not associated with cachexia, or increased expression of inflammatory molecules in the brain. Even when we did not detect cachexia in tumor-bearing rats by the 21st day of the experiment, the inflammatory brain reaction had already started, as we found elevated levels of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Furthermore, we found increased interleukin 1 beta expression in the locus coeruleus and higher allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression in the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. Ultimately, the most pronounced manifestations of tumor growth were present on the 28th day post-inoculation of tumor cells. In these animals, we detected cancer-related cachexia and significant increases in interleukin 1 beta expression in all brain areas studied. We also observed significantly decreased expression of the glial cell activation markers allograft inflammatory factor 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in most brain areas of cachectic rats. In addition, we showed increased expression of cluster of differentiation 163 and cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, A1/C1 neurons, and area postrema of cachectic rats. Our data indicate that cancer-related cachexia is associated with complex neuroinflammatory changes in the brain. These changes can be found in both hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic structures, while their extent and character depend on the stage of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Cernackova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Bizik
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li X, Holtrop T, Jansen FAC, Olson B, Levasseur P, Zhu X, Poland M, Schalwijk W, Witkamp RF, Marks DL, van Norren K. Lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothalamic inflammation in cancer cachexia-anorexia is amplified by tumour-derived prostaglandin E2. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:3014-3027. [PMID: 36303458 PMCID: PMC9745464 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia-anorexia syndrome is a complex metabolic condition characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, reduced food intake and prominent involvement of systemic and central inflammation. Here, the gut barrier function was investigated in pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia mouse models by relating intestinal permeability to the degree of cachexia. We further investigated the involvement of the gut-brain axis and the crosstalk between tumour, gut and hypothalamus in vitro. METHODS Two distinct mouse models of pancreatic cancer cachexia (KPC and 4662) were used. Intestinal inflammation and permeability were assessed through fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-dextran) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and hypothalamic and systemic inflammation through mRNA expression and plasma cytokines, respectively. To simulate the tumour-gut-brain crosstalk, hypothalamic (HypoE-N46) cells were incubated with cachexia-inducing tumour secretomes and LPS. A synthetic mimic of C26 secretome was produced based on its secreted inflammatory mediators. Each component of the mimic was systematically omitted to narrow down the key mediator(s) with an amplifying inflammation. To substantiate its contribution, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor was used. RESULTS In vivo experiments showed FITC-dextran was enhanced in the KPC group (362.3 vs. sham 111.4 ng/mL, P < 0.001). LPS was increased to 140.9 ng/mL in the KPC group, compared with sham and 4662 groups (115.8 and 115.8 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Hypothalamic inflammatory gene expression of Ccl2 was up-regulated in the KPC group (6.3 vs. sham 1, P < 0.0001, 4662 1.3, P < 0.001), which significantly correlated with LPS concentration (r = 0.4948, P = 0.0226). These data suggest that intestinal permeability is positively related to the cachexic degree. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was confirmed to be present in the plasma and PGE2 concentration (log10) in the KPC group was much higher than in 4662 group (1.85 and 0.56 ng/mL, P < 0.001), indicating a role for PGE2 in pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia. Parallel to in vivo findings, in vitro experiments revealed that the cachexia-inducing tumour secretomes (C26, LLC, KPC and 4662) amplified LPS-induced hypothalamic IL-6 secretion (419%, 321%, 294%, 160%). COX-2 inhibitor to the tumour cells reduced PGE2 content (from 105 to 102 pg/mL) in the secretomes and eliminated the amplified hypothalamic IL-6 production. Moreover, results could be reproduced by addition of PGE2 alone, indicating that the increased hypothalamic inflammation is directly related to the PGE2 from tumour. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 secreted by the tumour may play a role in amplifying the effects of bacteria-derived LPS on the inflammatory hypothalamic response. The cachexia-inducing potential of tumour mice models parallels the loss of intestinal barrier function. Tumour-derived PGE2 might play a key role in cancer-related cachexia-anorexia syndrome via tumour-gut-brain crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tosca Holtrop
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fleur A C Jansen
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brennan Olson
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pete Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mieke Poland
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Winni Schalwijk
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhao M, Cheng Y, Wang X, Cui X, Cheng X, Fu Q, Song Y, Yu P, Liu Y, Yu Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity: Involvement of mTOR/IKK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022. [PMID: 36053437 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a public health epidemic worldwide and is associated with many diseases with high mortality including hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced energy imbalance is one of the primary causes of obesity, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Our study showed that HFD reduced the level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its catalytic enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) in mouse hypothalamus and plasma. We found that HFD activated mTOR, IKK/NF-κB, the main pathway regulating inflammation. Activation of inflammatory pathway promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which caused cell damage and loss in the hypothalamus. The disturbance of the hypothalamic neuron circuits resulted in body weight gain in HFD-induced mice. Importantly, we also showed that restoration of H2S level with NaHS or activation of CBS with SAMe attenuated HFD-induced activation of mTOR, IKK/NF-κB signaling, which reduced the inflammation and the neuronal cell loss in the hypothalamus, and also inhibited body weight gain in mice. The same effects were obtained by inhibiting mTOR or NF-κB, which suggested that mTOR and NF-κB were the critical molecular factors involved in hypothalamic inflammation. Taken together, this study identified that HFD-induced hypothalamus inflammation plays a critical role in the development of obesity. Moreover, the inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation by regaining H2S level could be a potential therapeutic to prevent the development of obesity.
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César H, Sertorio MN, de Souza EA, Jamar G, Santamarina A, Jucá A, Casagrande BP, Pisani LP. Parental high-fat high-sugar diet programming and hypothalamus adipose tissue axis in male Wistar rats. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:523-537. [PMID: 34657184 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal nutrition during early development and paternal nutrition pre-conception can programme offspring health status. Hypothalamus adipose axis is a target of developmental programming, and paternal and maternal high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFS) may be an important factor that predisposes offspring to develop obesity later in life. This study aims to investigate Wistar rats' maternal and paternal HFS differential contribution on the development, adiposity, and hypothalamic inflammation in male offspring from weaning until adulthood. METHODS Male progenitors were fed a control diet (CD) or HFS for 10 weeks before mating. After mating, dams were fed CD or HFS only during pregnancy and lactation. Forming the following male offspring groups: CD-maternal and paternal CD; MH-maternal HFS and paternal CD; PH-maternal CD and paternal HFS; PMH-maternal and paternal HFS. After weaning, male offspring were fed CD until adulthood. RESULTS Maternal HFS diet increased weight, visceral adiposity, and serum total cholesterol levels, and decreased hypothalamic weight in weanling male rats. In adult male offspring, maternal HFS increased weight, glucose levels, and hypothalamic NFκBp65. Paternal HFS diet lowered hypothalamic insulin receptor levels in weanling offspring and glucose and insulin levels in adult offspring. The combined effects of maternal and paternal HFS diets increased triacylglycerol, leptin levels, and hypothalamic inflammation in weanling rats, and increased visceral adiposity in adulthood. CONCLUSION Male offspring intake of CD diet after weaning reversed part of the effects of parental HFS diet during the perinatal period. However, maternal and paternal HFS diet affected adiposity and hypothalamic inflammation, which remained until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena César
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Esther Alves de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Jamar
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136. Laboratório 311, 3° andar, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Aline Santamarina
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136. Laboratório 311, 3° andar, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Andrea Jucá
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136. Laboratório 311, 3° andar, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Breno Picin Casagrande
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136. Laboratório 311, 3° andar, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136. Laboratório 311, 3° andar, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil.
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Chen J, Haase N, Haange SB, Sucher R, Münzker J, Jäger E, Schischke K, Seyfried F, von Bergen M, Hankir MK, Krügel U, Fenske WK. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass contributes to weight loss-independent improvement in hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity through gut-microglia-neuron-crosstalk. Mol Metab 2021; 48:101214. [PMID: 33741533 PMCID: PMC8095174 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypothalamic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are extensively linked to leptin resistance and overnutrition-related diseases. Surgical intervention remains the most efficient long-term weight-loss strategy for morbid obesity, but mechanisms underlying sustained feeding suppression remain largely elusive. This study investigated whether Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) interacts with obesity-associated hypothalamic inflammation to restore central leptin signaling as a mechanistic account for post-operative appetite suppression. Methods RYGB or sham surgery was performed in high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar rats. Sham-operated rats were fed ad libitum or by weight matching to RYGB via calorie restriction (CR) before hypothalamic leptin signaling, microglia reactivity, and the inflammatory pathways were examined to be under the control of gut microbiota-derived circulating signaling. Results RYGB, other than CR-induced adiposity reduction, ameliorates hypothalamic gliosis, inflammatory signaling, and ER stress, which are linked to enhanced hypothalamic leptin signaling and responsiveness. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that RYGB interferes with hypothalamic ER stress and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling to restore the anorexigenic action of leptin, which most likely results from modulation of a circulating factor derived from the altered gut microbial environment upon RYGB surgery. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that RYGB interferes with hypothalamic TLR4 signaling to restore the anorexigenic action of leptin, which most likely results from modulation of a circulating factor derived from the post-surgical altered gut microbial environment. RYGB surgery-related weight loss independently restores hypothalamic leptin signaling and action in diet-induced obesity. RGYB modulates hypothalamic TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling and ER stress to restore leptin's anorexigenic action. Humoral factors contribute to modulated microglia-POMC neuron interaction, which appears specific to the RYGB procedure. Altering the gut microbiota environment by antibiotics deteriorates leptin's feeding suppressive action after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Chen
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Haase
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Sucher
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Clinic of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, Liebigstraße 20, D-4015, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Münzker
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jäger
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schischke
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Fenske
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Medical Department I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Wu Z, Xi P, Zhang Y, Wang H, Xue J, Sun X, Tian D. LKB1 up-regulation inhibits hypothalamic inflammation and attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice. Metabolism 2021; 116:154694. [PMID: 33358943 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation in the hypothalamus. The inflammatory pathway of the hypothalamus is activated during obesity, and inhibition of activation of the inflammatory pathway can partially reverse obesity. Therefore, exploring new targets for inhibiting hypothalamic inflammation will provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a serine/threonine kinase, is a tumor suppressor and metabolic regulator. Recent studies have shown that LKB1 has a certain anti-inflammatory effect. However, a role of LKB1 in the regulation of hypothalamic inflammation remains unclear. Therefore, we examined whether LKB1 overexpression in the hypothalamus could weaken the hypothalamic inflammation and inhibit the development of obesity. METHODS LKB1 overexpressing adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles were injected stereotactically into the third ventricle (3 V) of C57BL/6 mice fed with HFD. We assessed changes in body mass and adiposity, food intake, hypothalamic inflammatory markers, and energy and glucose metabolism. RESULTS LKB1 up-regulation in hypothalamus attenuated diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, reduced food intake and body weight gain. In addition, the overexpression of hypothalamic LKB1 increased the insulin sensitivity and improved whole-body lipid metabolism, which attenuated hepatic fat accumulation and serum lipid levels. CONCLUSION Hypothalamic LKB1 up-regulation attenuates hypothalamic inflammation, and protects against hypothalamic inflammation induced damage to melanocortin system, resulting in lower food intake and lower fat mass accumulation, which consequently protects mice from the development of obesity. Our data suggest LKB1 as a novel negative regulator of hypothalamic inflammation, and also a potentially important target for treating other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Pengjiao Xi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jie Xue
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xuguo Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Derun Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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10
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Ma Q, Deng P, Lin M, Yang L, Li L, Guo L, Zhang L, He M, Lu Y, Pi H, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Chen C, Zhou Z. Long-term bisphenol A exposure exacerbates diet-induced prediabetes via TLR4-dependent hypothalamic inflammation. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123926. [PMID: 33254826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine-disrupting compound, has been revealed associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we provide new evidence that BPA is a risk factor for T2D from a case-control study. To explore the detailed mechanisms, we used two types of diet models, standard diet (SD) and high-fat diet (HFD), to study the effects of long-term BPA exposure on prediabetes in 4-week-old mice. We found that BPA exposure for 12 weeks exacerbated HFD-induced prediabetic symptoms. Female mice showed increased body mass, serum insulin level, and impaired glucose tolerance, while male mice only exhibited impaired glucose tolerance. No change was found in SD-fed mice. Besides, BPA exposure enhanced astrocyte-dependent hypothalamic inflammation in both male and female mice, which impaired proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron functions. Moreover, eliminating inflammation by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout significantly abolished the effects of BPA on the hypothalamus and diet-induced prediabetes. Taken together, our data establish a key role for TLR4-dependent hypothalamic inflammation in regulating the effects of BPA on prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Health Management Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Army Medical University (Former Name: Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Cheng L, Hu T, Shi H, Chen X, Wang H, Zheng K, Huang XF, Yu Y. DHA reduces hypothalamic inflammation and improves central leptin signaling in mice. Life Sci 2020; 257:118036. [PMID: 32622949 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-obesity effects and improved leptin sensitivity from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been reported in diet-induced obese animals. This study sought to determine the beneficial central effects and mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in high-fat (HF) diet fed mice. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were given HF diet with or without intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) for two days. Central leptin sensitivity, hypothalamic inflammation, leptin signaling molecules and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined by central leptin sensitivity test and Western blot. Furthermore, the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism was examined by RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS We found that icv administration of DHA not only reduced energy intake and body weight gain but also corrected the HF diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. DHA decreased leptin signaling inhibitor SOCS3 and improved the leptin JAK2-Akt signaling pathways in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, icv administration of DHA improved the effects of leptin in the regulation of mRNA expression of enzymes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. DHA increased leptin-induced activation of TH in the hypothalamus. SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, increasing central DHA concentration may prevent the deficit of hypothalamic regulation, which is associated with disorders of energy homeostasis in the liver as a result of a high-fat diet.
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12
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Kang D, Kim HR, Kim KK, Kim DH, Jeong B, Jin S, Park JW, Seong JY, Lee BJ. Brain-specific chemokine FAM19A5 induces hypothalamic inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:829-834. [PMID: 31954515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-like protein FAM19A5 is highly expressed in the brain, but little is known about its functions there. Here, we found that FAM19A5 was expressed in mouse hypothalamic cells expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and in the microglia. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which induces inflammatory sickness responses, greatly increased hypothalamic expression of FAM19A5. Knockdown of FAM19A5 expression resulted in decreased TNF-α-induced anorexia, body weight loss and TNF-α-induced expression of inflammatory factors. In contrast, intracerebroventricular administration of FAM19A5 induced anorexia, body weight loss and hyperthermia, together with increased expression of inflammatory factors. FAM19A5 injection also induced increases in c-fos activation and POMC mRNA level in hypothalamic POMC neurons. Together, these results suggest that FAM19A5 plays an important role in hypothalamic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, USA, 20037
| | - Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Sungho Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.
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13
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Samodien E, Johnson R, Pheiffer C, Mabasa L, Erasmus M, Louw J, Chellan N. Diet-induced hypothalamic dysfunction and metabolic disease, and the therapeutic potential of polyphenols. Mol Metab 2019; 27:1-10. [PMID: 31300352 PMCID: PMC6717768 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases continues to rise globally. The increased consumption of unhealthy energy-rich diets that are high in fat and sugars results in oxidative stress and inflammation leading to hypothalamic dysfunction, which has been linked with these diseases. Conversely, diets rich in polyphenols, which are phytochemicals known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are associated with a reduced risk for developing metabolic diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of the effects of polyphenols against diet-induced hypothalamic dysfunction with respect to neural inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Results show that polyphenols ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation within the hypothalamus, thereby improving leptin signaling and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, they protect against neurodegeneration by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species and enhancing natural antioxidant defense systems. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The potential of polyphenols as nutraceuticals against hypothalamic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration could hold tremendous value. With hypothalamic inflammation increasing naturally with age, the potential to modulate these processes in order to extend longevity is exciting and warrants exploration. The continued escalation of mental health disorders, which are characterized by heightened neuronal inflammation, necessitates the furthered investigation into polyphenol therapeutic usage in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Samodien
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Mabasa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melisse Erasmus
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Nireshni Chellan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Mutsnaini L, Kim CS, Kim J, Joe Y, Chung HT, Choi HS, Roh E, Kim MS, Yu R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 deficiency aggravates obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and impairs thermogenic response. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:351-358. [PMID: 30863887 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Hypothalamic inflammation is closely associated with metabolic dysregulation. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is known to be an important metabolic regulator with anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF21 deficiency on obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and thermogenic responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS FGF21-deficient mice and/or wild-type (WT) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. RESULTS FGF21-deficient mice fed an HFD showed increased levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with WT obese control, and this was accompanied by upregulation of gliosis markers in the hypothalamus. Expression of heat-shock protein 72, a marker of neuronal damage, was increased in the FGF21-deficient obese mice, and the expression of hypothalamic neuronal markers involved in anti-thermogenic or thermogenic responses was altered. Moreover, the protein level of uncoupling protein 1 and other thermogenic genes were markedly reduced in the brown adipose tissue of the FGF21-deficient obese mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that FGF21 deficiency aggravates obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal injury, leading to alterations in hypothalamic neural circuits accompanied by a reduction of the thermogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luthfiyyah Mutsnaini
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Jiye Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Choi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Eun Roh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.,Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.
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15
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Gaspar JM, Mendes NF, Corrêa-da-Silva F, Lima-Junior JCD, Gaspar RC, Ropelle ER, Araujo EP, Carvalho HM, Velloso LA. Downregulation of HIF complex in the hypothalamus exacerbates diet-induced obesity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:550-561. [PMID: 29935943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) can regulate whole-body energy homeostasis in response to changes in blood glucose, suggesting that it acts as a sensor for systemic energy stores. Here, we hypothesized that hypothalamic HIF-1 could be affected by diet-induced obesity (DIO). We used eight-week old, male C57Bl6 mice, fed normal chow diet or with high fat diet for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The expression of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta was measured by PCR and western blotting and its hypothalamic distribution was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Inhibition of HIF-1beta in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus was performed using stereotaxic injection of shRNA lentiviral particles and animals were grouped under normal chow diet or high fat diet for 14 days. Using bioinformatics, we show that in humans, the levels of HIF-1 transcripts are directly correlated with those of hypothalamic transcripts for proteins involved in inflammation, regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and the ubiquitin/proteasome system; furthermore, in rodents, hypothalamic HIF-1 expression is directly correlated with the phenotype of increased energy expenditure. In mice, DIO was accompanied by increased HIF-1 expression. The inhibition of hypothalamic HIF-1 by injection of an shRNA resulted in a further increase in body mass, a decreased basal metabolic rate, increased hypothalamic inflammation, and glucose intolerance. Thus, hypothalamic HIF-1 is increased during DIO, and its inhibition worsens the obesity-associated metabolic phenotype. Thus, hypothalamic HIF-1 emerges as a target for therapeutic intervention against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira Mendes
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C de Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Sergi D, Morris AC, Kahn DE, McLean FH, Hay EA, Kubitz P, MacKenzie A, Martinoli MG, Drew JE, Williams LM. Palmitic acid triggers inflammatory responses in N42 cultured hypothalamic cells partially via ceramide synthesis but not via TLR4. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:321-334. [PMID: 30032721 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1501533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet induces hypothalamic inflammation in rodents which, in turn, contributes to the development of obesity by eliciting both insulin and leptin resistance. However, the mechanism by which long-chain saturated fatty acids trigger inflammation is still contentious. To elucidate this mechanism, the effect of fatty acids on the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα was investigated in the mHypoE-N42 hypothalamic cell line (N42). N42 cells were treated with lauric acid (LA) and palmitic acid (PA). PA challenge was carried out in the presence of either a TLR4 inhibitor, a ceramide synthesis inhibitor (L-cycloserine), oleic acid (OA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Intracellular ceramide accumulation was quantified using LC-ESI-MS/MS. PA but not LA upregulated IL-6 and TNFα. L-cycloserine, OA and EPA all counteracted PA-induced intracellular ceramide accumulation leading to a downregulation of IL-6 and TNFα. However, a TLR4 inhibitor failed to inhibit PA-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.In conclusion, PA induced the expression of IL-6 and TNFα in N42 neuronal cells independently of TLR4 but, partially, via ceramide synthesis with OA and EPA being anti-inflammatory by decreasing PA-induced intracellular ceramide build-up. Thus, ceramide accumulation represents one on the mechanisms by which PA induces inflammation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amanda C Morris
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Darcy E Kahn
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Fiona H McLean
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Hay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Phil Kubitz
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alasdair MacKenzie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Maria G Martinoli
- Cellular Neurobiology Group, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Janice E Drew
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lynda M Williams
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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17
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Sasaki T, Numano R, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Matsui S, Kimura N, Takeuchi H, Kitamura T. A central-acting connexin inhibitor, INI-0602, prevents high-fat diet-induced feeding pattern disturbances and obesity in mice. Mol Brain 2018; 11:28. [PMID: 29793524 PMCID: PMC5968494 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) causes obesity by promoting excessive energy intake, and simultaneously, by disturbing the timing of energy intake. Restoring the feeding pattern is sufficient to prevent HFD-induced obesity in mice. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying HFD-induced feeding pattern disturbances remain elusive. Saturated fatty acids activate microglia and cause hypothalamic inflammation. Activated microglia cause neuroinflammation, which spreads via inflammatory cytokines and gap-junction hemichannels. However, the role of gap-junction hemichannels in HFD-induced obesity remains unaddressed. We used a novel, central-acting connexin inhibitor, INI-0602, which has high affinity for gap junction hemichannels and does not affect the induction of inflammatory cytokines. We analyzed ad libitum feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice that were fed normal chow (NC), a HFD with elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs), or a HFD with very high SFAs. We found that HFD feeding induced acute hyperphagia, mainly during the light cycle. Feeding pattern disturbances were more pronounced in mice that consumed the HFD with very high SFAs than in mice that consumed the HFD with elevated SFAs. When INI-0602 was administered before the HFD was introduced, it blocked the feeding pattern disturbance, but not locomotor activity disturbances; moreover, it prevented subsequent diet-induced obesity. However, when INI-0602 was administered after the HFD had disturbed the feeding pattern, it failed to restore the normal feeding pattern. Therefore, we propose that SFAs in HFDs played a major role in disrupting feeding patterns in mice. Moreover, the feeding pattern disturbance required the function of central, gap junction hemichannels at the initiation of a HFD. However, altering hemichannel function after the feeding pattern disturbance was established had no effect. Thus, preventing the occurrence of a feeding pattern disturbance by blocking the hemichannel pathway was associated with the prevention of the HFD-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Rika Numano
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan.,Electronics-Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Sho Matsui
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Naobumi Kimura
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
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18
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Jeong B, Kim HR, Choi NS, Park BS, Eom H, Park JW, Kim JG, Lee BJ. Role of thyroid transcription factor-1 in transcriptional regulation of heme oxygenase-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:147-152. [PMID: 29305861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) as an important transcription factor for the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). HO-1 is a well-known cytoprotective enzyme against inflammation. We observed that HO-1 co-expressed with TTF-1 in mouse hypothalamic cells. Results from luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TTF-1 directly activated HO-1 transcription by binding to binding domains in the 5'-flanking region of the HO-1 gene. A proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), induced nuclear translocation of TTF-1 and increased binding affinity of TTF-1 to its binding sites on the HO-1 gene. HO-1 mRNA increased with TTF-1 overexpression but decreased with RNA interference of TTF-1 expression in rat astroglial C6 cells. Together with results showing involvement of TTF-1 in the TNF-α-induced increase in interleukin 1 beta and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 production, this study suggests that TTF-1 plays an important role in the mouse hypothalamus TNF-α-induced inflammatory response for regulating HO-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Nan Seong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Byong Seo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hyejin Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea.
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19
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Dragano NRV, Solon C, Ramalho AF, de Moura RF, Razolli DS, Christiansen E, Azevedo C, Ulven T, Velloso LA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid receptors, GPR40 and GPR120, are expressed in the hypothalamus and control energy homeostasis and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:91. [PMID: 28446241 PMCID: PMC5405534 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of large amounts of dietary fats is one of the most important environmental factors contributing to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. GPR120 and GPR40 are polyunsaturated fatty acid receptors that exert a number of systemic effects that are beneficial for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Here, we evaluate the expression and potential role of hypothalamic GPR120 and GPR40 as targets for the treatment of obesity. Methods Male Swiss (6-weeks old), were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 60% of kcal from fat) for 4 weeks. Next, mice underwent stereotaxic surgery to place an indwelling cannula into the right lateral ventricle. intracerebroventricular (icv)-cannulated mice were treated twice a day for 6 days with 2.0 μL saline or GPR40 and GPR120 agonists: GW9508, TUG1197, or TUG905 (2.0 μL, 1.0 mM). Food intake and body mass were measured during the treatment period. At the end of the experiment, the hypothalamus was collected for real-time PCR analysis. Results We show that both receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus; GPR120 is primarily present in microglia, whereas GPR40 is expressed in neurons. Upon intracerebroventricular treatment, GW9508, a non-specific agonist for both receptors, reduced energy efficiency and the expression of inflammatory genes in the hypothalamus. Reducing GPR120 hypothalamic expression using a lentivirus-based approach resulted in the loss of the anti-inflammatory effect of GW9508 and increased energy efficiency. Intracerebroventricular treatment with the GPR120- and GPR40-specific agonists TUG1197 and TUG905, respectively, resulted in milder effects than those produced by GW9508. Conclusions GPR120 and GPR40 act in concert in the hypothalamus to reduce energy efficiency and regulate the inflammation associated with obesity. The combined activation of both receptors in the hypothalamus results in better metabolic outcomes than the isolated activation of either receptor alone. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0869-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Albina F Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F de Moura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Christiansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil.
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20
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Tsunekawa T, Banno R, Mizoguchi A, Sugiyama M, Tominaga T, Onoue T, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Suga H, Sugimura Y, Arima H. Deficiency of PTP1B Attenuates Hypothalamic Inflammation via Activation of the JAK2-STAT3 Pathway in Microglia. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:172-183. [PMID: 28094236 PMCID: PMC5474442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) regulates leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. PTP1B has also been implicated in the regulation of inflammation in the periphery. However, the role of PTP1B in hypothalamic inflammation, which is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3) was increased in microglia in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of PTP1B knock-out mice (KO) on a HFD, accompanied by decreased Tnf and increased Il10 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus compared to wild-type mice (WT). In hypothalamic organotypic cultures, incubation with TNFα led to increased p-STAT3, accompanied by decreased Tnf and increased Il10 mRNA expression, in KO compared to WT. Incubation with p-STAT3 inhibitors or microglial depletion eliminated the differences in inflammation between genotypes. These data indicate an important role of JAK2-STAT3 signaling negatively regulated by PTP1B in microglia, which attenuates hypothalamic inflammation under HFD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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21
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Mamounis KJ, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA. Linoleic acid causes greater weight gain than saturated fat without hypothalamic inflammation in the male mouse. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 40:122-131. [PMID: 27886622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A significant change in the Western diet, concurrent with the obesity epidemic, was a substitution of saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated, specifically linoleic acid (LA). Despite increasing investigation on type as well as amount of fat, it is unclear which fatty acids are most obesogenic. The objective of this study was to determine the obesogenic potency of LA vs. saturated fatty acids and the involvement of hypothalamic inflammation. Forty-eight mice were divided into four groups: low-fat or three high-fat diets (HFDs, 45% kcals from fat) with LA comprising 1%, 15% and 22.5% of kilocalories, the balance being saturated fatty acids. Over 12 weeks, bodyweight, body composition, food intake, calorimetry, and glycemia assays were performed. Arcuate nucleus and blood were collected for mRNA and protein analysis. All HFD-fed mice were heavier and less glucose tolerant than control. The diet with 22.5% LA caused greater bodyweight gain, decreased activity, and insulin resistance compared to control and 1% LA. All HFDs elevated leptin and decreased ghrelin in plasma. Neuropeptides gene expression was higher in 22.5% HFD. The inflammatory gene Ikk was suppressed in 1% and 22.5% LA. No consistent pattern of inflammatory gene expression was observed, with suppression and augmentation of genes by one or all of the HFDs relative to control. These data indicate that, in male mice, LA induces obesity and insulin resistance and reduces activity more than saturated fat, supporting the hypothesis that increased LA intake may be a contributor to the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Mamounis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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22
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Chowen JA, Argente-Arizón P, Freire-Regatillo A, Frago LM, Horvath TL, Argente J. The role of astrocytes in the hypothalamic response and adaptation to metabolic signals. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:68-87. [PMID: 27000556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is crucial in the regulation of homeostatic functions in mammals, with the disruption of hypothalamic circuits contributing to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and infertility. Metabolic signals and hormonal inputs drive functional and morphological changes in the hypothalamus in attempt to maintain metabolic homeostasis. However, the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and its secondary complications, such as type 2 diabetes, have evidenced the need to better understand how this system functions and how it can go awry. Growing evidence points to a critical role of astrocytes in orchestrating the hypothalamic response to metabolic cues by participating in processes of synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and nutrient sensing. These glial cells express receptors for important metabolic signals, such as the anorexigenic hormone leptin, and determine the type and quantity of nutrients reaching their neighboring neurons. Understanding the mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in hypothalamic adaptations to changes in dietary and metabolic signals is fundamental for understanding the neuroendocrine control of metabolism and key in the search for adequate treatments of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Abstract
With increasing awareness of the obesity epidemic have come research efforts to understand the pathophysiology of body weight and appetite regulation. Clinical trials of diet-induced weight loss demonstrate the difficulty of achieving long term success in obese and overweight individuals, leading investigators to examine the question of what mechanisms makes weight loss so difficult. This has lead to a greater focus on neurologic and hormonal reasons that could explain why maintenance of lost weight is so challenging. Injury to the hypothalamic areas known to play a role in feeding and body weight regulation is being studied. Mechanisms of hypothalamic injury include increased inflammation, gliosis/scarring, and apoptosis of anorexigenic neurons in rodent models of diet induced obesity. Although there is evidence of hypothalamic damage due to interference of cell signaling and eventual loss of weight regulating neurons in rodent models, there is limited data thus far on whether we can apply this mechanism of injury to human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha B Kumar
- Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1165 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Louis J Aronne
- Center for Weight Management and Metabolic Clinical Research, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 1165 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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24
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Morelli A, Sarchielli E, Comeglio P, Filippi S, Vignozzi L, Marini M, Rastrelli G, Maneschi E, Cellai I, Persani L, Adorini L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M. Metabolic syndrome induces inflammation and impairs gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus in rabbits. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:107-119. [PMID: 24064031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits with high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) developed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and showed a reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunopositivity in the hypothalamus. This study investigated the relationship between MetS and hypothalamic alterations in HFD-rabbits. Gonadotropin levels decreased as a function of MetS severity, hypothalamic gene expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). HFD determined a low-grade inflammation in the hypothalamus, significantly inducing microglial activation, expression and immunopositivity of IL-6, as well as GLUT4 and reduced immunopositivity for KISS1 receptor, whose mRNA expression was negatively correlated to glucose intolerance. Correcting glucose metabolism with obetcholic acid improved hypothalamic alterations, reducing GLUT4 and IL-6 immunopositivity and significantly increasing GnRH mRNA, without, however, preventing HFD-related HH. No significant effects at the hypothalamic level were observed after systemic anti-inflammatory treatment (infliximab). Our results suggest that HFD-induced metabolic derangements negatively affect GnRH neuron function through an inflammatory injury at the hypothalamic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences and Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mirca Marini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Maneschi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149-Milan, Italy; CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), 20122 Milan, Italy; I.N.B.B. - Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
That the brain is involved in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of obesity is broadly self-intuitive, but traditional evaluation of this relationship has focused on psychological and environment-dependent issues, often referred to as the "it's all in the head" axiom. Here we review evidence that excessive nutrition or caloric flux, regardless of its primary trigger, elicits a biological trap which imprints aberrant energy control circuits that tend to worsen with the accumulation of body fat. Structural and functional changes in the brain can be recognized, such as hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis, reduction in brain volume, reduced regional blood flow or diminished hippocampal size. Such induced changes collectively translate into a vicious cycle of deranged metabolic control and cognitive deficits, some of which can be traced back even to childhood or adolescence. Much like other components of the obese state, brain disease is inseparable from obesity itself and requires better recognition to allow future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Shefer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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