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Chen J, Liang C, Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Chen J, Liu B, Yang X. Potential biofluid markers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2026; 21:281-295. [PMID: 39851136 PMCID: PMC12094573 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a particularly severe non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease that significantly diminishes the quality of life of affected individuals. Identifying reliable biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is essential for early diagnosis, prognostic assessments, and the development of targeted therapies. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in biofluid biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, focusing on the detection of specific proteins, metabolites, and other biomarkers in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. These biomarkers can shed light on the multifaceted etiology of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, which includes protein misfolding, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The integration of biofluid biomarkers with neuroimaging and clinical data can facilitate the development of predictive models to enhance early diagnosis and monitor the progression of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. This comprehensive approach can improve the existing understanding of the mechanisms driving cognitive decline and support the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the course of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Despite the promise of these biomarkers in characterizing the mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease, further research is necessary to validate their clinical utility and establish a standardized framework for early detection and monitoring of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chunyu Liang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yongyun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Liuhui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jianzhun Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xinglong Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Wang XS, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang SR, Zhang Y, Peng LL, Wu N, Ye JS. Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of preclinical studies. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17:102421. [PMID: 40308882 PMCID: PMC12038458 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i4.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/23/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can traverse the blood-brain barrier due to their small size. This characteristic makes them a research hotspot for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is expected to be a potentially revolutionary strategy for treating PD. Despite this, no summary of clinical trial results has been reported. AIM To assess the efficacy and durability of MSC-EVs in treating PD. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in four electronic databases until June 2024 to collect studies on the use of MSC-EVs for this purpose. Thirteen relevant randomized controlled trials, encompassing 16 experiments, were selected for inclusion. RESULTS Behavioral assessments, including the rotarod and apomorphine turning behavior tests, indicated improvements in motor coordination (P < 0.00001); the Pole test and the Wire-hang test showed enhanced limb motor agility and synchronization (P = 0.003 and P < 0.00001, respectively). Histopathologically, there was a reduction in inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively) and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the lesion areas (P < 0.00001). CONCLUSION MSC-EV therapy for PD is a gradual process, with significant improvements observable more than 2 weeks after administration and lasting at least 8 weeks. This study is the first to demonstrate the efficacy and durability of MSC-EV treatment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Wang
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- College of Nursing, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shan-Rong Zhang
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lu-Lu Peng
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Nan Wu
- First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Song Ye
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Yang YP, Nicol CJB, Chiang MC. A Review of the Neuroprotective Properties of Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells and Exosome-Coated Nanoparticles for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:3915. [PMID: 40332773 PMCID: PMC12028030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26083915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and stroke, represent significant medical challenges due to their complexity and the limitations of current treatment approaches. This review explores the potential of stem cell (SC)-derived exosomes (Exos) as a transformative therapeutic strategy for these diseases. Exos, especially those derived from SCs, exhibit natural targeting ability, biocompatibility, and the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making them ideal vehicles for drug delivery. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the properties and advantages of SC-Exos. It highlights their potential synergistic benefits in therapeutic approaches to treat neurological diseases. This article discusses the mechanisms of action of SC-Exos, highlighting their ability to target specific cells, modulate disease pathways, and provide controlled release of therapeutic agents. Applications in specific neurological disorders have been investigated, demonstrating the potential to improve outcomes in conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and stroke. Moreover, Exos-coated nanoparticles (NPs) combine the natural properties of Exos with the multifunctionality of NPs. This integration takes advantage of exosome membrane biocompatibility and targeting capabilities while preserving NPs' beneficial features, such as drug loading and controlled release. As a result, Exos-coated NPs may enhance the precision, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic interventions. In conclusion, SC-Exos represent a promising and innovative approach to treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christopher J. B. Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
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Volarevic A, Harrell CR, Arsenijevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2025; 14:600. [PMID: 40277925 PMCID: PMC12025905 DOI: 10.3390/cells14080600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2025] [Revised: 04/11/2025] [Accepted: 04/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, detrimental immune response, and neuroinflammation are mainly responsible for the injury and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brains of patients suffering from PD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating PD due to their ability to suppress the activation of inflammatory immune cells and enhance the viability and function of dopamine-producing neurons. MSC-EVs can easily bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver their cargo (neuroprotective factors, immunosuppressive proteins, and microRNAs) to injured dopamine-producing neurons and brain-infiltrated inflammatory immune cells. A large number of recently published experimental studies demonstrated that MSC-EVs efficiently alleviated PD-related motor and behavioral deficits in animal models, indicating that MSC-EVs should be considered as potentially new therapeutic agents for the treatment of PD. Accordingly, in this review article, we summarized current knowledge about the therapeutic potential of MSCs-EVs in the treatment of PD, paving the way for their future clinical use in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Volarevic
- Departments of Psychology, Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Carl Randall Harrell
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N, Palm Harbor, FL 34684, USA
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Departments of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Departments of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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5
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Isik M, Sari HK, Caglayan MG, Yilmaz R, Derkus B. Whispers in the Brain: Extracellular Vesicles in Neuropathology and the Diagnostic Alchemy of Neurological Diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2025; 61:e70090. [PMID: 40237381 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.70090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators in neurological diseases, showcasing multifaceted potential roles ranging from pathogenesis to diagnosis. These nano-sized membranous structures, released by various cell types including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, encapsulate a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, RNA species, and even DNA fragments. In neuropathology, EVs contribute significantly to intercellular communication within the central nervous system (CNS), influencing physiological or pathological cascades. Through the transfer of bioactive molecules, EVs modulate neuroinflammation, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and the propagation of protein aggregates characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, their presence in biofluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and urine reflects the pathophysiological state of the CNS, offering a window into the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of neurological diseases. Recent advancements in EV isolation techniques, coupled with high-throughput omics technologies, have facilitated the profiling of EV cargo, enabling the identification of disease-specific biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. This review explores the intricate roles of EVs in neuropathology, highlighting their involvement in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and other neurological disorders. Furthermore, it delves into the diagnostic potential of EVs, discussing current challenges and prospects in harnessing EV-derived biomarkers for precision medicine in neurology. Ultimately, understanding the biology of EVs in neurological contexts promises transformative insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies, paving the way for innovative diagnostic tools and targeted interventions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Isik
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kubra Sari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rezzak Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Derkus
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NEUROM), Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Vahab SA, V VK, Kumar VS. Exosome-based drug delivery systems for enhanced neurological therapeutics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2025; 15:1121-1138. [PMID: 39325272 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles naturally secreted by cells into body fluids, enriched with bioactive molecules such as RNAs, proteins, and lipids. These nanosized vesicles play a crucial role in physiological and pathological processes by facilitating intercellular communication and modulating cellular responses, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS). Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and reflect the characteristics of their parent cells makes exosomal cargo a promising candidate for biomarkers in the early diagnosis and clinical assessment of neurological conditions. This review offers a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on the characterization of mammalian-derived exosomes, their application as drug delivery systems for neurological disorders, and ongoing clinical trials involving exosome-loaded cargo. Despite their promising attributes, a significant challenge remains the lack of standardized isolation methods, as current techniques are often complex, costly, and require sophisticated equipment, affecting the scalability and affordability of exosome-based therapies. The review highlights the engineering potential of exosomes, emphasizing their ability to be customized for targeted therapeutic delivery through surface modification or conjugation. Future advancements in addressing these challenges and leveraging the unique properties of exosomes could lead to innovative and effective therapeutic strategies in neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa A Vahab
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Vyshma K V
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Vrinda S Kumar
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India.
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7
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Spinelli S, Tripodi D, Corti N, Zocchi E, Bruschi M, Leoni V, Dominici R. Roles, Functions, and Pathological Implications of Exosomes in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1345. [PMID: 39941112 PMCID: PMC11818369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26031345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by nearly all cell types and have emerged as a novel mechanism for intercellular communication within the central nervous system (CNS). These vesicles facilitate the transport of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites between neurons and glial cells, playing a pivotal role in CNS development and the maintenance of homeostasis. Current evidence indicates that exosomes from CNS cells may function as either inhibitors or enhancers in the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Furthermore, exosomes have been found to transport disease-related molecules across the blood-brain barrier, enabling their detection in peripheral blood. This distinctive property positions exosomes as promising diagnostic biomarkers for neurological conditions. Additionally, a growing body of research suggests that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells exhibit reparative effects in the context of neurological disorders. This review provides a concise overview of the functions of exosomes in both physiological and pathological states, with particular emphasis on their emerging roles as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Spinelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
| | - Nicole Corti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
| | - Elena Zocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Dominici
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (N.C.); (R.D.)
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Salehpour A, Karimi Z, Ghasemi Zadeh M, Afshar M, Kameli A, Mooseli F, Zare M, Afshar A. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and miRNAs in neuronal regeneration and rejuvenation in neurological disorders: a mini review. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1427525. [PMID: 39429946 PMCID: PMC11486650 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1427525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to secrete small extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as exosomes. This review delves into the various biological activities of MSCs and the cell interactions enabled by these exosomes, with a focus on their potential for neuronal regeneration and the treatment of neurological disorders. We scrutinize findings from multiple studies that underscore the neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative effects of exosomes derived from MSCs, illuminating their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. This review thoroughly investigates all related pathways, miRNAs, and factors to suggest potential strategies for enhancing therapy for neurological disorders using exosomes and miRNAs, and for boosting neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Salehpour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Karimi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mokhtar Ghasemi Zadeh
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Afshar
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Kameli
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mooseli
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Masoud Zare
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshar
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Nouri Z, Barfar A, Perseh S, Motasadizadeh H, Maghsoudian S, Fatahi Y, Nouri K, Yektakasmaei MP, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F. Exosomes as therapeutic and drug delivery vehicle for neurodegenerative diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:463. [PMID: 39095888 PMCID: PMC11297769 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are complex, progressive, and life-threatening. They cause mortality and disability for millions of people worldwide. Appropriate treatment for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is still clinically lacking due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Developing an effective transport system that can cross the BBB and enhance the therapeutic effect of neuroprotective agents has been a major challenge for NDs. Exosomes are endogenous nano-sized vesicles that naturally carry biomolecular cargoes. Many studies have indicated that exosome content, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), possess biological activities by targeting several signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Exosome content can influence cellular function in healthy or pathological ways. Furthermore, since exosomes reflect the features of the parental cells, their cargoes offer opportunities for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of diseases. Exosomes have unique characteristics that make them ideal for delivering drugs directly to the brain. These characteristics include the ability to pass through the BBB, biocompatibility, stability, and innate targeting properties. This review emphasizes the role of exosomes in alleviating NDs and discusses the associated signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the unique biological features of exosomes, making them a promising natural transporter for delivering various medications to the brain to combat several NDs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Barfar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahra Perseh
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Motasadizadeh
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samane Maghsoudian
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang Z, Gao C, Zhang L, Sui R. Novel combination of Olesoxime/Resveratrol-encapsulated exosomes to improve cognitive function by targeting amyloid β-induced Alzheimer's disease: investigation on in vitro and in vivo model. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:2613-2628. [PMID: 38753222 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurological illness that worsens with time. Preventing the aggregate formation of amyloid beta protein is a promising approach to treat Alzheimer's disease. This article describes an amiable procedure for the synthesis of Olesoxime-Resveratrol (OLX-RSV) encapsulated in exosomes. By suppressing Aβ1-42 aggregation and crossing the blood-brain barrier also known as BBB after intravenous treatment without resulting in any discernible damage, the nanocomposite demonstrated good biocompatibility. A variety of characterization technique including particle size, TEM, and in vitro drug release experiments, were used to characterize the exosomes. Human Neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells were used to test the cytotoxicity and viability of cells of the formulation using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The prepared OLX-RSV-loaded exosomes were tested for their ability to suppress Aβ1-42 in SHSY5Y Cells by analyzing the amyloid samples using CD spectra. The effects of apoptosis on Human neuroblastoma cells were studied using cytofluorometry. The parameters of SOD, caspase-3 and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also evaluated. The behavioral outcomes of Morris water maze test demonstrated that OLX-RSV-loaded exosomes significantly enhanced the APP/PS1 mice's capacity to learn and remember spatial cues. Therefore, we hypothesized that OLX-RSV-loaded exosomes could be a useful and efficient method in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121099, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121099, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121099, China
| | - Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No2, Section5, Renmin Street, Jinzhou, 121099, China.
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Wu Y, Han W, Dong H, Liu X, Su X. The rising roles of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment reprogramming and cancer immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e541. [PMID: 38585234 PMCID: PMC10999178 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are indispensable for intercellular communications. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the living environment of tumor cells, which is composed of various components, including immune cells. Based on TME, immunotherapy has been recently developed for eradicating cancer cells by reactivating antitumor effect of immune cells. The communications between tumor cells and TME are crucial for tumor development, metastasis, and drug resistance. Exosomes play an important role in mediating these communications and regulating the reprogramming of TME, which affects the sensitivity of immunotherapy. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the role of exosomes in TME reprogramming and the impact of exosomes on immunotherapy. Here, we review the communication role of exosomes in regulating TME remodeling and the efficacy of immunotherapy, as well as summarize the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we also introduce the potential application of the artificially modified exosomes as the delivery systems of antitumor drugs. Further efforts in this field will provide new insights on the roles of exosomes in intercellular communications of TME and cancer progression, thus helping us to uncover effective strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Clinical Medical Research Center of the Affiliated HospitalInner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Wenyan Han
- Clinical Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Hairong Dong
- Clinical LaboratoryHohhot first hospitalHohhotChina
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department IKey Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Peking University Cancer Hospital and InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center of the Affiliated HospitalInner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
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12
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Yu Z, Teng Y, Yang J, Yang L. The role of exosomes in adult neurogenesis: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:282-288. [PMID: 37488879 PMCID: PMC10503605 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cup-shaped extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer that is approximately 30 to 200 nm in thickness. Exosomes are widely distributed in a range of body fluids, including urine, blood, milk, and saliva. Exosomes exert biological function by transporting factors between different cells and by regulating biological pathways in recipient cells. As an important form of intercellular communication, exosomes are increasingly being investigated due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells, and because they can regulate physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process by which new neurons are generated and migrate to be integrated into existing neuronal circuits. In the adult brain, neurogenesis is mainly localized in two specialized niches: the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. An increasing body of evidence indicates that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions with the niches. In recent studies, exosomes released from different sources of cells were shown to play an active role in regulating neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, thereby participating in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders in patients and in various disease models. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art synopsis of existing research that aimed to identify the diverse components of exosome cargoes and elucidate the therapeutic potential of exosomal contents in the regulation of neurogenesis in several neurodegenerative diseases. We emphasize that exosomal cargoes could serve as a potential biomarker to monitor functional neurogenesis in adults. In addition, exosomes can also be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various neurodegenerative disorders by improving endogenous neurogenesis to mitigate neuronal loss in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Yu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Teng
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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13
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Zhang XM, Huang J, Ni XY, Zhu HR, Huang ZX, Ding S, Yang XY, Tan YD, Chen JF, Cai JH. Current progression in application of extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:15. [PMID: 38173021 PMCID: PMC10763486 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been a long-standing challenge for clinical research due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. Specific proteins and RNAs in brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) usually reflect the corresponding state of brain disease, and therefore, EVs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for CNS diseases. In addition, EVs can be engineered and fused to target cells for delivery of cargo, demonstrating the great potential of EVs as a nanocarrier platform. We review the progress of EVs as markers and drug carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. The main areas include visual imaging, biomarker diagnosis and drug loading therapy for different types of CNS diseases. It is hoped that increased knowledge of EVs will facilitate their clinical translation in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Min Zhang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ni
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhu
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Huang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin-Yi Yang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yan-Di Tan
- Department of Ultrasound the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Huixing Street, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No. 176, Qingnian Road, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Jin-Hua Cai
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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14
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Huber CC, Wang H. Pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomes in neurodegenerative disorders. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:75-79. [PMID: 37488847 PMCID: PMC10479842 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect millions of people worldwide, and the prevalence of these disorders is only projected to rise as the number of people over 65 will drastically increase in the coming years. While therapies exist to aid in symptomatic relief, effective treatments that can stop or reverse the progress of each neurodegenerative disease are lacking. Recently, research on the role of extracellular vesicles as disease markers and therapeutics has been intensively studied. Exosomes, 30-150 nm in diameter, are one type of extracellular vesicles facilitating cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes are thought to play a role in disease propagation in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Accordingly, the exosomes derived from the patients are an invaluable source of disease biomarkers. On the other hand, exosomes, especially those derived from stem cells, could serve as a therapeutic for these disorders, as seen by a rapid increase in clinical trials investigating the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes in different neurological diseases. This review summarizes the pathological burden and therapeutic approach of exosomes in neurodegenerative disorders. We also highlight how heat shock increases the yield of exosomes while still maintaining their therapeutic efficacy. Finally, this review concludes with outstanding questions that remain to be addressed in exosomal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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15
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Zhuo Y, Li X, He Z, Lu M. Pathological mechanisms of neuroimmune response and multitarget disease-modifying therapies of mesenchymal stem cells in Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:80. [PMID: 37041580 PMCID: PMC10091615 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN); the etiology and pathological mechanism of the disease are still unclear. Recent studies have shown that the activation of a neuroimmune response plays a key role in the development of PD. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), the primary pathological marker of PD, can gather in the SN and trigger a neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia which can further activate the dopaminergic neuron's neuroimmune response mediated by reactive T cells through antigen presentation. It has been shown that adaptive immunity and antigen presentation processes are involved in the process of PD and further research on the neuroimmune response mechanism may open new methods for its prevention and therapy. While current therapeutic regimens are still focused on controlling clinical symptoms, applications such as immunoregulatory strategies can delay the symptoms and the process of neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarized the progression of the neuroimmune response in PD based on recent studies and focused on the use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy and challenges as a strategy of disease-modifying therapy with multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengwen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China.
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16
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Li Z, Li Y, Xu X, Gu J, Chen H, Gui Y. Exosomes rich in Wnt5 improved circadian rhythm dysfunction via enhanced PPARγ activity in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137139. [PMID: 36813077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorder is one of the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and even appear as early symptoms. Here we investigated the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) on sleep disorder in PD rats. 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDA) was used to establish the PD rat model. BMSCquiescent-EXO and BMSCinduced-EXO groups were given intravenous injection 100 µg/g per day for 4 weeks, while control groups were given intravenous injection of the same volume of normal saline. The total sleep time, slow-wave sleep time and fast-wave sleep time in the BMSCquiescent-EXO and BMSCinduced-EXO groups were significantly prolonged (P < 0.05) compared with PD group, while the awakening time was significantly shortened (P < 0.05). In addition, increased levels of dopamine (P < 0.05) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (P < 0.05) levels were observed in the striatum of BMSCquiescent-EXO and BMSCinduced-EXO groups. Further, qPCR and western blot revealed that the mRNA levels of CLOCK, BMAL1 and PER2 in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were notably increased in BMSCquiescent-EXO and BMSCinduced-EXO groups compared to those from PD rats. More importantly, peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activities were significantly enhanced after treatment with BMSCquiescent-EXO and BMSCinduced-EXO. JC-1 fluorescence staining showed that mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance was repaired after inoculation of BMSCinduced-EXO. In summary, MSC-EXOs showed the improvement of sleep disorder in PD rats through recovering circadian rhythm associated gene expression. The potential mechanisms may be related with increased PPARγ activities and rescued mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance in Parkinson striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yongang Li
- Department of Neurology, First People' Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang 317599, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Jiachen Gu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yaxing Gui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a syndrome with several possible pathologies. To date, definitive methods for diagnosis and treatment of sub-types of dementia have not been established. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomes can provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of several subtypes of dementia. This article reviews recent studies on the application of exosomes in dementia. RECENT FINDINGS Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) through transporting toxic proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein. Exosomal microRNAs (miR) and proteins reflect the disease state, and therefore, exosomes can be used as diagnostic markers for diseases such as AD, PD, Huntington's disease (HD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been shown to ameliorate disease pathology, and improve cognitive function in AD, PD, and VAD. SUMMARY Recent studies have shown that exosomes could be novel diagnostic agents for dementia because they contain molecules that could be potential biomarker candidates indicative of the type and stage of dementia. Therapeutic application of exosomes in dementia has revealed that exosomes only, or exosomes loaded with an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), ameliorate disease phenotype of dementia. Further work is needed to exploit this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Su Joo
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
| | - Ha Yeong Jeon
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
| | - Eun Be Hong
- INEXOPLAT, Inc. M2704, 32, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
| | - Jung Min Lee
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
- INEXOPLAT, Inc. M2704, 32, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Yao W, Zhou P, Yan Q, Wu X, Xia Y, Li W, Li X, Zhu F. ERVWE1 Reduces Hippocampal Neuron Density and Impairs Dendritic Spine Morphology through Inhibiting Wnt/JNK Non-Canonical Pathway via miR-141-3p in Schizophrenia. Viruses 2023; 15:168. [PMID: 36680208 PMCID: PMC9863209 DOI: 10.3390/v15010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancestral germline infections by exogenous retroviruses. Human endogenous retroviruses W family envelope gene (HERV-W env, also called ERVWE1), located on chromosome 7q21-22, encodes an envelope glycoprotein from the HERV-W family. Mounting evidence suggests that aberrant expression of ERVWE1 involves the etiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, the genetic and morphological studies indicate that dendritic spine deficits may contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. Here, we reported that ERVWE1 changed the density and morphology of the dendritic spine through inhibiting Wingless-type (Wnt)/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) non-canonical pathway via miR-141-3p in schizophrenia. In this paper, we found elevated levels of miR-141-3p and a significant positive correlation with ERVWE1 in schizophrenia. Moreover, serum Wnt5a and actin-related protein 2 (Arp2) levels decreased and demonstrated a significant negative correlation with ERVWE1 in schizophrenia. In vitro experiments disclosed that ERVWE1 up-regulated miR-141-3p expression by interacting with transcription factor (TF) Yin Yang 1 (YY1). YY1 modulated miR-141-3p expression by binding to its promoter. The luciferase assay revealed that YY1 enhanced the promoter activity of miR-141-3p. Using the miRNA target prediction databases and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that miR-141-3p targeted Wnt5a at its 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). Furthermore, ERVWE1 suppressed the expression of Arp2 through non-canonical pathway, Wnt5a/JNK signaling pathway. In addition, ERVWE1 inhibited Wnt5a/JNK/Arp2 signal pathway through miR-141-3p. Finally, functional assays showed that ERVWE1 induced the abnormalities in hippocampal neuron morphology and spine density through inhibiting Wnt/JNK non-canonical pathway via miR-141-3p in schizophrenia. Our findings indicated that miR-141-3p, Wnt5a, and Arp2 might be potential clinical blood-based biomarkers or therapeutic targets for schizophrenia. Our work also provided new insight into the role of ERVWE1 in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qiujin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yaru Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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