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Liu T, Shi J, Wu D, Li D, Wang Y, Liu J, Meng P, Hu L, Fu C, Mei Z, Ge J, Zhang X. THSG alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the GluN2B-CaMKII-ERK1/2 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155595. [PMID: 38677275 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential therapeutic targeting of PINK1-PARK2-mediated mitophagy against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury involves the pathophysiological processes of neurovascular unit (NVU) and is closely associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) commonly expressed in NVU. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), a compound derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., has demonstrated notable neuroprotective properties against CI/R injury. However, it remains unclear whether THSG exerts its protective effects through GluN2B related PINK1/ PARK2 pathway. PURPOSE This study aims to explore the pharmacological effects of THSG on alleviating CI/R injury via the GluN2B-CaMKII-ERK1/2 pathway. METHODS THSG neuroprotection against CI/R injury was studied in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reversion (tMCAO/R) model rats and in oxygen and glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced neurons. PINK1-PARK2-mediated mitophagy involvement in the protective effect of THSG was investigated in tMCAO/R rats and OGD/R-induced neurons via THSG and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment. Furthermore, the beneficial role of GluN2B in reperfusion and its contribution to the THSG effect via CaMKII-ERK1/2 and PINK1-PARK2-mediated mitophagy was explored using the GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro 25-6981 both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the interaction between THSG and GluN2B was evaluated using molecular docking. RESULTS THSG significantly reduced infarct volume, neurological deficits, penumbral neuron structure, and functional damage, upregulated the inhibitory apoptotic marker Bcl-2, and suppressed the increase of pro-apoptotic proteins including cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in tMCAO/R rats. THSG (1 μM) markedly improved the neuronal survival under OGD/R conditions. Furthermore, THSG promoted PINK1 and PARK2 expression and increased mitophagosome numbers and LC3-II-LC3-I ratio both in vivo and in vitro. The effects of THSG were considerably abrogated by the mitophagy inhibitor 3-MA in OGD/R-induced neurons. Inhibiting GluN2B profoundly decreased mitophagosome numbers and OGD/R-induced neuronal viability. Specifically, inhibiting GluN2B abolished the protection of THSG against CI/R injury and reversed the upregulation of PINK1-PARK2-mediated mitophagy by THSG. Inhibiting GluN2B eliminated THSG upregulation of ERK1/2 and CaMKII phosphorylation. The molecular docking analysis results demonstrated that THSG bound to GluN2B (binding energy: -5.2 ± 0.11 kcal/mol). CONCLUSIONS This study validates the premise that THSG alleviates CI/R injury by promoting GluN2B expression, activating CaMKII and ERK1/2, and subsequently enhancing PINK1-PARK2-mediated mitophagy. This work enlightens the potential of THSG as a promising candidate for novel therapeutic strategies for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghe Liu
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Bachelor Road, Changsha 410208, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Bachelor Road, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Dahua Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Integrated Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Bachelor Road, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jian Liu
- The First Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Pan Meng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Chaojun Fu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Bachelor Road, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Jinwen Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Bachelor Road, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 300 Bachelor Road, Changsha 410208, China.
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Vieira MM, Peng S, Won S, Hong E, Inati SK, Thurm A, Thiam AH, Kim S, Myers SJ, Badger JD, Traynelis SF, Lu W, Roche KW. A Frameshift Variant of GluN2A Identified in an Epilepsy Patient Results in NMDA Receptor Mistargeting. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0557232023. [PMID: 38050135 PMCID: PMC10860613 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0557-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are crucial for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Dysfunction of NMDARs is associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. Understanding the impact of genetic variants of NMDAR subunits can shed light on the mechanisms of disease. Here, we characterized the functional implications of a de novo mutation of the GluN2A subunit (P1199Rfs*32) resulting in the truncation of the C-terminal domain. The variant was identified in a male patient with epileptic encephalopathy, multiple seizure types, severe aphasia, and neurobehavioral changes. Given the known role of the CTD in NMDAR trafficking, we examined changes in receptor localization and abundance at the postsynaptic membrane using a combination of molecular assays in heterologous cells and rat primary neuronal cultures. We observed that the GluN2A P1199Rfs*32-containing receptors traffic efficiently to the postsynaptic membrane but have increased extra-synaptic expression relative to WT GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Using in silico predictions, we hypothesized that the mutant would lose all PDZ interactions, except for the recycling protein Scribble1. Indeed, we observed impaired binding to the scaffolding protein postsynaptic protein-95 (PSD-95); however, we found the mutant interacts with Scribble1, which facilitates the recycling of both the mutant and the WT GluN2A. Finally, we found that neurons expressing GluN2A P1199Rfs*32 have fewer synapses and decreased spine density, indicating compromised synaptic transmission in these neurons. Overall, our data show that GluN2A P1199Rfs*32 is a loss-of-function variant with altered membrane localization in neurons and provide mechanistic insight into disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vieira
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S Peng
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S Won
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - E Hong
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S K Inati
- Neurophysiology of Epilepsy Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - A Thurm
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - A H Thiam
- Office of the Clinical Director, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - S J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - J D Badger
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - S F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - W Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - K W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda 20892, Maryland
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Liu W, Li Y, Zhao T, Gong M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xu L, Li W, Li Y, Jia J. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in Alzheimer's disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutic approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102534. [PMID: 37783430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuronal network activities, excitotoxic events, and cognitive impairment. Abnormalities in NMDARs can initiate a cascade of pathological events, notably in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and even other neuropsychiatric disorders. The subunit composition of NMDARs is plastic, giving rise to a diverse array of receptor subtypes. While they are primarily found in neurons, NMDAR complexes, comprising both traditional and atypical subunits, are also present in non-neuronal cells, influencing the functions of various peripheral tissues. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions within NMDAR complexes has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which potentially served as an obligatory relay of cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, the precise mechanistic link remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provided an in-depth analysis of the structure and function of NMDAR, investigated their interactions with various pathogenic proteins, discussed the current landscape of NMDAR-based therapeutics, and highlighted the remaining challenges during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Tan Zhao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Min Gong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Xuechu Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China.
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Ge Y, Wang YT. GluN2B-containing NMDARs in the mammalian brain: pharmacology, physiology, and pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1190324. [PMID: 37324591 PMCID: PMC10264587 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1190324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is critical for promoting physiological synaptic plasticity and neuronal viability. As a major subpopulation of the NMDAR, the GluN2B subunit-containing NMDARs have distinct pharmacological properties, physiological functions, and pathological relevance to neurological diseases compared with other NMDAR subtypes. In mature neurons, GluN2B-containing NMDARs are likely expressed as both diheteromeric and triheteromeric receptors, though the functional importance of each subpopulation has yet to be disentangled. Moreover, the C-terminal region of the GluN2B subunit forms structural complexes with multiple intracellular signaling proteins. These protein complexes play critical roles in both activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival and death signaling, thus serving as the molecular substrates underlying multiple physiological functions. Accordingly, dysregulation of GluN2B-containing NMDARs and/or their downstream signaling pathways has been implicated in neurological diseases, and various strategies to reverse these deficits have been investigated. In this article, we provide an overview of GluN2B-containing NMDAR pharmacology and its key physiological functions, highlighting the importance of this receptor subtype during both health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Icaritin alleviates cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion injury by regulating NMDA receptors through ERK signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 941:175492. [PMID: 36610684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are key signaling molecules that mediate excitotoxicity during cerebral ischemia. GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors, which are mostly located in the intrasynaptic region, mediate normal physiological processes and promote neuronal survival. GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, which are mostly located in the extrasynaptic region, mediate excitotoxicity injury and promote neuronal death during ischemia. This study investigated the ability of icaritin (ICT) to protect against cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion injury (CI/RI) by regulating GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors through extracellular signaling regulatory kinases/death associated protein kinase 1 (ERK/DAPK1) signaling. A rat CI/RI model was established by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Following treatment with ICT and the ERK-specific inhibitor U0126, cerebral infarction, neurological function, and excitotoxicity-related molecule expression were assessed 24 h after reperfusion. ICT treatment significantly decreased cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological function, and regulated NMDA receptor subtype expression and ERK/DAPK1 signaling activation. The ability of ICT to increase GluN2A and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) mRNA and protein expression, inhibit GluN2B expression, and regulate DAPK1 activation was reversed after administration of the ERK-specific inhibitor U0126. These data indicated that ICT inhibited excitotoxicity injury and exerted a protective effect against CI/RI that was likely mediated by increased ERK signaling pathway activation and regulation of extrasynaptic and intrasynaptic NMDA receptor function, providing a new therapeutic target for ischemic encephalopathy.
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Tang X, Xie S, Wang H, Li Y, Lai Z, Sun S, Pan R, Huang Y, Cai J. The combination of Astragalus membranaceus and ligustrazine mitigates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating NR2B-ERK/CREB signaling. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2867. [PMID: 36585899 PMCID: PMC9927841 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major factor underlying the high mortality and morbidity rates in stroke patients. Our previous study found that the combination of Astragalus membranaceus extract and ligustrazine (Ast+Lig) treatment could protect brain tissues against inflammation in rats with thrombolytic cerebral ischemia. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) is implicated in brain damage induced by cerebral I/R injury. METHODS We used in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral I/R injury for middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons to evaluate the protective effects of Ast+Lig on cerebral I/R injury, and whether the protective mechanism was related to the regulation of NMDAR-ERK/CREB signaling. RESULTS Treatment with Ast+Lig, or MK-801 (an inhibitor of NMDAR) significantly ameliorated neurological deficits, decreased infarct volumes, suppressed neuronal damage and Ca2+ influx, and maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential in vivo and in vitro following cerebral I/R injury based on 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent staining. Furthermore, treatment with Ast+Lig evidently prevented the upregulation of NR2B, but not NR2A, in vivo and in vitro following cerebral I/R injury based on western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analyses. Moreover, treatment with Ast+Lig significantly increased the phosphorylation of ERK and CREB, as well as increasing their mRNA expression levels in vivo and in vitro following cerebral I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS The overall results thus suggest that the Ast+Lig combination conferred neuroprotective properties against cerebral I/R injury via regulation of the NR2B-ERK/CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialing Tang
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingbin Li
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Guangzhou University Mega Center, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Lai
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangxi Sun
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruanhuan Pan
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cai
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Guangzhou University Mega Center, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Wu T, Chen SR, Pan HL, Luo Y. The α2δ-1-NMDA receptor complex and its potential as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1148697. [PMID: 37153659 PMCID: PMC10157046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1148697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in excitotoxicity caused by ischemic stroke, but NMDAR antagonists have failed to be translated into clinical practice for treating stroke patients. Recent studies suggest that targeting the specific protein-protein interactions that regulate NMDARs may be an effective strategy to reduce excitotoxicity associated with brain ischemia. α2δ-1 (encoded by the Cacna2d1 gene), previously known as a subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, is a binding protein of gabapentinoids used clinically for treating chronic neuropathic pain and epilepsy. Recent studies indicate that α2δ-1 is an interacting protein of NMDARs and can promote synaptic trafficking and hyperactivity of NMDARs in neuropathic pain conditions. In this review, we highlight the newly identified roles of α2δ-1-mediated NMDAR activity in the gabapentinoid effects and NMDAR excitotoxicity during brain ischemia as well as targeting α2δ-1-bound NMDARs as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Hui-Lin Pan
| | - Yi Luo
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Luo
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8
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Sun Z, Li Q, Li X, Shi Y, Nan C, Jin Q, Wang X, Zhuo Y, Zhao Z. Casein kinase 2 attenuates brain injury induced by intracerebral hemorrhage via regulation of NR2B phosphorylation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:911973. [PMID: 35928572 PMCID: PMC9345180 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.911973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebrovascular disease with high incidence, disability, and mortality. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase with hundreds of identified substrates and plays an important role in many diseases. This study aimed to explore whether CK2 plays protective roles in ICH-induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through regulation NR2B phosphorylation. Methods CK2 expression level of brain tissues taken from ICH patients was determined by immunoblotting. Neurons from embryonic rat and astrocytes from newborn rats were cultured and treated by Hemoglobin chloride (Hemin). The proliferation of astrocytes, the apoptosis and oxidative stress of neurons and the inflammatory factors of astrocytes were detected. CK2 expression was determined in ICH model rats. The effects of CK2 overexpression plasmid (pc-CK2) on neurobehavioral defects and brain water content in ICH rats were observed. Results CK2 expression in ICH patients was down-regulated. Overexpression of CK2 promoted the astrocyte proliferation, inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and reduced astrocyte-mediated inflammation. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) reversed the effects of pc-CK2 on neurons and astrocytes. CK2 phosphorylated NR2B at the S1480 site, down-regulated the expression of NR2B and interfered with the interaction between NR2B and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). In vivo experiments showed that the expression of CK2 decreased and the expression of NR2B increased in ICH rats. Furthermore, pc-CK2 attenuated neurobehavioral defects, brain water content and neuronal damage in ICH rats. Conclusion CK2 phosphorylated NR2B, down-regulated the expression of NR2B, interfered with the interaction between NR2B and PSD95, alleviated inflammatory reactions, inhibited neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress after ICH. CK2 and NR2B may be new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of ICH. However, the limitation of this study is that we only investigated the regulation of NR2B by CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiyao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chengrui Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianxu Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yayu Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Zongmao Zhao,
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Zhang X, Zhang R, Wu J. Inhibition of the NR2B-PSD95 interaction exerts neuroprotective effects on retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neuroscience 2022; 490:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tullis JE, Buonarati OR, Coultrap SJ, Bourke AM, Tiemeier EL, Kennedy MJ, Herson PS, Bayer KU. GluN2B S1303 phosphorylation by CaMKII or DAPK1: no indication for involvement in ischemia or LTP. iScience 2021; 24:103214. [PMID: 34704002 PMCID: PMC8524186 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of two different CaM kinases, CaMKII and DAPK1, to the NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN2B near S1303 has been implicated in excitotoxic/ischemic neuronal cell death. The GluN2BΔCaMKII mutation (L1298A, R1300Q) is neuroprotective but abolishes only CaMKII but not DAPK1 binding. However, both kinases can additionally phosphorylate GluN2B S1303. Thus, we here tested S1303 phosphorylation for possible contribution to neuronal cell death. The GluN2BΔCaMKII mutation completely abolished phosphorylation by CaMKII and DAPK1, suggesting that the mutation could mediate neuroprotection by disrupting phosphorylation. However, S1303 phosphorylation was not increased by excitotoxic insults in hippocampal slices or by global cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in vivo. In hippocampal cultures, S1303 phosphorylation was induced by chemical LTD but not LTP stimuli. These results indicate that the additional effect of the GluN2BΔCaMKII mutation on phosphorylation needs to be considered only in LTD but not in LTP or ischemia/excitotoxicity. A neuroprotective GluN2B mutation blocked S1303 phosphorylation by CaMKII and DAPK1 GluN2B S1303 is a better substrate for phosphorylation by CaMKII than by DAPK1 Increased phospho-S1303 was detected after cLTD but not cLTP or excitotoxic stimuli Increased phospho-S1303 was not detected after global cerebral ischemia in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Tullis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Olivia R Buonarati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Steven J Coultrap
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ashley M Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika L Tiemeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - K Ulrich Bayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Gardoni F, Di Luca M. Protein-protein interactions at the NMDA receptor complex: From synaptic retention to synaptonuclear protein messengers. Neuropharmacology 2021; 190:108551. [PMID: 33819458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that support essential functions throughout the brain. NMDARs are tetramers composed of the GluN1 subunit in complex with GluN2- and GluN3-type regulatory subunits, resulting in the formation of various receptor subtypes throughout the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by different kinetics, biophysical and pharmacological properties, and the abilities to interact with specific partners at dendritic spines. NMDARs are expressed at high levels, are widely distributed throughout the brain, and are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we will focus on the GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDARs found at excitatory synapses and their interactions with plasticity-relevant proteins, such as the postsynaptic density family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (PSD-MAGUKs), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and synaptonuclear protein messengers. The dynamic interactions between NMDAR subunits and various proteins regulating synaptic receptor retention and synaptonuclear signalling mediated by protein messengers suggest that the NMDAR serves as a key molecular player that coordinates synaptic activity and cell-wide events that require gene transcription. Importantly, protein-protein interactions at the NMDAR complex can also contribute to synaptic dysfunction in several brain disorders. Therefore, the modulation of the molecular composition of the NMDAR complex might represent a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of certain disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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Liu S, Liu C, Xiong L, Xie J, Huang C, Pi R, Huang Z, Li L. Icaritin Alleviates Glutamate-Induced Neuronal Damage by Inactivating GluN2B-Containing NMDARs Through the ERK/DAPK1 Pathway. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:525615. [PMID: 33692666 PMCID: PMC7937872 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.525615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory toxicity due to excessive glutamate release is considered the core pathophysiological mechanism of cerebral ischemia. It is primarily mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) on neuronal membranes. Our previous studies have found that icaritin (ICT) exhibits neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia in rats, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of ICT on glutamate-induced neuronal injury and uncover its possible molecular mechanism. An excitatory toxicity injury model was created using rat primary cortical neurons treated with glutamate and glycine. The results showed that ICT has neuroprotective effects on glutamate-treated primary cortical neurons by increasing cell viability while reducing the rate of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reducing apoptosis. Remarkably, ICT rescued the changes in the ERK/DAPK1 signaling pathway after glutamate treatment by increasing the expression levels of p-ERK, p-DAPK1 and t-DAPK1. In addition, ICT also regulates NMDAR function during glutamate-induced injury by decreasing the expression level of the GluN2B subunit and enhancing the expression level of the GluN2A subunit. As cotreatment with the ERK-specific inhibitor U0126 and ICT abolishes the beneficial effects of ITC on the ERK/DAPK1 pathway, NMDAR subtypes and neuronal cell survival, ERK is recognized as a crucial mediator in the protective mechanism of ICT. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that ICT has a neuroprotective effect on neuronal damage induced by glutamate, and its mechanism may be related to inactivating GluN2B-containing NMDAR through the ERK/DAPK1 pathway. This study provides a new clue for the prevention and treatment of clinical ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lijiao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jiali Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Institute for Medical Sciences of Pain, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Institute for Medical Sciences of Pain, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liangdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Kaniakova M, Korabecny J, Holubova K, Kleteckova L, Chvojkova M, Hakenova K, Prchal L, Novak M, Dolezal R, Hepnarova V, Svobodova B, Kucera T, Lichnerova K, Krausova B, Horak M, Vales K, Soukup O. 7-phenoxytacrine is a dually acting drug with neuroprotective efficacy in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114460. [PMID: 33571502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartaterecepro receptor (NMDARs) are a subclass of glutamate receptors, which play an essential role in excitatory neurotransmission, but their excessive overactivation by glutamate leads to excitotoxicity. NMDARs are hence a valid pharmacological target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders; however, novel drugs targeting NMDARs are often associated with specific psychotic side effects and abuse potential. Motivated by currently available treatment against neurodegenerative diseases involving the inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and NMDARs, administered also in combination, we developed a dually-acting compound 7-phenoxytacrine (7-PhO-THA) and evaluated its neuropsychopharmacological and drug-like properties for potential therapeutic use. Indeed, we have confirmed the dual potency of 7-PhO-THA, i.e. potent and balanced inhibition of both AChE and NMDARs. We discovered that it selectively inhibits the GluN1/GluN2B subtype of NMDARs via an ifenprodil-binding site, in addition to its voltage-dependent inhibitory effect at both GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B subtypes of NMDARs. Furthermore, whereas NMDA-induced lesion of the dorsal hippocampus confirmed potent anti-excitotoxic and neuroprotective efficacy, behavioral observations showed also a cholinergic component manifesting mainly in decreased hyperlocomotion. From the point of view of behavioral side effects, 7-PhO-THA managed to avoid these, notably those analogous to symptoms of schizophrenia. Thus, CNS availability and the overall behavioral profile are promising for subsequent investigation of therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Holubova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kleteckova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Chvojkova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Hakenova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Svobodova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Lichnerova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Krausova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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14
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Buonarati OR, Cook SG, Goodell DJ, Chalmers NE, Rumian NL, Tullis JE, Restrepo S, Coultrap SJ, Quillinan N, Herson PS, Bayer KU. CaMKII versus DAPK1 Binding to GluN2B in Ischemic Neuronal Cell Death after Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1-8.e4. [PMID: 31914378 PMCID: PMC6959131 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DAPK1 binding to GluN2B was prominently reported to mediate ischemic cell death in vivo. DAPK1 and CaMKII bind to the same GluN2B region, and their binding is mutually exclusive. Here, we show that mutating the binding region on GluN2B (L1298A/ R1300Q) protected against neuronal cell death induced by cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation. Importantly, the GluN2B mutation selectively abolished only CaMKII, but not DAPK1, binding. During ischemic or excitotoxic insults, CaMKII further accumulated at excitatory synapses, and this accumulation was mediated by GluN2B binding. Interestingly, extra-synaptic GluN2B decreased after ischemia, but its relative association with DAPK1 increased. Thus, ischemic neuronal death requires CaMKII binding to synaptic GluN2B, whereas any potential role for DAPK1 binding is restricted to a different, likely extra-synaptic population of GluN2B. Ischemic insults cause excitotoxic neuronal cell death via NMDA receptor overstimulation. Buonarati et al. find that excitotoxic insults cause DAPK1 movement to extra-synaptic NMDA receptors and CaMKII movement to synaptic NMDA receptors; importantly, preventing this CaMKII movement protects neurons from ischemic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Buonarati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah G Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dayton J Goodell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas E Chalmers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicole L Rumian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jonathan E Tullis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Susana Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Steven J Coultrap
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - K Ulrich Bayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Engin A, Engin AB. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Signaling-Protein Kinases Crosstalk in Cerebral Ischemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:259-283. [PMID: 33539019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although stroke is very often the cause of death worldwide, the burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke varies between regions and over time regarding differences in prognosis, prevalence of risk factors, and treatment strategies. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, sequentially lead to the progressive death of neurons. In this process, protein kinases-related checkpoints tightly regulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling pathways. One of the major hallmarks of cerebral ischemia is excitotoxicity, characterized by overactivation of glutamate receptors leading to intracellular Ca2+ overload and ultimately neuronal death. Thus, reduced expression of postsynaptic density-95 protein and increased protein S-nitrosylation in neurons is responsible for neuronal vulnerability in cerebral ischemia. In this chapter death-associated protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced protein kinases, hyperhomocysteinemia-related NMDA receptor overactivation, ephrin-B-dependent amplification of NMDA-evoked neuronal excitotoxicity and lysosomocentric hypothesis have been discussed.Consequently, ample evidences have demonstrated that enhancing extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activity triggers cell death after stroke. In this context, considering the dual roles of NMDA receptors in both promoting neuronal survival and mediating neuronal damage, selective augmentation of NR2A-containing NMDA receptor activation in the presence of NR2B antagonist may constitute a promising therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Jiang ZB, Lu X, Chen JZ, Ma XL, Ke YH, Guo X, Liu H, Li CL, Wang F, Wu XL, Zhang DZ, Cao S. Identification of active chemical constituents of Asplenium ruprechtii Sa. Kurata based on in vitro neuroprotective activity evaluation. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
The NMDA subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor is a sophisticated integrator and transducer of information. NMDAR-mediated signals control diverse processes across the life course, including synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, as well as contribute to excitotoxic processes in neurological disorders. At the basic biophysical level, the NMDAR is a coincidence detector, requiring the co-presence of agonist, co-agonist, and membrane depolarization in order to open. However, the NMDAR is not merely a conduit for ions to flow through; it is linked on the cytoplasmic side to a large network of signaling and scaffolding proteins, primarily via the C-terminal domain of NMDAR GluN2 subunits. These physical interactions help to organize the signaling cascades downstream of NMDAR activation. Notably, the NMDAR does not come in a single form: the subunit composition of the NMDAR, particularly the GluN2 subunit subtype (GluN2A-D), influences the biophysical properties of the channel. Moreover, a growing number of studies have illuminated the extent to which GluN2 C-terminal interactions vary according to GluN2 subtype and how this impacts on the processes that NMDAR activity controls. We will review recent advances, controversies, and outstanding questions in this active area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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18
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NMDARs in Cell Survival and Death: Implications in Stroke Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:533-551. [PMID: 32470382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in stroke pathology and recovery. Depending on their subtypes and locations, these NMDARs may promote either neuronal survival or death. Recently, the functions of previously overlooked NMDAR subtypes during stroke were characterized, and NMDARs expressed at different subcellular locations were found to have synergistic rather than opposing functions. Moreover, the complexity of the neuronal survival and death signaling pathways following NMDAR activation was further elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in these areas and discuss how delineating the dual roles of NMDARs in stroke has directed the development of novel neuroprotective therapeutics for stroke.
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19
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Schechter M, Grigoletto J, Abd-Elhadi S, Glickstein H, Friedman A, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Sharon R. A role for α-Synuclein in axon growth and its implications in corticostriatal glutamatergic plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:24. [PMID: 32228705 PMCID: PMC7104492 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Syn has been shown to associate with membranes and bind acidic phospholipids. However, the physiological importance of these associations to the integrity of axons is not fully clear. METHODS Biochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses in cultured neurons, transgenic mouse brains, PD and control human brains. RESULTS We analyzed the ultrastructure of cross-sectioned axons localized to white matter tracts (WMTs), within the dorsal striatum of old and symptomatic α-Syn transgenic mouse brains. The analysis indicated a higher density of axons of thinner diameter. Our findings in cultured cortical neurons indicate a role for α-Syn in elongation of the main axon and its collaterals, resulting in enhanced axonal arborization. We show that α-Syn effect to enhance axonal outgrowth is mediated through its activity to regulate membrane levels of the acidic phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2). Moreover, our findings link α-Syn- enhanced axonal growth with evidence for axonal injury. In relevance to disease mechanisms, we detect in human brains evidence for a higher degree of corticostriatal glutamatergic plasticity within WMTs at early stages of PD. However, at later PD stages, the respective WMTs in the caudate are degenerated with accumulation of Lewy pathology. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that through regulating PI4,5P2 levels, α-Syn acts to elongate the main axon and collaterals, resulting in a higher density of axons in the striatal WMTs. Based on these results we suggest a role for α-Syn in compensating mechanisms, involving corticostriatal glutamatergic plasticity, taking place early in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Schechter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jessica Grigoletto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Suaad Abd-Elhadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hava Glickstein
- Electron Microscopy Unit, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Friedman
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | | | | | - Ronit Sharon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
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20
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Vieira M, Yong XLH, Roche KW, Anggono V. Regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor functions by the GluN2 subunits. J Neurochem 2020; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31978252 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate the flux of calcium (Ca2+ ) into the post-synaptic compartment. Ca2+ influx subsequently triggers the activation of various intracellular signalling cascades that underpin multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. Functional NMDARs are assembled as heterotetramers composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. Four different GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D) are present throughout the central nervous system; however, they are differentially expressed, both developmentally and spatially, in a cell- and synapse-specific manner. Each GluN2 subunit confers NMDARs with distinct ion channel properties and intracellular trafficking pathways. Regulated membrane trafficking of NMDARs is a dynamic process that ultimately determines the number of NMDARs at synapses, and is controlled by subunit-specific interactions with various intracellular regulatory proteins. Here we review recent progress made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the trafficking of GluN2-containing NMDARs, focusing on the roles of several key synaptic proteins that interact with NMDARs via their carboxyl termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vieira
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuan Ling Hilary Yong
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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21
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McKay S, Ryan TJ, McQueen J, Indersmitten T, Marwick KFM, Hasel P, Kopanitsa MV, Baxter PS, Martel MA, Kind PC, Wyllie DJA, O'Dell TJ, Grant SGN, Hardingham GE, Komiyama NH. The Developmental Shift of NMDA Receptor Composition Proceeds Independently of GluN2 Subunit-Specific GluN2 C-Terminal Sequences. Cell Rep 2019; 25:841-851.e4. [PMID: 30355491 PMCID: PMC6218242 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluN2 subtype (2A versus 2B) determines biophysical properties and signaling of forebrain NMDA receptors (NMDARs). During development, GluN2A becomes incorporated into previously GluN2B-dominated NMDARs. This “switch” is proposed to be driven by distinct features of GluN2 cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs), including a unique CaMKII interaction site in GluN2B that drives removal from the synapse. However, these models remain untested in the context of endogenous NMDARs. We show that, although mutating the endogenous GluN2B CaMKII site has secondary effects on GluN2B CTD phosphorylation, the developmental changes in NMDAR composition occur normally and measures of plasticity and synaptogenesis are unaffected. Moreover, the switch proceeds normally in mice that have the GluN2A CTD replaced by that of GluN2B and commences without an observable decline in GluN2B levels but is impaired by GluN2A haploinsufficiency. Thus, GluN2A expression levels, and not GluN2 subtype-specific CTD-driven events, are the overriding factor in the developmental switch in NMDAR composition. Mutating the GluN2B CaMKII site affects phosphorylation of its C-terminal domain The developmental changes in NMDAR composition and synaptogenesis occur normally Changes in NMDAR composition do not require distinct GluN2 C-terminal domains Developmental changes in NMDAR composition are primarily sensitive to GluN2A levels
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McKay
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie McQueen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tim Indersmitten
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katie F M Marwick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Philip Hasel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Maksym V Kopanitsa
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul S Baxter
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marc-André Martel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Dell
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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22
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Abstract
The NMDA subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor is a sophisticated integrator and transducer of information. NMDAR-mediated signals control diverse processes across the life course, including synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, as well as contribute to excitotoxic processes in neurological disorders. At the basic biophysical level, the NMDAR is a coincidence detector, requiring the co-presence of agonist, co-agonist, and membrane depolarization in order to open. However, the NMDAR is not merely a conduit for ions to flow through; it is linked on the cytoplasmic side to a large network of signaling and scaffolding proteins, primarily via the C-terminal domain of NMDAR GluN2 subunits. These physical interactions help to organize the signaling cascades downstream of NMDAR activation. Notably, the NMDAR does not come in a single form: the subunit composition of the NMDAR, particularly the GluN2 subunit subtype (GluN2A–D), influences the biophysical properties of the channel. Moreover, a growing number of studies have illuminated the extent to which GluN2 C-terminal interactions vary according to GluN2 subtype and how this impacts on the processes that NMDAR activity controls. We will review recent advances, controversies, and outstanding questions in this active area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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23
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Salek AB, Edler MC, McBride JP, Baucum AJ. Spinophilin regulates phosphorylation and interactions of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. J Neurochem 2019; 151:185-203. [PMID: 31325175 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are abundant postsynaptic proteins that are critical for normal synaptic communication. NMDAR channel function is regulated by multiple properties, including phosphorylation. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in hippocampal neurons increases NMDAR activity, an effect abrogated by loss of spinophilin, the major PP1-targeting protein in the postsynaptic density. However, how spinophilin regulates PP1-dependent NMDAR function is unclear. We hypothesize that spinophilin regulates PP1 binding to the NMDAR to alter NMDAR phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate that spinophilin interacts with the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR. In human embryonic kidney 293 FT cells, activation and/or overexpression of protein kinase A increased the association between spinophilin and the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR. Functionally, we found that spinophilin overexpression decreased PP1 binding to the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR and attenuated the PP1-dependent dephosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284. Moreover, in P28 hippocampal lysates isolated from spinophilin KO compared to WT mice, there was increased binding of GluN2B to PP1, decreased phosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284, and altered GluN2B protein interactions with postsynaptic density-enriched proteins. Together, our data demonstrate that spinophilin decreases PP1 binding to GluN2B and concomitantly enhances the phosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284. The putative consequences of these spinophilin-dependent alterations in GluN2B phosphorylation and interactions on synaptic GluN2B localization and function are discussed. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma B Salek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael C Edler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jonathon P McBride
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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24
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Kwon KW, Nam Y, Choi WS, Kim TW, Kim GM, Sohn UD. Hepatoprotective effect of sodium hydrosulfide on hepatic encephalopathy in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:263-270. [PMID: 31297010 PMCID: PMC6609266 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is well-known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities, and also has protective effects in the liver. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide in rats with hepatic encephalopathy, which was induced by mild bile duct ligation. In this rat model, bile ducts were mildly ligated for 26 days. Rats were treated for the final 5 days with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). NaHS (25 µmol/kg), 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, or silymarin (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once per day for 5 consecutive days. Mild bile duct ligation caused hepatotoxicity and inflammation in rats. Intraperitoneal NaHS administration reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, which are indicators of liver disease, compared to levels in the control mild bile duct ligation group. Levels of ammonia, a major causative factor of hepatic encephalopathy, were also significantly decreased. Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, catalase, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were measured to confirm antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors with neurotoxic activity were assessed for subunit NMDA receptor subtype 2B. Based on these data, NaHS is suggested to exhibit hepatoprotective effects and guard against neurotoxicity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Wan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Geon Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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25
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Zhang Y, Sun L, Liu E, Wang A, Yan J. The olfactory stimulation slows down the substance clearance in the extracellular space of the hippocampus in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:429-435. [PMID: 31155295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accelerating the clearance of toxin in the brain extracellular space (ECS) has grown a promising strategy for treating some central nervous system diseases. As oldest sensory system, we know little about the influence of olfaction on the brain, but preclinical studies such as treatment of neurological diseases through it are in the ascendant. This makes it important to clarify the effects of olfaction on brain ECS and interstitial fluid (ISF) drainage. In this study, the effect of olfactory stimulation (eugenol, EUG) on ISF flow in hippocampus and its association with aquaporin 4 (Aqp4) had been investigated. The results show that eugenol can significantly increase the activity of hippocampal neurons, but reduce the clearance and diffusion rates of Gd-DTPA and A-594 in hippocampus. Similarly, eugenol inhalation slows down the rate of Gd-DTPA in CSF entering the hippocampus and its clearance. And knockout of Aqp4 gene aggravated these processes. In vitro results showed that after Aqp4 gene silencing, astrocytes grew slowly, with significantly decreased cells number, less nuclei, atrophied bodies and shorter processes. These results concluded that olfactory stimulation can change the ECS structure of the hippocampus, slow down the ISF drainage, and improve the function of neurons, while Aqp4 plays important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - E Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Aibo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junhao Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
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26
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Xu B, Wang T, Xiao J, Dong W, Wen HZ, Wang X, Qin Y, Cai N, Zhou Z, Xu J, Wang H. FCPR03, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of the AKT/GSK3β/ β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:234-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Wu SP, Li D, Wang N, Hou JC, Zhao L. YiQi Tongluo Granule against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Freezing GluN2B and CaMK II through NMDAR/ERK1/2 Signaling. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:244-252. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-peng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
- Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education
| | - Dan Li
- Jing-Jin-Ji Joint Innovation Pharmaceutical (Beijing) Co., Ltd
| | - Ning Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
- Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education
| | - Jin-cai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education
| | - Li Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
- Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education
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28
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Song Y, Zhao X, Wang D, Zheng Y, Dai C, Guo M, Qin L, Wen X, Zhou X, Liu Z. Inhibition of LPS-induced brain injury by NR2B antagonists through reducing assembly of NR2B–CaMKII–PSD95 signal module. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:86-94. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1549566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Genetics, Research Center for Neurobiology Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- The Graduate School Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- The Graduate School Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chunxiao Dai
- The Graduate School Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Guo
- The Graduate School Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Qin
- The Graduate School Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangru Wen
- Department of Genetics, Research Center for Neurobiology Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Laboratory of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhian Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Minnella AM, Zhao JX, Jiang X, Jakobsen E, Lu F, Wu L, El-Benna J, Gray JA, Swanson RA. Excitotoxic superoxide production and neuronal death require both ionotropic and non-ionotropic NMDA receptor signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17522. [PMID: 30504838 PMCID: PMC6269523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR) trigger superoxide production by neuronal NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), which if sustained leads to cell death. This process involves Ca2+ influx through NMDAR channels. By contrast, comparable Ca2+ influx by other routes does not induce NOX2 activation or cell death. This contrast has been attributed to site-specific effects of Ca2+ flux through NMDAR. Here we show instead that it stems from non-ionotropic signaling by NMDAR GluN2B subunits. To evaluate non-ionotropic effects, mouse cortical neurons were treated with NMDA together with 7-chlorokynurenate, L-689,560, or MK-801, which block Ca2+ influx through NMDAR channels but not NMDA binding. NMDA-induced superoxide formation was prevented by the channel blockers, restored by concurrent Ca2+ influx through ionomycin or voltage-gated calcium channels, and not induced by the Ca2+ influx in the absence of NMDAR ligand binding. Neurons expressing either GluN2B subunits or chimeric GluN2A/GluN2B C-terminus subunits exhibited NMDA-induced superoxide production, whereas neurons expressing chimeric GluN2B/GluN2A C-terminus subunits did not. Neuronal NOX2 activation requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and NMDA binding to NMDAR increased PI3K association with NMDA GluN2B subunits independent of Ca2+ influx. These findings identify a non-ionotropic signaling pathway that links NMDAR to NOX2 activation through the C-terminus domain of GluN2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Minnella
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Jerry X Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Fuxin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - John A Gray
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA. .,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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30
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Temme L, Schepmann D, Schreiber JA, Frehland B, Wünsch B. Comparative Pharmacological Study of Common NMDA Receptor Open Channel Blockers Regarding Their Affinity and Functional Activity toward GluN2A and GluN2B NMDA Receptors. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:446-452. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Temme
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Julian A. Schreiber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bastian Frehland
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 48 48149 Münster Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM); Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Germany
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31
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Ferreira JS, Papouin T, Ladépêche L, Yao A, Langlais VC, Bouchet D, Dulong J, Mothet JP, Sacchi S, Pollegioni L, Paoletti P, Oliet SHR, Groc L. Co-agonists differentially tune GluN2B-NMDA receptor trafficking at hippocampal synapses. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28598327 PMCID: PMC5466419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The subunit composition of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDAR), such as the relative content of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors, greatly influences the glutamate synaptic transmission. Receptor co-agonists, glycine and D-serine, have intriguingly emerged as potential regulators of the receptor trafficking in addition to their requirement for its activation. Using a combination of single-molecule imaging, biochemistry and electrophysiology, we show that glycine and D-serine relative availability at rat hippocampal glutamatergic synapses regulate the trafficking and synaptic content of NMDAR subtypes. Acute manipulations of co-agonist levels, both ex vivo and in vitro, unveil that D-serine alter the membrane dynamics and content of GluN2B-NMDAR, but not GluN2A-NMDAR, at synapses through a process requiring PDZ binding scaffold partners. In addition, using FRET-based FLIM approach, we demonstrate that D-serine rapidly induces a conformational change of the GluN1 subunit intracellular C-terminus domain. Together our data fuels the view that the extracellular microenvironment regulates synaptic NMDAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroSciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Papouin
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,NSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Ladépêche
- Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroSciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrea Yao
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Valentin C Langlais
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,NSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Bouchet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroSciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Dulong
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,NSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroSciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
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32
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Zheng C, Qiao ZH, Hou MZ, Liu NN, Fu B, Ding R, Li YY, Wei LP, Liu AL, Shen H. GLYX-13, a NMDA Receptor Glycine-Site Functional Partial Agonist, Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia Injury In Vivo and Vitro by Differential Modulations of NMDA Receptors Subunit Components at Different Post-Ischemia Stage in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28649199 PMCID: PMC5465280 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is implicated in pathological synaptic plasticity also known as post-ischemic long-term potentiation (i-LTP) which was produced by glutamate mediated excitotoxicity after stroke. In the past decades, many NMDARs inhibitors failed in clinical investigations due to severe psychotomimetic side effects. GLYX-13 is a NMDAR modulator with glycine site partial agonist properties and has potential protective effects on ischemic neuronal death. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of GLYX-13 attenuating the ischemic neuronal damage remains elusive. Our study was conducted to examine the molecular, cellular and behavioral actions of GLYX-13 in stroke, and further characterize the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective actions via modulation of the NMDAR subunit composition. In present study we found that in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) stroke model, GLYX-13 blocked i-LTP and restored the ratio of NR2A/NR2B subunit composition. The glycine site of NMDARs full coagonist D-serine completely blocked the effects of GLYX-13 on i-LTP. Besides, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, GLYX-13 decreased the cerebral infarct volume and reduced injury of hippocampus. Western analysis showed that GLYX-13 down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated NR2B (Tyr1472) and up-regulated phosphorylated NR2A (Tyr1325). Furthermore, GLYX-13 treatment along with NR2B specific antagonist (Ro256981) failed to exhibit any additional neuro-protective effects, whereas the application of NR2A antagonist (NVP-AAM007) abolished the neuroprotective effects of GLYX-13, which suggested that the protective action of GLYX-13 should be by its regulation of NMDAR subunit components. Our study provides important insights on the potential protective mechanism of GLYX-13 in ischemia and proposes the glycine site of NMDARs as a novel target for developing therapeutic strategies to store synaptic function in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhi H Qiao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Meng Z Hou
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Nan N Liu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yuan Y Li
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Liang P Wei
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Ai L Liu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Mele M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Calpains and neuronal damage in the ischemic brain: The swiss knife in synaptic injury. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:1-35. [PMID: 27283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the ischemic brain leads to an overactivation of glutamate receptors with consequent excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuronal demise is largely due to a sustained activation of NMDA receptors for glutamate, with a consequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of calcium- dependent mechanisms. Calpains are a group of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases that truncate specific proteins, and some of the cleavage products remain in the cell, although with a distinct function. Numerous studies have shown pre- and post-synaptic effects of calpains on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, targeting membrane- associated proteins as well as intracellular proteins. The resulting changes in the presynaptic proteome alter neurotransmitter release, while the cleavage of postsynaptic proteins affects directly or indirectly the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and downstream mechanisms. These alterations also disturb the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, with an impact in neuronal demise. In this review we discuss the evidence pointing to a role for calpains in the dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in brain ischemia, at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, as well as the functional consequences. Although targeting calpain-dependent mechanisms may constitute a good therapeutic approach for stroke, specific strategies should be developed to avoid non-specific effects given the important regulatory role played by these proteases under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Electroacupuncture Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion of Rat via Modulation of Apoptosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Excitotoxicity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9438650. [PMID: 27123035 PMCID: PMC4830716 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9438650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has several properties such as antioxidant, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study was to investigate the effects of EA on the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. EA stimulation was applied to both Baihui and Dazhui acupoints for 30 min in each rat per day for 5 successive days before MCAO (pretreatment) or when the reperfusion was initiated (treatment). Neurologic deficit scores, infarction volumes, brain water content, and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated. The expressions of related inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic molecules, antioxidant systems, and excitotoxic receptors in the brain were also investigated. Results showed that both EA pretreatment and treatment significantly reduced infarct volumes, decreased brain water content, and alleviated neuronal injury in MCAO rats. Notably, EA exerts neuroprotection against I/R injury through improving neurological function, attenuating the inflammation cytokines, upregulating antioxidant systems, and reducing the excitotoxicity. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the traditional use of EA.
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