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Martini M, Arias N. Disentangling the effects of near-infrared light stimulation and exercise on cognitive function in fNIRS studies. Neuroimage 2024; 292:120615. [PMID: 38631617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies often aim to measure changes in the brain's hemodynamic response in relation to a specific intervention. We recently showed how a fNIRS device could induce photobiomodulatory effects on cognition by using its near-infrared (NIR) light. However, so far, fNIRS research has overlooked the stimulatory potential intrinsic to this technique. The work by Kuwamizu et al. (2023) on pupil dynamics during exercise is no exception. Here, we suggest a fix to their experimental design, which could be taken into account in other fNIRS studies, to guarantee an adequate level of control for possible unconsidered photobiomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martini
- Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage and Educational Studies, via Arpi, Foggia 71121, Italy.
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo 33005, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain; BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C/del Hostal, Madrid 28248, Spain
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2
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Acuña K, Sapahia R, Jiménez IN, Antonietti M, Anzola I, Cruz M, García MT, Krishnan V, Leveille LA, Resch MD, Galor A, Habash R, DeBuc DC. Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry as a Useful Diagnostic Tool for Understanding the Visual System: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38202288 PMCID: PMC10779649 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the role of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in advancing our understanding of the visual system. Beginning with an introduction to fNIRS, we delve into its historical development, highlighting how this technology has evolved over time. The core of the review critically examines the advantages and disadvantages of fNIRS, offering a balanced view of its capabilities and limitations in research and clinical settings. We extend our discussion to the diverse applications of fNIRS beyond its traditional use, emphasizing its versatility across various fields. In the context of the visual system, this review provides an in-depth analysis of how fNIRS contributes to our understanding of eye function, including eye diseases. We discuss the intricacies of the visual cortex, how it responds to visual stimuli and the implications of these findings in both health and disease. A unique aspect of this review is the exploration of the intersection between fNIRS, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI). We discuss how these cutting-edge technologies are synergizing with fNIRS to open new frontiers in visual system research. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, envisioning the future of fNIRS in a rapidly evolving technological landscape and its potential to revolutionize our approach to studying and understanding the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Acuña
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Rishav Sapahia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Irene Newman Jiménez
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Arts & Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Michael Antonietti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ignacio Anzola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Marvin Cruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael T. García
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Varun Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Lynn A. Leveille
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Miklós D. Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anat Galor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ranya Habash
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
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Lai Z, Huang W, Lin W, Weng X, Mao Y, Xu G. A single 1,500 m freestyle at maximal speed decreases cognitive function in athletes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1283585. [PMID: 38125859 PMCID: PMC10731674 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical exercise can improve cognitive function, and the degree of impact on cognitive function is related to exercise modality, intensity, and duration. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects of competitive sports on cognitive function. The 1,500 m freestyle is the longest pool-based swimming event in the Olympic Games. This study explores the effects of 1,500 m freestyle at maximal speed on athletes' cognitive function and analyzes the potential mechanism of cognitive function reduction in freestyle at maximal speed from the perspective of hemoglobin oxygenation difference (Hbdiff). Methods A total of 13 male university swimmers were required to take part in a 1,500 m freestyle competition, swimming at maximal speed. The relevant indicators, including cognitive function and freestyle at maximal speed, before and after the competition were tested and analyzed. Cognitive function was assessed using the Schulte grid test (SGT), the trail-making test (TMT), and the digit span test (DST). The neurobiological characteristics of cognitive function, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), response time (RT), and accuracy rate (ACC), were tested using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results A significant decrease in scores for SGT, TMT, and digit span test-backward (DST-B) (p < 0.01). Oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentrations in the right frontopolar area (R-FPA) of brain channels 8 (p < 0.01) and 9 (CH8, 9) (p < 0.05), the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC) CH10 (p < 0.05), and the middle dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (M-DLPFC) CH18 (p < 0.01) were significantly altered, and the right area of the brain was activated. The total Oxy-Hb concentrations in the regions of interest (ROIs) of R-FPA, R-DLFPC, and M-DLFPC were changed significantly (p < 0.01). Discussion The exhaustive performance of a 1,500 m freestyle event resulted in both physical fatigue and a decline in cognitive function. This decline may be attributed to the activation of specific regions of interest, namely the FPA, DLPFC, and M-DLPFC, within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as alterations in functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Lai
- Department of Graduation, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of School of Physical Education, Guangzhou College of Commerce, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Lin
- Department of School of Physical Education, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Weng
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Mao
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqin Xu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Suseno B, Hastjarjo TD. The effect of simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video to reduce stress. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1016652. [PMID: 37251017 PMCID: PMC10214952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1016652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a common problem associated with poor physical and psychological health. Exposure to the natural environment is one method for reducing stress. The real and simulated natural environments have a restorative effect on stress reduction. In contrast to the real environment, simulated natural environments, such as virtual reality and 2D video, provide safer and more controllable exposure. Several studies on the restorative effects of the natural environment in virtual reality and 2D video have been conducted. However, the difference between the two in reducing stress must be clarified. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video and their differences in reducing stress. This study hypothesizes that both simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video can reduce stress, but there is a difference between them in reducing stress. Fifty-three subjects were divided into two experimental groups: 2D video (n = 28) and virtual reality (n = 25). The results indicated that simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video reduced stress. However, there was no difference between the two groups regarding stress reduction.
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Pyasik M, Ciorli T, Pia L. Full body illusion and cognition: A systematic review of the literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Social, affective, and non-motoric bodily cues to the Sense of Agency: A systematic review of the experience of control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Burin D, Cavanna G, Rabellino D, Kotozaki Y, Kawashima R. Neuroendocrine Response and State Anxiety Due to Psychosocial Stress Decrease after a Training with Subject's Own (but Not Another) Virtual Body: An RCT Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106340. [PMID: 35627877 PMCID: PMC9140346 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research involving healthy participants has reported that seeing a moving virtual body from the first person perspective induces the illusion of ownership and agency over that virtual body. When a person is sitting and the virtual body runs, it is possible to measure physiological, behavioral and cognitive reactions that are comparable to those that occur during actual movement. Capitalizing on this evidence, we hypothesized that virtual training could also induce neuroendocrine effects that prompt a decreased psychosocial stress response, as occurs after physical training. While sitting, 26 healthy young adults watched a virtual avatar running for 30 min from the first person perspective (experimental group), while another 26 participants watched the virtual body from the third person perspective (control group). We found a decreased salivary alpha-amylase concentration (a biomarker for the stress response) after the virtual training among the experimental group only, as well as a decreased subjective feeling of state anxiety (but no difference in heart rate). We argue that the virtual illusion of a moving body from the first person perspective can initiate a cascade of events, from the perception of the visual illusion to physiological activation that triggers other biological effects, such as the neuroendocrine stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Burin
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Smart Aging Research Center (SARC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-022-717-8585
| | - Gabriele Cavanna
- Smart Aging Research Center (SARC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daniela Rabellino
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, 550 Wellington Rd., London, ON N6C 5J1, Canada;
| | - Yuka Kotozaki
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, Morioka 028-3694, Japan;
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Smart Aging Research Center (SARC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
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Training Monitoring in Sports: It Is Time to Embrace Cognitive Demand. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040056. [PMID: 35447866 PMCID: PMC9028378 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate training burden monitoring is still a challenge for the support staff, athletes, and coaches. Extensive research has been done in recent years that proposes several external and internal indicators. Among all measurements, the importance of cognitive factors has been indicated but has never been really considered in the training monitoring process. While there is strong evidence supporting the use of cognitive demand indicators in cognitive neuroscience, their importance in training monitoring for multiple sports settings must be better emphasized. The aims of this scoping review are to (1) provide an overview of the cognitive demand concept beside the physical demand in training; (2) highlight the current methods for assessing cognitive demand in an applied setting to sports in part through a neuroergonomics approach; (3) show how cognitive demand metrics can be exploited and applied to our better understanding of fatigue, sport injury, overtraining and individual performance capabilities. This review highlights also the potential new ways of brain imaging approaches for monitoring in situ. While assessment of cognitive demand is still in its infancy in sport, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied with rigorous protocols and deep knowledge of both the neurobehavioral and cognitive aspects. It is time now to consider the cognitive demand to avoid underestimating the total training burden and its management.
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Limanowski J. Enacting Proprioceptive Predictions in the Rubber Hand Illusion. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:839890. [PMID: 35250522 PMCID: PMC8890244 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.839890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Limanowski
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jakub Limanowski
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10
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Bodily ownership of an independent supernumerary limb: an exploratory study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2339. [PMID: 35165309 PMCID: PMC8844351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Can our brain perceive a sense of ownership towards an independent supernumerary limb; one that can be moved independently of any other limb and provides its own independent movement feedback? Following the rubber-hand illusion experiment, a plethora of studies have shown that the human representation of “self” is very plastic. But previous studies have almost exclusively investigated ownership towards “substitute” artificial limbs, which are controlled by the movements of a real limb and/or limbs from which non-visual sensory feedback is provided on an existing limb. Here, to investigate whether the human brain can own an independent artificial limb, we first developed a novel independent robotic “sixth finger.” We allowed participants to train using the finger and examined whether it induced changes in the body representation using behavioral as well as cognitive measures. Our results suggest that unlike a substitute artificial limb (like in the rubber hand experiment), it is more difficult for humans to perceive a sense of ownership towards an independent limb. However, ownership does seem possible, as we observed clear tendencies of changes in the body representation that correlated with the cognitive reports of the sense of ownership. Our results provide the first evidence to show that an independent supernumerary limb can be embodied by humans.
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Hyodo K, Suwabe K, Yamaguchi D, Soya H, Arao T. Comparison Between the Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Light-Intensity Aerobic Dance Exercise on Mood and Executive Functions in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:723243. [PMID: 34764863 PMCID: PMC8577647 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.723243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that one bout of moderate-intensity exercise enhances executive functions in older adults. However, in terms of safety, feasibility, and continuity, older individuals prefer light, easy, and fun exercises to moderate and stressful exercises for improving executive functions. Therefore, light-intensity aerobic dance exercise (LADE) could be suitable if it produces potential benefits related to executive functions. As for continuous vs. intermittent exercise, intermittent exercise has received a lot of attention, as it results in greater effects on mood and executive functions than continuous exercise; however, its effects in older adults remain uncertain. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine the acute effects of intermittent LADE (I-LADE) in comparison with those of continuous LADE (C-LADE) on mood and executive functions. Fifteen healthy older adults participated in 10-min I-LADE and C-LADE conditions on separate days. Perceived enjoyment following exercise was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). The pleasantness of the mood during exercise and pleasure and arousal levels after exercise were assessed using the Feeling Scale and Two-Dimensional Mood Scale, respectively. Executive function was assessed using the Stroop task before and after exercise. As a result, pleasantness of the mood during exercise and exercise enjoyment levels were greater in I-LADE than in C-LADE. Arousal and pleasure levels and Stroop task performance increased after both LADEs and did not differ between the two exercise conditions. These findings suggest that although enhancement of mood and executive functions after exercise did not differ between C-LADE and I-LADE, I-LADE could be more enjoyable and fun than C-LADE. This study will help in the development of exercise conditions that can enable the elderly to enhance their executive functions in a fun way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hyodo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ibaraki, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamaguchi
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Arao
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
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Gall D, Roth D, Stauffert JP, Zarges J, Latoschik ME. Embodiment in Virtual Reality Intensifies Emotional Responses to Virtual Stimuli. Front Psychol 2021; 12:674179. [PMID: 34552525 PMCID: PMC8450414 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating emotional responses to virtual stimuli is a fundamental goal of many immersive interactive applications. In this study, we leverage the illusion of illusory embodiment and show that owning a virtual body provides means to modulate emotional responses. In a single-factor repeated-measures experiment, we manipulated the degree of illusory embodiment and assessed the emotional responses to virtual stimuli. We presented emotional stimuli in the same environment as the virtual body. Participants experienced higher arousal, dominance, and more intense valence in the high embodiment condition compared to the low embodiment condition. The illusion of embodiment thus intensifies the emotional processing of the virtual environment. This result suggests that artificial bodies can increase the effectiveness of immersive applications psychotherapy, entertainment, computer-mediated social interactions, or health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Gall
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, Universtiy of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, Universtiy of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Stauffert
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, Universtiy of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Zarges
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, Universtiy of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Erich Latoschik
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, Universtiy of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Agbangla NF, Maillot P, Vitiello D. Mini-Review of Studies Testing the Cardiorespiratory Hypothesis With Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): Overview and Perspectives. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699948. [PMID: 34456672 PMCID: PMC8387658 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiorespiratory hypothesis (CH) is one of the hypotheses used by researchers to explain the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance during executive functions. Despite the indubitable beneficial effect of training on brain blood flow and function that may explain the link between physical fitness and cognition and the recognition of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a reliable tool for measuring brain oxygenation, few studies investigated the CH with NIRS. It is still not well understood whether an increase in brain flow by training is translated into an increase in cerebral oxygenation. Thus, the objective of this mini-review was to summarize main results of studies that investigated the CH using the NIRS and to propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
- Laboratory I3SP (URP 3625), Institute of Sport and Health Sciences of Paris - Université de Paris/UFR STAPS, Paris, France.,Laboratory URePSSS - SHERPAS (ULR 7369), Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille/UFR STAPS, Liévin, France
| | - Pauline Maillot
- Laboratory I3SP (URP 3625), Institute of Sport and Health Sciences of Paris - Université de Paris/UFR STAPS, Paris, France
| | - Damien Vitiello
- Laboratory I3SP (URP 3625), Institute of Sport and Health Sciences of Paris - Université de Paris/UFR STAPS, Paris, France
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Del Aguila J, González-Gualda LM, Játiva MA, Fernández-Sotos P, Fernández-Caballero A, García AS. How Interpersonal Distance Between Avatar and Human Influences Facial Affect Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality. Front Psychol 2021; 12:675515. [PMID: 34335388 PMCID: PMC8319634 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal interpersonal distance (IPD) between humans and affective avatars in facial affect recognition in immersive virtual reality (IVR). The ideal IPD is the one in which the humans show the highest number of hits and the shortest reaction times in recognizing the emotions displayed by avatars. The results should help design future therapies to remedy facial affect recognition deficits. Methods: A group of 39 healthy volunteers participated in an experiment in which participants were shown 65 dynamic faces in IVR and had to identify six basic emotions plus neutral expression presented by the avatars. We decided to limit the experiment to five different distances: D1 (35 cm), D2 (55 cm), D3 (75 cm), D4 (95 cm), and D5 (115 cm), all belonging to the intimate and personal interpersonal spaces. Of the total of 65 faces, 13 faces were presented for each of the included distances. The views were shown at different angles: 50% in frontal view, 25% from the right profile, and 25% from the left profile. The order of appearance of the faces presented to each participant was randomized. Results: The overall success rate in facial emotion identification was 90.33%, being D3 the IPD with the best overall emotional recognition hits, although statistically significant differences could not be found between the IPDs. Consistent with results obtained in previous studies, identification rates for negative emotions were higher with increasing IPD, whereas the recognition task improved for positive emotions when IPD was closer. In addition, the study revealed irregular behavior in the facial detection of the emotion surprise. Conclusions: IVR allows us to reliably assess facial emotion recognition using dynamic avatars as all the IPDs tested showed to be effective. However, no statistically significant differences in facial emotion recognition were found among the different IPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Aguila
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA), Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luz M González-Gualda
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA), Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Angeles Játiva
- Instituto de Investigación en Informática de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Sotos
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (CHUA), Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Caballero
- Instituto de Investigación en Informática de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Arturo S García
- Instituto de Investigación en Informática de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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15
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Tambone R, Poggio G, Pyasik M, Burin D, Dal Monte O, Schintu S, Ciorli T, Lucà L, Semino MV, Doricchi F, Pia L. Changing your body changes your eating attitudes: embodiment of a slim virtual avatar induces avoidance of high-calorie food. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07515. [PMID: 34345726 PMCID: PMC8319483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The virtual-reality full-body illusion paradigm has been suggested to not only trigger the illusory ownership of the avatar's body but also the attitudinal and behavioral components stereotypically associated to that kind of virtual body. In the present study, we investigated whether this was true for stereotypes related to body size: body satisfaction and eating control behavior. Healthy participants underwent the full-body illusion paradigm with an avatar having either a larger or a slimmer body than their own, and were assessed for implicit attitudes towards body image and food calorie content at baseline and after each full-body illusion session. Results showed that the illusion emerged regardless of the avatar's body size, whereas the perceived dimension of the own body size changed according to the avatar's body size (i.e., participants felt to be slimmer after embodying their slim avatar and larger after embodying their large avatar). Crucially, we found that implicit attitudes towards food, but not those towards one's own body, were modulated by the size of the virtual body. Compared to baseline, ownership of a slimmer avatar increased the avoidance of high-calorie food, whereas ownership of a larger avatar did not induce changes. Our findings suggest that the illusory feeling of being slimmer drives also the food-related stereotypes associated with that body size, increasing the regulation of eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tambone
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Poggio
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Pyasik
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,NPSY-Lab. VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dalila Burin
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Olga Dal Monte
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Selene Schintu
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington DC, DC, USA
| | - Tommaso Ciorli
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Lucà
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Semino
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pia
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,NIT (Neuroscience Institute of Turin), Turin, Italy
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16
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Chiu MM, Siu AYS. Effects of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on executive function of healthy young males. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113505. [PMID: 34153324 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the executive function (EF) performance induced by moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), under two exercise modalities (i.e., running vs. cycling), and explored whether the changes in EF performance were related to the hemodynamics response of the cerebral prefrontal area of the brain. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 16 male participants completed 4 main trials, i.e., 40 min of moderate-intensity continuous running (MICR) or cycling (MICC) with 60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 33 min of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) or cycling (HIIC). For HIIR or HIIC trials, the exercise intensity was 60% VO2max for the first 5 min, followed by four 4-minute bouts of exercise at 90% VO2max, separated by 3-minute active recovery at 60% VO2max. EF was assessed via the Eriksen Flanker task (EFT) before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), and 10 min after exercise (Post 10). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) concentrations in the prefrontal area. Each main trial measured the concentrations of blood glucose and lactate, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion. RESULTS (1) Compared to the reaction time in EFT during the pretest, the corresponding reaction time was shorter at Post 10 (P < 0.01) but not at Post 0 (P = 0.06). Specifically, reaction time was shorter at Post 10 than in the pretest in HIIC (P = 0.04), MICC (P = 0.01), and HIIR (P < 0.01) but not MICR. (2) The fNIRS results revealed that O2Hb concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area were much lower during Post 10 than during the pretest. (3) The blood lactate concentrations were not associated with EF performance regarding both accuracy and reaction time. CONCLUSION Compared to the pretest, EF was greater after the 10-minute rest during recovery but not immediately after exercise. The different HIIE or MICE protocols adopted in the present study may elicit minor differences regarding their effects on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ming Ming Chiu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling & Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Agatha Yi-Sum Siu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Burin D, Kawashima R. Repeated Exposure to Illusory Sense of Body Ownership and Agency Over a Moving Virtual Body Improves Executive Functioning and Increases Prefrontal Cortex Activity in the Elderly. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:674326. [PMID: 34135743 PMCID: PMC8200494 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.674326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the illusory sense of ownership and agency over a moving body in immersive virtual reality (displayed in a first-person perspective) can trigger subjective and physiological reactions on the real subject’s body and, therefore, an acute improvement of cognitive functions after a single session of high-intensity intermittent exercise performed exclusively by one’s own virtual body, similar to what happens when we actually do physical activity. As well as confirming previous results, here, we aimed at finding in the elderly an increased improvement after a longer virtual training with similar characteristics. Forty-two healthy older subjects (28 females, average age = 71.71 years) completed a parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT; UMIN000039843, umin.ac.jp) including an adapted version of the virtual training previously used: while sitting, participants observed the virtual body in a first-person perspective (1PP) or a third-person perspective (3PP) performing 20 min of virtual high-intensity intermittent exercise (vHIE; the avatar switched between fast and slow walking every 2 min). This was repeated twice a week for 6 weeks. During the vHIE, we measured the heart rate and administered questionnaires to evaluate illusory body ownership and agency. Before the beginning of the intervention, immediately after the first session of vHIE, and at the end of the entire intervention, we evaluated the cognitive performance at the Stroop task with online recording of the hemodynamic activity over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. While we confirm previous results regarding the virtual illusion and its physiological effects, we did not find significant cognitive or neural improvement immediately after the first vHIE session. As a novelty, in the 1PP group only, we detected a significant decrease in the response time of the Stroop task in the post-intervention assessment compared to its baseline; coherently, we found an increased activation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) after the entire intervention. While the current results strengthen the impact of the virtual full-body illusion and its physiological consequences on the elderly as well, they might have stronger and more established body representations. Perhaps, a longer and increased exposure to those illusions is necessary to initiate the cascade of events that culminates to an improved cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Burin
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging International Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging International Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Ai JY, Chen FT, Hsieh SS, Kao SC, Chen AG, Hung TM, Chang YK. The Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073593. [PMID: 33808399 PMCID: PMC8037758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient strategy to improve physical health; however, the effect of acute HIIT on executive function (EF) is unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing evidence and quantify the effect of acute HIIT on overall EF and the factors affecting the relationship between acute HIIT and EF. Standard databases (i.e., the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases) were searched for studies that examined the effect of acute HIIT on EF and were published up until January 2021. The overall EF and factors grouped by three categories, namely, EF assessment characteristics, exercise intervention characteristics, and sample and study characteristics, were analyzed by percentage of comparison for positive or null/negative effects. Overall, 35 of 57 outcomes (61%) across 24 studies revealed that acute HIIT has a positive effect on overall EF. In terms of factors, the results indicated that among EF assessment characteristics, groups, inhibition, updating, and the assessment occurring within 30 min may moderate the effect of acute HIIT on EF, while among exercise intervention characteristics, total time within 11 to 30 min may moderate the effect. Finally, among sample characteristics, age under 40 years may moderate the effect. Acute HIIT is generally considered a viable alternative for eliciting EF gains, with factors related to EF components, timing of the assessment, exercise total time, and age potentially moderating the effect of HIIT on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Ai
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Tzu Chen
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan;
| | - Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Ai-Guo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (A.-G.C.); (T.-M.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan;
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.-G.C.); (T.-M.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan;
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.-G.C.); (T.-M.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
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19
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Kritikos J, Alevizopoulos G, Koutsouris D. Personalized Virtual Reality Human-Computer Interaction for Psychiatric and Neurological Illnesses: A Dynamically Adaptive Virtual Reality Environment That Changes According to Real-Time Feedback From Electrophysiological Signal Responses. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:596980. [PMID: 33643010 PMCID: PMC7906990 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.596980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) constitutes an alternative, effective, and increasingly utilized treatment option for people suffering from psychiatric and neurological illnesses. However, the currently available VR simulations provide a predetermined simulative framework that does not take into account the unique personality traits of each individual; this could result in inaccurate, extreme, or unpredictable responses driven by patients who may be overly exposed and in an abrupt manner to the predetermined stimuli, or result in indifferent, almost non-existing, reactions when the stimuli do not affect the patients adequately and thus stronger stimuli are recommended. In this study, we present a VR system that can recognize the individual differences and readjust the VR scenarios during the simulation according to the treatment aims. To investigate and present this dynamically adaptive VR system we employ an Anxiety Disorder condition as a case study, namely arachnophobia. This system consists of distinct anxiety states, aiming to dynamically modify the VR environment in such a way that it can keep the individual within a controlled, and appropriate for the therapy needs, anxiety state, which will be called "desired states" for the study. This happens by adjusting the VR stimulus, in real-time, according to the electrophysiological responses of each individual. These electrophysiological responses are collected by an external electrodermal activity biosensor that serves as a tracker of physiological changes. Thirty-six diagnosed arachnophobic individuals participated in a one-session trial. Participants were divided into two groups, the Experimental Group which was exposed to the proposed real-time adaptive virtual simulation, and the Control Group which was exposed to a pre-recorded static virtual simulation as proposed in the literature. These results demonstrate the proposed system's ability to continuously construct an updated and adapted virtual environment that keeps the users within the appropriately chosen state (higher or lower intensity) for approximately twice the time compared to the pre-recorded static virtual simulation. Thus, such a system can increase the efficiency of VR stimulations for the treatment of central nervous system dysfunctions, as it provides numerically more controlled sessions without unexpected variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kritikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Alevizopoulos
- Psychiatric Clinic, Agioi Anargyroi General Oncological Hospital of Kifisia, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Koutsouris
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Riva G, Mancuso V, Cavedoni S, Stramba-Badiale C. Virtual reality in neurorehabilitation: a review of its effects on multiple cognitive domains. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 17:1035-1061. [PMID: 32962433 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1825939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurological diseases frequently cause adult-onset disability and have increased the demand for rehabilitative interventions. Neurorehabilitation has been progressively relying on computer-assisted programs and, more recently, on virtual reality (VR). Current reviews explore VR-based neurorehabilitation for assessing and treating the most common neurological pathologies. However, none of them explored specifically the impact of VR on multiple cognitive domains. AREAS COVERED The present work is a review of 6 years of literature (2015-2020) on VR in neurorehabilitation with the purpose of analyzing its effects on memory, attention, executive functions, language, and visuospatial ability. EXPERT OPINION Our review suggests that VR-based neurorehabilitation showed encouraging results for executive functions and visuospatial abilities particularly for both acute and neurodegenerative conditions. Conversely, memory, and attention outcomes are conflicting, and language did not show significant improvements following VR-based rehabilitation. Within five years, it is plausible that VR-based intervention would be provided in standalone and mobile-based platforms that won't need a PC to work, with reduced latency and improved user interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Mancuso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cavedoni
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Stramba-Badiale
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
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