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Man Y, Li W, Yap YT, Kearney A, Yee SP, Strauss JF, Harding P, Song S, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Generation of floxed Spag6l mice and disruption of the gene by crossing to a Hprt-Cre line. Genesis 2023; 61:e23512. [PMID: 37058328 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Mouse sperm-associated antigen 6 like (SPAG6L) is an axoneme central apparatus protein, essential for the normal function of the ependymal cell and lung cilia, and sperm flagella. Accumulated evidence has disclosed multiple biological functions of SPAG6L, including ciliary/flagellar biogenesis and polarization, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. Conventional Spag6l knockout mice died of hydrocephalus, which impedes further investigation of the function of the gene in vivo. To overcome the limitation of the short lifespan of conventional knockout mice, we developed a conditional allele by inserting two loxP sites in the genome flanking exon 3 of the Spag6l gene. By crossing the floxed Spag6l mice to a Hrpt-Cre line which expresses Cre recombinase ubiquitously in vivo, mutant mice that are missing SPAG6L globally were obtained. Homozygous mutant Spag6l mice showed normal appearance within the first week after birth, but reduced body size was observed after 1 week, and all developed hydrocephalus and died within 4 weeks of age. The phenotype mirrored that of the conventional Spag6l knockout mice. The newly established floxed Spag6l model provides a powerful tool to further investigate the role of the Spag6l gene in individual cell types and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Man
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Tian Yap
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alivia Kearney
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Health Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela Harding
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shizheng Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Li X, Zhang D, Xu L, Liu W, Zhang N, Strauss JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Sperm-associated antigen 6 (Spag6) mutation leads to vestibular dysfunction in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:325-330. [PMID: 34663514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spag6 encodes an axoneme central apparatus protein that is required for normal flagellar and cilia motility. Recent findings suggest that Spag6 plays a role in hearing and planar cell polarity (PCP) in the cochlea of the inner ear. However, a role for Spag6 in the vestibule has not yet been explored. In the present study, the function of Spag6 in the vestibule of the inner ear was examined using Spag6-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate a vestibular disorder in the Spag6 mutants, associated with abnormal ultrastructures of vestibular hair cells and Scarpa's ganglion cells, including swollen stereocilia, decreased crista in mitochondria and swollen Scarpa's ganglion cells. Immunostaining data suggests existence of caspase-dependent apoptosis in vestibular sensory epithelium and Scarpa's ganglion cells. Our observations reveal new functions for Spag6 in vestibular function and apoptosis in the mouse vestibule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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3
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Li X, Zhang D, Xu L, Han Y, Liu W, Li W, Fan Z, Costanzo RM, Strauss Iii JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Planar cell polarity defects and hearing loss in sperm-associated antigen 6 ( Spag6)-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C132-C141. [PMID: 33175573 PMCID: PMC7846974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spag6 encodes an axoneme central apparatus protein that is required for normal flagellar and cilia motility. Recent findings suggest that Spag6 also plays a role in ciliogenesis, orientation of cilia basal feet, and planar polarity. Sensory cells of the inner ear display unique structural features that underlie their mechanosensitivity. They represent a distinctive form of cellular polarity, known as planar cell polarity (PCP). However, a role for Spag6 in the inner ear has not yet been explored. In the present study, the function of Spag6 in the inner ear was examined using Spag6-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate hearing loss in the Spag6 mutants, associated with abnormalities in cellular patterning, cell shape, stereocilia bundles, and basal bodies, as well as abnormally distributed Frizzled class receptor 6 (FZD6), suggesting that Spag6 participates in PCP regulation. Moreover, we found that the subapical microtubule meshwork was disrupted. Our observations suggest new functions for Spag6 in hearing and PCP in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhaomin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome F Strauss Iii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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4
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Jarrell ZR, Ahammad MU, Sweeney K, Wilson JL, Benson AP. Characterization of sperm-associated antigen 6 expression in the reproductive tract of the domestic rooster (Gallus domesticus) and its impact on sperm mobility. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6188-6195. [PMID: 33142536 PMCID: PMC7647847 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm mobility is a major determinant of sperm quality in the domesticated chicken (Gallus domesticus) and is therefore an area of interest for improving fertility. Sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) is an important flagellar protein implicated to be necessary for flagellar function but negatively associated with rooster fertility. This study was aimed to characterize the expression of SPAG6 and investigate its utility as a protein biomarker of sperm mobility. By western analysis, relative SPAG6 abundances were compared between the testicular, epididymal, and vasal tissues and in sequentially maturing sperm. Immunocytochemistry techniques were used to detect localization of SPAG6 in chicken sperm. Last, western analysis was used to compare relative SPAG6 abundances in sperm of differing mobility. SPAG6 was found in higher abundance in epididymal tissues and in highest abundance in vasal tissues, relative to that of the testis. SPAG6 was also found to sequentially increase in abundance in maturing sperm. SPAG6 localizes between the axonemal central pair of microtubules in the sperm flagella, but it is also found in lower concentration in the acrosomal region. SPAG6 was not a significant predictor of sperm mobility. SPAG6 abundance, alone, is not a strong predictor of sperm mobility. Its impact on rooster fertility is likely unrelated to its impact on sperm mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Jarrell
- The Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - M U Ahammad
- The Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - K Sweeney
- The Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - J L Wilson
- The Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - A P Benson
- The Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
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5
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The Emerging Role of Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 Gene in the Microtubule Function of Cells and Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:101-107. [PMID: 31660426 PMCID: PMC6807308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) gene has multiple biological functions. It maintains the normal function of a variety of cells including ciliary/flagellar biogenesis and polarization, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. Moreover, SPAG6 is found to be critically involved in auditory transduction and the fibroblast life cycle. Furthermore, SPAG6 plays an essential role in immuno-regulation. Notably, SPAG6 has been demonstrated to participate in the occurrence and progression of a variety of human cancers. New evidence shows that SPAG6 gene regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the physiological function and mechanism of SPAG6 in human normal cells and cancer cells. We also highlight that SPAG6 gene may be an effective biomarker for the diagnosis of human cancer. Taken together, targeting SPAG6 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of human diseases including cancer.
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6
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Li W, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang S, Pin G, Song S, Ray PF, Arnoult C, Cho C, Garcia-Reyes B, Knippschild U, Strauss JF, Zhang Z. The sperm-associated antigen 6 interactome and its role in spermatogenesis. Reproduction 2019; 158:181-197. [PMID: 31146259 PMCID: PMC7368494 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian SPAG6, the orthologue of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF16, is a component of the central apparatus of the '9 + 2' axoneme that controls ciliary/flagellar motility, including sperm motility. Recent studies revealed that SPAG6 has functions beyond its role in the central apparatus. Hence, we reexamined the role of SPAG6 in male fertility. In wild-type mice, SPAG6 was present in cytoplasmic vesicles in spermatocytes, the acrosome of round and elongating spermatids and the manchette of elongating spermatids. Spag6-deficient testes showed abnormal spermatogenesis, with abnormalities in male germ cell morphology consistent with the multi-compartment pattern of SPAG6 localization. The armadillo repeat domain of mouse SPAG6 was used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and several proteins with diverse functions appeared multiple times, including Snapin, SPINK2 and COPS5. Snapin has a similar localization to SPAG6 in male germ cells, and SPINK2, a key protein in acrosome biogenesis, was dramatically reduced in Spag6-deficient mice which have defective acrosomes. SPAG16L, another SPAG6-binding partner, lost its localization to the manchette in Spag6-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate that SPAG6 is a multi-functional protein that not only regulates sperm motility, but also plays roles in spermatogenesis in multiple cellular compartments involving multiple protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Liu
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
| | - Yuhong Li
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Junpin Liu
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Guanglun Pin
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Shizhen Song
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Chunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Balbina Garcia-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jerome F. Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
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7
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Zhou M, Sun G, Zhang L, Zhang G, Yang Q, Yin H, Li H, Liu W, Bai X, Li J, Wang H. STK33 alleviates gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in cochlear hair cells and House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5286-5299. [PMID: 30256516 PMCID: PMC6201369 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase 33 (STK33), a member of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase (CAMK), plays vital roles in a wide spectrum of cell processes. The present study was designed to investigate whether STK33 expressed in the mammalian cochlea and, if so, what effect STK33 exerted on aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity in House Ear Institute‐Organ of Corti 1 (HEI‐OC1) cells. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed to investigate STK33 expression in cochlear hair cells (HCs) and HEI‐OC1 cells with or without gentamicin treatment. CCK8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were employed to detect the effects of STK33 knockdown, and/or U0126, and/or N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) on the sensitivity to gentamicin‐induced ototoxicity in HEI‐OC1 cells. We found that STK33 was expressed in both mice cochlear HCs and HEI‐OC1 cells, and the expression of STK33 was significantly decreased in cochlear HCs and HEI‐OC1 cells after gentamicin exposure. STK33 knockdown resulted in an increase in the cleaved caspase‐3 and Bax expressions as well as cell apoptosis after gentamicin damage in HEI‐OC1 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of STK33 led to activated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway as well as augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation after gentamicin damage. Moreover, STK33 was involved in extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in primary culture of HCs and HEI‐OC1 cells in response to gentamicin insult. The findings from this work indicate that STK33 decreases the sensitivity to the apoptosis dependent on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by regulating ROS generation after gentamicin treatment, which provides a new potential target for protection from the aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zhou
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Gaoying Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Hongrui Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, China
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Teves ME, Nagarkatti-Gude DR, Zhang Z, Strauss JF. Mammalian axoneme central pair complex proteins: Broader roles revealed by gene knockout phenotypes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:3-22. [PMID: 26785425 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The axoneme genes, their encoded proteins, their functions and the structures they form are largely conserved across species. Much of our knowledge of the function and structure of axoneme proteins in cilia and flagella is derived from studies on model organisms like the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The core structure of cilia and flagella is the axoneme, which in most motile cilia and flagella contains a 9 + 2 configuration of microtubules. The two central microtubules are the scaffold of the central pair complex (CPC). Mutations that disrupt CPC genes in Chlamydomonas and other model organisms result in defects in assembly, stability and function of the axoneme, leading to flagellar motility defects. However, targeted mutations generated in mice in the orthologous CPC genes have revealed significant differences in phenotypes of mutants compared to Chlamydomonas. Here we review observations that support the concept of cell-type specific roles for the CPC genes in mice, and an expanded repertoire of functions for the products of these genes in cilia, including non-motile cilia, and other microtubule-associated cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - David R Nagarkatti-Gude
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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The expression of NLRX1 in C57BL/6 mice cochlear hair cells: Possible relation to aging- and neomycin-induced deafness. Neurosci Lett 2016; 616:138-46. [PMID: 26836140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing family member X1 (NLRX1) is a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located in mitochondria, which is tightly related to mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation and apoptosis. The present study was designed to explore whether NLRX1 expresses in C57BL/6 mice cochlear hair cells and, if so, to investigate the possible correlations between NLRX1 and hearing. The location and dynamic expression of NLRX1 were investigated by immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and Western blotting. Hearing thresholds of C57BL/6 mice were measured by auditory brainstem response (ABR). Moreover, the downstream inflammatory and apoptotic pathways regulated by NLRX1 were examined in age-related and neomycin-induced hair cell damage. Data showed that NLRX1 expressed in cytoplasm of C57BL/6 cochlear hair cells, especially in the cilia, which were essential for sound sensation. The expression of NLRX1 in hair cells increased as the mice grew up, and, decreased as they aged. Additionally, the activated apoptotic JNK pathway was detected in 9-month old mice with worse-hearing and 3-month old mice treated with neomycin. Overall, results indicate that NLRX1 may relate to hair cell maturity, hearing formation and maintenance, and promote hair cell apoptosis through JNK pathway induced by aging and neomycin.
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