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Yan C, Ding Q, Li Y, Wu M, Zhu J. Effect of retrieval reward on episodic recognition with different difficulty: ERP evidence. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 183:41-52. [PMID: 36400129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies found that the reward effect is stronger in more difficult retrieval tasks of item memory. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of reward is influenced by the memory task difficulty level in the source memory. We investigated the effects and neural mechanisms of the processing depth during encoding and rewards at retrieval on the item and source memory using event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants were required to carry out the congruity-judgment (deep processing) and size-judgment (shallow processing) tasks during encoding, and they completed separate object and background tests (half presented with reward) immediately after encoding. The results revealed that congruity-judgment (compare to size-judgment) task had longer response time in encoding phase, and evoked significantly greater reward differences at Prs (the hit rate minus the false alarm rate) in item retrieval, and the reward (relative to no reward) significantly improved recognition accuracy in source retrieval. ERP results also showed that congruity-judgment (compare to size-judgment) task evoked the larger N170, P3a, LPP and a decreased P3b of the stimuli in encoding phase, and elicited the wider distribution of LPC and LPN reward effects (i.e., the average amplitudes under the reward condition were significantly more positive than under the non-reward condition) in item retrieval, and the reward effects at FN400, LPC, and LPN were found only in the congruity-judged items with optimal difficulty in source retrieval. The results suggest that reward at retrieval evoked a greater boost in the congruity-judged stimuli, whether in item or source retrieval, which maybe be related to their optimal retrieval difficulty (Pr is closer to medium 0.50). This meant that the reward is more effective in memory retrieval with optimal difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yan
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Qianqian Ding
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Basic Teaching Department, Luohe Food Vocational College, Luohe 462300, China
| | - Yunyun Li
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Meng Wu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jinfu Zhu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
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2
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Zorzo C, Méndez M, Pernía AM, Arias JL. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during a spatial memory task leads to a decrease in brain metabolic activity. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147610. [PMID: 34380023 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that is able to generate causal-based interferences between brain networks and cognitive or behavioral responses. It has been used to improve cognition in several disease models. However, although its exploration in healthy animals is essential to attribute its pure effect in learning and memory processes, studies in this regard are scarce. We aimed to evaluate whether rTMS leads to memory facilitation in healthy rats, and to explore the brain-related oxidative metabolism. We stimulated healthy Wistar rats with a high-frequency (100 Hz) and low-intensity (0.33 T) protocol during three consecutive days and evaluated the effect on the performance of an allocentric spatial reference learning and memory task. Following the last day of learning, we assessed oxidative brain metabolism through quantitative cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) histochemistry. The results showed that rTMS did not improve spatial memory in healthy rats, but the behavioral outcome was accompanied by a CCO reduction in the prefrontal, retrosplenial, parietal, and rhinal cortices, as well as in the striatum, amygdala, septum, mammillary bodies, and the hippocampus, reflecting a lower metabolic activity. In conclusion, rTMS induces a highly efficient use of brain regions associated with spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Zorzo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Marta Méndez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Alberto M Pernía
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Electronic Technology Area, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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Medvedeva A, Saw R, Silvestri C, Sirota M, Fuggetta G, Galli G. Offset-related brain activity in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex promotes long-term memory formation of verbal events. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:564-570. [PMID: 33722660 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that brain activity following the offset of a stimulus during encoding contributes to long-term memory formation, however the exact mechanisms underlying offset-related encoding are still unclear. OBJECTIVES Here, in three repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studies (rTMS) we investigated offset-related activity in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). rTMS was administered at different points in time around stimulus offset while participants encoded visually-presented words or pairs of words. The analyses focused on the effects of the stimulation on subsequent memory performance. RESULTS rTMS administered at the offset of the stimuli, but not during online encoding, disrupted subsequent memory performance. In Experiment 1 we found that rTMS specifically disrupted encoding mechanisms initiated by the offset of the stimuli rather than general, post-stimulus processes. Experiment 2 showed that this effect was not dependent upon rTMS-induced somatosensory effects. In a third rTMS experiment we further demonstrated a robust decline in associative memory performance when the stimulation was delivered at the offset of the word pairs, suggesting that offset-related encoding may contribute to the binding of information into an episodic memory trace. CONCLUSIONS The offset of the stimulus may represent an event boundary that promotes the reinstatement of the previously experienced event and episodic binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Medvedeva
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, United Kingdom; Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Rebecca Saw
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Silvestri
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Sirota
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Fuggetta
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Galli
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.
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4
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Patel R, Silla F, Pierce S, Theule J, Girard TA. Cognitive functioning before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A quantitative meta-analysis in healthy adults. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bainbridge WA. The resiliency of image memorability: A predictor of memory separate from attention and priming. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Memory Consolidation: Timing Matters. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0481-18.2019. [PMID: 31126912 PMCID: PMC6584070 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0481-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising tool for modulation of learning and memory, allowing to transiently change cortical excitability of specific brain regions with physiological and behavioral outcomes. A detailed exploration of factors that can moderate tDCS effects on episodic long-term memory (LTM) is of high interest due to the clinical potential for patients with traumatic or pathological memory deficits and with cognitive impairments. This commentary discusses findings by Marián et al. (2018) recently published in Cortex within a broad context of brain stimulation in memory research.
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Yeh N, Rose NS. How Can Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Be Used to Modulate Episodic Memory?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31263433 PMCID: PMC6584914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesize the existing literature on how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to modulate episodic memory. Given the numerous parameters of TMS protocols and experimental design characteristics that can be manipulated, a mechanistic understanding of how changes in the combination of parameters (e.g., frequency, timing, intensity, targeted brain region, memory task) modulate episodic memory is needed. To address this, we reviewed 59 studies and conducted a meta-analysis on 245 effect sizes from 37 articles on healthy younger adults (N = 1,061). Analyses revealed generally more beneficial effects of 1-Hz rTMS vs. other frequencies on episodic memory. Moderation analyses revealed complex interactions as online 20-Hz rTMS protocols led to negative effects, while offline 20-Hz rTMS led to enhancing effects. There was also an interaction between stimulation intensity and frequency as 20-Hz rTMS had more negative effects when applied below- vs. at-motor threshold. Conversely, 1-Hz rTMS had more beneficial effects than other frequencies when applied below- vs. at- or above-motor threshold. No reliable aggregate or hypothesized interactions were found when assessing stimulation site (frontal vs. parietal cortex, left vs. right hemisphere), stimulated memory process (during encoding vs. retrieval), the type of retrieval (associative/recollection vs. item/familiarity), or the type of control comparison (active vs. sham or no TMS) on episodic memory. However, there is insufficient data to make strong inference based on the lack of aggregate or two-way interactions between these factors, or to assess more complex (e.g., 3-way) interactions. We reviewed the effects on other populations (healthy older adults and clinical populations), but systematic comparison of parameters was also prevented due to insufficient data. A database of parameters and effects sizes is available as an open source repository so that data from studies can be continuously accumulated in order to facilitate future meta-analysis. In conclusion, modulating episodic memory relies on complex interactions among the numerous moderator variables that can be manipulated. Therefore, rigorous, systematic comparisons need to be further investigated as the body of literature grows in order to fully understand the combination of parameters that lead to enhancing, detrimental or null effects on episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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8
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Khan IS, D'Agostino EN, Calnan DR, Lee JE, Aronson JP. Deep Brain Stimulation for Memory Modulation: A New Frontier. World Neurosurg 2019; 126:638-646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Blumenfeld RS, Ranganath C. The lateral prefrontal cortex and human long-term memory. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 163:221-235. [PMID: 31590732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that the lateral prefrontal cortex is extensively involved in human memory, including working memory processes that support retention of information across short delays, and episodic long-term memory encoding and retrieval processes. This chapter reviews results from neuroimaging studies of memory, from noninvasive brain stimulation studies of memory, and from studies of memory in patients with prefrontal lesions. The available evidence is consistent with the idea that different prefrontal regions implement cognitive or executive control processes that support working memory and episodic long-term memory encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Blumenfeld
- Department of Psychology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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Koen JD, Thakral PP, Rugg MD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left angular gyrus during encoding does not impair associative memory performance. Cogn Neurosci 2018; 9:127-138. [PMID: 29870300 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2018.1484723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The left angular gyrus (AG) is thought to play a critical role in episodic retrieval and has been implicated in the recollection of specific details of prior episodes. Motivated by recent fMRI studies in which it was reported that elevated neural activity in left AG during study is predictive of subsequent associative memory, the present study investigated whether the region plays a causal role in associative memory encoding. Participants underwent online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while encoding word pairs prior to an associative memory test. We predicted that TMS to left AG during encoding would result in reduced subsequent memory accuracy, especially for estimates of recollection. The results did not support this prediction: estimates of both recollection and familiarity-driven recognition were essentially identical for words pairs encoded during TMS to left AG relative to a vertex control site. These results suggest that the left AG may not play a necessary role in associative memory encoding. TMS to left AG did however affect confidence for incorrect 'intact' judgments to rearranged pairs and incorrect 'rearranged' judgments to intact pairs. These findings suggest that the left AG supports encoding processes that contribute to aspects of subjective mnemonic experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Koen
- a Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , USA
| | | | - Michael D Rugg
- a Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , USA
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11
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Martin-Trias P, Lanteaume L, Solana E, Cassé-Perrot C, Fernández-Cabello S, Babiloni C, Marzano N, Junqué C, Rossini PM, Micallef J, Truillet R, Charles E, Jouve E, Bordet R, Santamaria J, Jovicich J, Rossi S, Pascual-Leone A, Blin O, Richardson J, Bartrés-Faz D. Adaptability and reproducibility of a memory disruption rTMS protocol in the PharmaCog IMI European project. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9371. [PMID: 29921865 PMCID: PMC6008461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can interfere with cognitive processes, such as transiently impairing memory. As part of a multi-center European project, we investigated the adaptability and reproducibility of a previously published TMS memory interfering protocol in two centers using EEG or fMRI scenarios. Participants were invited to attend three experimental sessions on different days, with sham repetitive TMS (rTMS) applied on day 1 and real rTMS on days 2 and 3. Sixty-eight healthy young men were included. On each experimental day, volunteers were instructed to remember visual pictures while receiving neuronavigated rTMS trains (20 Hz, 900 ms) during picture encoding at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) and the vertex. Mixed ANOVA model analyses were performed. rTMS to the L-DLPFC significantly disrupted recognition memory on experimental day 2. No differences were found between centers or between fMRI and EEG recordings. Subjects with lower baseline memory performances were more susceptible to TMS disruption. No stability of TMS-induced memory interference could be demonstrated on day 3. Our data suggests that adapted cognitive rTMS protocols can be implemented in multi-center studies incorporating standardized experimental procedures. However, our center and modality effects analyses lacked sufficient statistical power, hence highlighting the need to conduct further studies with larger samples. In addition, inter and intra-subject variability in response to TMS might limit its application in crossover or longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martin-Trias
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Lanteaume
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Cassé-Perrot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sara Fernández-Cabello
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carme Junqué
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Truillet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Charles
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Joan Santamaria
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Sleep Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Jovicich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMEC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Laboratory (Si-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA, 02215, USA
- Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitacio, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Blin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology CIC-CPCET, AP-HM and Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jill Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitacio, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Abstract
Models of verbal working memory that incorporate active memory maintenance, long-term memory networks, and attention control have been developed. Current studies suggest that semantic representations of words, evoked via long-term memory networks, are actively maintained until they are needed to fulfill a role. In other words, it is possible that some mechanism actively refreshes semantic representations of words, analogous to but independently from articulatory rehearsal which refreshes phonological representations. One valuable piece of evidence is a double dissociation, observed in a dual task paradigm in which manual tapping disrupted a semantic memory task while articulatory suppression disrupted a phonological memory task. However, in that study, the secondary tasks could have competed not only with the maintenance but also with the encoding activities. Additionally, the study items in the phonological memory tasks were words; hence, the discriminability of the memory tasks is doubtful. The present study, therefore, examined a potential double dissociation in situations where the secondary tasks could not compete with encoding, using a modified phonological memory task. Furthermore, this article discusses a potential mechanism for maintaining semantic representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Manenti R, Sandrini M, Gobbi E, Cobelli C, Brambilla M, Binetti G, Cotelli M. Strengthening of Existing Episodic Memories Through Non-invasive Stimulation of Prefrontal Cortex in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:401. [PMID: 29259554 PMCID: PMC5723311 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory is critical to daily life functioning. This type of declarative memory declines with age and is the earliest cognitive function to be compromised in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Subjective memory complaints are commonly reported by older adults and have been considered a risk factor for developing AD. The possibilities for prevention of memory disorders in older adults have increased substantially in recent years. Previous studies have shown that anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) applied over the left lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) after a contextual reminder strengthened existing verbal episodic memories, conceivably through reconsolidation, in elderly people. In this study, we hypothesized that anodal tDCS applied over the left lateral PFC after a contextual reminder would improve delayed memory retrieval relative to placebo (sham) stimulation in elderly individuals with SMC. Twenty-two subjects learned a list of words. Twenty-four hour later, tDCS (anodal or placebo) was applied over the left lateral PFC after a contextual reminder. Memory retrieval was tested 48h and 30 days later. These findings showed that anodal tDCS over the left lateral PFC strengthened existing episodic memories, a behavioral effect documented by improved recognition up to 30 days, relative to placebo stimulation. This study suggests that tDCS after a contextual reminder can induce long-lasting beneficial effects by facilitating the consolidation processes and opens up the possibility to design specific non-invasive interventions aimed at preventing memory decline in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Sandrini
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Privata del Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Gobbi
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cobelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Brambilla
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,MAC Memory Center, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Galli G, Feurra M, Pavone EF, Sirota M, Rossi S. Dynamic changes in prefrontal cortex involvement during verbal episodic memory formation. Biol Psychol 2017; 125:36-44. [PMID: 28238886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During encoding, the neural activity immediately before or during an event can predict whether that event will be later remembered. The contribution of brain activity immediately after an event to memory formation is however less known. Here, we used repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to investigate the temporal dynamics of episodic memory encoding with a focus on post-stimulus time intervals. At encoding, rTMS was applied during the online processing of the word, at its offset, or 100, 200, 300 or 400ms thereafter. rTMS was delivered to the left ventrolateral (VLPFC) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). VLPFC rTMS during the first few hundreds of milliseconds after word offset disrupted subsequent recognition accuracy. We did not observe effects of DLPFC rTMS at any time point. These results suggest that encoding-related VLPFC engagement starts at a relatively late processing stage, and may reflect brain processes related to the offset of the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-Bin), University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Psychology, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matteo Feurra
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-Bin), University of Siena, Siena, Italy; School of Psychology, Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation
| | | | - Miroslav Sirota
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-Bin), University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Human Physiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
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15
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Demeter E, Mirdamadi JL, Meehan SK, Taylor SF. Short theta burst stimulation to left frontal cortex prior to encoding enhances subsequent recognition memory. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:724-35. [PMID: 27098772 PMCID: PMC4955696 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deep semantic encoding of verbal stimuli can aid in later successful retrieval of those stimuli from long-term episodic memory. Evidence from numerous neuropsychological and neuroimaging experiments demonstrate regions in left prefrontal cortex, including left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), are important for processes related to encoding. Here, we investigated the relationship between left DLPFC activity during encoding and successful subsequent memory with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In a pair of experiments using a 2-session within-subjects design, we stimulated either left DLPFC or a control region (Vertex) with a single 2-s train of short theta burst stimulation (sTBS) during a semantic encoding task and then gave participants a recognition memory test. We found that subsequent memory was enhanced on the day left DLPFC was stimulated, relative to the day Vertex was stimulated, and that DLPFC stimulation also increased participants' confidence in their decisions during the recognition task. We also explored the time course of how long the effects of sTBS persisted. Our data suggest 2 s of sTBS to left DLPFC is capable of enhancing subsequent memory for items encoded up to 15 s following stimulation. Collectively, these data demonstrate sTBS is capable of enhancing long-term memory and provide evidence that TBS protocols are a potentially powerful tool for modulating cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Demeter
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, USA.
| | | | - Sean K Meehan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Kim K, Ekstrom AD, Tandon N. A network approach for modulating memory processes via direct and indirect brain stimulation: Toward a causal approach for the neural basis of memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt A:162-177. [PMID: 27066987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the brain is a unique tool to perturb endogenous neural signals, allowing us to evaluate the necessity of given neural processes to cognitive processing. An important issue, gaining increasing interest in the literature, is whether and how stimulation can be employed to selectively improve or disrupt declarative memory processes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of both invasive and non-invasive stimulation studies aimed at modulating memory performance. The majority of past studies suggest that invasive stimulation of the hippocampus impairs memory performance; similarly, most non-invasive studies show that disrupting frontal or parietal regions also impairs memory performance, suggesting that these regions also play necessary roles in declarative memory. On the other hand, a handful of both invasive and non-invasive studies have also suggested modest improvements in memory performance following stimulation. These studies typically target brain regions connected to the hippocampus or other memory "hubs," which may affect endogenous activity in connected areas like the hippocampus, suggesting that to augment declarative memory, altering the broader endogenous memory network activity is critical. Together, studies reporting memory improvements/impairments are consistent with the idea that a network of distinct brain "hubs" may be crucial for successful memory encoding and retrieval rather than a single primary hub such as the hippocampus. Thus, it is important to consider neurostimulation from the network perspective, rather than from a purely localizationalist viewpoint. We conclude by proposing a novel approach to neurostimulation for declarative memory modulation that aims to facilitate interactions between multiple brain "nodes" underlying memory rather than considering individual brain regions in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Sandrini M, Manenti R, Brambilla M, Cobelli C, Cohen LG, Cotelli M. Older adults get episodic memory boosting from noninvasive stimulation of prefrontal cortex during learning. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 39:210-216. [PMID: 26923418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory displays the largest degree of age-related decline, a process that is accelerated in pathological conditions such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies have shown that the left lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes to the encoding of episodic memories along the life span. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to test the hypothesis that anodal trascranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left lateral PFC during the learning phase would enhance delayed recall of verbal episodic memories in elderly individuals. Older adults learned a list of words while receiving anodal or placebo (sham) tDCS. Memory recall was tested 48 hours and 1 month later. The results showed that anodal tDCS strengthened episodic memories, an effect indicated by enhanced delayed recall (48 hours) compared to placebo stimulation (Cohen's d effect size = 1.01). The observation that PFC-tDCS during learning can boost verbal episodic memory in the elderly opens up the possibility to design-specific neurorehabilitation protocols targeted to conditions that affect episodic memory such as mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandrini
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Brambilla
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cobelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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18
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Differential effects of acute cortisol administration on deep and shallow episodic memory traces: A study on healthy males. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Dissociating the effects of semantic grouping and rehearsal strategies on event-related brain potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 94:319-28. [PMID: 25242500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of elaborative encoding strategies during learning, such as grouping items on similar semantic categories, increases the likelihood of later recall. Previous studies have suggested that stimuli that encourage semantic grouping strategies had modulating effects on specific ERP components. However, these studies did not differentiate between ERP activation patterns evoked by elaborative working memory strategies like semantic grouping and more simple strategies like rote rehearsal. Identification of neurocognitive correlates underlying successful use of elaborative strategies is important to understand better why certain populations, like children or elderly people, have problems applying such strategies. To compare ERP activation during the application of elaborative versus more simple strategies subjects had to encode either four semantically related or unrelated pictures by respectively applying a semantic category grouping or a simple rehearsal strategy. Another goal was to investigate if maintenance of semantically grouped vs. ungrouped pictures modulated ERP-slow waves differently. At the behavioral level there was only a semantic grouping benefit in terms of faster responding on correct rejections (i.e. when the memory probe stimulus was not part of the memory set). At the neural level, during encoding semantic grouping only had a modest specific modulatory effect on a fronto-central Late Positive Component (LPC), emerging around 650 ms. Other ERP components (i.e. P200, N400 and a second Late Positive Component) that had been earlier related to semantic grouping encoding processes now showed stronger modulation by rehearsal than by semantic grouping. During maintenance semantic grouping had specific modulatory effects on left and right frontal slow wave activity. These results stress the importance of careful control of strategy use when investigating the neural correlates of elaborative encoding.
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20
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Galli G. What makes deeply encoded items memorable? Insights into the levels of processing framework from neuroimaging and neuromodulation. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24904444 PMCID: PMC4035598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When we form new memories, their mnestic fate largely depends upon the cognitive operations set in train during encoding. A typical observation in experimental as well as everyday life settings is that if we learn an item using semantic or "deep" operations, such as attending to its meaning, memory will be better than if we learn the same item using more "shallow" operations, such as attending to its structural features. In the psychological literature, this phenomenon has been conceptualized within the "levels of processing" framework and has been consistently replicated since its original proposal by Craik and Lockhart in 1972. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the memory advantage for deeply encoded items are not yet entirely understood. A cognitive neuroscience perspective can add to this field by clarifying the nature of the processes involved in effective deep and shallow encoding and how they are instantiated in the brain, but so far there has been little work to systematically integrate findings from the literature. This work aims to fill this gap by reviewing, first, some of the key neuroimaging findings on the neural correlates of deep and shallow episodic encoding and second, emerging evidence from studies using neuromodulatory approaches such as psychopharmacology and non-invasive brain stimulation. Taken together, these studies help further our understanding of levels of processing. In addition, by showing that deep encoding can be modulated by acting upon specific brain regions or systems, the reviewed studies pave the way for selective enhancements of episodic encoding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (BIN) Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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21
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Ferreri L, Bigand E, Perrey S, Muthalib M, Bard P, Bugaiska A. Less Effort, Better Results: How Does Music Act on Prefrontal Cortex in Older Adults during Verbal Encoding? An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:301. [PMID: 24860481 PMCID: PMC4026694 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neuroimaging studies of cognitive aging revealed deficits in episodic memory abilities as a result of prefrontal cortex (PFC) limitations. Improving episodic memory performance despite PFC deficits is thus a critical issue in aging research. Listening to music stimulates cognitive performance in several non-purely musical activities (e.g., language and memory). Thus, music could represent a rich and helpful source during verbal encoding and therefore help subsequent retrieval. Furthermore, such benefit could be reflected in less demand of PFC, which is known to be crucial for encoding processes. This study aimed to investigate whether music may improve episodic memory in older adults while decreasing the PFC activity. Sixteen healthy older adults (μ = 64.5 years) encoded lists of words presented with or without a musical background while their dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity was monitored using a eight-channel continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system (Oxymon Mk III, Artinis, The Netherlands). Behavioral results indicated a better source-memory performance for words encoded with music compared to words encoded with silence (p < 0.05). Functional NIRS data revealed bilateral decrease of oxyhemoglobin values in the music encoding condition compared to the silence condition (p < 0.05), suggesting that music modulates the activity of the DLPFC during encoding in a less-demanding direction. Taken together, our results indicate that music can help older adults in memory performances by decreasing their PFC activity. These findings open new perspectives about music as tool for episodic memory rehabilitation on special populations with memory deficits due to frontal lobe damage such as Alzheimer’s patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreri
- Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement (LEAD), CNRS UMR 5022, University of Burgundy , Dijon , France
| | - Emmanuel Bigand
- Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement (LEAD), CNRS UMR 5022, University of Burgundy , Dijon , France
| | - Stephane Perrey
- Movement to Health (M2H), EuroMov, Montpellier-1 University , Montpellier , France
| | - Makii Muthalib
- Movement to Health (M2H), EuroMov, Montpellier-1 University , Montpellier , France
| | - Patrick Bard
- Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement (LEAD), CNRS UMR 5022, University of Burgundy , Dijon , France
| | - Aurélia Bugaiska
- Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement (LEAD), CNRS UMR 5022, University of Burgundy , Dijon , France
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22
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Hanslmayr S, Matuschek J, Fellner MC. Entrainment of prefrontal beta oscillations induces an endogenous echo and impairs memory formation. Curr Biol 2014; 24:904-9. [PMID: 24684933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain oscillations across all frequency bands play a key role for memory formation. Specifically, desynchronization of local neuronal assemblies in the left inferior prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the beta frequency (∼18 Hz) has been shown to be central for encoding of verbal memories. However, it remains elusive whether prefrontal beta desynchronization is causally relevant for memory formation and whether these endogenous beta oscillations can be entrained by external stimulation. By using combined EEG-TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), we here address these fundamental questions in human participants performing a word-list learning task. Confirming our predictions, memory encoding was selectively impaired when the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was driven at beta (18.7 Hz) compared to stimulation at other frequencies (6.8 Hz and 10.7 Hz) and to ineffective sham stimulation (18.7 Hz). Furthermore, a sustained oscillatory "echo" in the left IFG, which outlasted the stimulation period by approximately 1.5 s, was observed solely after beta stimulation. The strength of this beta echo was related to memory impairment on a between-subjects level. These results show endogenous oscillatory entrainment effects and behavioral impairment selectively in beta frequency for stimulation of the left IFG, demonstrating an intimate causal relationship between prefrontal beta desynchronization and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hanslmayr
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jonas Matuschek
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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23
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Vidal-Piñeiro D, Martin-Trias P, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Sala-Llonch R, Clemente IC, Mena-Sánchez I, Bargalló N, Falcón C, Pascual-Leone Á, Bartrés-Faz D. Task-dependent activity and connectivity predict episodic memory network-based responses to brain stimulation in healthy aging. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:287-96. [PMID: 24485466 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can affect episodic memory, one of the main cognitive hallmarks of aging, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the behavioral and functional impact of excitatory TMS in a group of healthy elders. METHODS We applied a paradigm of repetitive TMS - intermittent theta-burst stimulation - over left inferior frontal gyrus in healthy elders (n = 24) and evaluated its impact on the performance of an episodic memory task with two levels of processing and the associated brain activity as captured by a pre and post fMRI scans. RESULTS In the post-TMS fMRI we found TMS-related activity increases in left prefrontal and cerebellum-occipital areas specifically during deep encoding but not during shallow encoding or at rest. Furthermore, we found a task-dependent change in connectivity during the encoding task between cerebellum-occipital areas and the TMS-targeted left inferior frontal region. This connectivity change correlated with the TMS effects over brain networks. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the aged brain responds to brain stimulation in a state-dependent manner as engaged by different tasks components and that TMS effect is related to inter-individual connectivity changes measures. These findings reveal fundamental insights into brain network dynamics in aging and the capacity to probe them with combined behavioral and stimulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dídac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martin-Trias
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Sala-Llonch
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma C Clemente
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (IR3C), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaias Mena-Sánchez
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Secció de Neuroradiologia, Servei de Radiologia, Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Falcón
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann-UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Department de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clinica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Blumenfeld RS, Lee TG, D'Esposito M. The effects of lateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on item memory encoding. Neuropsychologia 2013; 53:197-202. [PMID: 24316198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging research has established that the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is involved in long-term memory (LTM) encoding for individual items. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is implicated less frequently, and one theory that has gained support to explain this discrepancy is that DLPFC is involved in forming item-item relational but not item LTM. Given that neuroimaging results are correlational, complimentary methods such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been used to test causal hypotheses generated from imaging data. Most TMS studies of LTM encoding have found that disruption of lateral PFC activity impairs subsequent memory. However these studies have lacked methods to precisely localize and directly compare TMS effects from frontal subregions implicated by the neuroimaging literature. Here, we target specific subregions of lateral PFC with TMS to test the prediction from the item/relational framework that temporary disruption of VLPFC during encoding will impair subsequent memory whereas TMS to DLPFC during item encoding will not. Frontal TMS was administered prior to a LTM encoding task in which participants were presented with a list of individual nouns and asked to judge whether each noun was concrete or abstract. After a 40 min delay period, item recognition memory was tested. Results indicate that VLPFC and DLPFC TMS have differential effects on subsequent item memory. VLPFC TMS reliably disrupted subsequent item memory whereas DLPFC TMS led to numerical enhancement in item memory, relative to TMS to a control region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Taraz G Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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25
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Ferreri L, Aucouturier JJ, Muthalib M, Bigand E, Bugaiska A. Music improves verbal memory encoding while decreasing prefrontal cortex activity: an fNIRS study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:779. [PMID: 24339807 PMCID: PMC3857524 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listening to music engages the whole brain, thus stimulating cognitive performance in a range of non-purely musical activities such as language and memory tasks. This article addresses an ongoing debate on the link between music and memory for words. While evidence on healthy and clinical populations suggests that music listening can improve verbal memory in a variety of situations, it is still unclear what specific memory process is affected and how. This study was designed to explore the hypothesis that music specifically benefits the encoding part of verbal memory tasks, by providing a richer context for encoding and therefore less demand on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Twenty-two healthy young adults were subjected to functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging of their bilateral DLPFC while encoding words in the presence of either a music or a silent background. Behavioral data confirmed the facilitating effect of music background during encoding on subsequent item recognition. fNIRS results revealed significantly greater activation of the left hemisphere during encoding (in line with the HERA model of memory lateralization) and a sustained, bilateral decrease of activity in the DLPFC in the music condition compared to silence. These findings suggest that music modulates the role played by the DLPFC during verbal encoding, and open perspectives for applications to clinical populations with prefrontal impairments, such as elderly adults or Alzheimer's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreri
- Laboratory for the Study of Learning and Development, CNRS UMR 5022, Department of Psychology, University of BurgundyDijon, France
| | | | - Makii Muthalib
- Movement to Health, EUROMOV, Montpellier-1 UniversityMontpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Bigand
- Laboratory for the Study of Learning and Development, CNRS UMR 5022, Department of Psychology, University of BurgundyDijon, France
| | - Aurelia Bugaiska
- Laboratory for the Study of Learning and Development, CNRS UMR 5022, Department of Psychology, University of BurgundyDijon, France
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26
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Vidal-Pineiro D, Martin-Trias J, Mena-Sanchez I, Arenaza-Urquijo E, Sala-Llonch R, Bargalló N, Bartrés-Faz D. P 132. Modulation of encoding-related networks by intermittent TBS stimulation in healthy aging. Clin Neurophysiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Hawco C, Berlim MT, Lepage M. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a role in self-initiated elaborative cognitive processing during episodic memory encoding: rTMS evidence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73789. [PMID: 24040072 PMCID: PMC3764025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During episodic memory encoding, elaborative cognitive processing can improve later recall or recognition. While multiple studies examined the neural correlates of encoding strategies, few studies have explicitly focused on the self-initiation of elaborative encoding. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a method which can transiently disrupt neural activity, was administered during an associative encoding task. rTMS was either applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or to the vertex (a control region not involved in memory encoding) during presentation of pairs of words. Pairs could be semantically related or not related. Two encoding instructions were given, either cueing participants to analyze semantic relationships (cued condition), or to memorize the pair without any specific strategy cues (the self-initiated condition). Participants filled out a questionnaire regarding their use of memory strategies and performed a cued-recall task. We hypothesized that if the DLPFC plays a role in the self-initiation of elaborative encoding we would observe a reduction in memory performance in the self-initiated condition, particularly for related. We found a significant correlation between the effects of rTMS and strategy use, only in the self-initiated condition with related pairs. High strategy users showed reduced performance following DLPFC stimulation, while low strategy users tended to show increased recall following DLPFC stimulation during encoding. These results suggest the left DLPFC may be involved in the self-initiation of memory strategy use, and individuals may utilize different neural networks depending on their use of encoding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hawco
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo T. Berlim
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Innocenti I, Cappa SF, Feurra M, Giovannelli F, Santarnecchi E, Bianco G, Cincotta M, Rossi S. TMS interference with primacy and recency mechanisms reveals bimodal episodic encoding in the human brain. J Cogn Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 23198892 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A classic finding of the psychology of memory is the "serial position effect." Immediate free recall of a word list is more efficient for items presented early (primacy effect) or late (recency effect), with respect to those in the middle. In an event-related, randomized block design, we interfered with the encoding of unrelated words lists with brief trains of repetitive TMS (rTMS), applied coincidently with the acoustic presentation of each word to the left dorsolateral pFC, the left intraparietal lobe, and a control site (vertex). Interference of rTMS with encoding produced a clear-cut double dissociation on accuracy during immediate free recall. The primacy effect was selectively worsened by rTMS of the dorsolateral pFC, whereas recency was selectively worsened by rTMS of the intraparietal lobe. These results are in agreement with the double dissociation between short-term and long-term memory observed in neuropsychological patients and provide direct evidence of distinct cortical mechanisms of encoding in the human brain.
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29
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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, working memory and episodic memory processes: insight through transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:381-9. [PMID: 23385388 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recall and recognize facts we experienced in the past is based on a complex mechanism in which several cerebral regions are implicated. Neuroimaging and lesion studies agree in identifying the frontal lobe as a crucial structure for memory processes, and in particular for working memory and episodic memory and their relationships. Furthermore, with the introduction of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) a new way was proposed to investigate the relationships between brain correlates, memory functions and behavior. The aim of this review is to present the main findings that have emerged from experiments which used the TMS technique for memory analysis. They mainly focused on the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in memory process. Furthermore, we present state-of-the-art evidence supporting a possible use of TMS in the clinic. Specifically we focus on the treatment of memory deficits in depression and anxiety disorders.
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Hanslmayr S, Staudigl T, Fellner MC. Oscillatory power decreases and long-term memory: the information via desynchronization hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:74. [PMID: 22514527 PMCID: PMC3322486 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional belief is that brain oscillations are important for human long-term memory, because they induce synchronized firing between cell assemblies which shapes synaptic plasticity. Therefore, most prior studies focused on the role of synchronization for episodic memory, as reflected in theta (∼5 Hz) and gamma (>40 Hz) power increases. These studies, however, neglect the role that is played by neural desynchronization, which is usually reflected in power decreases in the alpha and beta frequency band (8-30 Hz). In this paper we present a first idea, derived from information theory that gives a mechanistic explanation of how neural desynchronization aids human memory encoding and retrieval. Thereby we will review current studies investigating the role of alpha and beta power decreases during long-term memory tasks and show that alpha and beta power decreases play an important and active role for human memory. Applying mathematical models of information theory, we demonstrate that neural desynchronization is positively related to the richness of information represented in the brain, thereby enabling encoding and retrieval of long-term memories. This information via desynchronization hypothesis makes several predictions, which can be tested in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hanslmayr
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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Manenti R, Cotelli M, Robertson IH, Miniussi C. Transcranial brain stimulation studies of episodic memory in young adults, elderly adults and individuals with memory dysfunction: A review. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Hammer A, Mohammadi B, Schmicker M, Saliger S, Münte TF. Errorless and errorful learning modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:72. [PMID: 21781298 PMCID: PMC3154153 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Errorless learning is advantageous over trial and error learning (errorful learning) as errors are avoided during learning resulting in increased memory performance. Errorful learning challenges the executive control system of memory processes as the erroneous items compete with the correct items during retrieval. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a core region involved in this executive control system. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modify the excitability of underlying brain functioning. RESULTS In a single blinded tDCS study one group of young healthy participants received anodal and another group cathodal tDCS of the left DLPFC each compared to sham stimulation. Participants had to learn words in an errorless and an errorful manner using a word stem completion paradigm. The results showed that errorless compared to errorful learning had a profound effect on the memory performance in terms of quality. Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC did not modulate the memory performance following errorless or errorful learning. By contrast, cathodal stimulation hampered memory performance after errorful learning compared to sham, whereas there was no modulation after errorless learning. CONCLUSIONS Concluding, the study further supports the advantages of errorless learning over errorful learning. Moreover, cathodal stimulation of the left DLPFC hampered memory performance following the conflict-inducing errorful learning as compared to no modulation after errorless learning emphasizing the importance of the left DLPFC in executive control of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hammer
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Causal Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Human Perceptual Decision Making. Curr Biol 2011; 21:980-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Slotnick SD, Thakral PP. Memory for motion and spatial location is mediated by contralateral and ipsilateral motion processing cortex. Neuroimage 2010; 55:794-800. [PMID: 21134469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory and perception have been associated with common sensory cortical activity. However, previous studies have only investigated memory and perception effects associated with a single feature (i.e., spatial location or color). The aim of the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study was to assess whether memory for multiple (two) features would produce sensory cortical activity that mirrored perceptual processing of the same features. During encoding, moving or stationary abstract shapes were presented to the right or left of fixation. During retrieval, shapes were presented at fixation and participants classified each item as previously in motion or stationary within the right or left visual field. Memory for items in motion, regardless of spatial location, produced fMRI activity in perceptual motion processing region MT+. Memory for motion and spatial location produced contralateral and ipsilateral fMRI activity in perceptual motion processing sub-region MT. Following TMS to MT, memory for motion was impaired, but performance did not differ between the contralateral and ipsilateral visual fields. The present results are consistent with previous findings in that memory for motion produced fMRI activity in MT+ and was impaired following TMS to MT. However, memory for motion and spatial location produced contralateral and ipsilateral fMRI and TMS effects, deviating from the primarily contralateral perceptual processing organization of MT. The present evidence suggests that during memory for motion and spatial location only motion information is coded in motion processing cortex, while previous findings suggest spatial location information is coded in earlier extrastriate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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