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Saffie Awad P, Teixeira-Dos-Santos D, Santos-Lobato BL, Camargos S, Cornejo-Olivas M, de Mello Rieder CR, Mata IF, Chaná-Cuevas P, Klein C, Schumacher Schuh AF. Frequency of Hereditary and GBA1-Related Parkinsonism in Latin America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mov Disord 2024; 39:6-16. [PMID: 37921246 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying hereditary parkinsonism is valuable for diagnosis, genetic counseling, patient prioritization in trials, and studying the disease for personalized therapies. However, most studies were conducted in Europeans, and limited data exist on admixed populations like those from Latin America. OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the frequency and distribution of genetic parkinsonism in Latin America. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the frequency of parkinsonian syndromes associated with genetic pathogenic variants in Latin America. We defined hereditary parkinsonism as those caused by the genes outlined by the MDS Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and heterozygous carriers of GBA1 pathogenic variants. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and LILACS in August 2022. Researchers reviewed titles and abstracts, and disagreements were resolved by a third researcher. After this screening, five researchers reanalyzed the selection criteria and extracted information based on the full paper. The frequency for each parkinsonism-related gene was determined by the presence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants among screened patients. Cochran's Q and I2 tests were used to quantify heterogeneity. Meta-regression, publication bias tests, and sensitivity analysis regarding study quality were also used for LRRK2-, PRKN-, and GBA1-related papers. RESULTS We included 73 studies involving 3014 screened studies from 16 countries. Among 7668 Latin American patients, pathogenic variants were found in 19 different genes. The frequency of the pathogenic variants in LRRK2 was 1.38% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-2.57), PRKN was 1.16% (95% CI: 0.08-3.05), and GBA1 was 4.17% (95% CI: 2.57-6.08). For all meta-analysis, heterogeneity was high and publication bias tests were negative, except for PRKN, which was contradictory. Information on the number of pathogenic variants in the other genes is further presented in the text. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into hereditary and GBA1-related parkinsonism in Latin America. Lower GBA1 frequencies compared to European/North American cohorts may result from limited access to gene sequencing. Further research is vital for regional prevalence understanding, enabling personalized care and therapies. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Saffie Awad
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento (CETRAM), Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Bruno Lopes Santos-Lobato
- Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuropatologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sarah Camargos
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ignacio F Mata
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pedro Chaná-Cuevas
- Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento (CETRAM), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Artur F Schumacher Schuh
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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El Otmani H, Daghi M, Tahiri Jouti N, Lesage S. An overview of the worldwide distribution of LRRK2 mutations in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:335-350. [PMID: 38305913 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with significant genetic influence. The LRRK2 gene is a major genetic contributor, particularly the Gly2019Ser mutation. This focused review investigates the global distribution of LRRK2 mutations, with emphasis on Gly2019Ser and other pathogenic variants. Prevalence rates of Gly2019Ser are highest in North Africa and the Ashkenazi-Jewish population, indicating a potential common ancestor and founder effect. Other LRRK2 mutations, including Asn1437His, Arg1441Gly/Cys/His, Tyr1699Cys and Ile2020Thr, exhibit varying global prevalences. Understanding these distributions enhances our knowledge of PD genetics and aids personalized medicine. Further research is crucial to unravel clinical implications and develop targeted therapies for LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Otmani
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Molecular Pathology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, 20250, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
- Department of Neurology. Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Daghi
- Research Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases, Neurosensory Disorders & Disability. Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Nadia Tahiri Jouti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory, Degenerative & Oncologic Pathophysiology. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 20250, Morocco
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75013, France
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3
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Ito G, Utsunomiya-Tate N. Overview of the Impact of Pathogenic LRRK2 Mutations in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050845. [PMID: 37238714 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein kinase that physiologically phosphorylates and regulates the function of several Rab proteins. LRRK2 is genetically implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), although the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Several pathogenic mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been identified, and in most cases the clinical symptoms that PD patients with LRRK2 mutations develop are indistinguishable from those of typical PD. However, it has been shown that the pathological manifestations in the brains of PD patients with LRRK2 mutations are remarkably variable when compared to sporadic PD, ranging from typical PD pathology with Lewy bodies to nigral degeneration with deposition of other amyloidogenic proteins. The pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are also known to affect the functions and structure of LRRK2, the differences in which may be partly attributable to the variations observed in patient pathology. In this review, in order to help researchers unfamiliar with the field to understand the mechanism of pathogenesis of LRRK2-associated PD, we summarize the clinical and pathological manifestations caused by pathogenic mutations in LRRK2, their impact on the molecular function and structure of LRRK2, and their historical background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoko Utsunomiya-Tate
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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4
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Turski P, Chaberska I, Szukało P, Pyska P, Milanowski Ł, Szlufik S, Figura M, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Siuda J, Koziorowski D. Review of the epidemiology and variability of LRRK2 non-p.Gly2019Ser pathogenic mutations in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:971270. [PMID: 36203807 PMCID: PMC9530194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.971270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogenous neurodegenerative disorder. Genetic factors play a significant role, especially in early onset and familial cases. Mutations are usually found in the LRRK2 gene, but their importance varies. Some mutations, such as p.Arg1441Cys or other alterations in the 1441 codon, show clear correlation with PD, whereas others are risk factors found also in healthy populations or have neglectable consequences. They also exhibit various prevalence among different populations. The aim of this paper is to sum up the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of LRRK2 mutations, other than the well-established p.Gly2019Ser. We performed a review of the literature using PubMed database. 103 publications met our inclusion criteria. p.Arg1441Cys, p.Arg1441Gly, p.Arg1441His, p.Arg1441Ser are the most common pathogenic mutations in European populations, especially Hispanic. p.Asn1437His is pathogenic and occurs mostly in the Scandinavians. p.Asn1437Ser and p.Asn1437Asp have been reported in German and Chinese cohorts respectively. p.Ile2020Thr is a rare pathogenic mutation described only in a Japanese cohort. p.Met1869Thr has only been reported in Caucasians. p.Tyr1699Cys, p.Ile1122Val have only been found in one family each. p.Glu1874Ter has been described in just one patient. We found no references concerning mutation p.Gln416Ter. We also report the first case of a Polish PD family whose members carried p.Asn1437His.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Turski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Chaberska
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szukało
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Pyska
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Milanowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Szlufik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Figura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Dariusz Koziorowski,
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5
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Simpson C, Vinikoor-Imler L, Nassan FL, Shirvan J, Lally C, Dam T, Maserejian N. Prevalence of ten LRRK2 variants in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 98:103-113. [PMID: 35654702 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), but their prevalence varies geographically, reflecting the locations of founder events and dispersion of founders' descendants. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies providing prevalence estimates for any of ten variants in LRRK2 (G2019S, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, I2020T, N1437H, Y1699C, S1761R, G2385R, R1628P) among individuals with PD globally. We calculated crude country-specific variant prevalence estimates and, when possible, adjusted estimates for ethno-racial composition. For clinic-based studies, probands were used over other familial cases, whereas for population-based studies, all PD cases were used. RESULTS The analysis included 161 articles from 52 countries yielding 581 prevalence estimates across the ten variants. G2019S was the most common variant, exceeding 1.0% in 26 of 51 countries with estimates. The other variants were far less common. G2385R and R1628P were observed almost exclusively in East Asian countries, where they were found in ∼5-10% of cases. All prevalence estimates adjusted for ethno-racial composition were lower than their unadjusted counterparts, although data permitting this adjustment was only available for six countries. CONCLUSIONS Except for G2019S, the LRRK2 variants covered in this review were uncommon in most countries studied. However, there were countries with higher prevalence for some variants, reflecting the uneven geographic distribution of LRRK2 variants. The fact that ethno-racial group‒adjusted estimates were lower than crude estimates suggests that estimates derived largely from clinic-based studies may overstate the true prevalence of some LRRK2 variants in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cathy Lally
- Epidemiology Research and Methods LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Torrealba-Acosta G, Yu E, Lobo-Prada T, Ruíz-Martínez J, Gorostidi-Pagola A, Gan-Or Z, Carazo-Céspedes K, Trempe JF, Mata IF, Fornaguera-Trías J. Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Costa Rican Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:656342. [PMID: 34421783 PMCID: PMC8371686 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.656342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most research in genomics of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been done in subjects of European ancestry, leading to sampling bias and leaving Latin American populations underrepresented. We sought to clinically characterize PD patients of Costa Rican origin and to sequence familial PD and atypical parkinsonism-associated genes in cases and controls. Methods: We enrolled 118 PD patients with 97 unrelated controls. Collected information included demographics, exposure to risk and protective factors, and motor and cognitive assessments. We sequenced coding and untranslated regions in familial PD and atypical parkinsonism-associated genes including GBA, SNCA, VPS35, LRRK2, GCH1, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, VPS13C, and ATP13A2. Results: Mean age of PD probands was 62.12 ± 13.51 years; 57.6% were male. The frequency of risk and protective factors averaged ~45%. Physical activity significantly correlated with better motor performance despite years of disease. Increased years of education were significantly associated with better cognitive function, whereas hallucinations, falls, mood disorders, and coffee consumption correlated with worse cognitive performance. We did not identify an association between tested genes and PD or any damaging homozygous or compound heterozygous variants. Rare variants in LRRK2 were nominally associated with PD; six were located between amino acids p.1620 and 1623 in the C-terminal-of-ROC (COR) domain of Lrrk2. Non-synonymous GBA variants (p.T369M, p.N370S, and p.L444P) were identified in three healthy individuals. One PD patient carried a pathogenic GCH1 variant, p.K224R. Discussion: This is the first study that describes sociodemographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, and genetics of Costa Rican patients with PD, adding information to genomics research in a Latino population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torrealba-Acosta
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eric Yu
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tanya Lobo-Prada
- Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Ruíz-Martínez
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi-Pagola
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, San Sebastian, Spain.,Genomic Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth Carazo-Céspedes
- Department of Neurology, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jaime Fornaguera-Trías
- Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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7
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Differences in MTHFR and LRRK2 variant's association with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Mexican Mestizos correlated to Native American ancestry. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33574311 PMCID: PMC7878860 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder, has a complex etiology where environmental and genetic factors intervene. While a number of genes and variants have been identified in recent decades as causative or protective agents of this condition, a limited number of studies have been conducted in mixed populations, such as Mexican Mestizos. The historical convergence of two founding groups and three ethnicities, and the increasing north-to-south gradient of Native American ancestry in Mexico resulted in a subpopulation structure with considerable genetic diversity. In this work, we investigate the influence of 21 known susceptibility variants for PD. Our case-control study, with a cohort of 311 Mexican Mestizo subjects, found a significant risk association for the variant rs1491942 in LRRK2. However, when stratification by ancestry was performed, a risk effect for MTHFR rs1801133 was observed only in the group with the highest percentage of European ancestry, and the PD risk effect for LRRK2 rs1491942 was significant in subjects with a higher ratio of Native American ancestry. Meta-analyses of these SNP revealed the effect of LRRK2 rs1491942 to be even more significant than previously described in populations of European descent. Although corroboration is necessary, our findings suggest that polymorphism rs1491942 may be useful as a risk marker of PD in Mexican Mestizos with greater Native American ancestry. The absence of associations with the remaining known risk factors is, in itself, a relevant finding and invites further research into the shared risk factors' role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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8
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Rizig M, Ojo OO, Athanasiou-Fragkouli A, Agabi OP, Oshinaike OO, Houlden H, Okubadejo NU. Negative screening for 12 rare LRRK2 pathogenic variants in a cohort of Nigerians with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 99:101.e15-101.e19. [PMID: 33158606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutations are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). More than 300 rare LRRK2 variants have been described, with approximately 17 having confirmed or probable pathogenic role in PD. The distribution differs across ethnic groups, but no PD-related LRRK2 pathogenic variant has been described in persons of Black African ancestry within or outside Africa. We previously reported the absence of LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser mutation in 126 PD and 55 controls from Nigeria. Using Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction, we screened a new cohort of 92 Nigerians with PD and 210 ethnically matched controls for 12 rare LRRK2 variants shown to be pathogenic in other ethnic populations, including p.Gly2019Ser, p.Arg1441His, p.Gly2385Arg, p.Ala419Val, p.Arg1628Pro, p.Pro755Leu, p.Ile2020Thr, and Tyr1699Cys. All were absent in PD and controls, endorsing our previous findings and confirming that rare LRRK2 pathogenic variants reported in Caucasians, Asians, and persons of mixed ancestry are absent in West Africans. Future studies applying next generation sequencing are necessary to explore novel LRRK2 variants indigenous to Black Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Rizig
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Oluwadamilola O Ojo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Alkyoni Athanasiou-Fragkouli
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Osigwe P Agabi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olajumoke O Oshinaike
- Department of Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Njideka U Okubadejo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
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9
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Shu L, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Pan H, Tang B. A Comprehensive Analysis of Population Differences in LRRK2 Variant Distribution in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:13. [PMID: 30760999 PMCID: PMC6363667 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:LRRK2 variants have been demonstrated to have distinct distributions in different populations. However, researchers have thus far chosen to focus on relatively few variants, such as R1628P, G2019S, and G2385R. We therefore investigated the relationship between common LRRK2 variants and PD risk in various populations. Methods: Using a set of strict inclusion criteria, six databases were searched, resulting in the selection of 94 articles covering 49,299 cases and 47,319 controls for final pooled analysis and frequency analysis. Subgroup analysis were done for Africans, European/West Asians, Hispanics, East Asians, and mixed populations. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Mantel-Haenszel approach to determine the relationship between common LRRK2 variants and PD risk, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: In the absence of obvious heterogeneities and publication biases among the included studies, we concluded that A419V, R1441C/G/H, R1628P, G2019S, and G2385R were associated with increased PD risk (p: 0.001, 0.0004, < 0.00001, < 0.00001, and < 0.00001, respectively), while R1398H was associated with decreased risk (p: < 0.00001). In East Asian populations, A419V, R1628P, and G2385R increased risk (p: 0.001, < 0.00001, < 0.00001), while R1398H had the opposite effect (p: 0.0005). G2019S increased PD risk in both European/West Asian and mixed populations (p: < 0.00001, < 0.00001), while R1441C/G/H increased risk in European/West Asian populations only (p: 0.0004). Conclusions: We demonstrated that LRRK2 variant distribution is different among various populations, which should inform decisions regarding the development of future genetic screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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10
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Chen ML, Wu RM. LRRK 2 gene mutations in the pathophysiology of the ROCO domain and therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease: a review. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:52. [PMID: 29903014 PMCID: PMC6000924 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and manifests as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Pathologically, PD is characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein and ubiquitin called Lewy bodies. Consequently, a remarkable deficiency of dopamine in the striatum causes progressive disability of motor function. The etiology of PD remains uncertain. Genetic variability in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of sporadic and familial PD. LRRK2 encodes a large protein containing three catalytic and four protein-protein interaction domains. Patients with LRRK2 mutations exhibit a clinical and pathological phenotype indistinguishable from sporadic PD. Recent studies have shown that pathological mutations of LRRK2 can reduce the rate of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis, increase kinase activity and GTP binding activity, and subsequently cause cell death. The process of cell death involves several signaling pathways, including the autophagic–lysosomal pathway, intracellular trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the ubiquitin–proteasome system. This review summarizes the cellular function and pathophysiology of LRRK2 ROCO domain mutations in PD and the perspective of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Da-an Dist, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Da-an Dist, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan.
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11
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The Parkinson's disease VPS35[D620N] mutation enhances LRRK2-mediated Rab protein phosphorylation in mouse and human. Biochem J 2018; 475:1861-1883. [PMID: 29743203 PMCID: PMC5989534 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the LRRK2 (Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2) and VPS35 genes result in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. The VPS35 gene encodes for the cargo-binding component of the retromer complex, while LRRK2 modulates vesicular trafficking by phosphorylating a subgroup of Rab proteins. Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 increase its kinase activity. It is not known how the only thus far described pathogenic VPS35 mutation, [p.D620N] exerts its effects. We reveal that the VPS35[D620N] knock-in mutation strikingly elevates LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab8A, Rab10, and Rab12 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The VPS35[D620N] mutation also increases Rab10 phosphorylation in mouse tissues (the lung, kidney, spleen, and brain). Furthermore, LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation is increased in neutrophils as well as monocytes isolated from three Parkinson's patients with a heterozygous VPS35[D620N] mutation compared with healthy donors and idiopathic Parkinson's patients. LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation is significantly suppressed by knock-out or knock-down of VPS35 in wild-type, LRRK2[R1441C], or VPS35[D620N] cells. Finally, VPS35[D620N] mutation promotes Rab10 phosphorylation more potently than LRRK2 pathogenic mutations. Available data suggest that Parkinson's patients with VPS35[D620N] develop the disease at a younger age than those with LRRK2 mutations. Our observations indicate that VPS35 controls LRRK2 activity and that the VPS35[D620N] mutation results in a gain of function, potentially causing PD through hyperactivation of the LRRK2 kinase. Our findings suggest that it may be possible to elaborate compounds that target the retromer complex to suppress LRRK2 activity. Moreover, patients with VPS35[D620N] associated Parkinson's might benefit from LRRK2 inhibitor treatment that have entered clinical trials in humans.
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García S, Chavira-Hernández G, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Dávila-Maldonado L, García Martínez F, Montes Almanza LA, Palma-Flores C, Mondragón-Terán P, Alcaraz Estrada SL, López-Hernández LB. The rs3857059 variant of the SNCA gene is associated with Parkinson's disease in Mexican Mestizos. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 74:445-9. [PMID: 27332068 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the candidate genes for Parkinson's disease (PD), SNCA has replicated association in different populations. Besides other known mutations in the SNCA gene, the rs3857059 variant has also been linked to various neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to search for association of this variant and sporadic PD in Mexican Mestizo patients. A case-control study was performed including 241 individuals, 106 patients, and 135 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR. The rs3857059 variant demonstrated an association with PD in Mexican Mestizos (OR = 2.40, CI, 1.1 to 5.1, p = 0.02) under the recessive model. In addition, a gender effect was found for the GG genotype in females (OR = 1.31, CI, 1.01 to 1.7, p = 0.037). This is the first study to confirm an association of the rs3857059 variant with PD and also to show a gender effect. Our data contribute to the elucidation of the link between rs3857059 and susceptibility to PD observed in the Mexican Mestizo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S García
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - G Chavira-Hernández
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - M P Gallegos-Arreola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Jalisco , México, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Jalisco, México
| | - L Dávila-Maldonado
- Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México DF , México, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México DF, México
| | - F García Martínez
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - L A Montes Almanza
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - C Palma-Flores
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - P Mondragón-Terán
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - S L Alcaraz Estrada
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
| | - L B López-Hernández
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México DF , México, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", México DF, México
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Variable frequency of LRRK2 variants in the Latin American research consortium on the genetics of Parkinson's disease (LARGE-PD), a case of ancestry. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017. [PMID: 28649619 PMCID: PMC5460260 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine Repeat Rich Kinase 2 (LRRK2), primarily located in codons G2019 and R1441, represent the most common genetic cause of Parkinson’s disease in European-derived populations. However, little is known about the frequency of these mutations in Latin American populations. In addition, a prior study suggested that a LRRK2 polymorphism (p.Q1111H) specific to Latino and Amerindian populations might be a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease, but this finding requires replication. We screened 1734 Parkinson’s disease patients and 1097 controls enrolled in the Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson’s disease (LARGE-PD), which includes sites in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay. Genotypes were determined by TaqMan assay (p.G2019S and p.Q1111H) or by sequencing of exon 31 (p.R1441C/G/H/S). Admixture proportion was determined using a panel of 29 ancestry informative markers. We identified a total of 29 Parkinson’s disease patients (1.7%) who carried p.G2019S and the frequency ranged from 0.2% in Peru to 4.2% in Uruguay. Only two Parkinson’s disease patients carried p.R1441G and one patient carried p.R1441C. There was no significant difference in the frequency of p.Q1111H in patients (3.8%) compared to controls (3.1%; OR 1.02, p = 0.873). The frequency of LRRK2-p.G2019S varied greatly between different Latin American countries and was directly correlated with the amount of European ancestry observed. p.R1441G is rare in Latin America despite the large genetic contribution made by settlers from Spain, where the mutation is relatively common. A new study reveals the frequency of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in Latin Americans. Ignacio F. Mata at the University of Washington and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, USA, and colleagues from six South American countries have screened the largest cohort of Latino PD patients ever assembled (1739) and 1104 healthy controls for LRRK2 mutations that are known to cause PD in European-derived populations. They found that the p.G2019S missense mutation was the most common, although its frequency varied greatly between countries and was directly correlated with European ancestry. In contrast, the p.R1441G mutation which is common in Spain is rare in Latin America. Further analyses of this cohort will help to further characterize the genetic profile of PD patients in Latin America and contribute to the development of personalized medicines.
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Abstract
LRRK2 mutations are present in 1% of all sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) cases and 5% of all familial PD cases. Several mutations in the LRRK2 gene are associated with PD, the most common of which is the Gly2019Ser mutation. In the following review, we summarize the demographics and motor and non-motor symptoms of LRRK2 carriers with PD, as well as symptoms in non-manifesting carriers. The clinical features of LRRK2-associated PD are often indistinguishable from those of idiopathic PD on an individual basis. However, LRRK2 PD patients are likely to have less non-motor symptoms compared to idiopathic PD patients, including less olfactory and cognitive impairment. LRRK2-associated PD patients are less likely to report REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) than noncarriers. In addition, it is possible that carriers are more prone to cancer than noncarriers with PD, but larger studies are required to confirm this observation. Development of more sensitive biomarkers to identify mutation carriers at risk of developing PD, as well as biomarkers of disease progression among LRRK2 carriers with PD, is required. Such biomarkers would help evaluate interventions, which may prevent PD among non-manifesting carriers, or slow down disease progression among carriers with PD.
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mata IF, Davis MY, Lopez AN, Dorschner MO, Martinez E, Yearout D, Cholerton BA, Hu SC, Edwards KL, Bird TD, Zabetian CP. The discovery of LRRK2 p.R1441S, a novel mutation for Parkinson's disease, adds to the complexity of a mutational hotspot. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:925-30. [PMID: 27111571 PMCID: PMC5028305 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene result in autosomal dominant, late onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Three such mutations (p.R1441C, p.R1441G, and p.R1441H) are known to occur within codon 1441, and haplotype analyses indicate that each one has arisen independently on multiple occasions. We sequenced the entire coding region of 18 casual genes for PD or other parkinsonian neurodegenerative disorders in the proband of a family with autosomal dominant PD. We discovered a new missense mutation in the LRRK2 gene, c.4321C>A (p.R1441S). The mutation was predicted to be highly deleterious in silico (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score of 25.5) and segregated with disease in the pedigree. The clinical characteristics of affected family members were similar to those described in PD families with other mutations in LRRK2 codon 1441 and included resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, unilateral onset, and a good response to levodopa. Age at onset ranged from 41 to 76. Two of the affected members of the pedigree underwent detailed, longitudinal neuropsychological testing, and both displayed evidence of mild cognitive deficits at or slightly preceding the onset of motor symptoms. LRRK2 p.R1441S represents the fourth pathogenic mutation observed within codon 1441 and its discovery adds to the remarkable complexity of a mutational hotspot within the ROC domain of the LRRK2 protein. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio F. Mata
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marie Y. Davis
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexis N. Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael O. Dorschner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Erica Martinez
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Dora Yearout
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Brenna A. Cholerton
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Karen L. Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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18
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Identification of a Japanese family with LRRK2 p.R1441G-related Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2656.e17-2656.e23. [PMID: 24973808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a causative gene of autosomal dominant familial Parkinson's disease (PD). We screened for LRRK2 mutations in 3 frequently reported exons (31, 41, and 48) in our cohort of 871 Japanese patients with PD (430 with sporadic PD and 441 probands with familial PD). Direct sequencing analysis of LRRK2 revealed 1 proband (0.11%) with a p.R1441G mutation, identified for the first time in Asian countries, besides frequently reported substitutions including, the p.G2019S mutation (0.11%) and p.G2385R variant (11.37%). Several studies have suggested that the LRRK2 p.R1441G mutation, which is highly prevalent in the Basque country, is extremely rare outside of northern Spain. Further analysis of family members of the proband with the p.R1441G mutation revealed that her mother and first cousin shared the same mutation and parkinsonism. Haplotype analysis revealed a different haplotype from that of the original Spanish families. Our patients demonstrated levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with intrafamilial clinical heterogeneity. This is the first report of familial PD because of the LRRK2 p.R1441G mutation in Asia.
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Monroy-Jaramillo N, Guerrero-Camacho JL, Rodríguez-Violante M, Boll-Woehrlen MC, Yescas-Gómez P, Alonso-Vilatela ME, López-López M. Genetic mutations in early-onset Parkinson's disease Mexican patients: molecular testing implications. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:235-44. [PMID: 24677602 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PARK2, PINK1, and DJ-1 have been associated with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease. Here, we report the prevalence of sequence and structural mutations in these three main recessive genes in Mexican Mestizo patients. The complete sequences of these three genes were analyzed by homo/heteroduplex DNA formation and direct sequencing; exon dosage was determined by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and real-time PCR in 127 patients belonging to 122 families and 120 healthy Mexican Mestizo controls. All individuals had been previously screened for the three most common LRRK2 mutations. The presence of two mutations in compound heterozygous or homozygous genotypes was found in 16 unrelated patients, 10 had mutations in PARK2, six in PINK1, and none in DJ-1. Two PARK2-PINK1 and one PARK2-LRRK2 digenic cases were observed. Novel mutations were identified in PARK2 and PINK1 genes, including PINK1 duplication for the first time. Exon dosage deletions were the most frequent mutations in PARK2 (mainly in exons 9 and 12), followed by those in PINK1. The high prevalence of heterozygous mutations in PARK2 (12.3%) and the novel heterozygous and homozygous point mutations in PINK1 observed in familial and sporadic cases from various states of Mexico support the concept that single heterozygous mutations in recessive Parkinson's disease genes play a pathogenic role. These data have important implications for genetic counseling of Mexican Mestizo patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease. The presence of digenic inheritance underscores the importance of studying several genes in this disease. A step-ordered strategy for molecular diagnosis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo
- Neurogenetics Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, Mexico; PhD Candidate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Zhang L, Quadri M, Guedes LC, Coelho M, Valadas A, Mestre T, Lobo PP, Rosa MM, Simons E, Oostra BA, Ferreira JJ, Bonifati V. Comprehensive LRRK2 and GBA screening in Portuguese patients with Parkinson's disease: identification of a new family with the LRRK2 p.Arg1441His mutation and novel missense variants. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:897-900. [PMID: 23726462 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 and GBA genes are increasingly recognized as frequent determinants of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, for several populations, accurate data on the prevalence and types of mutations are not available, because previous studies have not investigated the complete coding regions of these genes in large samples. We studied 312 PD patients ascertained at a single centre in Lisbon, Portugal. In 61 patients, with familial PD, we sequenced the entire open reading frames and exon-intron boundaries of LRRK2 and GBA. In LRRK2, we identified ten heterozygous p.Gly2019Ser (16.4%), and two heterozygous p.Arg1441His carriers (3.3%); furthermore, six patients each carried a novel LRRK2 heterozygous variant (five coding and one 3'-UTR variants) of undetermined pathogenic role. Segregation of the p.Arg1441His mutation with PD was observed in the families of both carriers. None of these variants were identified in 138 healthy controls. Screening of GBA revealed no mutations. In the remaining 251 PD patients (25 familial and 226 sporadic) we found ten additional carriers of the heterozygous p.Gly2019Ser and no carriers of the other mutations. Thus, the p.Gly2019Ser mutation was detected in a total number of 20 carriers out of 312 patients (6.4%), including twelve familial (14%) and eight sporadic patients (3.5%). This comprehensive study confirms that p.Gly2019Ser is the most important genetic cause of PD known so far in Portugal and supports the contention that p.Arg1441His is also a PD-causing mutation. These findings have relevance for the genetic testing and counseling of PD patients in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In 2004 it was first shown that mutations in LRRK2 can cause Parkinson's disease. This initial discovery was quickly followed by the observation that a single particular mutation is a relatively common cause of Parkinson's disease across varied populations. Further genetic investigation has revealed a variety of genetic ties to Parkinson's disease across this gene. These include common alleles with quite broad effects on risk, likely through both alterations at the protein sequence level, and in the context of expression. A great deal of functional characterization of LRRK2 and disease-causing mutations in this protein has occurred over the last 9 years, and considerable progress has been made. Particular attention has been paid to the kinase activity of LRRK2 as a therapeutic target, and while it is no means certain that this is viable target it is likely that this hypothesis will be tested in clinical trials sooner rather than later. We believe that the future goals for LRRK2 research are, while challenging, relatively clear and that the next 10 years of research promises to be perhaps more exciting than the last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain and Mindich Child Health and Development Institutes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, NY, USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Quantitative assessment of the effect of LRRK2 exonic variants on the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:722-30. [PMID: 22575234 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) gene has attracted considerable attention since the variants in this gene are recognized as the most common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) so far. A number of association studies concerning variants of LRRK2 gene and PD susceptibility have been conducted in various populations. However, some results were inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between LRRK2 and genetic risk of PD, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis which included 27,363 cases and 29,741 controls from 61 published case-control studies. Totally, the effect of five LRRK2 variants all within the coding regions, i.e. G2019S, G2385R, R1628P, P755L and A419V, were evaluated in the meta-analysis using fixed effect model or random effects model if heterogeneity existed. There were genetic associations between four variants (G2019S, G2385R, R1628P and A419V) and increased PD risk, while there was no evidence of statistically significant association between P755L and PD. Publication bias and heterogeneity were absent in most analyses. Within its limitations, this meta-analysis demonstrated that the G2019S, G2385R, R1628P and A419V variations are risk factors associated with increased PD susceptibility. However, these associations vary in different ethnicities.
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Saunders-Pullman R, Cabassa J, San Luciano M, Stanley K, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB. LRRK2 G2019S mutations may be increased in Puerto Ricans. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1772-3. [PMID: 21449009 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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