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Bhusal A, Kim JH, Kim SC, Hwang EM, Ryu H, Ali MS, Park SC, Lee WH, Suk K. The microglial innate immune protein PGLYRP1 mediates neuroinflammation and consequent behavioral changes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113813. [PMID: 38393947 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) is a pattern-recognition protein that mediates antibacterial actions and innate immune responses. Its expression and role in neuroinflammatory conditions remain unclear. We observed the upregulation of PGLYRP1 in inflamed human and mouse spinal cord and brain, with microglia being the primary cellular source. Experiments using a recombinant PGLYRP1 protein show that PGLYRP1 potentiates reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, and consequent behavioral changes in multiple animal models of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Pglyrp1 gene expression attenuates this inflammatory response. In addition, we identify triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM1) as an interaction partner of PGLYRP1 and demonstrate that PGLYRP1 promotes neuroinflammation through the TREM1-Syk-Erk1/2-Stat3 axis in cultured glial cells. Taken together, our results reveal a role for microglial PGLYRP1 as a neuroinflammation mediator. Finally, we propose that PGLYRP1 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sekendar Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Jin Y, Li L, Li JH, Nie P. Identification of PGRP2 and its three splice variants in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:933-938. [PMID: 35863538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 (PGRP2) gene was cloned in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, with the open reading frame (ORF) of PGRP2 being 1452 bp, encoding a protein of 483 amino acids. Three splice variants, PGRP2a, PGRP2b, and PGRP2c, were found also in grass carp with the absence of entire exon two and partial exon two of the PGRP2, and were predicted to have 124, 371 and 311 amino acids. But, they all have PGRP domain and signal peptide, except PGRP2a. The PGRP2 and its variants were expressed in all organs/tissues examined, and stimulated following PGN injection. It is further detected that the expression of gcPGRP2 and its variants was up-regulated after the single transfection of each of gcPGRP2 and its variant expression plasmids in CO cells. It is considered that the cloning of PGRP2 in grass carp provides a compositional completeness of PGRP members in this fish with the inclusion of previously reported PGRP5 and PGRP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Wang M, Bai Y, Chi H, Lin P, Wu Y, Cui J, Wang Y, Sun J, Lang MF. miR-451 protects against ischemic stroke by targeting Phd3. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113777. [PMID: 34058227 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke still remains a therapeutic challenge due to its complex pathogenesis and implications. By screening biomarkers in the peripheral blood of ischemic stroke patients, miR-451 was identified as a differentially expressed miRNA along the disease course of ischemic stroke. To investigate the role of miR-451, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed as an ischemic stroke model in mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of miR-451 mimic in the MCAO mice significantly decreased infarct size, while miR-451 inhibitor significantly increased infarct size. To understand the molecular mechanism of the protective effect of miR-451, Phd3 (also Egln3) was validated as a new miR-451 target. Either fewer or more Phd3-positive cells were observed in brain sections from mice receiving miR-451 mimic or inhibitor, respectively. In addition, the levels of p53 (a known Phd3 target) were significantly downregulated when the levels of Phd3 were reduced, suggesting its participation in reducing apoptosis after the miR-451 administration. Indeed, reduced apoptosis upon miR-451 mimic administration was detected by TUNEL staining. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a new protective role of miR-451 in cerebral ischemia and identified Phd3 as a novel miR-451 target, linking the mechanism to the involvement of p53 in the regulation of apoptosis during the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China; Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China; Graduate School, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China.
| | - Haitao Chi
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ming-Fei Lang
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China.
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Li JH, Yu ZL, Xue NN, Zou PF, Hu JY, Nie P, Chang MX. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:244-255. [PMID: 24099967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules of innate immunity. In this study, a long-form PGRP, designated as gcPGRP6, was identified from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. The deduced amino acid sequence of gcPGRP6 is composed of 464 residues with a conserved PGRP domain at the C-terminus. The gcPGRP6 gene consists of four exons and three introns, spacing approximately 2.7 kb of genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that gcPGRP6 is clustered closely with zebrafish PGLYRP6, and formed a long-type PGRP subfamily together with PGLYRP2 members identified in teleosts and mammals. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that gcPGRP6 is constitutively expressed in organs/tissues examined, and its expression was significantly induced in liver and intestine of grass carp in response to PGN stimulation and in CIK cells treated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and peptidoglycan (PGN). Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analyses revealed that gcPGRP6 is effectively secreted to the exterior of CIK cells. The over-expression of gcPGRP6 in CIK cells leads to the activation of NF-κB and the inhibition of intracellular bacterial growth. Moreover, cell lysates from CIK cells transfected with pTurbo-gcPGRP6-GFP plasmid display the binding activity towards Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus and DAP-type PGN from Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine IL-2 and intracellular PGN receptor NOD2 had a significantly increased expression in CIK cells overexpressed with gcPGRP6. It is demonstrated that the PGRP6 in grass carp has a role in binding PGN, in inhibiting the growth of intracellular bacteria, and in activating NF-κB, as well as in regulating innate immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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Mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP-1 plays a role in the host innate immune response against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Infect Immun 2010; 79:858-66. [PMID: 21134971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00466-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP-1 in innate immunity against Listeria monocytogenes infection was studied. The recombinant mouse PGLYRP-1 and a polyclonal antibody specific to PGLYRP-1 were prepared. The mouse PGLYRP-1 showed antibacterial activities against L. monocytogenes and other Gram-positive bacteria. PGLYRP-1 mRNA expression was induced in the spleens and livers of mice infected with L. monocytogenes. The viable bacterial number increased, and the production of cytokines such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced in mice when mice had been injected with anti-PGLYRP-1 antibody before infection. The levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α titers in the organs were higher and the viable bacterial number was reduced in mice injected with recombinant mouse PGLYRP-1 (rmPGLYRP-1) before infection. PGLYRP-1 could directly induce these cytokines in spleen cell cultures. The elimination of intracellular bacteria was upregulated in NMuLi hepatocyte cells overexpressing PGLYRP-1. The enhancement of the elimination of L. monocytogenes from the organs was observed in IFN-γ(-/-) mice by rmPGLYRP-1 administration but not in TNF-α(-/-) mice. These results suggest that PGLYRP-1 plays a role in innate immunity against L. monocytogenes infection by inducing TNF-α.
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Troll JV, Adin DM, Wier AM, Paquette N, Silverman N, Goldman WE, Stadermann FJ, Stabb EV, McFall-Ngai MJ. Peptidoglycan induces loss of a nuclear peptidoglycan recognition protein during host tissue development in a beneficial animal-bacterial symbiosis. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1114-27. [PMID: 19416268 PMCID: PMC2758052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are mediators of innate immunity and recently have been implicated in developmental regulation. To explore the interplay between these two roles, we characterized a PGRP in the host squid Euprymna scolopes (EsPGRP1) during colonization by the mutualistic bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Previous research on the squid-vibrio symbiosis had shown that, upon colonization of deep epithelium-lined crypts of the host light organ, symbiont-derived peptidoglycan monomers induce apoptosis-mediated regression of remote epithelial fields involved in the inoculation process. In this study, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that EsPGRP1 localizes to the nuclei of epithelial cells, and symbiont colonization induces the loss of EsPGRP1 from apoptotic nuclei. The loss of nuclear EsPGRP1 occurred prior to DNA cleavage and breakdown of the nuclear membrane, but followed chromatin condensation, suggesting that it occurs during late-stage apoptosis. Experiments with purified peptidoglycan monomers and with V. fischeri mutants defective in peptidoglycan-monomer release provided evidence that these molecules trigger nuclear loss of EsPGRP1 and apoptosis. The demonstration of a nuclear PGRP is unprecedented, and the dynamics of EsPGRP1 during apoptosis provide a striking example of a connection between microbial recognition and developmental responses in the establishment of symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua V Troll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Barakat W, Herrmann O, Baumann B, Schwaninger M. NF-kappaB induces PGE2-synthesizing enzymes in neurons. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 380:153-60. [PMID: 19415240 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated in neurons and promotes neuronal death in cerebral ischemia. Its target genes include cytosolic phospholipase A-2 (cPLA-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1), three genes that are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). In our study, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia, activated NF-kappaB activity in primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, OGD and the NF-kappaB activator tumor necrosis factor stimulated the expression of cPLA-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mPGES-1 and increased the release of PGE(2) from neurons. Expression of a constitutively active IkappaB kinase (IKK) or the NF-kappaB subunit p65 in neurons stimulated the transcription of cPLA-2, COX-2, and mPGES-1. Finally, inhibition of IKK in neurons blocked the induction of the three genes involved in PGE(2) synthesis in vivo. In summary, NF-kappaB controls the neuronal expression of three genes involved in PGE(2) synthesis in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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