1
|
Valdes-Hernandez PA, Johnson AJ, Montesino-Goicolea S, Nodarse CL, Bashyam V, Davatzikos C, Fillingim RB, Cruz-Almeida Y. Accelerated Brain Aging Mediates the Association Between Psychological Profiles and Clinical Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104423. [PMID: 37952863 PMCID: PMC11144298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is driven by factors across the biopsychosocial spectrum. Previously, we demonstrated that magnetic resonance images (MRI)-based brain-predicted age differences (brain-PAD: brain-predicted age minus chronological age) were significantly associated with pain severity in individuals with chronic knee pain. We also previously identified four distinct, replicable, multidimensional psychological profiles significantly associated with clinical pain. The brain aging-psychological characteristics interface in persons with chronic pain promises elucidating factors contributing to their poor health outcomes, yet this relationship is barely understood. That is why we examined the interplay between the psychological profiles in participants having chronic knee pain impacting function, brain-PAD, and clinical pain severity. Controlling for demographics and MRI scanner, we compared the brain-PAD among psychological profiles at baseline (n = 164) and over two years (n = 90). We also explored whether profile-related differences in pain severity were mediated by brain-PAD. Brain-PAD differed significantly between profiles (ANOVA's omnibus test, P = .039). Specifically, participants in the profile 3 group (high negative/low positive emotions) had an average brain-PAD ∼4 years higher than those in profile- (low somatic reactivity), with P = .047, Bonferroni-corrected, and than those in profile 2 (high coping), with P = .027, uncorrected. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant change in profile-related brain-PAD differences over time, but there was a significant decrease in brain-PAD for profile 4 (high optimism/high positive affect), with P = .045. Moreover, profile-related differences in pain severity at baseline were partly explained by brain-PAD differences between profile 3 and 1, or 2; but brain-PAD did not significantly mediate the influence of variations in profiles on changes in pain severity over time. PERSPECTIVE: Accelerated brain aging could underlie the psychological-pain relationship, and psychological characteristics may predispose individuals with chronic knee pain to worse health outcomes via neuropsychological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Valdes-Hernandez
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Alisa J. Johnson
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
| | - Soamy Montesino-Goicolea
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Chavier Laffitte Nodarse
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Vishnu Bashyam
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Lab (AIBIL), Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger B. Fillingim
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ai M, Morris TP, Noriega de la Colina A, Thovinakere N, Tremblay-Mercier J, Villeneuve S, H Hillman C, Kramer AF, Geddes MR. Midlife physical activity engagement is associated with later-life brain health. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 134:146-159. [PMID: 38091752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between midlife physical activity (PA), and cognition and brain health in later life is poorly understood with conflicting results from previous research. Investigating the contribution of midlife PA to later-life cognition and brain health in high-risk populations will propel the development of health guidance for those most in need. The current study examined the association between midlife PA engagement and later-life cognition, grey matter characteristics and resting-state functional connectivity in older individuals at high-risk for Alzheimer's disease. The association between midlife PA and later-life cognitive function was not significant but was moderated by later-life PA. Meanwhile, greater midlife moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with greater grey matter surface area in the left middle frontal gyrus. Moreover, greater midlife total PA was associated with diminished functional connectivity between bilateral middle frontal gyri and middle cingulum, supplementary motor areas, and greater functional connectivity between bilateral hippocampi and right cerebellum, Crus II. These results indicate the potentially independent contribution of midlife PA to later-life brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meishan Ai
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Timothy P Morris
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrián Noriega de la Colina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2M1, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Tremblay-Mercier
- STOP-AD CENTRE, Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Affiliated with McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- STOP-AD CENTRE, Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Affiliated with McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maiya R Geddes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2M1, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; STOP-AD CENTRE, Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paolillo EW, Saloner R, VandeBunte A, Lee S, Bennett DA, Casaletto KB. Multimodal lifestyle engagement patterns support cognitive stability beyond neuropathological burden. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:221. [PMID: 38111051 PMCID: PMC10726589 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modifiable lifestyle behaviors account for a large proportion of dementia risk. However, the combined contributions of multidomain lifestyle patterns to cognitive aging are poorly understood, as most studies have examined individual lifestyle behaviors in isolation and without neuropathological characterization. This study examined data-driven patterns of lifestyle behaviors across multiple domains among older adults and tested their associations with disease-specific neuropathological burden and cognitive decline. METHODS Participants included 2059 older adults enrolled in the longitudinal Memory and Aging Project (MAP) at the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center; none of whom had dementia at baseline (73% no cognitive impairment (NCI), 27% mild cognitive impairment [MCI]). All participants completed cognitive testing annually. Lifestyle factors were measured during at least one visit and included (1) actigraphy-measured physical activity, as well as self-reported (2) sleep quality, (3) life space, (4) cognitive activities, (5) social activities, and (6) social network. A subset of participants (n = 791) had autopsy data for which burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), Lewy body disease, and hippocampal sclerosis/TDP-43 was measured. Latent profile analysis across all 2059 participants identified distinct subgroups (i.e., classes) of lifestyle patterns. Linear mixed-effects models examined relationships between lifestyle classes and global cognitive trajectories, with and without covarying for all neuropathologies. Classes were also compared on rates of incident MCI/dementia. RESULTS Five classes were identified: Class 1Low Life Space (lowest lifestyle engagement), Class 2PA (high physical activity), Class 3Low Avg (low to average lifestyle engagement), Class 4Balanced (high average lifestyle engagement), and Class 5Social (large social network). Classes 4Balanced and 5Social had the lowest AD burden, and Class 2PA had the lowest CVD burden. Classes 2-5 had significantly less steep global cognitive decline compared to Class 1Low Life Space, with comparable effect sizes before and after covarying for neuropathological burden. Classes 4Balanced and 5Social exhibited the lowest rates of incident MCI/dementia. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle behavior patterns among older adults account for differential rates of cognitive decline and clinical progression. Those with at least average engagement across all lifestyle domains exhibit greater cognitive stability after adjustment for neuropathology, highlighting the importance of engagement in multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors for later life cognitive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Paolillo
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Rowan Saloner
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Anna VandeBunte
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Shannon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valdes-Hernandez PA, Nodarse CL, Johnson AJ, Montesino-Goicolea S, Bashyam V, Davatzikos C, Peraza JA, Cole JH, Huo Z, Fillingim RB, Cruz-Almeida Y. Brain-predicted age difference estimated using DeepBrainNet is significantly associated with pain and function-a multi-institutional and multiscanner study. Pain 2023; 164:2822-2838. [PMID: 37490099 PMCID: PMC10805955 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brain age predicted differences (brain-PAD: predicted brain age minus chronological age) have been reported to be significantly larger for individuals with chronic pain compared with those without. However, a debate remains after one article showed no significant differences. Using Gaussian Process Regression, an article provides evidence that these negative results might owe to the use of mixed samples by reporting a differential effect of chronic pain on brain-PAD across pain types. However, some remaining methodological issues regarding training sample size and sex-specific effects should be tackled before settling this controversy. Here, we explored differences in brain-PAD between musculoskeletal pain types and controls using a novel convolutional neural network for predicting brain-PADs, ie, DeepBrainNet. Based on a very large, multi-institutional, and heterogeneous training sample and requiring less magnetic resonance imaging preprocessing than other methods for brain age prediction, DeepBrainNet offers robust and reproducible brain-PADs, possibly highly sensitive to neuropathology. Controlling for scanner-related variability, we used a large sample (n = 660) with different scanners, ages (19-83 years), and musculoskeletal pain types (chronic low back [CBP] and osteoarthritis [OA] pain). Irrespective of sex, brain-PAD of OA pain participants was ∼3 to 4.7 years higher than that of CBP and controls, whereas brain-PAD did not significantly differ among controls and CBP. Moreover, brain-PAD was significantly related to multiple variables underlying the multidimensional pain experience. This comprehensive work adds evidence of pain type-specific effects of chronic pain on brain age. This could help in the clarification of the debate around possible relationships between brain aging mechanisms and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Valdes-Hernandez
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Chavier Laffitte Nodarse
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Alisa J. Johnson
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
| | - Soamy Montesino-Goicolea
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Vishnu Bashyam
- AI2D Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics; and Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Lab (AIBIL), Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- AI2D Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics; and Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julio A. Peraza
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, USA
| | - James H. Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Roger B. Fillingim
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Williams ME, Gillespie NA, Bell TR, Dale AM, Elman JA, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Franz CE, Hagler DJ, Lyons MJ, McEvoy LK, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Reynolds CA, Sanderson-Cimino M, Kremen WS. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Structural and Diffusion-Based Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Signatures Across Midlife and Early Old Age. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:918-927. [PMID: 35738479 PMCID: PMC9827615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Composite scores of magnetic resonance imaging-derived metrics in brain regions associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), commonly termed AD signatures, have been developed to distinguish early AD-related atrophy from normal age-associated changes. Diffusion-based gray matter signatures may be more sensitive to early AD-related changes compared with thickness/volume-based signatures, demonstrating their potential clinical utility. The timing of early (i.e., midlife) changes in AD signatures from different modalities and whether diffusion- and thickness/volume-based signatures each capture unique AD-related phenotypic or genetic information remains unknown. METHODS Our validated thickness/volume signature, our novel mean diffusivity (MD) signature, and a magnetic resonance imaging-derived measure of brain age were used in biometrical analyses to examine genetic and environmental influences on the measures as well as phenotypic and genetic relationships between measures over 12 years. Participants were 736 men from 3 waves of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) (baseline/wave 1: mean age [years] = 56.1, SD = 2.6, range = 51.1-60.2). Subsequent waves occurred at approximately 5.7-year intervals. RESULTS MD and thickness/volume signatures were highly heritable (56%-72%). Baseline MD signatures predicted thickness/volume signatures over a decade later, but baseline thickness/volume signatures showed a significantly weaker relationship with future MD signatures. AD signatures and brain age were correlated, but each measure captured unique phenotypic and genetic variance. CONCLUSIONS Cortical MD and thickness/volume AD signatures are heritable, and each signature captures unique variance that is also not explained by brain age. Moreover, results are in line with changes in MD emerging before changes in cortical thickness, underscoring the utility of MD as a very early predictor of AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- McKenna E Williams
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Tyler R Bell
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Carol E Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - William S Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang R, Bashyam V, Yang Z, Yu F, Tassopoulou V, Chintapalli SS, Skampardoni I, Sreepada LP, Sahoo D, Nikita K, Abdulkadir A, Wen J, Davatzikos C. Applications of generative adversarial networks in neuroimaging and clinical neuroscience. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119898. [PMID: 36702211 PMCID: PMC9992336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are one powerful type of deep learning models that have been successfully utilized in numerous fields. They belong to the broader family of generative methods, which learn to generate realistic data with a probabilistic model by learning distributions from real samples. In the clinical context, GANs have shown enhanced capabilities in capturing spatially complex, nonlinear, and potentially subtle disease effects compared to traditional generative methods. This review critically appraises the existing literature on the applications of GANs in imaging studies of various neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, brain aging, and multiple sclerosis. We provide an intuitive explanation of various GAN methods for each application and further discuss the main challenges, open questions, and promising future directions of leveraging GANs in neuroimaging. We aim to bridge the gap between advanced deep learning methods and neurology research by highlighting how GANs can be leveraged to support clinical decision making and contribute to a better understanding of the structural and functional patterns of brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongguang Wang
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Vishnu Bashyam
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Fanyang Yu
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Vasiliki Tassopoulou
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sai Spandana Chintapalli
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ioanna Skampardoni
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lasya P Sreepada
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dushyant Sahoo
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Konstantina Nikita
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junhao Wen
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang R, Elman JA, Franz CE, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Lyons MJ, Panizzon MS, Puckett OK, Kremen WS. Longitudinal association of executive function and structural network controllability in the aging brain. GeroScience 2022; 45:837-849. [PMID: 36269506 PMCID: PMC9886719 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive function encompasses effortful cognitive processes that are particularly susceptible to aging. Functional brain networks supporting executive function-such as the frontoparietal control network and the multiple demand system-have been extensively investigated. However, it remains unclear how structural networks facilitate and constrain the dynamics of functional networks to contribute to aging-related executive function declines. We examined whether changes in structural network modal controllability-a network's ability to facilitate effortful brain state transitions that support cognitive functions-are associated with changes in executive function cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Diffusion-weighted imaging and neuropsychological testing were conducted at two time points (Time 1: ages 56 to 66, N = 172; Time 2: ages 61 to 70, N = 267) in community-dwelling men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. An executive function factor score was computed from six neuropsychological tasks. Structural networks constructed from white matter connectivity were used to estimate modal controllability in control network and multiple demand system. We showed that higher modal controllability in control network and multiple demand system was associated with better executive function at Time 2, after controlling for age, young adult general cognitive ability, and physical health status. Moreover, changes in executive function over a period of 5 to 6 years (Time 1-Time 2, N = 105) were associated with changes in modal controllability of the multiple demand system and weakly in the control network over the same time period. These findings suggest that changes in the ability of structural brain networks in facilitating effortful brain state transitions may be a key neural mechanism underlying aging-related executive function declines and cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02212 USA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Olivia K. Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kremen WS, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Eglit GML, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Lyons MJ, Franz CE. Cognitive Reserve and Related Constructs: A Unified Framework Across Cognitive and Brain Dimensions of Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:834765. [PMID: 35711905 PMCID: PMC9196190 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.834765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve and related constructs are valuable for aging-related research, but consistency and clarification of terms is needed as there is still no universally agreed upon nomenclature. We propose a new set of definitions for the concepts of reserve, maintenance, and resilience, and we invoke parallel concepts for each that are applicable to cognition and to brain. Our definitions of reserve and resilience correspond reasonably well to dictionary definitions of these terms. We demonstrate logical/methodological problems that arise from incongruence between commonly used conceptual and operational definitions. In our view, cognitive reserve should be defined conceptually as one's total cognitive resources at a given point in time. IQ and education are examples of common operational definitions (often referred to as proxies) of cognitive reserve. Many researchers define cognitive reserve conceptually as a property that allows for performing better than expected cognitively in the face of aging or pathology. Performing better than expected is demonstrated statistically by interactions in which the moderator is typically IQ or education. The result is an irreconcilable situation in which cognitive reserve is both the moderator and the moderation effect itself. Our proposed nomenclature resolves this logical inconsistency by defining performing better than expected as cognitive resilience. Thus, in our usage, we would test the hypothesis that high cognitive reserve confers greater cognitive resilience. Operational definitions (so-called proxies) should not conflate factors that may influence reserve-such as occupational complexity or engagement in cognitive activities-with cognitive reserve itself. Because resources may be depleted with aging or pathology, one's level of cognitive reserve may change over time and will be dependent on when assessment takes place. Therefore, in addition to cognitive reserve and cognitive resilience, we introduce maintenance of cognitive reserve as a parallel to brain maintenance. If, however, education is the measure of reserve in older adults, it precludes assessing change or maintenance of reserve. Finally, we discuss consideration of resistance as a subcategory of resilience, reverse causation, use of residual scores to assess performing better than expected given some adverse factor, and what constitutes high vs. low cognitive reserve across different studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Graham M. L. Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - McKenna E. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gillespie NA, Hatton SN, Hagler DJ, Dale AM, Elman JA, McEvoy LK, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Logue MW, McKenzie RE, Puckett OK, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Xian H, Reynolds CA, Panizzon MS, Lyons MJ, Neale MC, Kremen WS, Franz C. The Impact of Genes and Environment on Brain Ageing in Males Aged 51 to 72 Years. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:831002. [PMID: 35493948 PMCID: PMC9051484 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.831002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging data are being used in statistical models to predicted brain ageing (PBA) and as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Despite their increasing application, the genetic and environmental etiology of global PBA indices is unknown. Likewise, the degree to which genetic influences in PBA are longitudinally stable and how PBA changes over time are also unknown. We analyzed data from 734 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging with repeated MRI assessments between the ages 51-72 years. Biometrical genetic analyses "twin models" revealed significant and highly correlated estimates of additive genetic heritability ranging from 59 to 75%. Multivariate longitudinal modeling revealed that covariation between PBA at different timepoints could be explained by a single latent factor with 73% heritability. Our results suggest that genetic influences on PBA are detectable in midlife or earlier, are longitudinally very stable, and are largely explained by common genetic influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behaviour Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,*Correspondence: Nathan A. Gillespie,
| | - Sean N. Hatton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Linda K. McEvoy
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ruth E. McKenzie
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States,School of Education and Social Policy, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, United States
| | - Olivia K. Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Saint. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States,Research Service, VA St. Louis Healthcare System, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behaviour Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Biological Psychology, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States,William S. Kremen,
| | - Carol Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Carol Franz,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kremen WS, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Eglit GML, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Lyons MJ, Franz CE. Cognitive Reserve and Related Constructs: A Unified Framework Across Cognitive and Brain Dimensions of Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022. [PMID: 35711905 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.834765fda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve and related constructs are valuable for aging-related research, but consistency and clarification of terms is needed as there is still no universally agreed upon nomenclature. We propose a new set of definitions for the concepts of reserve, maintenance, and resilience, and we invoke parallel concepts for each that are applicable to cognition and to brain. Our definitions of reserve and resilience correspond reasonably well to dictionary definitions of these terms. We demonstrate logical/methodological problems that arise from incongruence between commonly used conceptual and operational definitions. In our view, cognitive reserve should be defined conceptually as one's total cognitive resources at a given point in time. IQ and education are examples of common operational definitions (often referred to as proxies) of cognitive reserve. Many researchers define cognitive reserve conceptually as a property that allows for performing better than expected cognitively in the face of aging or pathology. Performing better than expected is demonstrated statistically by interactions in which the moderator is typically IQ or education. The result is an irreconcilable situation in which cognitive reserve is both the moderator and the moderation effect itself. Our proposed nomenclature resolves this logical inconsistency by defining performing better than expected as cognitive resilience. Thus, in our usage, we would test the hypothesis that high cognitive reserve confers greater cognitive resilience. Operational definitions (so-called proxies) should not conflate factors that may influence reserve-such as occupational complexity or engagement in cognitive activities-with cognitive reserve itself. Because resources may be depleted with aging or pathology, one's level of cognitive reserve may change over time and will be dependent on when assessment takes place. Therefore, in addition to cognitive reserve and cognitive resilience, we introduce maintenance of cognitive reserve as a parallel to brain maintenance. If, however, education is the measure of reserve in older adults, it precludes assessing change or maintenance of reserve. Finally, we discuss consideration of resistance as a subcategory of resilience, reverse causation, use of residual scores to assess performing better than expected given some adverse factor, and what constitutes high vs. low cognitive reserve across different studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Graham M L Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eglit GML, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Hatton SN, Hagler DJ, Hauger RL, Jak AJ, Logue MW, McEvoy LK, McKenzie RE, Neale MC, Puckett O, Reynolds CA, Toomey R, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Paradoxical cognitive trajectories in men from earlier to later adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 109:229-238. [PMID: 34785406 PMCID: PMC8715388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because longitudinal studies of aging typically lack cognitive data from earlier ages, it is unclear how general cognitive ability (GCA) changes throughout the life course. In 1173 Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) participants, we assessed young adult GCA at average age 20 and current GCA at 3 VETSA assessments beginning at average age 56. The same GCA index was used throughout. Higher young adult GCA and better GCA maintenance were associated with stronger specific cognitive abilities from age 51 to 73. Given equivalent GCA at age 56, individuals who had higher age 20 GCA outperformed those whose GCA remained stable in terms of memory, executive function, and working memory abilities from age 51 to 73. Thus, paradoxically, despite poorer maintenance of GCA, high young adult GCA still conferred benefits. Advanced predicted brain age and the combination of elevated vascular burden and APOE-ε4 status were associated with poorer maintenance of GCA. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between peak and current GCA for greater understanding of cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham M L Eglit
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mathew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatry and Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth E McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; School of Education and Social Policy, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Olivia Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|