1
|
de Melo Bastos Cavalcante C, Bruno Oliveira K, Maria Araújo de Souza F, Maria Jatobá Hasten Reiter M, Rodrigues Melo da Silva B, Lavínia da Silva Oliveira K, Vinicius Dos Santos Sales M, Larissa Dias Pacheco A, Santos Siqueira E, de Araújo Costa M, Gomes Dos Santos Neto J, Gabriely Duarte Torres R, Catarina R Leite A, Santana de Melo I, Salgueiro Machado S, Duzzioni M, Leite Góes Gitaí D, Wagner de Castro O. Crack cocaine inhalation increases seizure susceptibility by reducing acetylcholinesterase activity. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 156:109832. [PMID: 38761450 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Crack cocaine is a highly addictive and potent stimulant drug. Animal studies have shown that the cholinergic system plays a role in neurotoxicity induced by cocaine or its active metabolites inhalation. Behavioral alterations associated with crack cocaine use include hyperactivity, depressed mood, and decreased seizure threshold. Here we evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, behavioral profile, and the threshold for epileptic seizures in rats that received intrahippocampal pilocarpine (H-PILO) followed by exposure to crack cocaine (H-PILO + CRACK). Animals exposed to H-PILO + CRACK demonstrated increased severity and frequency of limbic seizures. The AChE activity was reduced in the groups exposed to crack cocaine alone (CRACK) and H-PILO + CRACK, whereas levels of ROS remained unchanged. In addition, crack cocaine exposure increased vertical locomotor activity, without changing water and sucrose intake. Short-term memory consolidation remained unchanged after H-PILO, H-PILO + CRACK, and CRACK administration. Overall, our data suggest that crack cocaine inhalation reduced the threshold for epileptic seizures in rats submitted to low doses of pilocarpine through the inhibition of AChE. Taken together, our findings can be useful in the development of effective strategies for preventing and treating the harmful effects of cocaine and crack cocaine on the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Araújo de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Rodrigues Melo da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Edite Santos Siqueira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Maisa de Araújo Costa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - José Gomes Dos Santos Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Gabriely Duarte Torres
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarina R Leite
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Sônia Salgueiro Machado
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Radaković M, Andrić JF, Spariosu K, Vejnović B, Filipović MK, Andrić N. Serum oxidant-antioxidant status and butyrylcholinesterase activity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy - A pilot study. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105076. [PMID: 37939632 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Although IE is the most common neurological condition, oxidant-antioxidant status in epileptic dogs is still unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum oxidant-antioxidant status in dogs with newly diagnosed IE. The status in 15 dogs with IE and 15 healthy dogs is estimated through spectrophotometric determination of two oxidant markers: advanced oxidation protein products-albumin index (AOPP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); and three antioxidant markers: total thiols (R-SH) level, glutathione (GSH) level, and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity. Also, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity is assessed in both groups of dogs. Higher AOPP is observed in the dogs with newly diagnosed IE, while TBARS level shows no difference when compared to the healthy dogs. In contrast, lower levels of antioxidants (R-SH, GSH, and PON-1) and BChE activity are found in the dogs with IE. No significant differences are observed in the oxidant and antioxidant markers and BChE activity across the investigated IE cases with focal and generalized seizures. Our findings provide evidence that dogs with IE are characterized by an impaired serum oxidant-antioxidant balance and lower BChE activity, which may contribute to a better understanding of IE pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Radaković
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Francuski Andrić
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Kristina Spariosu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Milica Kovačević Filipović
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Nenad Andrić
- Department of Equine, Small Аnimal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade s, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morid OF, Menze ET, Tadros MG, George MY. L-carnitine Modulates Cognitive Impairment Induced by Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide in Rats; Insights to Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Synaptic Plasticity, Liver/brain, and Kidney/brain Axes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:310-326. [PMID: 37140732 PMCID: PMC10577097 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment in cancer patients is known as "chemobrain". Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide are two chemotherapeutic agents used in combination to treat solid tumors. L-carnitine was reported for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of L-carnitine against chemobrain induced by Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide in rats. Rats were divided into five groups: Control group; Doxorubicin (4mg/kg, IV) and Cyclophosphamide (40mg/kg, IV)-treated group; two L-carnitine-treated groups (150 and 300mg/kg, ip) with Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide; and L-carnitine alone-treated group (300mg/kg). Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide induced histopathological changes in rats' hippocampi and prefrontal cortices, as well as reduced memory as evidenced by behavioural testing. L-carnitine treatment showed opposite effects. In addition, chemotherapy treatment enhanced oxidative stress via reducing catalase and glutathione levels, and inducing lipid peroxidation. By contrast, L-carnitine treatment showed powerful antioxidant effects reversing chemotherapy-induced oxidative damage. Moreover, chemotherapy combination induced inflammation via their effect on nuclear factor kappa B (p65), interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. However, L-carnitine treatment corrected such inflammatory responses. Furthermore, Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide reduced synaptic plasticity via hindering expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated cyclase response element binding protein, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic density protein 95 whereas protein expression of such synaptic plasticity biomarkers was enhanced by L-carnitine treatment. Finally, acetylcholinesterase activity was found to be enhanced by chemotherapy treatment affecting rats' memory while L-carnitine treatment reduced acetylcholinesterase activity. L-carnitine also showed hepatoprotective and renal protective effects suggesting liver/brain and kidney/brain axes as possible mechanisms for its neuroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Fayez Morid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Üstündağ FD, Ünal İ, Üstündağ ÜV, Cansız D, Beler M, Alturfan AA, Tiber PM, Emekli-Alturfan E. Morphine ameliorates pentylenetetrazole-induced locomotor pattern in zebrafish embryos; mechanism involving regulation of opioid receptors, suppression of oxidative stress, and inflammation in epileptogenesis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:151-160. [PMID: 35866229 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is becoming an increasingly important model in epilepsy research. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a convulsant agent that induces epileptic seizure-like state in zebrafish and zebrafish embryos and is most commonly used in antiepileptic drug discovery research to evaluate seizure mechanisms. Classical antiepileptic drugs, such as valproic acid (VPA) reduce PTZ-induced epileptiform activities. Opioid system has been suggested to play a role in epileptogenesis. The aim of our study is to determine the effects of morphine in PTZ-induced epilepsy model in zebrafish embryos by evaluating locomotor activity and parameters related to oxidant-antioxidant status, inflammation, and cholinergic system as well as markers of neuronal activity c-fos, bdnf, and opioid receptors. Zebrafish embryos at 72 hpf were exposed to PTZ (20 mM), VPA (1 mM), and Morphine (MOR) (100 µM). MOR and VPA pretreated groups were treated with either MOR (MOR + PTZ) or VPA (VPA + PTZ) for 20 min before PTZ expoure. Locomotor activity was quantified as total distance moved (mm), average speed (mm/sec) and exploration rate (%) and analyzed using ToxTrac tracking programme. Oxidant-antioxidant system parameters, acetylcholinesterase activity, and sialic acid leves were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The expression of c-fos, bdnf, oprm1, and oprd1 were evaluated by RT-PCR. MOR pretreatment ameliorated PTZ-induced locomotor pattern as evidenced by improved average speed, exploration rate and distance traveled. We report the restoration of inflammatory and oxidant-antioxidant system parameters, c-fos, bdnf, and opioid receptor oprm1 as the possible mechanisms involved in the ameliorative effect of MOR against PTZ-induced epileptogenic process in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fümet Duygu Üstündağ
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Veli Üstündağ
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merih Beler
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Mega Tiber
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mowaad NA, El-Shamarka MEA, Khadrawy YA. The Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Boldenone and/or Tramadol in Adult Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 48:1320-1333. [PMID: 36449200 PMCID: PMC10066173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBoldenone and tramadol are abused among large sectors of adolescents. Therefore, the behavioral changes concerned with memory and cognitive functions and neurochemical variations were investigated in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. Rats were divided into control and rats treated with boldenone, tramadol, or both drugs. At the end of the treatment period, the memory and cognitive functions were evaluated by the Y-maze test (YMT) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and the motor activity was determined by the open field test (OFT). The cortex was dissected to carry out the neurochemical analyses. Rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol showed impaired memory and cognitive functions and reduced motor activity. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) decreased significantly. Western blot data showed a significant decrease in Bcl2 and a significant increase in caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. These changes were associated with neuronal death as indicated from the histopathological examination.The present findings indicate that boldenone and/or tramadol induced impairment in memory and cognitive functions. These changes could be mediated by the increase in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduced AChE level, and reduced number of survived neurons in the cortex as indicated from the decreased Bcl2 level and the histological examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Mowaad
- Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons,Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa E A El-Shamarka
- Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons,Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behouth St, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jain S, Rathnamala M, Narne VK. Evaluation of Auditory Processing and Working Memory Abilities in Individuals with Chronic Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis. AUDITORY PERCEPTION & COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25742442.2022.2036538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saransh Jain
- Associate Professor in Audiology, Jss Institute of Speech and Hearing, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Monica Rathnamala
- Clinical Supervisor, Jss Institute of Speech and Hearing, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Narne
- Senior Research Scientist, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohammed HS, Khadrawy YA. Electrophysiological and neurochemical evaluation of the adverse effects of REM sleep deprivation and epileptic seizures on rat's brain. Life Sci 2021; 273:119303. [PMID: 33667518 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study aims to investigate the impact of paradoxical (REM) sleep deprivation and/or epileptic seizures on rat's cortical brain tissues. MAIN METHODS Animals were divided into four groups; control, epileptic, REM sleep deprived and epileptic subjected to REM sleep deprivation. Electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals were recorded and quantitatively analyzed for each group. Concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters; proinflammatory cytokines; and oxidative stress parameters; and acetylcholinesterase activity were determined in the cortex of the animals in different groups. KEY FINDINGS Results showed significant variations in the spectral distribution of ECoG waves in the epilepsy model, 24- and 48-hours of REM sleep deprivation and their combined effects indicating a state of cortical hyperexcitability. Significant increases in NO and taurine and significant decrement in glutamine, GABA and glycine were determined. In REM sleep deprived rats significant elevation in glutamate, aspartate, glycine and taurine and a significant lowering in GABA were obtained. This was accompanied by significant reduction in AchE and IL-β. In the cortical tissue of epileptic rats deprived from REM sleep significant increases in lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and aspartate and a significant reduction in AchE were observed. SIGNIFICANCE The present data indicate that REM sleep deprivation induces an increase in lipid peroxidation and storming in proinflammatory cytokines in the cortex of rat model of epilepsy during SRS. These changes are associated with a decreased seizure threshold as inferred from the increase in alpha and Beta waves and a decrease in Delta waves of ECoG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham S Mohammed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silkis IG. Role of Acetylcholine and GABAergic Inhibitory Transmission in Seizure Pattern Generation in Neural Networks Integrating the Neocortex, Hippocampus, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Effect of rutin on anxiety-like behavior and activity of acetylcholinesterase isoforms in specific brain regions of pentylenetetrazol-treated mice. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106632. [PMID: 31747631 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of rutin administration (100 mg/kg/day) to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-treated Balb-c mice (60 mg/kg/day), with respect to anxiety-like behavior using both open-field and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in salt-soluble (SS) fraction and detergent-soluble (DS) fraction of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, midbrain, and diencephalon. Our results demonstrated that the administration of PTZ in 3 doses and the induction of seizures increased significantly anxiety behavior of mice and reduced significantly DS-AChE activity in all brain regions examined, while the reduction in the SS fraction was brain region-specific. Rutin administration to normal mice did not affect their behavior, while it induced a brain region-specific reduction in SS-AChE and a significant decrease in DS-AChE in all brain regions. We demonstrated for the first time that pretreatment of PTZ-mice with rutin (PTZ + Rutin group) prevented the manifestation of anxiety and induced interestingly a further significant reduction on the SS- and DS-AChE activities only in the cerebral cortex and striatum, in comparison with PTZ group. Our results show that rutin exhibits an important anxiolytic effect and an anticholinesterase activity in specific brain areas in the seizure model of PTZ.
Collapse
|
10
|
Alachkar A, Azimullah S, Ojha SK, Beiram R, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Sadek B. The Neuroprotective Effects of Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonist E177 on Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224106. [PMID: 31739417 PMCID: PMC6891424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a multifaceted neurological disorder which severely affects neuronal function. Some patients may experience status epilepticus (SE), a life-threatening state of ongoing seizure activity linked to cognitive dysfunction, necessitating an immediate intervention. The potential of histamine H3 receptors in several neuropsychiatric diseases including epilepsy is well recognized. In the current study, we aimed to explore the effect of H3R antagonist E177 on prevention and termination of pilocarpine (PLC)-induced SE in rats as well as evaluating the effects of E177 on the levels of oxidative stress in hippocampus tissues. The results showed that the survival rate of animals pretreated with E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was significantly increased during the first hour of observation, and animals were protected from SE incidence and showed a prolonged average of latency to the first seizure when compared with animals pretreated with PLC (400 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, the protective effect of E177 (10 mg/kg) on SE was partially reversed when rats were co- administered with H3R agonist R-(α)-methylhistamine (RAM) and with the H2R antagonist zolantidine (ZOL), but not with the H1R antagonist pyrilamine (PYR). Furthermore, pretreatment with E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the abnormal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased levels of glutathione (GSH) in the hippocampal tissues of the treated rats. However, E177 failed to modulate the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), or acetylcholine esterase activity (AChE). Our findings suggest that the newly developed H3R antagonist E177 provides neuroprotection in a preclinical PLC-induced SE in rats, highlighting the histaminergic system as a potential therapeutic target for the therapeutic management of SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-3-7137-512; Fax: +971-3-7672-033
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mazumder MK, Paul R, Bhattacharya P, Borah A. Neurological sequel of chronic kidney disease: From diminished Acetylcholinesterase activity to mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and inflammation in mice brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3097. [PMID: 30816118 PMCID: PMC6395638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing prevalence, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global health problem. Due to the retention of uremic toxins, electrolytes and water, and the resultant metabolic disturbances, CKD affects several organs, including the nervous system. Thus, CKD patients suffer from several neurological complications, including dementia, cognitive impairment, motor abnormalities, depression, and mood and sleep disturbances. However, the mechanisms underlying the neurological complications are least elucidated. We have recently reported a highly reproducible mice model of CKD induced by high adenine diet, which exhibited psychomotor behavioral abnormalities and blood-brain barrier disruption. In the present study, using the mice model, we have investigated psycho-motor and cognitive behaviour, and the neurochemical and histopathological alterations in brain relevant to the observed behavioural abnormalities. The results demonstrate global loss of Acetylcholinesterase activity, and decrease in neuronal arborisation and dendritic spine density in discrete brain regions, of the CKD mice. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunctions were found in specific brain regions of the mice, which have been regarded as the underlying causes of the observed neurochemical and histopathological alterations. Thus, the present study is of immense importance, and has therapeutic implications in the management of CKD-associated neurological complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Khairujjaman Mazumder
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, Assam, India
| | - Rajib Paul
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, Assam, India.,Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Eraligool-788723, Karimganj, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Das A, Sarwar MS, Hossain MS, Karmakar P, Islam MS, Hussain ME, Banik S. Elevated Serum Lipid Peroxidation and Reduced Vitamin C and Trace Element Concentrations Are Correlated With Epilepsy. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; 50:63-72. [PMID: 29788779 DOI: 10.1177/1550059418772755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is one of the chronic and heterogeneous epidemic neurological disorders leading to substantial mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin C, and trace elements namely zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in epileptic patients of Bangladesh and to establish if there are any pathophysiological correlations. METHODS This was a case-control study with 40 generalized epileptic patients and 40 healthy subjects as controls. Epilepsy was determined by the presence of seizure events with an abnormal electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging report of brain. RESULTS Anthropometric parameters highlighted that age is a major risk factor of epilepsy and men are more prone to epilepsy than women. Blood serum analysis demonstrated significantly ( P < .001) higher values of MDA and lower level of vitamin C in the patient group (4.41 ± 0.76 μmol/mL and 18.31 ± 0.84 μmol/L, respectively) compared with control (1.81 ± 0.70 μmol/mL and 29.72 ± 1.06 μmol/L, respectively). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the serum level of MDA and vitamin C for both patient ( r = -0.023, P = .887) and control group ( r = -0.142, P = .383). This study also revealed that the trace elements (Zn, Cu) were significantly ( P < .05) lower in epileptics (68.32 ± 4.59 and 50.81 ± 2.54 μg/dL, respectively) where the level of Mn in patients (187.71 ± 9.04 μg/dL) was almost similar to that of the control group ( P > .05). The univariate analysis demonstrated that zinc <70 μg/dL (odds ratio = 3.56, P < .05) and copper <50 μg/dL were associated (odds ratio = 14.73, P < .001) with an increased risk of epilepsy. Establishment of interelement relationship strongly supported that there was a disturbance in the element homeostasis of epileptic patients. CONCLUSIONS The study results strengthen the role of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and trace elements in the pathogenesis and warrant larger studies to investigate the association of these biochemical parameters with epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Das
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahid Sarwar
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shohel Hossain
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Manarat International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Palash Karmakar
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hussain
- 3 Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sujan Banik
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nadia MSA, Sayed MR, Sara AM. Exploration of the neurotoxicity of ciprofloxcin or gatifloxacin single dose in rat cortex and hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2014.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
14
|
Kolaviron, isolated from Garcinia kola, inhibits acetylcholinesterase activities in the hippocampus and striatum of wistar rats. Ann Neurosci 2014; 20:42-6. [PMID: 25206011 PMCID: PMC4117109 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kolaviron, isolated from seeds of Garcinia kola, have been shown to possess wide pharmacological properties. PURPOSE The present study examined the effect of kolaviron on acetylcholinesterase activities in the hippocampus and striatum of adult Wistar rats. METHODS In this study, histological and histochemical methods were used to investigate the effects of kolaviron on the histology of the hippocampus and striatum and on acetylcholinesterase activities in these brain regions. RESULTS We showed that kolaviron produced no neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus and striatum. Kolaviron did not significantly alter (p<0.05) neuronal density in these brain regions. Kolaviron significantly reduced (p<0.05) acetylcholinesterase staining intensity, suggesting a likely inhibiting effect on this enzyme. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that kolaviron could act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Kolaviron may be developed as a herbal-based natural product with therapeutic potential in the management of neurodegenerative disorders associated with disturbed cholinergic neurotransmitter systems.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jothy SL, Torey A, Darah I, Choong YS, Saravanan D, Chen Y, Latha LY, Deivanai S, Sasidharan S. Cassia spectabilis (DC) Irwin et Barn: a promising traditional herb in health improvement. Molecules 2012; 17:10292-305. [PMID: 22932211 PMCID: PMC6268459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cassia, comprising about 600 species widely distributed worldwide is well known for its diverse biological and pharmacological properties. Cassia spectabilis (sin Senna spectabilis) (DC) Irwin et Barn (Fabaceae) is widely grown as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas. C. spectabilis has been commonly used in traditional medicine for many years. Information in the biomedical literature has indicated the presence of a variety of medicinally-important chemical constituents in C. spectabilis. Pharmacological studies by various groups of investigators have shown that C. spectabilis possesses significant biological activity, such as antibacterial, antibiofilm, antifungal and antioxidant properties. Beside this, toxicity studies of this plant have revealed no toxic effect on mice. In view of the immense medicinal importance of C. spectabilis, this review aimed at compiling all currently available information on C. spectabilis’s botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and mechanism of actions, toxicology and its ethnomedicinal uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanion L. Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Angeline Torey
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Ibrahim Darah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Dharmaraj Saravanan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kota Kampus, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research and Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Subramanian Deivanai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Batu 3½, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Costa DA, de Oliveira GAL, Lima TC, dos Santos PS, de Sousa DP, de Freitas RM. Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant Effects of Cyano-carvone and Its Action on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Mice Hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:633-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Silva F, Silva M, Cerqueira G, Sabino E, Almeida A, Costa J, Freitas R. Central Nervous System Effects of Iso-6-spectaline Isolated from Senna Spectabilis var. Excelsa (Schrad) in Mice. J Young Pharm 2011; 3:232-6. [PMID: 21897664 PMCID: PMC3159278 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.83772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) depressant and anticonvulsant activities of iso-6-spectaline (SPEC) were investigated in animal models. The SPEC from Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Schrad) (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ kg) injected by oral route (p.o.) in mice caused a significant decrease in the motor activity up to 30 days after the administration and in the dose of 1.0 mg/kg significantly reduced the remaining time on the Rota-rod apparatus. Additionally, SPEC (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) was also capable of promoting increase of latency for development of convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole. This SPEC was also capable of promoting an increase of latency for development of convulsions induced by picrotoxin at highest dose. In the same way, the anticonvulsant effect of SPEC was affected by pretreatment with flumazenil, a selective antagonist of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor. These results suggest possible CNS depressant and anticonvulsant activities in mice that needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fo Silva
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry of Federal University of Piauí, CEP 64.049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evaluation of central nervous system effects of iso-6-cassine isolated from Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Schrad) in mice. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:255-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Júnior HVN, de França Fonteles MM, Mendes de Freitas R. Acute seizure activity promotes lipid peroxidation, increased nitrite levels and adaptive pathways against oxidative stress in the frontal cortex and striatum. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:130-7. [PMID: 20592767 PMCID: PMC2763238 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.3.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments have shown that the generation of free radicals in rat brain homogenates is increased following pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus (SE). This study was aimed at investigating the changes in neurochemical mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation levels, nitrite content, glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the frontal cortex and the striatum of Wistar adult rats after seizures and SE induced by pilocarpine. The control group was treated with 0.9% saline and another group of rats received pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.). Both groups were sacrificed 24 h after the treatments. Lipid peroxidation level, nitrite content, GSH concentration and enzymatic activities were measured by using spectrophotometric methods. Our findings showed that pilocarpine administration and its resulting seizures and SE produced a significant increase of lipid peroxidation level in the striatum (47%) and frontal cortex (59%). Nitrite contents increased 49% and 73% in striatum and frontal cortex in pilocarpine group, respectively. In GSH concentrations were decreases of 54% and 58% in the striatum and frontal cortex in pilocarpine group, respectively. The catalase activity increased 39% and 49% in the striatum and frontal cortex, respectively. The superoxide dismutase activity was not altered in the striatum, but it was present at a 24% increase in frontal cortex. These results suggest that there is a direct relationship between the lipid peroxidation and nitrite contents during epileptic activity that can be responsible for the superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic activity changes observed during the establishment of seizures and SE induced by pilocarpine.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wilhelm EA, Jesse CR, Roman SS, Bortolatto CF, Nogueira CW. Anticonvulsant effect of (E)-2-benzylidene-4-phenyl-1,3-diselenole in a pilocarpine model in mice. Life Sci 2010; 87:620-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Visweswari G, Prasad KS, Chetan PS, Lokanatha V, Rajendra W. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant effect of Centella asiatica (gotu kola) in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures with respect to cholinergic neurotransmission. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 17:332-5. [PMID: 20144879 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study described here was carried out to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica with respect to cholinergic activity on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six rats each: nonepileptic rats treated with saline; PTZ (60 mg/kg, IP)-induced seizure rats treated with saline; PTZ-induced seizure rats pretreated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water extracts of C. asiatica; and PTZ-induced seizure rats pretreated with diazepam (2mg/kg body wt). The seized rats pretreated with different extracts were administered a dose of 200mg/kg body wt orally for 1 week before induction of epilepsy. Increased acetylcholine content and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity were recorded in different brain regions during PTZ-induced seizures. Pretreatment with C. asiatica extracts caused recovery of the levels of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase. These findings suggest that C. asiatica causes perceptible changes in the cholinergic system as one of the facets of its anticonvulsant activity.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sales I, Freitas R, Saldanha G, Souza G, Freitas R. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities are reduced in rat striatum and frontal cortex after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Neurosci Lett 2010; 469:81-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
23
|
Pilocarpine-induced seizures produce alterations on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and deficit memory in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:569-75. [PMID: 19941057 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of seizures on rat performance in the Morris water maze task, as well as on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in rat hippocampus. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group) and pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 1 h. The changes on reference and working spatial memory caused by pilocarpine administration were observed in seized rats. The ChAT and AChE activities were measured using spectrophotometric methods and the results compared to values obtained from saline animals. Its activities were also determined after behavioral task. Results showed that seizures alter reference memory when compared to saline-treated animals. In the working memory task, we observed a significant day's effect with significant differences between control and pilocarpine-induced seizures. In pilocarpine group, it was observed a significant decreased in ChAT and AChE activities, when compared to control group. Our findings suggest that seizures caused cognitive dysfunction and a decrease of ChAT and AChE activities that might be related, at least in part, to the neurological problems presented by seizures induced by pilocarpine.
Collapse
|
24
|
de Freitas RM. Lipoic Acid increases hippocampal choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and improvement memory in epileptic rats. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:162-70. [PMID: 19669875 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effect of seizures on rat performance in the Morris water maze task, as well as on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in rat hippocampus. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group), lipoic acid (20 mg/kg, i.p., LA group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group), and the association of LA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before of administration of LA (LA plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 1 h. The effect of lipoic acid administration was observed on reference and working spatial memory of seized rats. The ChAT and AChE activities were measured using spectrophotometric methods and the results compared to values obtained from saline and pilocarpine-treated animals. Its activity was also determined after behavioral task. Results showed that pretreatment with lipoic acid did not alter reference memory when compared to saline-treated animals. In the working memory task, we observed a significant day's effect with significant differences between control and pilocarpine-induced seizures and pretreated animals with lipoic acid. In LA plus pilocarpine group was observed a significantly increased in ChAT and AChE activities, when compared to pilocarpine group. Results showed that acute administration of lipoic acid alone did not alter hippocampal ChAT and AChE activities. Our findings suggest that seizures caused cognitive dysfunction and a decrease of ChAT and AChE activities that might be related, at least in part, to the neurological problems presented by epileptic patients. Lipoic acid can reverse cognitive dysfunction observed in seized rats as well as increase the ChAT and AChE activities in hippocampus of rats prior to pilocarpine-induced seizures, suggesting that this antioxidant could be used in clinic treatment of epilepsy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Jesse CR, Savegnago L, Rocha JB, Nogueira CW. Neuroprotective effect caused by MPEP, an antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5, on seizures induced by pilocarpine in 21-day-old rats. Brain Res 2008; 1198:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Zhu W, Wang D, Zheng J, An Y, Wang Q, Zhang W, Jin L, Gao H, Lin L. Effect of (R)-salsolinol and N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol on the balance impairment between dopamine and acetylcholine in rat brain: involvement in pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Clin Chem 2008; 54:705-12. [PMID: 18238832 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.097725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, affects at least 1% of population above the age of 65. Although the specific etiology of PD remains unclear, recently the endogenous neurotoxins such as (R)-salsolinol [(R)-Sal] and N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol [(R)-NMSal] have been thought to play a major role in PD. Much interest is focused on the degeneration of dopamine neurons induced by these neurotoxins. However, little literature is available on the impact of endogenous neurotoxins on the balance between dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh). METHODS After injection of (R)-Sal or (R)-NMSal into the rat brain striatum, the concentrations of DA and its metabolites were detected by HPLC with electrochemical detection. We assessed the influence of neurotoxins on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and developed a microdialysis-electrochemical device to measure ACh concentrations with enzyme-modified electrodes. RESULTS (R)-Sal and (R)-NMSal led to concentration-dependent decreases in the activity of AChE. ACh concentrations in striatum treated with (R)-Sal or (R)-NMSal were increased to 131.7% and 239.8% of control, respectively. As to the dopaminergic system, (R)-NMSal caused a significant decrease in DA concentrations and (R)-Sal reduced the concentrations of DA metabolites in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS (R)-Sal and (R)-NMSal exerted a considerable effect on the balance between DA and ACh by impairing the cholinergic system as well as the dopaminergic system. It is likely that the disruption of balance between DA and ACh plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurotoxin-induced PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
(1) Status epilepticus is a significant health problem that is under-recognized, yet is associated with major morbidity and mortality. (2) Mechanisms accounting for status epilepticus emergence from a single seizure, and for prolonged status epilepticus duration, remain unclear. (3) No randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses were found in any of the databases searched regarding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of status epilepticus in humans. (4) Ongoing and future research is likely to more clearly define the pathogenetic mechanisms of status epilepticus. This, in turn, is likely to encourage better treatment 'targeting' for particular aspects of the condition.
Collapse
|
28
|
Pereira MB, Freitas RLM, Assis MAG, Silva RF, Fonteles MMF, Freitas RM, Takahashi RN. Study pharmacologic of the GABAergic and glutamatergic drugs on seizures and status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine in adult Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2007; 419:253-7. [PMID: 17499921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats. Glutamate (10 and 20 mg/kg), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA, 5 and 10 mg/kg), ketamine (1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg), gabapentin (200 and 250 mg/kg), phenobarbital (50 and 100 mg/kg) and vigabatrin (250 and 500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, 30 min prior to pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were observed (24 h) to determine: number of peripheral cholinergic signs, tremors, stereotyped movements, seizures, SE, latency to first seizure and number of deaths after pilocarpine treatment. NMDA and glutamate had pro-convulsive effects in both doses tested. Smaller and higher doses of these drugs no protected and increased pilocarpine-induced seizures and/or mortality. Gabapentin, vigabatrin, phenobarbital and ketamine protected against seizures and increased the latency to first seizure. Thus, these results suggest that caution should be taken in the selection of pharmacotherapy and dosages for patients with seizures and SE because of the possibility of facility the convulsive process toxicity, SE and the mortality of adult animals in this seizures model that is similar temporal lobo epilepsy in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Pereira
- Curso de Farmácia, Faculdade Católica Rainha do Sertão, Rua Juvêncio Alves 660, Centro, Quixadá 63900-00, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Freitas RM, Sousa FCF, Viana GSB, Fonteles MMF. Effect of gabaergic, glutamatergic, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:79-83. [PMID: 17011125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats. Fluoxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate, 10 and 20 mg/kg), amitriptyline (25 and 50 mg/kg), ketamine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg), gabapentin (100 and 150 mg/kg) and pimozide (10 and 20 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, 30 min prior to pilocarpine (400mg/kg, s.c.). The animals were observed (24h) to determine: number of peripheral cholinergic signs, tremors, stereotyped movements, seizures, SE, latency to first seizure and number of deaths after pilocarpine treatment. Fluoxetine, amitriptyline, NMDA, and pimozide had proconvulsant effects in both doses tested. Smaller and higher doses of these drugs no protected and increased pilocarpine-induced seizures and/or mortality. Gabapentin and ketamine protected against seizures and reduced the latency to first seizure. Thus, these results suggest that caution should be taken in the selection of pharmacotherapy and dosages for patients with epilepsy because of the possibility of potentiating convulsive process toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Freitas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-970, CE, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|