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van der Molen MW, Snellings P, Aravena S, Fraga González G, Zeguers MHT, Verwimp C, Tijms J. Dyslexia, the Amsterdam Way. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:72. [PMID: 38275355 PMCID: PMC10813111 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The current aim is to illustrate our research on dyslexia conducted at the Developmental Psychology section of the Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, in collaboration with the nationwide IWAL institute for learning disabilities (now RID). The collaborative efforts are institutionalized in the Rudolf Berlin Center. The first series of studies aimed at furthering the understanding of dyslexia using a gamified tool based on an artificial script. Behavioral measures were augmented with diffusion modeling in one study, and indices derived from the electroencephalogram were used in others. Next, we illustrated a series of studies aiming to assess individuals who struggle with reading and spelling using similar research strategies. In one study, we used methodology derived from the machine learning literature. The third series of studies involved intervention targeting the phonics of language. These studies included a network analysis that is now rapidly gaining prominence in the psychopathology literature. Collectively, the studies demonstrate the importance of letter-speech sound mapping and word decoding in the acquisition of reading. It was demonstrated that focusing on these abilities may inform the prediction, classification, and intervention of reading difficulties and their neural underpinnings. A final section examined dyslexia, conceived as a neurobiological disorder. This analysis converged on the conclusion that recent developments in the psychopathology literature inspired by the focus on research domain criteria and network analysis might further the field by staying away from longstanding debates in the dyslexia literature (single vs. a multiple deficit, category vs. dimension, disorder vs. lack of skill).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits W. van der Molen
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center for Learning Disabilities, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Snellings
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center for Learning Disabilities, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maaike H. T. Zeguers
- Samenwerkingsverband VO Amsterdam-Diemen, Bijlmermeerdreef 1289, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cara Verwimp
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center for Learning Disabilities, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Tijms
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center for Learning Disabilities, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nugiel T, Demeter DV, Mitchell ME, Garza A, Hernandez AE, Juranek J, Church JA. Brain connectivity and academic skills in English learners. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad414. [PMID: 38044467 PMCID: PMC10793574 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
English learners (ELs) are a rapidly growing population in schools in the United States with limited experience and proficiency in English. To better understand the path for EL's academic success in school, it is important to understand how EL's brain systems are used for academic learning in English. We studied, in a cohort of Hispanic middle-schoolers (n = 45, 22F) with limited English proficiency and a wide range of reading and math abilities, brain network properties related to academic abilities. We applied a method for localizing brain regions of interest (ROIs) that are group-constrained, yet individually specific, to test how resting state functional connectivity between regions that are important for academic learning (reading, math, and cognitive control regions) are related to academic abilities. ROIs were selected from task localizers probing reading and math skills in the same participants. We found that connectivity across all ROIs, as well as connectivity of just the cognitive control ROIs, were positively related to measures of reading skills but not math skills. This work suggests that cognitive control brain systems have a central role for reading in ELs. Our results also indicate that an individualized approach for localizing brain function may clarify brain-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Nugiel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, United States
| | - Damion V Demeter
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Mackenzie E Mitchell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - AnnaCarolina Garza
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Arturo E Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Jenifer Juranek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77225, United States
| | - Jessica A Church
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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Qiao C, Gao B, Liu Y, Hu X, Hu W, Calhoun VD, Wang YP. Deep learning with explainability for characterizing age-related intrinsic differences in dynamic brain functional connectivity. Med Image Anal 2023; 90:102941. [PMID: 37683445 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2023.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Although many deep learning models-based medical applications are performance-driven, i.e., accuracy-oriented, their explainability is more critical. This is especially the case with neuroimaging, where we are often interested in identifying biomarkers underlying brain development or disorders. Herein we propose an explainable deep learning approach by elucidating the information transmission mechanism between two layers of a deep network with a joint feature selection strategy that considers several shallow-layer explainable machine learning models and sparse learning of the deep network. At the end, we apply and validate the proposed approach to the analysis of dynamic brain functional connectivity (FC) from fMRI in a brain development study. Our approach can identify the differences within and between functional brain networks over age during development. The results indicate that the brain network transits from undifferentiated structures to more specialized and organized ones, and the information processing ability becomes more efficient as age increases. In addition, we detect two developmental patterns in the brain network: the FCs in regions related to visual and sound processing and mental regulation become weakened, while those between regions corresponding to emotional processing and cognitive activities are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Yuechen Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Hu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA; Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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Jones JS, Monaghan A, Leyland-Craggs A, Astle DE. Testing the triple network model of psychopathology in a transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental cohort. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103539. [PMID: 37992501 PMCID: PMC10709083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM The triple network model of psychopathology posits that altered connectivity between the Salience (SN), Central Executive (CEN), and Default Mode Networks (DMN) may underlie neurodevelopmental conditions. However, this has yet to be tested in a transdiagnostic sample of young people. METHOD We investigated this in 175 children (60 girls) that represent a heterogeneous population who are experiencing neurodevelopmental difficulties in cognition and behavior, and 60 comparison children (33 girls). Hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention were assessed by parent-report. Resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging data were acquired and functional connectivity was calculated between independent network components and regions of interest. We then examined whether connectivity between the SN, CEN and DMN was dimensionally related to hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, whilst controlling for age, gender, and motion. RESULTS Hyperactivity/impulsivity was associated with increased functional connectivity between the SN, CEN, and DMN in at-risk children, whereas it was associated with decreased functional connectivity between the CEN and DMN in comparison children. These effects replicated in an adult parcellation of brain function and when using increasingly stringent exclusion criteria for in-scanner motion. CONCLUSION Triple network connectivity characterizes transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental difficulties with hyperactivity/impulsivity. We suggest that this may arise from delayed network segregation, difficulties sustaining CEN activity to regulate behavior, and/or a heightened developmental mismatch between neural systems implicated in cognitive control relative to those implicated in reward/affect processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Jones
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alicja Monaghan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Duncan E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Xu F, Qiao C, Zhou H, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW, Wang Y. An explainable autoencoder with multi-paradigm fMRI fusion for identifying differences in dynamic functional connectivity during brain development. Neural Netw 2023; 159:185-197. [PMID: 36580711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multi-paradigm deep learning models show great potential for dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) analysis by integrating complementary information. However, many of them cannot use information from different paradigms effectively and have poor explainability, that is, the ability to identify significant features that contribute to decision making. In this paper, we propose a multi-paradigm fusion-based explainable deep sparse autoencoder (MF-EDSAE) to address these issues. Considering explainability, the MF-EDSAE is constructed based on a deep sparse autoencoder (DSAE). For integrating information effectively, the MF-EDASE contains the nonlinear fusion layer and multi-paradigm hypergraph regularization. We apply the model to the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort and demonstrate it achieves better performance in detecting dynamic FC (dFC) that differ significantly during brain development than the single-paradigm DSAE. The experimental results show that children have more dispersive dFC patterns than adults. The function of the brain transits from undifferentiated systems to specialized networks during brain development. Meanwhile, adults have stronger connectivities between task-related functional networks for a given task than children. As the brain develops, the patterns of the global dFC change more quickly when stimulated by a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Chen Qiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30030, USA.
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA.
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Garcia GDV. Executive Functions and English Reading Comprehension among Filipino Students. READING PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02702711.2022.2156950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Darlene V. Garcia
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London-Institute of Education and Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom
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Xie Y, Yuan C, Sun M, Sun J, Zhang N, Qin W, Liu F, Xue H, Ding H, Wang S, He J, Hu L, Li X, Yu C. Personality and brain contribute to academic achievements of medical students. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964904. [PMID: 36148147 PMCID: PMC9489117 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many factors that influence the academic achievements of medical students, but how personality and brain modulate the academic achievements of medical students remains unclear. The study collected the personality, brain imaging, and academic data from 448 medical students at Tianjin Medical University with admission time between 2008 and 2017. Four types of academic achievements, including behavioral and social sciences, clinical sciences and skills, basic biomedical sciences, and scientific methods, were assessed by the academic records of 58 courses. Personality was evaluated by Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory. Brain structural and functional properties, including gray matter volume, spontaneous brain activity and functional connectivity, were computed based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between personality and academic achievements. A voxel-wise correlation was used to identify areas of the brain where structural and functional properties were associated with academic achievements. Mediation analysis was used to test whether brain properties and personality independently contribute to academic achievements. Our results showed that novelty seeking (NS) was negatively correlated, and conscientiousness was positively correlated with all types of academic achievements. Brain functional properties showed negatively correlated with academic achievement in basic biomedical sciences. However, we did not find any mediation effect of the brain functional properties on the association between personality (NS and conscientiousness) and academic achievement in basic biomedical sciences, nor mediation effect of the personality (NS and conscientiousness) on the association between brain functional properties and academic achievement in basic biomedical sciences. These findings suggest that specific personality (NS and conscientiousness) and brain functional properties independently contribute to academic achievements in basic biomedical sciences, and that modulation of these properties may benefit academic achievements among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengru Sun
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningnannan Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyan He
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoxia Li,
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Chunshui Yu,
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JIN H, JIA L, YIN X, YAN S, WEI S, CHEN J. The neural basis of the continued influence effect of misinformation. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Menardi A, Reineberg AE, Smith LL, Favaretto C, Vallesi A, Banich MT, Santarnecchi E. Topographical functional correlates of interindividual differences in executive functions in young healthy twins. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:49-62. [PMID: 34865178 PMCID: PMC8741656 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) are a set of higher-order cognitive abilities that enable goal-directed behavior by controlling lower-level operations. In the brain, those functions have been traditionally associated with activity in the Frontoparietal Network, but recent neuroimaging studies have challenged this view in favor of more widespread cortical involvement. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether the network that serves as critical hubs at rest, which we term network reliance, differentiate individuals as a function of their level of EF. Furthermore, we investigated whether such differences are driven by genetic as compared to environmental factors. For this purpose, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and the behavioral testing of 453 twins from the Colorado Longitudinal Twins Study were analyzed. Separate indices of EF performance were obtained according to a bifactor unity/diversity model, distinguishing between three independent components representing: Common EF, Shifting-specific and Updating-specific abilities. Through an approach of step-wise in silico network lesioning of the individual functional connectome, we show that interindividual differences in EF are associated with different dependencies on neural networks at rest. Furthermore, these patterns show evidence of mild heritability. Such findings add knowledge to the understanding of brain states at rest and their connection with human behavior, and how they might be shaped by genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Menardi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Padova Neuroscience Center & Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, PD, Italy
| | - Andrew E Reineberg
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Louisa L Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chiara Favaretto
- Padova Neuroscience Center & Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, PD, Italy
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Padova Neuroscience Center & Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, PD, Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marie T Banich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Jolles J, Jolles DD. On Neuroeducation: Why and How to Improve Neuroscientific Literacy in Educational Professionals. Front Psychol 2021; 12:752151. [PMID: 34925156 PMCID: PMC8678470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New findings from the neurosciences receive much interest for use in the applied field of education. For the past 15 years, neuroeducation and the application of neuroscience knowledge were seen to have promise, but there is presently some lack of progress. The present paper states that this is due to several factors. Neuromyths are still prevalent, and there is a confusion of tongues between the many neurodisciplines and the domains of behavioral and educational sciences. Second, a focus upon cognitive neuroimaging research has yielded findings that are scientifically relevant, but cannot be used for direct application in the classroom. A third factor pertains to the emphasis which has been on didactics and teaching, whereas the promise of neuroeducation for the teacher may lie more on pedagogical inspiration and support. This article states that the most important knowledge and insights have to do with the notion of brain plasticity; the vision that development is driven by an interaction between a person's biology and the social system. This helps individuals to select and process information, and to adapt to the personal environment. The paper describes how brain maturation and neuropsychological development extend through the important period of adolescence and emergent adulthood. Over this long period, there is a major development of the Executive Functions (EFs) that are essential for both cognitive learning, social behavior and emotional processing and, eventually, personal growth. The paper describes the basic neuroscience knowledge and insights - or "neuroscientific literacy" - that the educational professional should have to understand and appreciate the above-described themes. The authors formulate a proposal for four themes of neuroscience content "that every teacher should know." These four themes are based on the Neuroscience Core Concepts formulated by the Society for Neuroscience. The authors emphasize that integrating neuroscientific knowledge and insights in the field of education should not be a one-way street; attempts directed at improving neuroscientific literacy are a transdisciplinary undertaking. Teacher trainers, experts from the neuroscience fields but also behavioral scientists from applied fields (notable applied neuropsychologists) should all contribute to for the educational innovations needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Jolles
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dietsje D. Jolles
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Qiao C, Yang L, Calhoun VD, Xu ZB, Wang YP. Sparse deep dictionary learning identifies differences of time-varying functional connectivity in brain neuro-developmental study. Neural Netw 2020; 135:91-104. [PMID: 33373885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the focus of functional connectivity analysis of human brain has shifted from merely revealing the inter-regional functional correlation over the entire scan duration to capturing the time-varying information of brain networks and characterizing time-resolved reoccurring patterns of connectivity. Much effort has been invested into developing approaches that can track changes in re-occurring patterns of functional connectivity over time. In this paper, we propose a sparse deep dictionary learning method to characterize the essential differences of reoccurring patterns of time-varying functional connectivity between different age groups. The proposed method combines both the interpretability of sparse dictionary learning and the capability of extracting sparse nonlinear higher-level features in the latent space of sparse deep autoencoder. In other words, it learns a sparse dictionary of the original data by considering the nonlinear representation of the data in the encoder layer based on a sparse deep autoencoder. In this way, the nonlinear structure and higher-level features of the data can be captured by deep dictionary learning. The proposed method is applied to the analysis of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. It shows that there exist essential differences in the reoccurrence patterns of function connectivity between child and young adult groups. Specially, children have more diffusive functional connectivity patterns while young adults possess more focused functional connectivity patterns, and the brain function transits from undifferentiated systems to specialized neural networks with the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Zong-Ben Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA; Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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