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Carnevale L, Perrotta M, Mastroiacovo F, Perrotta S, Migliaccio A, Fardella V, Pacella J, Fardella S, Pallante F, Carnevale R, Carnevale D, Lembo G. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Define the Microvascular Injury Driven by Neuroinflammation in the Brain of a Mouse Model of Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:636-647. [PMID: 38174566 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for dementia and cognitive impairment. METHODS We used the model of transverse aortic constriction to induce chronic pressure overload in mice. We characterized brain injury by advanced translational applications of magnetic resonance imaging. In parallel, we analyzed peripheral target organ damage induced by chronic pressure overload by ultrasonography. Microscopical characterization of brain vasculature was performed as well, together with the analysis of immune and inflammatory markers. RESULTS We identified a specific structural, microstructural, and functional brain injury. In particular, we highlighted a regional enlargement of the hypothalamus, microstructural damage in the white matter of the fimbria, and a reduction of the cerebral blood flow. A parallel analysis performed by confocal microscopy revealed a correspondent tissue damage evidenced by a reduction of cerebral capillary density, paired with loss of pericyte coverage. We assessed cognitive impairment and cardiac damage induced by hypertension to perform correlation analyses with the brain injury severity. At the mechanistic level, we found that CD8+T cells, producing interferon-γ, infiltrated the brain of hypertensive mice. By neutralizing this proinflammatory cytokine, we obtained a rescue of the phenotype, demonstrating their crucial role in establishing the microvascular damage. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we have used translational tools to comprehensively characterize brain injury in a mouse model of hypertension induced by chronic pressure overload. We have identified early cerebrovascular damage in hypertensive mice, sustained by CD8+IFN-γ+T lymphocytes, which fuel neuroinflammation to establish the injury of brain capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Marialuisa Perrotta
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (M.P., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Francesco Mastroiacovo
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Sara Perrotta
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Agnese Migliaccio
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Valentina Fardella
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Jacopo Pacella
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Stefania Fardella
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Fabio Pallante
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Raimondo Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (M.P., D.C., G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (L.C., M.P., F.M., S.P., A.M., V.F., J.P., S.F., F.P., R.C., D.C., G.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (M.P., D.C., G.L.)
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2
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Weaver DF. Thirty Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease Unified by a Common Neuroimmune-Neuroinflammation Mechanism. Brain Sci 2023; 14:41. [PMID: 38248256 PMCID: PMC10813027 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles confronting the formulation of a mechanistic understanding for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its immense complexity-a complexity that traverses the full structural and phenomenological spectrum, including molecular, macromolecular, cellular, neurological and behavioural processes. This complexity is reflected by the equally complex diversity of risk factors associated with AD. However, more than merely mirroring disease complexity, risk factors also provide fundamental insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD as a neurodegenerative disorder since they are central to disease initiation and subsequent propagation. Based on a systematic literature assessment, this review identified 30 risk factors for AD and then extended the analysis to further identify neuroinflammation as a unifying mechanism present in all 30 risk factors. Although other mechanisms (e.g., vasculopathy, proteopathy) were present in multiple risk factors, dysfunction of the neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis was uniquely central to all 30 identified risk factors. Though the nature of the neuroinflammatory involvement varied, the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were a common pathway shared by all risk factors. This observation provides further evidence for the importance of immunopathic mechanisms in the aetiopathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Departments of Medicine, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
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3
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Perrotta M, Carnevale D, Carnevale L. Mouse models of cerebral injury and cognitive impairment in hypertension. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1199612. [PMID: 37539342 PMCID: PMC10394515 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1199612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for dementia, including both vascular and neurodegenerative etiologies. With the original aim of studying the effect of blood pressure elevation on canonical target organs of hypertension as the heart, the vasculature or the kidneys, several experimental models of hypertension have sprouted during the years. With the more recent interest of understanding the cerebral injury burden caused by hypertension, it is worth understanding how the main models of hypertension or localized cerebral hypertension stand in the field of hypertension-induced cerebral injury and cognitive impairment. With this review we will report main genetic, pharmacological and surgical models of cognitive impairment induced by hypertension, summarizing how each specific category and model can improve our understanding of the complex phenomenon of cognitive loss of vascular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Perrotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Carnevale
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Pozzilli, Italy
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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Lei C, Zhongyan Z, Wenting S, Jing Z, Liyun Q, Hongyi H, Juntao Y, Qing Y. Identification of necroptosis-related genes in Parkinson's disease by integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1097293. [PMID: 37284660 PMCID: PMC10239842 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1097293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegeneration disease worldwide. Necroptosis, which is a new form of programmed cell death with high relationship with inflammation, plays a vital role in the progression of PD. However, the key necroptosis related genes in PD are not fully elucidated. Purpose Identification of key necroptosis-related genes in PD. Method The PD associated datasets and necroptosis related genes were downloaded from the GEO Database and GeneCards platform, respectively. The DEGs associated with necroptosis in PD were obtained by gap analysis, and followed by cluster analysis, enrichment analysis and WGCNA analysis. Moreover, the key necroptosis related genes were generated by PPI network analysis and their relationship by spearman correlation analysis. Immune infiltration analysis was used for explore the immune state of PD brain accompanied with the expression levels of these genes in various types of immune cells. Finally, the gene expression levels of these key necroptosis related genes were validated by an external dataset, blood samples from PD patients and toxin-induced PD cell model using real-time PCR analysis. Result Twelve key necroptosis-related genes including ASGR2, CCNA1, FGF10, FGF19, HJURP, NTF3, OIP5, RRM2, SLC22A1, SLC28A3, WNT1 and WNT10B were identified by integrated bioinformatics analysis of PD related dataset GSE7621. According to the correlation analysis of these genes, RRM2 and WNT1 were positively and negatively correlated with SLC22A1 respectively, while WNT10B was positively correlated with both OIF5 and FGF19. As the results from immune infiltration analysis, M2 macrophage was the highest population of immune cell in analyzed PD brain samples. Moreover, we found that 3 genes (CCNA1, OIP5 and WNT10B) and 9 genes (ASGR2, FGF10, FGF19, HJURP, NTF3, RRM2, SLC22A1, SLC28A3 and WNT1) were down- and up- regulated in an external dataset GSE20141, respectively. All the mRNA expression levels of these 12 genes were obviously upregulated in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cell PD model while CCNA1 and OIP5 were up- and down- regulated, respectively, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of PD patients. Conclusion Necroptosis and its associated inflammation play fundamental roles in the progression of PD and these identified 12 key genes might be served as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lei
- Department of Tuina, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhongyan
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Wenting
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Jing
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Liyun
- Department of Neurology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Hongyi
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Juntao
- Department of Tuina, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Qing
- Department of Neurology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Traub J, Frey A, Störk S. Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Cardiac Disease: Evidence, Relevance, and Therapeutic Implications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020329. [PMID: 36836686 PMCID: PMC9962280 DOI: 10.3390/life13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic cardiac disorders predispose to alterations in cognitive performance, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to overt dementia. Although this association is well-established, the factors inducing and accelerating cognitive decline beyond ageing and the intricate causal pathways and multilateral interdependencies involved remain poorly understood. Dysregulated and persistent inflammatory processes have been implicated as potentially causal mediators of the adverse consequences on brain function in patients with cardiac disease. Recent advances in positron emission tomography disclosed an enhanced level of neuroinflammation of cortical and subcortical brain regions as an important correlate of altered cognition in these patients. In preclinical and clinical investigations, the thereby involved domains and cell types of the brain are gradually better characterized. Microglia, resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, appear to be of particular importance, as they are extremely sensitive to even subtle pathological alterations affecting their complex interplay with neighboring astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, infiltrating myeloid cells, and lymphocytes. Here, we review the current evidence linking cognitive impairment and chronic neuroinflammation in patients with various selected cardiac disorders including the aspect of chronic neuroinflammation as a potentially druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Traub
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4993120139216
| | - Anna Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Hypertension affects a significant proportion of the adult and aging population and represents an important risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment and late-life dementia. Chronic high blood pressure continuously challenges the structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature, leading to microvascular rarefaction and dysfunction, and neurovascular uncoupling that typically impairs cerebral blood supply. Hypertension disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity, promotes neuroinflammation, and may contribute to amyloid deposition and Alzheimer pathology. The mechanisms underlying these harmful effects are still a focus of investigation, but studies in animal models have provided significant molecular and cellular mechanistic insights. Remaining questions relate to whether adequate treatment of hypertension may prevent deterioration of cognitive function, the threshold for blood pressure treatment, and the most effective antihypertensive drugs. Recent advances in neurovascular biology, advanced brain imaging, and detection of subtle behavioral phenotypes have begun to provide insights into these critical issues. Importantly, a parallel analysis of these parameters in animal models and humans is feasible, making it possible to foster translational advancements. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of the evidence available in experimental models and humans to examine the progress made and identify remaining gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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8
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Chen R, Morris BJ, Donlon TA, Ross GW, Kallianpur KJ, Allsopp RC, Nakagawa K, Willcox BJ, Masaki KH. Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease in Men with Late-Life Hypertension Is Ameliorated by FOXO3 Longevity Genotype. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:79-91. [PMID: 37483002 PMCID: PMC10578238 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that mid-life hypertension increases risk of dementia, whereas the association of late-life hypertension with dementia is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether FOXO3 longevity-associated genotype influences the association between late-life hypertension and incident dementia. METHODS Subjects were 2,688 American men of Japanese ancestry (baseline age: 77.0±4.1 years, range 71-93 years) from the Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program. Status was known for FOXO3 rs2802292 genotype, hypertension, and diagnosis of incident dementia to 2012. Association of FOXO3 genotype with late-life hypertension and incident dementia, vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During 21 years of follow-up, 725 men were diagnosed with all-cause dementia, 513 with AD, and 104 with VaD. A multivariable Cox model, adjusting for age, education, APOEɛ4, and cardiovascular risk factors, showed late-life hypertension increased VaD risk only (HR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.08-2.71, p = 0.022). We found no significant protective effect of FOXO3 longevity genotype on any type of dementia at the population level. However, in a full Cox model adjusting for age, education, APOEɛ4, and other cardiovascular risk factors, there was a significant interaction effect of late-life hypertension and FOXO3 longevity genotype on incident AD (β= -0.52, p = 0.0061). In men with FOXO3 rs2802292 longevity genotype (TG/GG), late-life hypertension showed protection against AD (HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.55-0.95, p = 0.021). The non-longevity genotype (TT) (HR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.90-1.51, p = 0.25) had no protective effect. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study found late-life hypertension was associated with lower incident AD in subjects with FOXO3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Chen
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Brian J. Morris
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Timothy A. Donlon
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - G. Webster Ross
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kalpana J. Kallianpur
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Richard C. Allsopp
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kazuma Nakagawa
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, The Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bradley J. Willcox
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kamal H. Masaki
- NIH Center of Biomedical Reseach Excellence on Aging, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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9
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Gibson M, Yiallourou S, Pase MP. The Association Between 24-Hour Blood Pressure Profiles and Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1303-1322. [PMID: 37458039 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Midlife hypertension increases risk for dementia. Around one third of adults have diagnosed hypertension; however, many adults are undiagnosed, or remain hypertensive despite diagnosis or treatment. Since blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian rhythm, ambulatory BP monitoring allows for the assessment of BP over a 24-hour period and provides an important tool for improving the diagnosis and management of hypertension. The measurement of 24-hour BP profiles, especially nocturnal BP, demonstrate better predictive ability for cardiovascular disease and mortality than office measurement. However, few studies have examined 24-hour BP profiles with respect to dementia risk. This is an important topic since improvements in BP management could facilitate the primary prevention of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Therefore, this review discusses the evidence linking BP to dementia, with a focus on whether the implementation of 24-hour BP measurements can improve risk prediction and prevention strategies. Pathways linking nocturnal BP to dementia are also discussed as are risk reduction strategies. Overall, limited research suggests an association between 24-hour BP elevation and poorer cognition, cerebral small vessel disease, and dementia. However, most studies were cross-sectional. Further evidence is needed to substantiate 24-hour BP profiles, over and above office BP, as predictors of vascular cognitive impairment and incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Gibson
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Yiallourou
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew P Pase
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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GSK3β Inhibition by Phosphorylation at Ser 389 Controls Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010337. [PMID: 36613781 PMCID: PMC9820301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 β (GSK3β) by Ser9 phosphorylation affects many physiological processes, including the immune response. However, the consequences of GSK3β inhibition by alternative Ser389 phosphorylation remain poorly characterized. Here we have examined neuroinflammation in GSK3β Ser389 knock-in (KI) mice, in which the phosphorylation of Ser389 GSK3β is impaired. The number of activated microglia/infiltrated macrophages, astrocytes, and infiltrated neutrophils was significantly higher in these animals compared to C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) counterparts, which suggests that the failure to inactivate GSK3β by Ser389 phosphorylation results in sustained low-grade neuroinflammation. Moreover, glial cell activation and brain infiltration of immune cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) failed in GSK3β Ser389 KI mice. Such effects were brain-specific, as peripheral immunity was not similarly affected. Additionally, phosphorylation of the IkB kinase complex (IKK) in response to LPS failed in GSK3β Ser389 KI mice, while STAT3 phosphorylation was fully conserved, suggesting that the NF-κB signaling pathway is specifically affected by this GSK3β regulatory pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that GSK3β inactivation by Ser389 phosphorylation controls the brain inflammatory response, raising the need to evaluate its role in the progression of neuroinflammatory pathologies.
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Malone JE, Elkasaby MI, Lerner AJ. Effects of Hypertension on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022; 24:615-625. [PMID: 36125695 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the pathophysiology of hypertension in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and explore the current landscape of clinical trials involving treatment of hypertension to improve cognition. RECENT FINDINGS Hypertension is increasingly recognized as a contributor to cognitive impairment. Clinical trials that explore blood pressure reductions with cognitive outcomes have been promising. Various antihypertensives have been evaluated in clinical trials, with growing interest in those agents that impact the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system due to its own association with cognitive impairment. No antihypertensive agent has been found to be superior to others in reducing cognitive impairment risk or conferring neuroprotective benefits. In this review, the pathophysiology of and clinical trial data involving hypertension and dementia will be explored. Hypertension is a significant risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative dementias, and clinical trials have been overall favorable in improving cognition by reductions in blood pressure using antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Malone
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed I Elkasaby
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan J Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Butler R, Bradford D, Rodgers KE. Analysis of shared underlying mechanism in neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1006089. [PMID: 36523957 PMCID: PMC9745190 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the relationship between bioenergetics, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation will be and how they contribute to neurodegeneration, specifically in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS) will be reviewed. Long-term changes in mitochondrial function, autophagy dysfunction, and immune activation are commonalities shared across these age-related disorders. Genetic risk factors for these diseases support an autophagy-immune connection in the underlying pathophysiology. Critical areas of deeper evaluation in these bioenergetic processes may lead to potential therapeutics with efficacy across multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen E. Rodgers
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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13
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Yau WYW, Shirzadi Z, Yang HS, Ikoba AP, Rabin JS, Properzi MJ, Kirn DR, Schultz AP, Rentz DM, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Chhatwal JP. Tau Mediates Synergistic Influence of Vascular Risk and Aβ on Cognitive Decline. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:745-755. [PMID: 35880989 PMCID: PMC9650958 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated vascular risk and beta-amyloid (Aβ) burden have been synergistically associated with cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined whether accelerated longitudinal tau accumulation mediates the vascular risk-Aβ interaction on cognitive decline. METHODS We included 175 cognitively unimpaired older adults (age 70.5 ± 8.0 years). Baseline vascular risk was quantified using the office-based Framingham Heart Study general cardiovascular disease risk score (FHS-CVD). Baseline Aβ burden was measured with Pittsburgh Compound-B positron emission tomography (PET). Tau burden was measured longitudinally (3.6 ± 1.5 years) with Flortaucipir PET, focusing on inferior temporal cortex (ITC). Cognition was assessed longitudinally (7.0 ± 2.0 years) using the Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite. Linear mixed effects models examined the interactive effects of baseline vascular risk and Aβ on longitudinal ITC tau. Additionally, moderated mediation was used to determine whether tau accumulation mediated the FHS-CVD*Aβ effect on cognitive decline. RESULTS We observed a significant interaction between elevated baseline FHS-CVD and Aβ on greater ITC tau accumulation (p = 0.004), even in individuals with Aβ burden below the conventional threshold for amyloid positivity. Examining individual vascular risk factors, we found elevated systolic blood pressure and body mass index showed independent interactions with Aβ on longitudinal tau (both p < 0.0001). ITC tau accumulation mediated 33% of the interactive association of FHS-CVD and Aβ on cognitive decline. INTERPRETATION Vascular risks interact with subthreshold levels of Aβ to promote cognitive decline, partially by accelerating early neocortical tau accumulation. Our findings support vascular risk reduction, especially treating hypertension and obesity, to attenuate Aβ-related tau pathology and reduce late-life cognitive decline. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:745-755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ying Wendy Yau
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zahra Shirzadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hyun-Sik Yang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Akpevweoghene P Ikoba
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Properzi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dylan R Kirn
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aaron P Schultz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dorene M Rentz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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14
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Falsetti L, Viticchi G, Zaccone V, Guerrieri E, Moroncini G, Luzzi S, Silvestrini M. Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020439. [PMID: 35203654 PMCID: PMC8962428 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting 24 million individuals. Clinical and epidemiological studies have found several links between vascular risk factors (VRF), neurovascular unit dysfunction (NVUd), blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) and AD onset and progression in adulthood, suggesting a pathogenetic continuum between AD and vascular dementia. Shared pathways between AD, VRF, and NVUd/BBB have also been found at the molecular level, underlining the strength of this association. The present paper reviewed the literature describing commonly shared molecular pathways between adult-onset AD, VRF, and NVUd/BBBb. Current evidence suggests that VRF and NVUd/BBBb are involved in AD neurovascular and neurodegenerative pathology and share several molecular pathways. This is strongly supportive of the hypothesis that the presence of VRF can at least facilitate AD onset and progression through several mechanisms, including NVUd/BBBb. Moreover, vascular disease and several comorbidities may have a cumulative effect on VRF and worsen the clinical manifestations of AD. Early detection and correction of VRF and vascular disease by improving NVUd/BBBd could be a potential target to reduce the overall incidence and delay cognitive impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Falsetti
- Internal and Subintensive Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti” di Ancona, 60100 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-596-5269
| | - Giovanna Viticchi
- Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.V.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Zaccone
- Internal and Subintensive Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti” di Ancona, 60100 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Guerrieri
- Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Simona Luzzi
- Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.V.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Silvestrini
- Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.V.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
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15
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Tran S, Kuruppu S, Rajapakse NW. Chronic Renin-Angiotensin System Activation Induced Neuroinflammation: Common Mechanisms Underlying Hypertension and Dementia? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:943-955. [PMID: 34897090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes substantially to neuroinflammation. We propose that neuroinflammation arising from chronic RAS activation can initiate and potentiate the onset of hypertension and related dementia. Neuroinflammation induced by chronic activation of the RAS plays a key role in the pathogenesis of dementia. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β have been reported in brain tissue of vascular dementia patients and animal models of vascular dementia induced by either angiotensin II infusion or transverse aortic coarctation. It is proposed that neuronal cell death and synaptic dysfunction induced by neuroinflammation lead to cognitive impairment in dementia. The neuroprotective RAS pathway, regulated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which converts angiotensin II into angiotensin-(1-7), can attenuate hypertension and dementia. Furthermore, the use of anti-hypertensive medications in preventing dementia or cognitive decline in hypertensive patients and animal models of dementia have mostly been beneficial. Current evidence suggests a strong link between RAS induced neuroinflammation and the onset of hypertension and dementia, which warrants further investigation. Strategies to counteract an overactive RAS and enhance the neuroprotective arm of the RAS may help prevent or improve cognitive impairment associated with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Tran
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sanjaya Kuruppu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Niwanthi W Rajapakse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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16
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Ojakäär T, Koychev I. Secondary Prevention of Dementia: Combining Risk Factors and Scalable Screening Technology. Front Neurol 2021; 12:772836. [PMID: 34867762 PMCID: PMC8634660 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.772836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common cause of dementia. Over a third of dementia cases are estimated to be due to potentially modifiable risk factors, thus offering opportunities for both identification of those most likely to be in early disease as well as secondary prevention. Diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney failure have all been linked to increased risk for AD and dementia and through their high prevalence are particularly apt targets for initiatives to reduce burden of AD. This can take place through targeted interventions of cardiovascular risk factors (shown to improve cognitive outcomes) or novel disease modifying treatments in people with confirmed AD pathology. The success of this approach to secondary prevention depends on the availability of inexpensive and scalable methods for detecting preclinical and prodromal dementia states. Developments in blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease are rapidly becoming a viable such method for monitoring large at-risk groups. In addition, digital technologies for remote monitoring of cognitive and behavioral changes can add clinically relevant data to further improve personalisation of prevention strategies. This review sets the scene for this approach to secondary care of dementia through a review of the evidence for cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease) as major risk factors for AD. We then summarize the developments in blood-based and cognitive biomarkers that allow the detection of pathological states at the earliest possible stage. We propose that at-risk cohorts should be created based on the interaction between cardiovascular and constitutional risk factors. These cohorts can then be monitored effectively using a combination of blood-based biomarkers and digital technologies. We argue that this strategy allows for both risk factor reduction-based prevention programmes as well as for optimisation of any benefits offered by current and future disease modifying treatment through rapid identification of individuals most likely to benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Koychev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Youwakim J, Girouard H. Inflammation: A Mediator Between Hypertension and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:1014-1030. [PMID: 34136907 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanistic link between hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases remains to be understood. Recent evidence indicates that inflammation is a common pathophysiological trait for both hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-grade chronic inflammation at the systemic and central nervous system levels is now recognized to contribute to the physiopathology of hypertension. This review speculates that inflammation represents a mediator between hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases, either by a decrease in cerebral blood flow or a disruption of the blood-brain barrier which will, in turn, let inflammatory cells and neurotoxic molecules enter the brain parenchyma. This may impact brain functions including cognition and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. This review will thus discuss the relationship between hypertension, systemic inflammation, cerebrovascular functions, neuroinflammation, and brain dysfunctions. The potential clinical future of immunotherapies against hypertension and associated cerebrovascular risks will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Youwakim
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA); Montreal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA); Montreal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériaterie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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Ungvari Z, Toth P, Tarantini S, Prodan CI, Sorond F, Merkely B, Csiszar A. Hypertension-induced cognitive impairment: from pathophysiology to public health. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:639-654. [PMID: 34127835 PMCID: PMC8202227 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension affects two-thirds of people aged >60 years and significantly increases the risk of both vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Hypertension compromises the structural and functional integrity of the cerebral microcirculation, promoting microvascular rarefaction, cerebromicrovascular endothelial dysfunction and neurovascular uncoupling, which impair cerebral blood supply. In addition, hypertension disrupts the blood-brain barrier, promoting neuroinflammation and exacerbation of amyloid pathologies. Ageing is characterized by multifaceted homeostatic dysfunction and impaired cellular stress resilience, which exacerbate the deleterious cerebromicrovascular effects of hypertension. Neuroradiological markers of hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease include white matter hyperintensities, lacunar infarcts and microhaemorrhages, all of which are associated with cognitive decline. Use of pharmaceutical and lifestyle interventions that reduce blood pressure, in combination with treatments that promote microvascular health, have the potential to prevent or delay the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Peter Toth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Calin I Prodan
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Neurocritical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bela Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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19
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Xu X, Du L, Jiang J, Yang M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tang T, Fu X, Hao J. Microglial TREM2 Mitigates Inflammatory Responses and Neuronal Apoptosis in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:716917. [PMID: 34489683 PMCID: PMC8417947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.716917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that hypertension and aging are prominent risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) by inducement of neuroinflammation. Recent study showed that neuroinflammation via activated microglia induces reactive astrocytes, termed A1 astrocytes, that highly upregulate numerous classical complement cascade genes that are destructive to neurons in neurodegeneration diseases. Moreover, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is considered as one of the strongest single-allele genetic risk factors and plays important roles in neuroinflammation for LOAD. However, the mechanisms of microglia in the regulation of A1 astrocytic activation are still not clear. We introduced angiotensin II-induced hypertension in middle-aged mice and found that hypertension-upregulated TREM2 expression and A1 astrocytic activation were involved in neuroinflammation in the animal models used in this study. The in vitro results revealed that overexpression of microglial TREM2 not only mitigated microglial inflammatory response but also had salutary effects on reverse A1 astrocytic activation and neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tieyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuetao Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The relationship between hypertension and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex and varies across the lifespan. Studies have suggested that midlife hypertension is a risk factor for AD, although studies of late life hypertension have suggested that it either has no effect or a weak protective effect. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models of induced and spontaneous hypertension have found that AD pathological change (β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles) occurs within weeks of a hypertensive insult. Human imaging and autopsy studies indicate that midlife and late life hypertension are associated with increased AD pathological change. Meta-analyses of longitudinal studies indicate that midlife rather than late life hypertension is a risk factor for AD. New areas of research have suggested that rather than mean blood pressure (BP), it is the negative BP trajectories or the variability of BP that contributes to AD. In a number of meta-analyses of antihypertensive medications and their effect on AD, there were weak associations between improved AD outcomes and treatment. SUMMARY The combined analysis of animal, human clinical/pathological, epidemiological and drug trial data indicates that hypertension increases the risk of AD and treatment of hypertension may be an appropriate preventive measure.
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21
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Nyúl-Tóth Á, Tarantini S, Kiss T, Toth P, Galvan V, Tarantini A, Yabluchanskiy A, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z. Increases in hypertension-induced cerebral microhemorrhages exacerbate gait dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2020; 42:1685-1698. [PMID: 32844283 PMCID: PMC7732885 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies show that cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and arterial hypertension are independent risk factors for cerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs). To test the hypothesis that amyloid pathology and hypertension interact to promote the development of CMHs, we induced hypertension in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD and respective controls by treatment with angiotensin II (Ang II) and the NO synthesis inhibitor L-NAME. The number, size, localization, and neurological consequences (gait alterations) of CMHs were compared. We found that compared to control mice, in TG2576 mice, the same level of hypertension led to significantly increased CMH burden and exacerbation of CMH-related gait alterations. In hypertensive TG2576 mice, CMHs were predominantly located in the cerebral cortex at the cortical-subcortical boundary, mimicking the clinical picture seen in patients with CAA. Collectively, amyloid pathologies exacerbate the effects of hypertension, promoting the genesis of CMHs, which likely contribute to their deleterious effects on cognitive function. Therapeutic strategies for prevention of CMHs that reduce blood pressure and preserve microvascular integrity are expected to exert neuroprotective effects in high-risk elderly AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Kiss
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School/Departments of Medical Physics and Informatics & Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Toth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Amber Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School/Departments of Medical Physics and Informatics & Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School/Departments of Medical Physics and Informatics & Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1311, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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22
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Lennon MJ, Makkar SR, Crawford JD, Sachdev PS. Midlife Hypertension and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:307-316. [PMID: 31381518 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is an established risk factor for stroke and vascular dementia but recent meta-analyses examining the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and hypertension have found no significant association. These meta-analyses included short term studies starting in late life which may have obscured the real effect of midlife hypertension. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of AD with midlife hypertension, by including only studies with a sufficiently long follow up duration. METHODS Relevant studies were found by searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed. Study outcomes were grouped by measures of blood pressure and definition of hypertension (e.g., systolic hypertension > 140 mmHg or > 160 mmHg). We assessed pooled effect estimates using random effects models and heterogeneity of pooled estimates through the I2 statistic. RESULTS Literature search found 3,426 publications of which 7 were eligible studies. There was a significant association between systolic hypertension (>160 mm Hg) and AD (HR 1.25, 95CI 1.06 - 1.47, p = 0.0065). Similarly, for systolic hypertension > 140 mm Hg, there was a smaller but still significant association (HR 1.18, 95CI 1.02 - 1.35, p = 0.021). For diastolic hypertension, all four studies found no significant associations between diastolic hypertension and AD, and these data could not be pooled due to heterogeneity in reporting. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that midlife stage 1 and stage 2 systolic hypertension is associated with increased risk of AD by 18 and 25%, respectively, although no association was found for diastolic hypertension. It is likely that assertive control of systolic hypertension starting in midlife is important to preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lennon
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve R Makkar
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia
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23
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Van Etten EJ, Bharadwaj PK, Nguyen LA, Hishaw GA, Trouard TP, Alexander GE. Right hippocampal volume mediation of subjective memory complaints differs by hypertension status in healthy aging. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 94:271-280. [PMID: 32688134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) may be an important early indicator of cognitive aging and preclinical Alzheimer's disease risk. This study investigated whether age-related differences in right or left hippocampal volume underlie SMCs, if these relationships differ by hypertension status, and how they are related to objective memory performance in a group of 190 healthy older adults, 50-89 years of age. Analyses revealed a significant mediation of the relationship between age and mild SMCs by right hippocampal volume that was moderated by hypertension status. This moderated mediation effect was not observed with left hippocampal volume. Additionally, a moderated serial mediation model showed that age predicted right hippocampal volume, which predicted SMCs, and in turn predicted objective memory performance on several measures of verbal selective reminding in individuals with hypertension, but not in non-hypertensives. Together, these findings suggest that even mild SMCs, in the context of hypertension, provide an early indicator of cognitive aging, reflecting a potential link among vascular risk, SMCs, and the preclinical risk for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Van Etten
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pradyumna K Bharadwaj
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren A Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Georg A Hishaw
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Theodore P Trouard
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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24
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de Montgolfier O, Thorin-Trescases N, Thorin E. Pathological Continuum From the Rise in Pulse Pressure to Impaired Neurovascular Coupling and Cognitive Decline. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:375-390. [PMID: 32202623 PMCID: PMC7188799 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The "biomechanical hypothesis" stipulates that with aging, the cumulative mechanical damages to the cerebral microvasculature, magnified by risk factors for vascular diseases, contribute to a breach in cerebral homeostasis producing neuronal losses. In other words, vascular dysfunction affects brain structure and function, and leads to cognitive failure. This is gathered under the term Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). One of the main culprits in the occurrence of cognitive decline could be the inevitable rise in arterial pulse pressure due to the age-dependent stiffening of large conductance arteries like the carotids, which in turn, could accentuate the penetration of the pulse pressure wave deeper into the fragile microvasculature of the brain and damage it. In this review, we will discuss how and why the vascular and brain cells communicate and are interdependent, describe the deleterious impact of a vascular dysfunction on brain function in various neurodegenerative diseases and even of psychiatric disorders, and the potential chronic deleterious effects of the pulsatile blood pressure on the cerebral microcirculation. We will also briefly review data from antihypertensive clinical trial aiming at improving or delaying dementia. Finally, we will debate how the aging process, starting early in life, could determine our sensitivity to risk factors for vascular diseases, including cerebral diseases, and the trajectory to VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia de Montgolfier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Eric Thorin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence: Eric Thorin ()
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25
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Donertas Ayaz B, Zubcevic J. Gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of hypertension: A potential role for hydrogen sulfide. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104677. [PMID: 32023431 PMCID: PMC7056572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and gut dysbiosis are hallmarks of hypertension (HTN). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important freely diffusing molecule that modulates the function of neural, cardiovascular and immune systems, and circulating levels of H2S are reduced in animals and humans with HTN. While most research to date has focused on H₂S produced endogenously by the host, H2S is also produced by the gut bacteria and may affect the host homeostasis. Here, we review an association between neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis in HTN, with special emphasis on a potential role of H2S in this interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Donertas Ayaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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26
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Washida K, Hattori Y, Ihara M. Animal Models of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion: From Mouse to Primate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246176. [PMID: 31817864 PMCID: PMC6941004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) or vascular dementia occurs as a result of brain ischemia and represents the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. To explore the underlying mechanisms of VCI, several animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion have been developed in rats, mice, and primates. We established a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by narrowing the bilateral common carotid arteries with microcoils, eventually resulting in hippocampal atrophy. In addition, a mouse model of white matter infarct-related damage with cognitive and motor dysfunction has also been established by asymmetric common carotid artery surgery. Although most experiments studying chronic cerebral hypoperfusion have been performed in rodents because of the ease of handling and greater ethical acceptability, non-human primates appear to represent the best model for the study of VCI, due to their similarities in much larger white matter volume and amyloid β depositions like humans. Therefore, we also recently developed a baboon model of VCI through three-vessel occlusion (both the internal carotid arteries and the left vertebral artery). In this review, several animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, from mouse to primate, are extensively discussed to aid in better understanding of pathophysiology of VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Washida
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6170-1070; Fax: +81-6-6170-1782
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27
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Sun R, He T, Pan Y, Katusic ZS. Effects of senescence and angiotensin II on expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:100-114. [PMID: 29348391 PMCID: PMC5811245 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of senescence and angiotensin II (Ang II) on expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Senescence caused a decrease in APP expression thereby resulting in reduced secretion of soluble APPα (sAPPα). In contrast, β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) expression and production of amyloid β (Aβ)40 were increased in senescent endothelium. Importantly, in senescent human BMECs, treatment with BACE1 inhibitor IV inhibited Aβ generation and increased sAPPα production by enhancing a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10 expression. Furthermore, Ang II impaired expression of ADAM10 and significantly reduced generation of sAPPα in senescent human BMECs. This inhibitory effect of Ang II was prevented by treatment with BACE1 inhibitor IV. Our results suggest that impairment of α-processing and shift to amyloidogenic pathway of APP contribute to endothelial dysfunction induced by senescence. Loss of sAPPα in senescent cells treated with Ang II exacerbates detrimental effects of senescence on APP processing. Notably, inhibition of BACE1 has beneficial effects on senescence induced endothelial dysfunction. Reported findings may help to explain contributions of senescent cerebral microvascular endothelium to development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tongrong He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yujun Pan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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28
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Marongiu R. Accelerated Ovarian Failure as a Unique Model to Study Peri-Menopause Influence on Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:242. [PMID: 31551757 PMCID: PMC6743419 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of extensive research efforts, efficacious therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are lacking. The multi-factorial nature of AD neuropathology and symptomatology has taught us that a single therapeutic approach will most likely not fit all. Women constitute ~70% of the affected AD population, and pathology and rate of symptoms progression are 2–3 times higher in women than men. Epidemiological data suggest that menopausal estrogen loss may be causative of the more severe symptoms observed in AD women, however, results from clinical trials employing estrogen replacement therapy are inconsistent. AD pathological hallmarks—amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and chronic gliosis—are laid down during a 20-year prodromal period before clinical symptoms appear, which coincides with the menopause transition (peri-menopause) in women (~45–54-years-old). Peri-menopause is marked by widely fluctuating estrogen levels resulting in periods of irregular hormone-receptor interactions. Recent studies showed that peri-menopausal women have increased indicators of AD phenotype (brain Aβ deposition and hypometabolism), and peri-menopausal women who used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had a reduced AD risk. This suggests that neuroendocrine changes during peri-menopause may be a trigger that increases risk of AD in women. Studies on sex differences have been performed in several AD rodent models over the years. However, it has been challenging to study the menopause influence on AD due to lack of optimal models that mimic the human process. Recently, the rodent model of accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) was developed, which uniquely recapitulates human menopause, including a transitional peri-AOF period with irregular estrogen fluctuations and a post-AOF stage with low estrogen levels. This model has proven useful in hypertension and cognition studies with wild type animals. This review article will highlight the molecular mechanisms by which peri-menopause may influence the female brain vulnerability to AD and AD risk factors, such as hypertension and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Studies on these biological mechanisms together with the use of the AOF model have the potential to shed light on key molecular pathways underlying AD pathogenesis for the development of precision medicine approaches that take sex and hormonal status into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marongiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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29
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Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Neuroinflammation in hypertension: the renin-angiotensin system versus pro-resolution pathways. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:279-291. [PMID: 31039397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overstimulation of the pro-inflammatory pathways within brain areas responsible for sympathetic outflow is well evidenced as a primary contributing factor to the establishment and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. However, the precise mechanisms and stimuli responsible for promoting a pro-inflammatory state are not fully elucidated. Recent work has unveiled novel compounds derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which actively regulate the resolution of inflammation. Failure or dysregulation of the resolution process has been linked to a variety of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the pathologic role of neuroinflammation in the hypertensive state, SPMs and their associated pathways may provide a link between hypertension and the long-standing association of dietary ω-3 PUFAs with cardioprotection. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the RAS-driven pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension, particularly in regards to the chronic low-grade neuroinflammatory response. In addition, we examine the potential for an impaired resolution of inflammation process in the context of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Elisabeth Mowry
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA; Center for Neurosciences Research Initiative, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
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30
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Uzuneser TC, Speidel J, Kogias G, Wang AL, de Souza Silva MA, Huston JP, Zoicas I, von Hörsten S, Kornhuber J, Korth C, Müller CP. Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) Overexpression and Juvenile Immune Activation Cause Sex-Specific Schizophrenia-Related Psychopathology in Rats. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:222. [PMID: 31057438 PMCID: PMC6465888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic pruning is a critical refinement step during neurodevelopment, and schizophrenia has been associated with overpruning of cortical dendritic spines. Both human studies and animal models implicate disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene as a strong susceptibility factor for schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of DISC1 protein in the modulation of synaptic elimination during critical periods of neurodevelopment and of dopamine D2-receptor-mediated signaling during adulthood. In many species, synaptic pruning occurs during juvenile and adolescent periods and is mediated by microglia, which can be over-activated by an immune challenge, giving rise to overpruning. Therefore, we sought to investigate possible interactions between a transgenic DISC1 model (tgDISC1) and juvenile immune activation (JIA) by the bacterial cell wall endotoxin lipopolysaccharide on the induction of schizophrenia-related behavioral and neurochemical disruptions in adult female and male rats. We examined possible behavioral aberrations along three major symptom dimensions of schizophrenia including psychosis, social and emotional disruptions, and cognitive impairments. We detected significant gene-environment interactions in the amphetamine-induced locomotion in female animals and in the amphetamine-induced anxiety in male animals. Surprisingly, gene-environment interactions improved social memory in both male and female animals. JIA alone disrupted spatial memory and recognition memory, but only in male animals. DISC1 overexpression alone induced an improvement in sensorimotor gating, but only in female animals. Our neurochemical analyses detected sex- and manipulation-dependent changes in the postmortem monoamine content of animals. Taken together, we here report sex-specific effects of environment and genotype as well as their interaction on behavioral phenotypes and neurochemical profiles relevant for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taygun C Uzuneser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jil Speidel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgios Kogias
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - An-Li Wang
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria A de Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Iulia Zoicas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Characteristic changes in the default mode network in hypertensive patients with cognitive impairment. Hypertens Res 2018; 42:530-540. [PMID: 30573810 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension has a close affinity to brain degeneration and cognitive decline during the aging process. The default mode network (DMN) is usually affected in various diseases related to cognitive impairment (CI). The present research aimed to explore the alterations in the DMN and its subcomponents in hypertensive patients with and without CI and to investigate the associations between cognitive performance and network abnormalities. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological tests were performed in 74 subjects, namely, 30 hypertensive patients with normal cognition (HTN-NC), 25 hypertensive patients with CI (HTN-CI), and 19 healthy controls. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis was performed to identify the DMN patterns. The group differences in the DMN were mainly shown in brain regions related to the core subsystem and the dorsal medial subsystem of the DMN. Post hoc analysis revealed a trend of dissociation among the DMN subsystems in the HTN-NC group. In contrast, the HTN-CI group displayed extensively increased FC in both subsystems. Importantly, increased FC of the dorsal medial subsystem in the HTN-CI patients was associated with poor cognitive performance, such as scores on Mini-Mental State Examination (ρ = -0.438, P = 0.029) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (ρ = -0.449, P = 0.025). The findings suggest that extensively increased connectivities in the core subsystem and the dorsal media subsystem of the DMN may distinguish hypertension with CI from hypertension with normal cognition. The characteristic change in the dorsal medial subsystem may become an early imaging biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with hypertension.
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32
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Hui CW, Song X, Ma F, Shen X, Herrup K. Ibuprofen prevents progression of ataxia telangiectasia symptoms in ATM-deficient mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:308. [PMID: 30400801 PMCID: PMC6220455 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a critical role in accelerating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). In A-T mouse models, LPS-induced neuroinflammation advances the degenerative changes found in cerebellar Purkinje neurons both in vivo and in vitro. In the current study, we ask whether ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), can have the opposite effect and delay the symptoms of the disease. METHODS We tested the beneficial effects of ibuprofen in both in vitro and in vivo models. Conditioned medium from LPS stimulated primary microglia (LM) applied to cultures of dissociated cortical neurons leads to numerous degenerative changes. Pretreatment of the neurons with ibuprofen, however, blocked this damage. Systemic injection of LPS into either adult wild-type or adult Atm-/- mice produced an immune challenge that triggered profound behavioral, biochemical, and histological effects. We used a 2-week ibuprofen pretreatment regimen to investigate whether these LPS effects could be blocked. We also treated young presymptomatic Atm-/- mice to determine if ibuprofen could delay the appearance of symptoms. RESULTS Adding ibuprofen directly to neuronal cultures significantly reduced LM-induced degeneration. Curiously, adding ibuprofen to the microglia cultures before the LPS challenge had little effect, thus implying a direct effect of the NSAID on the neuronal cultures. In vivo administration of ibuprofen to Atm-/- animals before a systemic LPS immune challenge suppressed cytological damage. The ibuprofen effects were widespread as microglial activation, p38 phosphorylation, DNA damage, and neuronal cell cycle reentry were all reduced. Unfortunately, ibuprofen only slightly improved the LPS-induced behavioral deficits. Yet, while the behavioral symptoms could not be reversed once they were established in adult Atm-/- animals, administration of ibuprofen to young mutant pups prevented their symptoms from appearing. CONCLUSION Inflammatory processes impact the normal progression of A-T implying that modulation of the immune system can have therapeutic benefit for both the behavioral and cellular symptoms of this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wai Hui
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuan Song
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fulin Ma
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuting Shen
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Present address: School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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33
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Tayler HM, Palmer JC, Thomas TL, Kehoe PG, Paton JF, Love S. Cerebral Aβ 40 and systemic hypertension. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1993-2005. [PMID: 28782443 PMCID: PMC6259324 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mid-life hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion may be preclinical abnormalities in people who later develop Alzheimer's disease. Although accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and is associated with upregulation of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 within the brain, it is unclear how this affects systemic arterial pressure. We have investigated whether infusion of Aβ40 into ventricular cerebrospinal fluid modulates blood pressure in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat develops hypertension if given a high-salt diet. Intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ induced a progressive rise in blood pressure in rats with pre-existing hypertension produced by a high-salt diet ( p < 0.0001), but no change in blood pressure in normotensive rats. The elevation in arterial pressure in high-salt rats was associated with an increase in low frequency spectral density in systolic blood pressure, suggesting autonomic imbalance, and reduced cardiac baroreflex gain. Our results demonstrate the potential for intracerebral Aβ to exacerbate hypertension, through modulation of autonomic activity. Present findings raise the possibility that mid-life hypertension in people who subsequently develop Alzheimer's disease may in some cases be a physiological response to reduced cerebral perfusion complicating the accumulation of Aβ within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Tayler
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Taya L Thomas
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian Fr Paton
- 2 School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Wenzel P. Monocytes as immune targets in arterial hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1966-1977. [PMID: 29885051 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of myelomonocytic cells appears to be critical for the initiation, progression and manifestation of arterial hypertension. Monocytes can induce vascular inflammation as well as tissue remodelling and (mal)adaptation by secreting chemokines and cytokines, producing ROS, expressing coagulation factors and transforming into macrophages. A multitude of adhesion molecules promote the infiltration and accumulation of monocytes into the kidney, heart, brain and vasculature in hypertension. All these facets offer the possibility to pharmacologically target monocytes and may represent novel therapeutic ways to treat hypertension, attenuate hypertension-associated end organ damage or prevent the development or worsening of high blood pressure. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main
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Shih YH, Wu SY, Yu M, Huang SH, Lee CW, Jiang MJ, Lin PY, Yang TT, Kuo YM. Hypertension Accelerates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathologies in Pigs and 3xTg Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:73. [PMID: 29615895 PMCID: PMC5869211 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest there is an association between midlife hypertension and increased risk of late-life Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, whether hypertension accelerates the onset of AD or is a distinct disease that becomes more prevalent with age (comorbidity) remains unclear. This study aimed to test the possible relationship between hypertension and AD pathogenesis. Two animal models were used in this study. For the first model, 7-month-old Lanyu-miniature-pigs were given the abdominal aortic constriction operation to induce hypertension and their AD-related pathologies were assessed at 1, 2, and 3 months after the operation. The results showed that hypertension was detected since 1 month after the operation in the pigs. Levels of Aβ, amyloid precursor protein, RAGE, phosphorylated tau and activated GSK3β in the hippocampi increased at 3 months after the operation. For the second model, 3xTg mice at the ages of 2, 5, and 7 months were subjected to the “two-kidney-one-clip” operation to induce hypertension. One month after the operation, blood pressure was significantly increased in the 3xTg mice in any age. Aβ, amyloid plaque load, and phosphorylated tau levels increased in the operated mice. Furthermore, the operation also induced shrinkage in the dendritic arbor of hippocampal dentate gyrus granule neurons, leakage in the blood-brain barrier, activation in microglia, and impairment in the hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in the 3xTg mice. In conclusion, hypertension accelerates the onset of AD. Blood pressure control during midlife may delay the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Megan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sheng-Huai Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Wan Lee
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Jyh Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Giugliano G, Salemme A, De Longis S, Perrotta M, D'Angelosante V, Landolfi A, Izzo R, Trimarco V. Effects of a new nutraceutical combination on cognitive function in hypertensive patients. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29445414 PMCID: PMC5803913 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-017-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic increased arterial blood pressure has been associated with executive dysfunction, slowing of attention and mental processing speed, and later with memory deficits. Due to the absence of a concrete therapeutic approach to this pathophysiological process, in the last decades there has been an increasing interest in the use of nutraceuticals, especially those with antioxidant properties, which own strong neuroprotective potential, that may help to improve cognitive function and to delay the onset of dementia. Results We evaluated the effects of the treatment with a new nutraceutical preparation containing different molecules with potent antioxidant properties (AkP05, IzzeK®) and placebo on a cohort of thirty-six hypertensive patients. At baseline, neuropsychological evaluation, arterial stiffness and biochemical parameters of the subjects were comparable. After 6 months of treatment, there was a significant reduction of the augmentation index in the AkP05-treated group. Moreover, the measurement of cognitive function, evaluated with MoCA test and Word Match Testing, showed a significant improvement in patients receiving the active treatment. In addition, the group treated with nutraceutical reached a better Stroop test score, while subjects that received placebo did not showed any improvement. Finally, a positive relationship between SBP variation and the psychometric assessment with the EQ-VAS scale was observed only in the active treatment group. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that the therapy with a new nutraceutical preparation is able to significantly increase the scores of important neuropsychological tests in hypertensive patients already on satisfactory blood pressure control. Although future studies are needed to better characterize the molecular mechanisms involved, these results candidate the new nutraceutical combination as a possible therapeutic strategy to support the cerebrovascular functions and delay the onset of dementia in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giugliano
- 1Hypertension Research Center; Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sara De Longis
- 3Hypertension Research Center; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Perrotta
- 4Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia Italy
| | - Valentina D'Angelosante
- 4Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia Italy
| | - Alessandro Landolfi
- 4Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia Italy
| | - Raffaele Izzo
- 3Hypertension Research Center; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- 5Hypertension Research Center; Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Taheri S, Yu J, Zhu H, Kindy MS. High-Sodium Diet Has Opposing Effects on Mean Arterial Blood Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1061-1072. [PMID: 27567835 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ionic homeostasis impairment, especially Ca2+, has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and also with hypertension. Hypertension and AD both have been implicated in impaired cerebral autoregulation. However, the relationship between the ionic homeostasis impairment in AD and hypertension and cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation is not clear. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that a high-salt diet regimen influences the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβand CBF) and CBF, exacerbates cognitive decline, and increases the propensity to AD. METHODS Double transgenic mice harboring the amyloid-β protein precursor (APPswe), and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) along with control littermates, 2 months of age at initiation of special diet, were divided into 4 groups: Group A, APP/PS1 and Group B, controls fed a high-sodium (4.00%) chow diet for 3 months; Group C, APP/PS1 and Group D, controls fed a low-sodium (0.08%) regular chow diet for 3 months. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and CBF were measured noninvasively using the tail MAP measurement device and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Aβ plaques numbers in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 were quantified. RESULTS In contrary to controls, APP/PS1 mice fed a high-salt diet did not show markedly elevated mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (134±4.8 compared with 162±2.8 mmHg, and 114±5.0 compared with 137±20 mmHg, p< 0.0001). However, a high-salt diet increased CBF in both APP/PS1 and controls and did not alter the cerebral tissue integrity. Aβ plaques were significantly reduced in the cortex and hippocampus of mice fed a high-salt diet. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a high-salt diet differently affects MAP and CBF in APP/PS1 mice and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Fernando WB, Rainey-Smith SR, Gardener SL, Villemagne VL, Burnham SC, Macaulay SL, Brown BM, Gupta VB, Sohrabi HR, Weinborn M, Taddei K, Laws SM, Goozee K, Ames D, Fowler C, Maruff P, Masters CL, Salvado O, Rowe CC, Martins RN. Associations of Dietary Protein and Fiber Intake with Brain and Blood Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1589-1598. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.M.A.D. Binosha Fernando
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Gardener
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - S. Lance Macaulay
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity/Australian e-Health Research Centre, Australia
| | - Belinda M. Brown
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Veer Bala Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Collaborative Genomics Group, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health,
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Kathryn Goozee
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- McCusker KARVIAH Research Centre, ARV, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St. Vincent’s Health, The University of Melbourne, Kew, VIC, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Fowler
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity/Australian e-Health Research Centre, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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39
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Niño SA, Martel-Gallegos G, Castro-Zavala A, Ortega-Berlanga B, Delgado JM, Hernández-Mendoza H, Romero-Guzmán E, Ríos-Lugo J, Rosales-Mendoza S, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Zarazúa S. Chronic Arsenic Exposure Increases Aβ (1-42) Production and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Expression in Rat Brain. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 31:13-21. [PMID: 29155576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure during development is associated with alterations of chemical transmission and demyelination, which result in cognitive deficits and peripheral neuropathies. At the cellular level, arsenic toxicity involves increased generation of reactive species that induce severe cellular alterations such as DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed that arsenic-associated neurodegeneration could evolve to Alzheimer disease in later life.1,2 In this study, the effects of chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (3 ppm by drinking water) in Wistar rats on the production and elimination of Amyloid-β (Aβ) were evaluated. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 3 ppm of arsenic in drinking water from fetal development until 4 months of age. After behavioral deficits induced by arsenic exposure through contextual fear conditioning were verified, the brains were collected for the determination of total arsenic by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, the levels of amyloid precursor protein and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) by Western blot analysis as well as their transcript levels by RT-qPCR, Aβ(1-42) estimation by ELISA assay and the enzymatic activity of β-secretase (BACE1). Our results demonstrate that chronic arsenic exposure induces behavioral deficits accompanied of higher levels of soluble and membranal RAGE and the increase of Aβ(1-42) cleaved. In addition, BACE1 enzymatic activity was increased, while immunoblot assays showed no differences in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor among groups. These results provide evidence of the effects of arsenic exposure on the production of Aβ(1-42) and cerebral amyloid clearance through RAGE in an in vivo model that displays behavioral alterations. This work supports the hypothesis that early exposure to metals may contribute to neurodegeneration associated with amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Héctor Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio Nacional Forense Nuclear, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares , Carretera México-Toluca s/n, CP 52750 La Marquesa Ocoyoacac, México.,Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Km. 14.5 carretera San Luis Potosí - Matehuala, Ejido "Palma de la Cruz", CP 78321 Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Elizabeth Romero-Guzmán
- Laboratorio Nacional Forense Nuclear, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares , Carretera México-Toluca s/n, CP 52750 La Marquesa Ocoyoacac, México
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40
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Guo B, Zhou Q. How efficient are rodent models for Alzheimer's disease drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:113-115. [PMID: 29082769 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1398730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baihong Guo
- a School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- a School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , China
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41
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Hooghiemstra AM, Bertens AS, Leeuwis AE, Bron EE, Bots ML, Brunner-La Rocca HP, de Craen AJM, van der Geest RJ, Greving JP, Kappelle LJ, Niessen WJ, van Oostenbrugge RJ, van Osch MJP, de Roos A, van Rossum AC, Biessels GJ, van Buchem MA, Daemen MJAP, van der Flier WM. The Missing Link in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Design of the Heart-Brain Study. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2017; 7:140-152. [PMID: 29017156 PMCID: PMC5730112 DOI: 10.1159/000480738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemodynamic balance in the heart-brain axis is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in maintaining functional and structural integrity of the brain and thereby cognitive functioning. Patients with heart failure (HF), carotid occlusive disease (COD), and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) present themselves with complaints attributed to specific parts of the heart-brain axis, but hemodynamic changes often go beyond the part of the axis for which they primarily seek medical advice. The Heart-Brain Study hypothesizes that the hemodynamic status of the heart and the brain is an important but underestimated cause of VCI. We investigate this by studying to what extent hemodynamic changes contribute to VCI and what the mechanisms involved are. Here, we provide an overview of the design and protocol. Methods The Heart-Brain Study is a multicenter cohort study with a follow-up measurement after 2 years among 645 participants (175 VCI, 175 COD, 175 HF, and 120 controls). Enrollment criteria are the following: 1 of the 3 diseases diagnosed according to current guidelines, age ≥50 years, no magnetic resonance contraindications, ability to undergo cognitive testing, and independence in daily life. A core clinical dataset is collected including sociodemographic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, detailed neurologic, cardiac, and medical history, medication, and a physical examination. In addition, we perform standardized neuropsychological testing, cardiac, vascular and brain MRI, and blood sampling. In subsets of participants we assess Alzheimer biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid, and assess echocardiography and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. Follow-up measurements after 2 years include neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and blood samples for all participants. We use centralized state-of-the-art storage platforms for clinical and imaging data. Imaging data are processed centrally with automated standardized pipelines. Results and Conclusions The Heart-Brain Study investigates relationships between (cardio-)vascular factors, the hemodynamic status of the heart and the brain, and cognitive impairment. By studying the complete heart-brain axis in patient groups that represent components of this axis, we have the opportunity to assess a combination of clinical and subclinical manifestations of disorders of the heart, vascular system and brain, with hemodynamic status as a possible binding factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Hooghiemstra
- Alzheimer Center & Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Suzanne Bertens
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna E Leeuwis
- Alzheimer Center & Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther E Bron
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J van der Geest
- Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba P Greving
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias J P van Osch
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert de Roos
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert C van Rossum
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mat J A P Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center & Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Csiszar A, Tarantini S, Fülöp GA, Kiss T, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Galvan V, Ungvari Z, Yabluchanskiy A. Hypertension impairs neurovascular coupling and promotes microvascular injury: role in exacerbation of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2017; 39:359-372. [PMID: 28853030 PMCID: PMC5636770 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension in the elderly substantially increases both the risk of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This review discusses the effects of hypertension on structural and functional integrity of cerebral microcirculation, including hypertension-induced alterations in neurovascular coupling responses, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in microvascular damage (capillary rarefaction, blood-brain barrier disruption), and the genesis of cerebral microhemorrhages and their potential role in exacerbation of cognitive decline associated with AD. Understanding and targeting the hypertension-induced cerebromicrovascular alterations that are involved in the onset and progression of AD and contribute to cognitive impairment are expected to have a major role in preserving brain health in high-risk older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gábor A Fülöp
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Kiss
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - M Noa Valcarcel-Ares
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Hypertension-induced synapse loss and impairment in synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampus mimics the aging phenotype: implications for the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment. GeroScience 2017; 39:385-406. [PMID: 28664509 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that hypertension has detrimental effects on the cerebral microcirculation and thereby promotes accelerated brain aging. Hypertension is an independent risk factor for both vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the pathophysiological link between hypertension-induced cerebromicrovascular injury (e.g., blood-brain barrier disruption, increased microvascular oxidative stress, and inflammation) and cognitive decline remains elusive. The present study was designed to characterize neuronal functional and morphological alterations induced by chronic hypertension and compare them to those induced by aging. To achieve that goal, we induced hypertension in young C57BL/6 mice by chronic (4 weeks) infusion of angiotensin II. We found that long-term potentiation (LTP) of performant path synapses following high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers was decreased in hippocampal slices obtained from hypertensive mice, mimicking the aging phenotype. Hypertension and advanced age were associated with comparable decline in synaptic density in the stratum radiatum of the mouse hippocampus. Hypertension, similar to aging, was associated with changes in mRNA expression of several genes involved in regulation of neuronal function, including down-regulation of Bdnf, Homer1, and Dlg4, which may have a role in impaired synaptic plasticity. Collectively, hypertension impairs synaptic plasticity, reduces synaptic density, and promotes dysregulation of genes involved in synaptic function in the mouse hippocampus mimicking the aging phenotype. These hypertension-induced neuronal alterations may impair establishment of memories in the hippocampus and contribute to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of both vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Park SY, Jin ML, Kang NJ, Park G, Choi YW. Anti-inflammatory effects of novel polygonum multiflorum compound via inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK and upregulating the Nrf2 pathways in LPS-stimulated microglia. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Bedussi B, Naessens DMP, de Vos J, Olde Engberink R, Wilhelmus MMM, Richard E, Ten Hove M, vanBavel E, Bakker ENTP. Enhanced interstitial fluid drainage in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:744. [PMID: 28389645 PMCID: PMC5429689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with cognitive decline and various forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. In animal models of hypertension, many of Alzheimer’s disease characteristics are recapitulated, including brain atrophy, cognitive decline, amyloid β accumulation and blood brain barrier dysfunction. Removal of amyloid β and other waste products depends in part on clearance via the brain interstitial fluid (ISF). Here we studied the impact of hypertension on ISF drainage, using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). At 8 months, high (500 kD) and low (3 kD) fluorescent molecular weight tracers released passively into the hippocampus showed a drastically enhanced spreading in SHR. Tracer spreading was inhomogeneous, with accumulation at ISF-CSF borders, around arteries, and towards the stratum lacunosum moleculare. These locations stained positively for the astrocyte marker GFAP, and aquaporin 4. Despite enhanced dispersion, clearance of tracers was not affected in SHR. In conclusion, these data indicate enhanced bulk flow of ISF in the hippocampus of hypertensive rats. ISF drains along astrocytes towards the cerebrospinal fluid compartment, which leads to sieving of high molecular weight solutes. Sieving may lead to a local increase in the concentration of waste products and potentially promotes the aggregation of amyloid β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bedussi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne M P Naessens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith de Vos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Olde Engberink
- Division of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Malyssa Ten Hove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed vanBavel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bajwa E, Pointer CB, Klegeris A. Modifiable risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation: what are the links? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting 46 million people worldwide with its incidence rapidly increasing. The pathological hallmarks of AD include the deposition of amyloid-β plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which trigger a state of chronic neuroinflammation mediated by dysregulated glial cell activation. Currently, no cure exists for AD, highlighting the need to reduce incidence of this devastating disease by identifying modifiable risk factors. Several studies have demonstrated that sedentary lifestyles, hypertension, and lifestyle-associated conditions such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus contribute to increased risk of AD. Herein, we describe the link between these select modifiable risk factors and chronic neuroinflammation, thereby highlighting control of risk factors as a possible strategy for inhibiting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Caitlin B Pointer
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Park SY, Jin ML, Wang Z, Park G, Choi YW. 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside exerts anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia by inhibiting NF-κB and activating AMPK/Nrf2 pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:159-167. [PMID: 27621050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) affects neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases and inhibits neuroinflammatory mediators. However, the detailed impacts and underlying mechanisms of THSG on neuroinflammatory responses are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism of THSG via AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways. This study showed that THSG attenuated LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 activation in microglia. Furthermore, it was observed that activation of IκBα and NF-κB was significantly increased upon LPS stimulation, and suppressed by THSG treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of HO-1 and NQO1, as well as Nrf2 activation, was induced by THSG in microglia. The promoter activity of ARE and HO-1 also increased in a dose-dependent manner following THSG treatment. Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 has anti-inflammatory properties; the knock-down of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 by specific siRNA prevented the THSG-mediated inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 promoter activity. Consistent with this concept, the phosphorylation of LKB1, CaMKII, and AMPK were elevated after THSG treatment. The blockade of AMPK by a pharmacological inhibitor prevented THSG-induced HO-1 and NQO1 expression. The anti-inflammatory properties of THSG were also reversed by treatment with an AMPK inhibitor. In conclusion, we demonstrated that THSG attenuates the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory response mediated by AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Ling Jin
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
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Park SY, Jin ML, Chae SY, Ko MJ, Choi YH, Park G, Choi YW. Novel compound from Polygonum multiflorum inhibits inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated microglia by upregulating AMPK/Nrf2 pathways. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:21-29. [PMID: 27545975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum extracts are known to improve memory and learning ability, and have neuroprotective and anti-aging activity. However, its function and the underlying mechanisms in neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disease remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of several compounds from P. multiflorum, and found a novel compound, CRPE55IB. The CRPE55IB-induced suppression of NO and PGE2 production correlated with inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression and promoter activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. CRPE55IB also reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) induced by LPS. Furthermore, investigation of the molecular mechanism indicated that CRPE55IB inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation by inactivating phosphorylation of IKKα/β, and phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. We further found that CRPE55IB inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK at a lower concentration than that for p38 MAPK. Further experiments revealed that CRPE55IB treatment considerably increased the activation of Nrf2/ARE, and the expression of its target genes, including HO-1 and NQO1. Moreover, the Knockdown of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 by siRNA abrogated the inhibitory effect of CRPE55IB on iNOS and COX-2 promoter activity. CRPE55IB also induced phosphorylation of AMPK/LKB/CaMKII in microglia. Analysis using a specific inhibitor of AMPK demonstrated that AMPK activation was involved in CRPE55IB-induced HO-1 and NQO1 expression. In addition, the CRPE55IB-induced anti-neuroinflammatory effect was abrogated by a specific inhibitor of AMPK, indicating the important role of AMPK in CRPE55IB-induced anti-neuroinflammation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CRPE55IB exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects against LPS via the Nrf2/AMPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Ling Jin
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Chae
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Ko
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627-706, Republic of Korea.
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Flavanol-rich cocoa at breakfast: the right remedy after a sleepless night to prevent negative effects on blood pressure and cognition? J Hypertens 2016; 34:1252-3. [PMID: 27254143 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Risk Factors Associated with Cognitive Decline after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2015; 2015:370612. [PMID: 26491558 PMCID: PMC4605208 DOI: 10.1155/2015/370612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern day cardiac surgery evolved upon the advent of cardiopulmonary bypass machines (CPB) in the 1950s. Following this development, cardiac surgery in recent years has improved significantly. Despite such advances and the introduction of new technologies, neurological sequelae after cardiac surgery still exist. Ischaemic stroke, delirium, and cognitive impairment cause significant morbidity and mortality and unfortunately remain common complications. Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is believed to be associated with the presence of new ischaemic lesions originating from emboli entering the cerebral circulation during surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass was thought to be the reason of POCD, but randomised controlled trials comparing with off-pump surgery show contradictory results. Attention has now turned to the growing evidence that perioperative risk factors, as well as patient-related risk factors, play an important role in early and late POCD. Clearly, identifying the mechanism of POCD is challenging. The purpose of this systematic review is to discuss the literature that has investigated patient and perioperative risk factors to better understand the magnitude of the risk factors associated with POCD after cardiac surgery.
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