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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Álvarez I, Pastor P, Agúndez JAG. Genomic Markers for Essential Tremor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060516. [PMID: 34072005 PMCID: PMC8226734 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many reports suggesting an important role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of essential tremor (ET), encouraging continuing the research for possible genetic markers. Linkage studies in families with ET have identified 4 genes/loci for familial ET, although the responsible gene(s) have not been identified. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) described several variants in LINGO1, SLC1A2, STK32B, PPARGC1A, and CTNNA3, related with ET, but none of them have been confirmed in replication studies. In addition, the case-control association studies performed for candidate variants have not convincingly linked any gene with the risk for ET. Exome studies described the association of several genes with familial ET (FUS, HTRA2, TENM4, SORT1, SCN11A, NOTCH2NLC, NOS3, KCNS2, HAPLN4, USP46, CACNA1G, SLIT3, CCDC183, MMP10, and GPR151), but they were found only in singular families and, again, not found in other families or other populations, suggesting that some can be private polymorphisms. The search for responsible genes for ET is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, E28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-636-96-83-95; Fax: +34-913-28-07-04
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - Pau Pastor
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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Chittoor-Vinod VG, Nichols RJ, Schüle B. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influence the Pleomorphy of LRRK2 Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 33494262 PMCID: PMC7864502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 gene were first identified as a pathogenic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2004. Soon thereafter, a founder mutation in LRRK2, p.G2019S (rs34637584), was described, and it is now estimated that there are approximately 100,000 people worldwide carrying this risk variant. While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism has been largely indistinguishable from sporadic PD, disease penetrance and age at onset can be quite variable. In addition, its neuropathological features span a wide range from nigrostriatal loss with Lewy body pathology, lack thereof, or atypical neuropathology, including a large proportion of cases with concomitant Alzheimer's pathology, hailing LRRK2 parkinsonism as the "Rosetta stone" of parkinsonian disorders, which provides clues to an understanding of the different neuropathological trajectories. These differences may result from interactions between the LRRK2 mutant protein and other proteins or environmental factors that modify LRRK2 function and, thereby, influence pathobiology. This review explores how potential genetic and biochemical modifiers of LRRK2 function may contribute to the onset and clinical presentation of LRRK2 parkinsonism. We review which genetic modifiers of LRRK2 influence clinical symptoms, age at onset, and penetrance, what LRRK2 mutations are associated with pleomorphic LRRK2 neuropathology, and which environmental modifiers can augment LRRK2 mutant pathophysiology. Understanding how LRRK2 function is influenced and modulated by other interactors and environmental factors-either increasing toxicity or providing resilience-will inform targeted therapeutic development in the years to come. This will allow the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD- and LRRK2-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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3
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Chen H, Yuan L, Song Z, Deng X, Yang Z, Gong L, Zi X, Deng H. Genetic Analysis of LRRK1 and LRRK2 Variants in Essential Tremor Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 22:398-402. [PMID: 29812962 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common adult-onset movement disorders. ET and Parkinson's disease (PD) overlap clinically and pathologically, which prompted this investigation into the association of PD risk variants in ET patients. This study was designed to explore the role of variants of two PD-related genes LRRK1 and LRRK2 in a Han Chinese ET population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic analysis of LRRK1, rs2924835, and LRRK2, rs34594498, rs34410987, and rs33949390 variants was conducted on 200 Han Chinese patients with ET and 434 ethnically matched normal controls. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were identified in either genotypic or allelic frequencies of variants between the ET patients and the control cohort (all p > 0.05). Haplotype analysis of three LRRK2 variants (rs34594498, rs34410987, and rs33949390) showed no haplotypes displayed an association with ET risk (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that LRRK1 variant (rs2924835) and LRRK2 variants (rs34594498, rs34410987, and rs33949390) are not associated with ET in this Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- 2 Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Song
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Deng
- 2 Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- 2 Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Lina Gong
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Zi
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
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Ng ASL, Ng EYL, Tan YJ, Prakash KM, Au WL, Tan LCS, Tan EK. Case-control analysis of LRRK2 protective variants in Essential Tremor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5346. [PMID: 29593234 PMCID: PMC5871891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-existence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) may reflect overlapping pathophysiology underlying both conditions. Furthermore, PD patients with leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) mutations may present with ET-like features, suggesting the possibility of common genetic underpinnings. Two common LRRK2 variants, R1398H and N551K, have been shown to be protective in multiple PD cohorts. We hypothesized that R1398H and N551K may show a similar effect in ET. In a case-control study involving 3198 subjects (2680 controls and 518 ET cases), R1398H was detected in 16.6% of ET cases compared to 18.0% in controls (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.71–1.17, p = 0.46); while N551K was detected in 16.5% of ET cases compared to 18.0% of controls (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.69–1.15, p = 0.37). While these results suggest that LRRK2 R1398H or N551K do not appear to modulate the risk of ET, it remains possible that a protective trend for both variants may be present in ET and a much larger sample size is required to identify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline S L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
| | - Ebonne Y L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Yi Jayne Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Kumar M Prakash
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Wing Lok Au
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Louis C S Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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Hicks JE, Konidari I, Scott BL, Stajich JM, Ashley-Koch AE, Gilbert JR, Scott WK. Linkage of familial essential tremor to chromosome 5q35. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1059-62. [PMID: 26918299 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor is a neurological condition characterized by tremor during voluntary movement. To date, 3 loci linked to familial essential tremor have been identified. METHODS We examined 48 essential tremor patients in 5 large essential tremor pedigrees in our data set for genetic linkage using an Affymetrix Axiom array. Linkage analysis was performed using an affecteds-only dominant model in SIMWALK2. To incorporate all genotype information, GERMLINE was used to identify genome segments shared identical-by-descent in pairs of affecteds. Exome sequencing was performed in pedigrees showing evidence of linkage. RESULTS For one family, chromosomes 5 and 18 showed genome-wide significant linkage to essential tremor. Shared segment analysis excluded the 18p11 candidate region and reduced the 5q35 region by 1 megabase. Exome sequencing did not identify a potential causative variant in this region. CONCLUSION A locus on chromosome 5 is linked to essential tremor. Further research is needed to identify a causative variant. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hicks
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ioanna Konidari
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Burton L Scott
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Stajich
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - John R Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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6
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Van Gerpen JA, Ross OA. Essential Tremor. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Pastor P, Agúndez JAG. Update on genetics of essential tremor. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:359-71. [PMID: 23682623 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the research, few advances in the etiopathogenesis on essential tremor (ET) have been made to date. The high frequency of positive family history of ET and the observed high concordance rates in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins support a major role of genetic factors in the development of ET. In addition, a possible role of environmental factors has been suggested in the etiology of ET (at least in non-familial forms). Although several gene variants in the LINGO1 gene may increase the risk of ET, to date no causative mutated genes have been identified. In this review, we summarize the studies performed on families with tremor, twin studies, linkage studies, case-control association studies, and exome sequencing in familial ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
| | - H. Alonso-Navarro
- Section of Neurology; Hospital Universitario del Sureste; Arganda del Rey Madrid Spain
| | - E. García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
- AMGenomics; Edificio Tajo, Avda. de la Universidad s/n; Cáceres Spain
| | - O. Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory; Division of Neurosciences; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Neurology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra School of Medicine; Pamplona Spain
| | - P. Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory; Division of Neurosciences; Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA); University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Neurology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra School of Medicine; Pamplona Spain
- CIBERNED; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - J. A. G. Agúndez
- AMGenomics; Edificio Tajo, Avda. de la Universidad s/n; Cáceres Spain
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
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8
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Liang H, Song Z, Deng X, Xu H, Zhu A, Zheng W, Zhao Y, Deng H. Genetic analysis of the leucine-rich repeat and lg domain containing Nogo receptor-interacting protein 1 gene in essential tremor. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:403-7. [PMID: 23754655 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the leucine-rich repeat and lg domain containing nogo receptor-interacting protein 1 gene (LINGO1) have been identified to be associated with the increased risk of essential tremor (ET), especially among Caucasians. To explore whether the LINGO1 gene plays a role in ET susceptibility, we performed a systematic genetic analysis of the coding region in the LINGO1 gene. Four nucleotide variants have been genotyped, including three known variants (rs2271398, rs2271397, and rs3743481), and a novel G → C transition (ss491228439). Extended analysis showed no significant difference in genotypic and allelic distributions between 151 patients and 301 control subjects for these four variants (all P > 0.05). However, further sex-stratified analysis revealed that the C allele of rs2271397 and ss491228439 contributed the risk of ET in female (P = 0.017, OR = 2.139, 95 % CI 1.135 ~ 4.030 for rs2271397 and P = 0.038, OR = 1.812, 95 % CI 1.027 ~ 3.194 for ss491228439). Haplotype analysis indicated that A465-C474-C714 haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of ET in female (P = 0.041, OR = 1.800, 95 % CI 1.020 ~ 3.178). Our results indicate that the LINGO1 variants are associated with ET in Chinese Han female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
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Liu M, Bender SA, Cuny GD, Sherman W, Glicksman M, Ray SS. Type II kinase inhibitors show an unexpected inhibition mode against Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2 mutant G2019S. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1725-36. [PMID: 23379419 PMCID: PMC3966205 DOI: 10.1021/bi3012077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of well-known type II inhibitors (ATP-noncompetitive) that bind kinases in their DFG-out conformation were tested against wild-type LRRK2 and the most common Parkinson's disease-linked mutation, G2019S. We found that traditional type II inhibitors exhibit surprising variability in their inhibition mechanism between the wild type (WT) and the G2019S mutant of LRRK2. The type II kinase inhibitors were found to work in an ATP-competitive fashion against the G2019S mutant, whereas they appear to follow the expected noncompetitive mechanism against WT. Because the G2019S mutation lies in the DXG motif (DYG in LRRK2 but DFG in most other kinases) of the activation loop, we explored the structural consequence of the mutation on loop dynamics using an enhanced sampling method called metadynamics. The simulations suggest that the G2019S mutation stabilizes the DYG-in state of LRRK2 through a series of hydrogen bonds, leading to an increase in the conformational barrier between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme and a relative stabilization of the active form. The conformational bias toward the active form of LRRK2 mutants has two primary consequences. (1) The mutant enzyme becomes hyperactive, a known contributor to the Parkinsonian phenotype, as a consequence of being "locked" into the activated state, and (2) the mutation creates an unusual allosteric pocket that can bind type II inhibitors but in an ATP-competitive fashion. Our results suggest that developing type II inhibitors, which are generally considered superior to type I inhibitors because of desirable selectivity profiles, might be especially challenging for the G2019S LRRK2 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Gregory D Cuny
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Woody Sherman
- Schrodinger, 120 W. 45 Street, New York, NY, 10036
- Proteus Discovery Inc. 411 Massachusetts avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-410
| | - Marcie Glicksman
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Soumya S. Ray
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard University, 65 Landsdowne St., #452, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Proteus Discovery Inc. 411 Massachusetts avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-410
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Fekete R, Jankovic J. Revisiting the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26:391-8. [PMID: 21462256 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease has been a subject of reviews and debates for long time, but there is now growing evidence that the two common movement disorders are pathogenically related, at least in some patient populations. METHODS PubMed as well as authors' own files were searched for relevant keywords regarding overlap between the disorders in clinical features as well as on epidemiologic, genetic, imaging, and pathological studies. RESULTS New findings in each of these categories are critically reviewed and placed in the context of previously published data. DISCUSSION Although we believe that there is compelling evidence for the notion that some patients with "pure" ET evolve into PD, the biologic nature of the association is not well understood. Furthermore, it is not clear what factors predict which ET patients later develop PD and whether patients with PD are more likely to develop ET. Further epidemiologic, clinical, genetic, imaging, and pathological studies are needed to better understand this mixed, ET-PD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fekete
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Guo Y, Jankovic J, Song Z, Yang H, Zheng W, Le W, Tang X, Deng X, Yang Y, Deng S, Luo Z, Deng H. LINGO1 rs9652490 variant in Parkinson disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:174-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Replication of the LINGO1 gene association with essential tremor in a North American population. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:838-43. [PMID: 20372186 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A marker in the LINGO1 gene, rs9652490, showing significant genome-wide association with essential tremor (ET), was recently reported in an Icelandic population. To replicate this association in an independent population from North America, we genotyped 15 SNPs in the LINGO1 gene in 257 Caucasian ET cases ('definite,' 'probable' or 'possible') and 265 controls enrolled in an epidemiological study at Columbia University. We observed a marginally significant association with allele G of the marker rs9652490 (P=0.0569, odds ratio (OR)=1.33). However, for 'definite' or 'probable' ET, rs9652490 was significantly associated with ET (P=0.03, OR=1.41). Our subsequent analysis of early-onset ET (age at onset <40 years) revealed that three SNPs, rs177008, rs13313467 and rs8028808, were significantly associated with ET (P=0.028, OR=1.52; P=0.0238, OR=1.54; and P=0.0391, OR=1.55, respectively). These three SNPs represent a 2.3 kb haplotype. Finally, a meta-analysis of three published studies confirms allelic association with rs9652490 and two adjacent SNPs. Our study independently confirms that the LINGO1 gene is a risk factor for ET in a Caucasian population in North America, and further shows that those with early-onset ET are likely to be at high risk.
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Haubenberger D, Hotzy C, Pirker W, Katzenschlager R, Brücke T, Zimprich F, Auff E, Zimprich A. Role of LINGO1 polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2404-7. [PMID: 19908305 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical overlap between Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) has prompted a discussion whether these conditions share common genetic susceptibility factors. Recently, the first genome-wide association study in ET revealed a significant association with a variant in the LINGO1 gene. LINGO1 has also been demonstrated to play a role in the survival of dopaminergic neurons in an animal model of PD, and therefore constitutes a potential candidate gene for PD. In this study, SNPs rs9652490, rs11856808, and rs7177008 of LINGO1 were genotyped in a total of 694 Austrian subjects (349 PD, 345 controls). No association could be found between genotype or allele counts and PD. Neither did a subgroup analysis in tremor-dominant patients with PD reveal a significant association. This study on LINGO1-variants in PD argues against a major role of LINGO1 gene variations for PD.
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14
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Clark LN, Kisselev S, Park N, Ross B, Verbitsky M, Rios E, Alcalay RN, Lee JH, Louis ED. Mutations in the Parkinson's disease genes, Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) and Glucocerebrosidase (GBA), are not associated with essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 16:132-5. [PMID: 19527940 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated an association between essential tremor (ET) and the Parkinson's disease (PD) genes, Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) and Glucocerebrosidase (GBA). Clinical studies demonstrate an association between ET and PD, suggesting possible shared pathophysiologies, yet LRRK2 has rarely been studied in ET, and GBA, not at all. ET cases (n = 275, including 42 with rest tremor) and controls (n = 289) were enrolled in an epidemiological study (Columbia University). Post-mortem brain tissue samples were obtained on 24 additional ET cases, including 3 with brainstem Lewy bodies. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the LRRK2 gene by genotyping 4 LRRK2 mutations (G2019S, I2020T, R1441C and Y1699C), 2 rare LRRK2 variants (L1114L and I1122V) and 19 LRRK2 SNPs. All GBA exons were sequenced in a subset of 93 Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) cases, 62 AJ controls and 24 ET brains. LRRK2 mutations were not found in any ET cases or ET brains and none of the LRRK2 SNPs was associated with ET. GBA mutations were found in 7.5% (7/93) of AJ ET cases and 4.8% (3/62) of AJ controls (p = 0.75). 8.3% (2/24) of ET brains carried a GBA mutation. Four different heterozygous mutations were identified, including 3 previously reported mutations (N370S, R496H, and E326K) and 1 new missense variant (R44C). As suggested by several smaller prior reports, the known mutations for the LRRK2 gene are not risk factors for ET. Furthermore, a similar frequency of GBA mutations in AJ ET cases and controls suggests that GBA is not a common cause of ET either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine N Clark
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, NY 10032, USA.
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Keeling BH, Vilariño-Güell C, Ross OA, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Farrer MJ. DRD3 Ser9Gly and HS1BP3 Ala265Gly are not associated with Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:74-5. [PMID: 19524641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) and HCLS1 binding protein 3 (HS1BP3) have been nominated as risk factors for essential tremor (ET). Although ET and Parkinson disease (PD) are considered different entities, they have many overlapping clinical and pathological features. We aim to evaluate the role of the Ser9Gly variant in DRD3 and Ala265Gly in HS1BP3 in PD development. To this end, we genotyped these two variants in a PD matched case-control series from the United States. Statistical analysis failed to identify significant differences in the frequency of these variants between the case and control groups; therefore our results do not support a role for these DRD3 and HS1BP3 variants in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Keeling
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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16
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Guo Y, Jankovic J, Zhu S, Le W, Song Z, Xie W, Liao D, Yang H, Deng H. GIGYF2 Asn56Ser and Asn457Thr mutations in Parkinson disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2009; 454:209-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Common mutations in the LRRK2 exon 41 are not responsible for essential tremor in Italian patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008; 15:162-3. [PMID: 18556235 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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González-Fernández MC, Lezcano E, Ross OA, Gómez-Esteban JC, Gómez-Busto F, Velasco F, Alvarez-Alvarez M, Rodríguez-Martínez MB, Ciordia R, Zarranz JJ, Farrer MJ, Mata IF, de Pancorbo MM. Lrrk2-associated parkinsonism is a major cause of disease in Northern Spain. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13:509-15. [PMID: 17540608 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a comparative clinical and genetic study of Lrrk2-associated parkinsonism in Northern Spain. In our sample from the Basque region, Lrrk2 R1441G and G2019S account for 15 out of 50 kindreds (30%) with familial Parkinson's disease. We observe common founder haplotypes for both R1441G and G2019S carriers. Our findings highlight the importance of Lrrk2 parkinsonism in this population and may have important consequences for its extended Diaspora in North, Central and South Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C González-Fernández
- Servicio General de Investigación Genómica, Banco de ADN and Departamento de Z.y Biología Celular A., Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Deng H, Le W, Huang M, Xie W, Pan T, Jankovic J. Genetic analysis of LRRK2 P755L variant in Caucasian patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2007; 419:104-7. [PMID: 17482357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with major clinical features of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) have been identified both in familial and sporadic cases of PD. Recently, a P755L variant in the LRRK2 gene has been found to be responsible for 2% of Chinese patients with sporadic PD. To evaluate the frequency of the LRRK2 P755L variant in North American Caucasian patients with PD, we screened 426 PD patients and 37 additional patients with the combination of PD and essential tremor (ET) from our Parkinson Disease Center and Movement Clinic at Baylor College of Medicine. No P755L variant was found in our PD cohort. Therefore, we conclude that LRKK2 P755L variant is a rare cause of Caucasian PD and has no diagnostic utility in genetic testing of this population of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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