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Maheshwari S, Akram H, Bulstrode H, Kalia SK, Morizane A, Takahashi J, Natalwala A. Dopaminergic Cell Replacement for Parkinson's Disease: Addressing the Intracranial Delivery Hurdle. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:415-435. [PMID: 38457149 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent neurological disorder, affecting more than 8.5 million individuals worldwide. α-Synucleinopathy in PD is considered to cause dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, resulting in characteristic motor dysfunction that is the target for current medical and surgical therapies. Standard treatment for PD has remained unchanged for several decades and does not alter disease progression. Furthermore, symptomatic therapies for PD are limited by issues surrounding long-term efficacy and side effects. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) presents an alternative approach that has the potential to restore striatal dopaminergic input and ameliorate debilitating motor symptoms in PD. Despite promising pre-clinical data, CRT has demonstrated mixed success clinically. Recent advances in graft biology have renewed interest in the field, resulting in several worldwide ongoing clinical trials. However, factors surrounding the effective neurosurgical delivery of cell grafts have remained under-studied, despite their significant potential to influence therapeutic outcomes. Here, we focus on the key neurosurgical factors to consider for the clinical translation of CRT. We review the instruments that have been used for cell graft delivery, highlighting current features and limitations, while discussing how future devices could address these challenges. Finally, we review other novel developments that may enhance graft accessibility, delivery, and efficacy. Challenges surrounding neurosurgical delivery may critically contribute to the success of CRT, so it is crucial that we address these issues to ensure that CRT does not falter at the final hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, UK
| | - Harith Akram
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Academic Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Clinical Research and Innovation, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ammar Natalwala
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Collier TJ, Begg L, Stancati JA, Mercado NM, Sellnow RC, Sandoval IM, Sortwell CE, Steece-Collier K. Quinpirole inhibits levodopa-induced dyskinesias at structural and behavioral levels: Efficacy negated by co-administration of isradipine. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114522. [PMID: 37640098 PMCID: PMC10591902 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine depletion associated with parkinsonism induces plastic changes in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) that are maladaptive and associated with the emergence of the negative side-effect of standard treatment: the abnormal involuntary movements termed levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Prevention of MSN dendritic spine loss is hypothesized to diminish liability for LID in Parkinson's disease. Blockade of striatal CaV1.3 calcium channels can prevent spine loss and significantly diminish LID in parkinsonian rats. While pharmacological antagonism with FDA approved CaV1 L-type channel antagonist dihydropyridine (DHP) drugs (e.g, isradipine) are potentially antidyskinetic, pharmacologic limitations of current drugs may result in suboptimal efficacy. To provide optimal CaV1.3 antagonism, we investigated the ability of a dual pharmacological approach to more potently antagonize these channels. Specifically, quinpirole, a D2/D3-type dopamine receptor (D2/3R) agonist, has been demonstrated to significantly reduce calcium current activity at CaV1.3 channels in MSNs of rats by a mechanism distinct from DHPs. We hypothesized that dual inhibition of striatal CaV1.3 channels using the DHP drug isradipine combined with the D2/D3 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole prior to, and in conjunction with, levodopa would be more effective at preventing structural modifications of dendritic spines and providing more stable LID prevention. For these proof-of-principle studies, rats with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions received daily administration of vehicle, isradipine, quinpirole, or isradipine + quinpirole prior to, and concurrent with, levodopa. Development of LID and morphological analysis of dendritic spines were assessed. Contrary to our hypothesis, quinpirole monotherapy was the most effective at reducing dyskinesia severity and preventing abnormal mushroom spine formation on MSNs, a structural phenomenon previously associated with LID. Notably, the antidyskinetic efficacy of quinpirole monotherapy was lost in the presence of isradipine co-treatment. These findings suggest that D2/D3 dopamine receptor agonists when given in combination with levodopa and initiated in early-stage Parkinson's disease may provide long-term protection against LID. The negative interaction of isradipine with quinpirole suggests a potential cautionary note for co-administration of these drugs in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, 220 Cherry St. S.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Lauren Begg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Dr., Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stancati
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rhyomi C Sellnow
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, 220 Cherry St. S.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, 220 Cherry St. S.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, 220 Cherry St. S.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Caulfield ME, Vander Werp MJ, Stancati JA, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE, Sandoval IM, Manfredsson FP, Steece-Collier K. Downregulation of striatal CaV1.3 inhibits the escalation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in male and female parkinsonian rats of advanced age. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106111. [PMID: 37001610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 25 years, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has nearly doubled. Age remains the primary risk factor for PD and as the global aging population increases this trend is predicted to continue. Even when treated with levodopa, the gold standard dopamine (DA) replacement therapy, individuals with PD frequently develop therapeutic side effects. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), a common side effect of long-term levodopa use, represents a significant unmet clinical need in the treatment of PD. Previously, in young adult (3-month-old) male parkinsonian rats, we demonstrated that the silencing of CaV1.3 (Cacan1d) L-type voltage-gated calcium channels via striatal delivery of rAAV-CaV1.3-shRNA provides uniform protection against the induction of LID, and significant reduction of established severe LID. With the goal of more closely replicating a clinical demographic, the current study examined the effects of CaV1.3-targeted gene therapy on LID escalation in male and female parkinsonian rats of advanced age (18-month-old at study completion). We tested the hypothesis that silencing aberrant CaV1.3 channel activity in the parkinsonian striatum would prevent moderate to severe dyskinesia with levodopa dose escalation. To test this hypothesis, 15-month-old male and female F344 rats were rendered unilaterally parkinsonian and primed with low-dose (3-4 mg/kg) levodopa. Following the establishment of stable, mild dyskinesias, rats received an intrastriatal injection of either the Cacna1d-specific rAAV-CaV1.3-shRNA vector (CAV-shRNA), or the scramble control rAAV-SCR-shRNA vector (SCR-shRNA). Daily (M-Fr) low-dose levodopa was maintained for 4 weeks during the vector transduction and gene silencing window followed by escalation to 6 mg/kg, then to 12 mg/kg levodopa. SCR-shRNA-shRNA rats showed stable LID expression with low-dose levodopa and the predicted escalation of LID severity with increased levodopa doses. Conversely, complex behavioral responses were observed in aged rats receiving CAV-shRNA, with approximately half of the male and female subjects-therapeutic 'Responders'-demonstrating protection against LID escalation, while the remaining half-therapeutic 'Non-Responders'-showed LID escalation similar to SCR-shRNA rats. Post-mortem histological analyses revealed individual variability in the detection of Cacna1d regulation in the DA-depleted striatum of aged rats. However, taken together, male and female therapeutic 'Responder' rats receiving CAV-shRNA had significantly less striatal Cacna1d in their vector-injected striatum relative to contralateral striatum than those with SCR-shRNA. The current data suggest that mRNA-level silencing of striatal CaV1.3 channels maintains potency in a clinically relevant in vivo scenario by preventing dose-dependent dyskinesia escalation in rats of advanced age. As compared to the uniform response previously reported in young male rats, there was notable variability between individual aged rats, particularly females, in the current study. Future investigations are needed to derive the sex-specific and age-related mechanisms which underlie variable responses to gene therapy and to elucidate factors which determine the therapeutic efficacy of treatment for PD.
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Real CC, Binda KH, Thomsen MB, Lillethorup TP, Brooks DJ, Landau AM. Selecting the Best Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease for Your Research Purpose: Insight from in vivo PET Imaging Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1241-1272. [PMID: 36797611 PMCID: PMC10286593 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative multisystem disorder leading to motor and non-motor symptoms in millions of individuals. Despite intense research, there is still no cure, and early disease biomarkers are lacking. Animal models of PD have been inspired by basic elements of its pathogenesis, such as dopamine dysfunction, alpha-synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation and disruption of protein degradation, and these have been crucial for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of pathology, the identification of biomarkers, and evaluation of novel therapies. Imaging biomarkers are non-invasive tools to assess disease progression and response to therapies; their discovery and validation have been an active field of translational research. Here, we highlight different considerations of animal models of PD that can be applied to future research, in terms of their suitability to answer different research questions. We provide the reader with important considerations of the best choice of model to use based on the disease features of each model, including issues related to different species. In addition, positron emission tomography studies conducted in PD animal models in the last 5 years are presented. With a variety of different species, interventions and genetic information, the choice of the most appropriate model to answer research questions can be daunting, especially since no single model recapitulates all aspects of this complex disorder. Appropriate animal models in conjunction with in vivo molecular imaging tools, if selected properly, can be a powerful combination for the assessment of novel therapies and developing tools for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristiano Real
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Henrique Binda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Majken Borup Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thea Pinholt Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David James Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle, Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Marlene Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lelos MJ. Investigating cell therapies in animal models of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease: Current challenges and considerations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:159-189. [PMID: 36424091 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapeutics have entered into an exciting era, with first-in-person clinical trials underway for Parkinson's disease and novel cell therapies in development for other neurodegenerative diseases. In the hope of ensuring successful translation of these novel cell products to the clinic, a significant amount of preclinical work continues to be undertaken. Rodent models of neural transplantation are required to thoroughly assess the survival, safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics. It is critical to produce robust and reliable preclinical data, in order to increase the likelihood of clinical success. As a result, significant effort has been driven into generating ever more relevant model systems, from genetically modified disease models to mice with humanized immune systems. Despite this, several challenges remain in the quest to assess human cells in the rodent brain long-term. Here, with a focus on models of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, we discuss key considerations for choosing an appropriate rodent model for neural transplantation. We also consider the challenges associated with long-term survival and assessment of functional efficacy in these models, as well as the need to consider the clinical relevance of the model. While the choice of model will be dependent on the scientific question, by considering the caveats associated with each model, we identify opportunities to optimize the preclinical assessment and generate reliable data on our novel cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah J Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Grinand L, Takahashi J. Automated measurement of fluorescence signals reveals a significant increase of the graft-derived neurite extension in neonates compared to aged rats. Regen Ther 2022; 19:97-106. [PMID: 35155722 PMCID: PMC8810554 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background – Neural tissue grafting is an acceptable form of cell therapy for brain injury and diseases. However, methods that can evaluate the graft integration and measure axonal extensions in a 3D environment are limited in scale, inconvenient, and operator intensive. Method – We stained grafts with a fluorescent antibody and then quantified the amount of fluorescence through the entire brain. To achieve this, we created an automated computer program designed to sort out authentic staining from background noise without any user input, enabling the analysis of thousands of images. Results – Our program could compensate for variations in the background brightness between images in all animals. Using this program, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic (DA) progenitor cells integrate better into the striatum of neonates than older rats. Conclusion – Our program can quantify quickly and conveniently the integration of neural grafts in a 3D environment without depending on a blinded human operator. We expect this method to be a useful tool to assess the efficiency of graft-enhancing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases or other neural reconstruction attempts.
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Torikoshi S, Morizane A, Shimogawa T, Samata B, Miyamoto S, Takahashi J. Exercise Promotes Neurite Extensions from Grafted Dopaminergic Neurons in the Direction of the Dorsolateral Striatum in Parkinson's Disease Model Rats. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:511-521. [PMID: 31929121 PMCID: PMC7242856 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cell transplantation is expected to be a promising treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which re-innervation of the host striatum by grafted dopamine (DA) neurons is essential. In particular, the dorsolateral part of the striatum is important because it is the target of midbrain A9 DA neurons, which are degenerated in PD pathology. The effect of exercise on the survival and maturation of grafted neurons has been reported in several neurological disease models, but never in PD models. Objective: We investigated how exercise influences cell transplantation for PD, especially from the viewpoint of cell survival and neurite extensions. Methods: Ventral mesencephalic neurons from embryonic (E12.5) rats were transplanted into the striatum of adult 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. The host rats then underwent treadmill training as exercise after the transplantation. Six weeks after the transplantation, they were sacrificed, and the grafts in the striatum were analyzed. Results: The addition of exercise post-transplantation significantly increased the number of surviving DA neurons. Moreover, it promoted neurite extensions from the graft toward the dorsolateral part of the striatum. Conclusions: This study indicates a beneficial effect of exercise after cell transplantation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaharu Torikoshi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimogawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bumpei Samata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) enhances dopamine neuron graft efficacy and side-effect liability in rs6265 knock-in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105175. [PMID: 33188920 PMCID: PMC7855552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalent in approximately 20% of the worldwide human population, the
rs6265 (also called ‘Val66Met’) single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) in the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
is a common genetic variant that can alter therapeutic responses in individuals
with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Possession of the variant Met allele
results in decreased activity-dependent release of BDNF. Given the resurgent
worldwide interest in neural transplantation for PD and the biological relevance
of BDNF, the current studies examined the effects of the rs6265 SNP on
therapeutic efficacy and side-effect development following primary dopamine (DA)
neuron transplantation. Considering the significant reduction in BDNF release
associated with rs6265, we hypothesized that rs6265-mediated dysfunctional BDNF
signaling contributes to the limited clinical benefit observed in a
subpopulation of PD patients despite robust survival of grafted DA neurons, and
further, that this mutation contributes to the development of aberrant
graft-induced dyskinesias (GID). To this end, we generated a CRISPR knock-in rat
model of the rs6265 BDNF SNP to examine for the first time the
influence of a common genetic polymorphism on graft survival, functional
efficacy, and side-effect liability, comparing these parameters between
wild-type (Val/Val) rats and those homozygous for the variant Met allele
(Met/Met). Counter to our hypothesis, the current research indicates that
Met/Met rats show enhanced graft-associated therapeutic efficacy and a
paradoxical enhancement of graft-derived neurite outgrowth compared to wild-type
rats. However, consistent with our hypothesis, we demonstrate that the rs6265
genotype in the host rat is strongly linked to development of GID, and that this
behavioral phenotype is significantly correlated with neurochemical signatures
of atypical glutamatergic neurotransmission by grafted DA neurons.
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9
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Steece-Collier K, Collier TJ, Lipton JW, Stancati JA, Winn ME, Cole-Strauss A, Sellnow R, Conti MM, Mercado NM, Nillni EA, Sortwell CE, Manfredsson FP, Bishop C. Striatal Nurr1, but not FosB expression links a levodopa-induced dyskinesia phenotype to genotype in Fisher 344 vs. Lewis hemiparkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113327. [PMID: 32387398 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genes, and alterations in their expression, have been identified as risk factors for developing levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). However, our understanding of the complexities of molecular changes remains insufficient for development of clinical treatment. In the current study we used gene array, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and microdialysis to provide a unique compare and contrast assessment of the relationship of four candidate genes to LID, employing three genetically distinct rat strains (Sprague-Dawley (SD), Fischer-344 (F344) and Lewis-RT.1) showing differences in dyskinesia susceptibility and 'first-ever LID' versus 'chronic LID' expression in subjects displaying equal dyskinesia severity. In these studies, rat strains were easily distinguishable for their LID propensity with: 1) a majority of SD rats expressing LID (LID+) and a subset being resistant (LID-); 2) all F344 rats readily developing (LID+); and 3) all Lewis rats being LID-resistant (LID-). Following chronic levodopa, LID+ SD rats showed significant increases in candidate gene expression: Nr4a2/(Nurr1) > > Trh > Inhba = Fosb. However, SD rats with long-standing striatal dopamine (DA) depletion treated with first-ever versus chronic high-dose levodopa revealed that despite identical levels of LID severity: 1) Fosb and Nurr1 transcripts but not protein were elevated with acute LID expression; 2) FOSB/ΔFOSB and NURR1 proteins were elevated only with chronic LID; and 3) Trh transcript and protein were elevated only with chronic LID. Strikingly, despite similar levodopa-induced striatal DA release in both LID-expressing F344 and LID-resistant Lewis rats, Fosb, Trh, Inhba transcripts were significantly elevated in both strains; however, Nurr1 mRNA was significantly increased only in LID+ F344 rats. These findings suggest a need to reevaluate currently accepted genotype-to-phenotype relationships in the expression of LID, specifically that of Fosb, a transcription factor generally assumed to play a causal role, and Nurr1, a transcription factor that has received significant attention in PD research linked to its critical role in the survival and function of midbrain DA neurons but who's striatal expression, generally below levels of detection, has remained largely unexplored as a regulator of LID. Finally these studies introduce a novel 'model' (inbred F344 vs inbred Lewis) that may provide a powerful tool for investigating the role for 'dyskinesia-resistance' genes downstream of 'dyskinesia-susceptibility' genes in modulating LID expression, a concept that has received considerably less attention and offers a new ways of thinking about antidyskinetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jack W Lipton
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stancati
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mary E Winn
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rhyomi Sellnow
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Melissa M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Eduardo A Nillni
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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10
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Sun M, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, Collins-Praino L, Yamakawa GR, Monif M, O'Brien TJ, Cloud GC, Sobey CG, Mychasiuk R, Loane DJ, Shultz SR. The need to incorporate aged animals into the preclinical modeling of neurological conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 109:114-128. [PMID: 31877345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease are serious clinical problems that affect millions of people worldwide. The majority of clinical trials for these common conditions have failed, and there is a critical need to understand why treatments in preclinical animal models do not translate to patients. Many patients with these conditions are middle-aged or older, however, the majority of preclinical studies have used only young-adult animals. Considering that aging involves biological changes that are relevant to the pathobiology of neurological diseases, the lack of aged subjects in preclinical research could contribute to translational failures. This paper details how aging affects biological processes involved in neurological conditions, and reviews aging research in the context of traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that aging is an important, but often overlooked, factor that influences biology and outcomes in neurological conditions, and provide suggestions to improve our understanding and treatment of these diseases in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lyndsey Collins-Praino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Cloud
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Stroke Services, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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Collier TJ, Sortwell CE, Mercado NM, Steece-Collier K. Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease: Why it doesn't work every time. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1120-1127. [PMID: 31234239 PMCID: PMC6771700 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical experience with cell replacement therapy for advanced PD has yielded notable successes and failures. A recent autopsy case report of an individual that received implants of fetal dopamine neurons 16 years previously, but at no time experienced clinical benefit despite the best documented survival of grafted neurons and most extensive reinnervation of the striatum, raises sobering issues. With good reason, a great deal of effort in cell replacement science continues to focus on optimizing the cell source and implantation procedure. Here, we describe our preclinical studies in aged rats indicating that despite survival of large numbers of transplanted dopamine neurons and dense reinnervation of the striatum, synaptic connections between graft and host are markedly decreased and behavioral recovery is impaired. This leads us to the hypothesis that the variability in therapeutic response to dopamine neuron grafts may be less about the viability of transplanted neurons and more about the integrity of the aged, dopamine‐depleted striatum and its capacity for repair. Replacement of dopamine innervation only can be fully effective if the correct target is present. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Collier
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, and Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health/St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, and Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health/St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Natosha M Mercado
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, and Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health/St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, and Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health/St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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12
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Steece‐Collier K, Stancati JA, Collier NJ, Sandoval IM, Mercado NM, Sortwell CE, Collier TJ, Manfredsson FP. Genetic silencing of striatal CaV1.3 prevents and ameliorates levodopa dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2019; 34:697-707. [PMID: 31002755 PMCID: PMC6563183 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are an often debilitating side effect of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Although up to 90% of individuals with PD develop this side effect, uniformly effective and well-tolerated antidyskinetic treatment remains a significant unmet need. The pathognomonic loss of striatal dopamine in PD results in dysregulation and disinhibition of striatal CaV1.3 calcium channels, leading to synaptopathology that appears to be involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Although there are clinically available drugs that can inhibit CaV1.3 channels, they are not adequately potent and have only partial and transient impact on levodopa-induced dyskinesias. METHODS To provide unequivocal target validation, free of pharmacological limitations, we developed a CaV1.3 shRNA to provide high-potency, target-selective, mRNA-level silencing of striatal CaV1.3 channels and examined its ability to impact levodopa-induced dyskinesias in severely parkinsonian rats. RESULTS We demonstrate that vector-mediated silencing of striatal CaV1.3 expression in severely parkinsonian rats prior to the introduction of levodopa can uniformly and completely prevent induction of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and this antidyskinetic benefit persists long term and with high-dose levodopa. In addition, this approach is capable of ameliorating preexisting severe levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Importantly, motoric responses to low-dose levodopa remained intact in the presence of striatal CaV1.3 silencing, indicating preservation of levodopa benefit without dyskinesia liability. DISCUSSION The current data provide some of the most profound antidyskinetic benefit reported to date and suggest that genetic silencing of striatal CaV1.3 channels has the potential to transform treatment of individuals with PD by allowing maintenance of motor benefit of levodopa in the absence of the debilitating levodopa-induced dyskinesia side effect. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steece‐Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience CenterMercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Jennifer A. Stancati
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
| | - Ivette M. Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience CenterMercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Natosha M. Mercado
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience CenterMercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Timothy J. Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience CenterMercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular MedicineCollege of Human Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsMIUSA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience CenterMercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand RapidsMichiganUSA
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Abstract
Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease has a history of being applied clinically with aborted embryos as donor source. Efficacy of the therapy under the appropriate condition has been reported. Based on this experience and the advancement of stem cell technology, clinical trials of cell therapy with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are going to start soon in several countries. In Japan a physician-initiated clinical trial of iPSC-based therapy for Parkinson's disease has launched since 2018. This trial adopts allogeneic transplantation with a cell line from iPSC stock. This article discusses patient selection, procedure, and risk of the therapy. It also introduces the world's current situation of the cell therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University
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14
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Francardo V, Schmitz Y, Sulzer D, Cenci MA. Neuroprotection and neurorestoration as experimental therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:137-147. [PMID: 28988910 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease-modifying treatments remain an unmet medical need in Parkinson's disease (PD). Such treatments can be operationally defined as interventions that slow down the clinical evolution to advanced disease milestones. A treatment may achieve this outcome by either inhibiting primary neurodegenerative events ("neuroprotection") or boosting compensatory and regenerative mechanisms in the brain ("neurorestoration"). Here we review experimental paradigms that are currently used to assess the neuroprotective and neurorestorative potential of candidate treatments in animal models of PD. We review some key molecular mediators of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway that are likely to exert beneficial effects on multiple neural systems affected in PD. We further review past and current strategies to therapeutically stimulate these mediators, and discuss the preclinical evidence that exercise training can have neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects. A future translational task will be to combine behavioral and pharmacological interventions to exploit endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorestoration for therapeutic purposes. This type of approach is likely to provide benefit to many PD patients, despite the clinical, etiological, and genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yvonne Schmitz
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Mercado NM, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE, Steece-Collier K. BDNF in the Aged Brain: Translational Implications for Parkinson's Disease. AUSTIN NEUROLOGY & NEUROSCIENCES 2017; 2:1021. [PMID: 29726549 PMCID: PMC5929154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of secreted growth factors. BDNF signaling is known to exert both chronic, pro-survival effects related to gene expression and protein synthesis ("canonical signaling"), and acute effects as a modulator of neurotransmission ("non-canonical signaling"). BDNF has received a great deal of attention for its role in neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's Disease (HD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Parkinson's Disease (PD) and has been extensively reviewed elsewhere in this regard (e.g., [1-6]). However aging-related changes in BDNF function and expression have been studied only rarely, with the majority of studies characterizing changes in structures such as the hippocampus and neocortex. In this review, we attempt to briefly summarize the extent of the existing literature on age-related BDNF changes, and discuss the relevance of these changes as a factor potentially impacting therapeutics in aged parkinsonian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Mercado
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
| | - T J Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, USA
| | - C E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, USA
| | - K Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, USA
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16
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Collier TJ, Kanaan NM, Kordower JH. Aging and Parkinson's disease: Different sides of the same coin? Mov Disord 2017; 32:983-990. [PMID: 28520211 PMCID: PMC5844262 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant epidemiological evidence in support of aging as the primary risk factor for PD, biological correlates of a connection have been elusive. In this article, we address the following question: does aging represent biology accurately characterized as pre-PD? We present evidence from our work on midbrain dopamine neurons of aging nonhuman primates that demonstrates that markers of known correlates of dopamine neuron degeneration in PD, including impaired proteasome/lysosome function, oxidative/nitrative damage, and inflammation, all increase with advancing age and are exaggerated in the ventral tier substantia nigra dopamine neurons most vulnerable to degeneration in PD. Our findings support the view that aging-related changes in the dopamine system approach the biological threshold for parkinsonism, actively producing a vulnerable pre-parkinsonian state. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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17
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Polinski NK, Manfredsson FP, Benskey MJ, Fischer DL, Kemp CJ, Steece-Collier K, Sandoval IM, Paumier KL, Sortwell CE. Impact of age and vector construct on striatal and nigral transgene expression. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16082. [PMID: 27933309 PMCID: PMC5142515 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic protein delivery using viral vectors has shown promise in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease (PD) but clinical trial success remains elusive. This may partially be due to a failure to include advanced age as a covariate despite aging being the primary risk factor for PD. We investigated transgene expression following intracerebral injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus pseudotypes 2/2 (rAAV2/2), 2/5 (rAAV2/5), 2/9 (rAAV2/9), and lentivirus (LV) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in aged versus young adult rats. Both rAAV2/2 and rAAV2/5 yielded lower GFP expression following injection to either the aged substantia nigra or striatum. rAAV2/9-mediated GFP expression was deficient in the aged striatonigral system but displayed identical transgene expression between ages in the nigrostriatal system. Young and aged rats displayed equivalent GFP levels following LV injection to the striatonigral system but LV-delivered GFP was deficient in delivering GFP to the aged nigrostriatal system. Notably, age-related transgene expression deficiencies revealed by protein quantitation were poorly predicted by GFP-immunoreactive cell counts. Further, in situ hybridization for the viral CβA promoter revealed surprisingly limited tropism for astrocytes compared to neurons. Our results demonstrate that aging is a critical covariate to consider when designing gene therapy approaches for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Polinski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Katrina L Paumier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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18
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Mercado NM, Collier TJ, Freeman T, Steece-Collier K. Repairing the Aged Parkinsonian Striatum: Lessons from the Lab and Clinic. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 7:476. [PMID: 28111608 PMCID: PMC5243125 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary risk factor associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) is advanced age. While there are symptomatic therapies for PD, efficacy of these eventually wane and/or side-effects develop over time. An alternative experimental therapy that has received a great deal of attention over the past several decades has been neural transplantation aimed at replacing nigral dopamine (DA) neurons that degenerate in PD. However, in PD patients and parkinsonian rats, advanced age is associated with inferior benefit following intrastriatal grafting of embryonic DA neurons. Traditionally it has been thought that decreased therapeutic benefit results from the decreased survival of grafted DA neurons and the accompanying poor reinnervation observed in the aged host. However, recent clinical and preclinical data suggest that factors inherent to the aged striatum per se limit successful brain repair. In this short communication, we focus discussion on the implications of our recent grafting study in aged parkinsonian rats, with additional emphasis on a recent clinical report of the outcome of cell therapy in an aged PD patient with long-term (24 years) survival of DA neuron grafts. To address aging as a limiting factor in successful brain repair, we use the example of cell transplantation as a means to interrogate the environment of the aged striatum and identify factors that may, or may not, respond to interventions aimed at improving the prospects for adequate repair of the aged brain. We offer discussion of how these recent reports, in the context of other historical grafting studies, might provide new insight into specific risk factors that have potential to negatively impact all DA cell or terminal replacement strategies for clinical use in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Thomas Freeman
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
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19
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Bez F, Francardo V, Cenci MA. Dramatic differences in susceptibility to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia between mice that are aged before or after a nigrostriatal dopamine lesion. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Rodriguez-Pallares J, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Muñoz A, Parga JA, Toledo-Aral JJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Effects of Rho Kinase Inhibitors on Grafts of Dopaminergic Cell Precursors in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:804-15. [PMID: 27075764 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In models of Parkinson's disease (PD), Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors have antiapoptotic and axon-stabilizing effects on damaged neurons, decrease the neuroinflammatory response, and protect against dopaminergic neuron death and axonal retraction. ROCK inhibitors have also shown protective effects against apoptosis induced by handling and dissociation of several types of stem cells. However, the effect of ROCK inhibitors on dopaminergic cell grafts has not been investigated. In the present study, treatment of dopaminergic cell suspension with ROCK inhibitors yielded significant decreases in the number of surviving dopaminergic neurons, in the density of graft-derived dopaminergic fibers, and in graft vascularization. Dopaminergic neuron death also markedly increased in primary mesencephalic cultures when the cell suspension was treated with ROCK inhibitors before plating, which suggests that decreased angiogenesis is not the only factor leading to cell death in grafts. Interestingly, treatment of the host 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats with ROCK inhibitors induced a slight, nonsignificant increase in the number of surviving neurons, as well as marked increases in the density of graft-derived dopaminergic fibers and the size of the striatal reinnervated area. The study findings discourage treatment of cell suspensions before grafting. However, treatment of the host induces a marked increase in graft-derived striatal reinnervation. Because ROCK inhibitors have also exerted neuroprotective effects in several models of PD, treatment of the host with ROCK inhibitors, currently used against vascular diseases in clinical practice, before and after grafting may be a useful adjuvant to cell therapy in PD. SIGNIFICANCE Cell-replacement therapy is one promising therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, many questions must be addressed before widespread application. Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors have been used in a variety of applications associated with stem cell research and may be an excellent strategy for improving survival of grafted neurons and graft-derived dopaminergic innervation. The present results discourage the treatment of suspensions of dopaminergic precursors with ROCK inhibitors in the pregrafting period. However, treatment of the host (patients with PD) with ROCK inhibitors, currently used against vascular diseases, may be a useful adjuvant to cell therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Parga
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Toledo-Aral
- Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Department de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Asakawa T, Fang H, Sugiyama K, Nozaki T, Hong Z, Yang Y, Hua F, Ding G, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Villarreal SJ, Onoe H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Namba H, Xia Y. Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:63-94. [PMID: 27026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently, clinicians and scientists recognize that many non-motor symptoms are associated with PD. There is an increasing interest in both motor and non-motor symptoms in clinical studies on PD patients and laboratory research on animal models that imitate the pathophysiologic features and symptoms of PD patients. Therefore, appropriate behavioral assessments are extremely crucial for correctly understanding the mechanisms of PD and accurately evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. This article systematically reviews the behavioral assessments, for both motor and non-motor symptoms, in various animal models involved in current PD research. We addressed the strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral tests and their appropriate applications. Moreover, we discussed potential mechanisms behind these behavioral tests and cautioned readers against potential experimental bias. Since most of the behavioral assessments currently used for non-motor symptoms are not particularly designed for animals with PD, it is of the utmost importance to greatly improve experimental design and evaluation in PD research with animal models. Indeed, it is essential to develop specific assessments for non-motor symptoms in PD animals based on their characteristics. We concluded with a prospective view for behavioral assessments with real-time assessment with mobile internet and wearable device in future PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian J Villarreal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA.
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Foetal Cell Transplantation for Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Graft-Induced Dyskinesia. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:563820. [PMID: 26881178 PMCID: PMC4736211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/563820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of dopamine- (DA-) rich foetal ventral mesencephalic cells emerged as a promising therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), as it allowed significant improvement of motor symptoms in several PD patients in open-label studies. However, double-blind clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The general agreement in the field is that the lack of standardization of tissue collection and preparation, together with the absence of postsurgical immunosuppression, played a key role in the failure of these studies. Moreover, a further complication that emerged in previous studies is the appearance of the so-called graft-induced dyskinesia (GID), in a subset of grafted patients, which resembles dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA but in the absence of medication. Preclinical evidence pointed to the serotonin neurons as possible players in the appearance of GID. In agreement, clinical investigations have shown that grafted tissue may contain a large number of serotonin neurons, in the order of half of the DA cells; moreover, the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone has been found to produce significant dampening of GID in grafted patients. In this paper, we will review the recent preclinical and clinical studies focusing on cell transplantation for PD and on the mechanisms underlying GID.
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Muñoz A, Corrêa CL, Villar-Cheda B, Costa-Besada MA, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Aging-related Increase in Rho Kinase Activity in the Nigral Region Is Counteracted by Physical Exercise. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:1254-7. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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