1
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Girmaw F. Review on allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors so far. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1984. [PMID: 38505681 PMCID: PMC10948587 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research is predominantly directed towards allosteric modulators, a class of compounds designed to interact with specific sites distinct from the orthosteric site on G protein-coupled receptors. These allosteric modulators play a pivotal role in influencing diverse pharmacological effects, such as agonism/inverse agonism, efficacy modulation, and affinity modulation. One particularly intriguing aspect is the demonstrated capacity of allosteric modulation to enhance drug selectivity for therapeutic purposes, potentially leading to a reduction in serious side effects associated with traditional approaches. Allosteric ligands, a majority of which fall into the categories of negative allosteric modulators or positive allosteric modulators, exhibit the unique ability to either diminish or enhance the effects of endogenous ligands. Negative allosteric modulators weaken the response, while positive allosteric modulators intensify it. Additionally, silent allosteric modulators represent a distinct class that neither activates nor blocks the effects of endogenous ligands, adding complexity to the spectrum of allosteric modulation. In the broader context of central nervous system disorders, allosteric modulation takes center stage, particularly in the realm of dopamine receptors specifically, D1, D2, and D3 receptors. These receptors hold immense therapeutic potential for a range of conditions spanning neurodegenerative disorders to neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorders. The intricate modulation of dopamine receptors through allosteric mechanisms offers a nuanced and versatile approach to drug development. As research endeavors continue to unfold, the exploration of allosteric modulation stands as a promising frontier, holding the potential to reshape the landscape of drug discovery and therapeutic interventions in the field of neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fentaw Girmaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health ScienceWoldia UniversityWoldiaEthiopia
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2
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Rajagopal L, Huang M, Mahjour S, Ryan C, Elzokaky A, Svensson KA, Meltzer HY. The dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator, DETQ, improves cognition and social interaction in aged mice and enhances cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine efflux. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114766. [PMID: 38048913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors (Rs) are critical for cognitive functioning. D1 positive allosteric modulators (D1PAMs) activate D1Rs without desensitization or an inverted U-shaped dose response curve. DETQ, [2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-((1S,3R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethan-1-one] is highly selective for the human D1Rs as shown in humanized D1R knock-in (hD1Ki) mice. Here, we have ascertained the efficacy of DETQ in aged [13-23-month-old (mo)] hD1Ki mice and their corresponding age-matched wild-type (WT; C57BL/6NTac) controls. We found that in aged mice, DETQ, given acutely, subchronically, and chronically, rescued both novel object recognition memory and social behaviors, using novel object recognition (NOR) and social interaction (SI) tasks, respectively without any adverse effect on body weight or mortality. We have also shown, using in vivo microdialysis, a significant decrease in basal DA and norepinephrine, increase in glutamate (Glu) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) efflux with no significant changes in acetylcholine (ACh) levels in aged vs young mice. In young and aged hD1Ki mice, DETQ, acutely and subchronically increased ACh in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal regions in aged hD1Ki mice without affecting Glu. These results suggest that the D1PAM mechanism is of interest as potential treatment for cognitive and social behavioral deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders including but not restricted to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sanaz Mahjour
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chelsea Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ahmad Elzokaky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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3
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Dong H, Yan J, Huang P, Wang X, Zhang R, Zhang C, Wang W, Qian W, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Gao J, Zhang M, Ma X, Wang Z, Yi C, Zhang J, Chen W. miR-214-3p promotes the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease by inhibiting autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116123. [PMID: 38211424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra, leading to motor dysfunction. Autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in PD pathogenesis. This study explores the role of miR-214-3p in PD, focusing on its impact on autophagy and dopaminergic neuron viability. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that miR-214-3p inhibits autophagy and promotes dopaminergic neuron apoptosis. Behavioral assessments and molecular analyses reveal exacerbation of PD symptoms upon miR-214-3p overexpression. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations identify ATG3 as a target, shedding light on miR-214-3p's regulatory role in autophagy. These findings enhance our understanding of PD pathogenesis and propose miR-214-3p as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for modulating autophagy and neuronal survival in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University/Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Wenxian Qian
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jinghan Gao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xiuchang Ma
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Changhua Yi
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China; The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing 210003, China.
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Goldberg A, Xie B, Shi L. The Molecular Mechanism of Positive Allosteric Modulation at the Dopamine D1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12848. [PMID: 37629030 PMCID: PMC10454769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is a promising target for treating various psychiatric disorders. While upregulation of D1R activity has shown potential in alleviating motor and cognitive symptoms, orthosteric agonists have limitations, restricting their clinical applications. However, the discovery of several allosteric compounds specifically targeting the D1R, such as LY3154207, has opened new therapeutic avenues. Based on the cryo-EM structures of the D1R, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the binding and allosteric mechanisms of LY3154207. Our simulations revealed that LY3154207 preferred the horizontal orientation above intracellular loop 2 (IL2) and stabilized the helical conformation of IL2. Moreover, LY3154207 binding induced subtle yet significant changes in key structural motifs and their neighboring residues. Notably, a cluster of residues centered around the Na+-binding site became more compact, while interactions involving the PIF motif and its neighboring residues were loosened upon LY3154207 binding, consistent with their role in opening the intracellular crevice for receptor activation. Additionally, we identified an allosteric pathway likely responsible for the positive allosteric effect of LY3154207 in enhancing Gs protein coupling. This mechanistic understanding of LY3154207's allosteric action at the D1R paves the way for the rational design of more potent and effective allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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5
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Goldberg A, Xie B, Shi L. The molecular mechanism of positive allosteric modulation at the dopamine D1 receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550907. [PMID: 37546785 PMCID: PMC10402154 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is a promising target for treating various psychiatric disorders. While upregulation of D1R activity has shown potential in alleviating motor and cognitive symptoms, orthosteric agonists have limitations, restricting their clinical applications. However, the discovery of several allosteric compounds specifically targeting the D1R, such as LY3154207, has opened new therapeutic avenues. Based on the cryo-EM structures of the D1R, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the binding and allosteric mechanisms of LY3154207. Our simulations revealed that LY3154207 preferred the horizontal orientation above intracellular loop 2 (IL2) and stabilized the helical conformation of IL2. Moreover, LY3154207 binding induced subtle yet significant changes in key structural motifs and their neighboring residues. Notably, a cluster of residues centered around the Na + binding site became more compact, while interactions involving the PIF motif and its neighboring residues were loosened upon LY3154207 binding, consistent with their role in opening the intracellular crevice for receptor activation. Additionally, we identified an allosteric pathway likely responsible for the positive allosteric effect of LY3154207 in enhancing Gs protein coupling. This mechanistic understanding of LY3154207's allosteric action at the D1R pave the way for the rational design of more potent and effective allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goldberg
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Bing Xie
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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6
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Castner SA, Zhang L, Yang CR, Hao J, Cramer JW, Wang X, Bruns RF, Marston H, Svensson KA, Williams GV. Effects of DPTQ, a novel positive allosteric modulator of the dopamine D1 receptor, on spontaneous eye blink rate and spatial working memory in the nonhuman primate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1033-1048. [PMID: 36961560 PMCID: PMC10102062 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine (DA) signaling through the D1 receptor has been shown to be integral to multiple aspects of cognition, including the core process of working memory. The discovery of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the D1 receptor has enabled treatment modalities that may have alternative benefits to orthosteric D1 agonists arising from a synergism of action with functional D1 receptor signaling. OBJECTIVES To investigate this potential, we have studied the effects of the novel D1 PAM DPTQ on a spatial delayed response working memory task in the rhesus monkey. Initial studies indicated that DPTQ binds to primate D1R with high affinity and selectivity and elevates spontaneous eye blink rate in rhesus monkeys in a dose-dependent manner consistent with plasma ligand exposures and central D1activation. RESULTS Based on those results, DPTQ was tested at 2.5 mg/kg IM in the working memory task. No acute effect was observed 1 h after dosing, but performance was impaired 48 h later. Remarkably, this deficit was immediately followed by a significant enhancement in cognition over the next 3 days. In a second experiment in which DPTQ was administered on days 1 and 5, the early impairment was smaller and did not reach statistical significance, but statistically significant enhancement of performance was observed over the following week. Lower doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg were also capable of producing this protracted enhancement without inducing any transient impairment. CONCLUSIONS DPTQ exemplifies a class of D1PAMs that may be capable of providing long-term improvements in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Castner
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, 310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Linli Zhang
- ChemPartner, 99 Lian He North Road, Zhe Lin Town, Fengxian Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Charles R Yang
- ChemPartner, 99 Lian He North Road, Zhe Lin Town, Fengxian Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Junliang Hao
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cramer
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Xushan Wang
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert F Bruns
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - Kjell A Svensson
- Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Graham V Williams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, 310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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7
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Wang X, Hembre EJ, Goldsmith PJ, Beck JP, Svensson KA, Willard FS, Bruns RF. Mutual Cooperativity of Three Allosteric Sites on the Dopamine D1 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:176-187. [PMID: 36804203 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An amine-containing molecule called Compound A has been reported by a group from Bristol-Myers Squibb to act as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) at the dopamine D1 receptor. We synthesized the more active enantiomer of Compound A (BMS-A1) and compared it with the D1 PAMs DETQ and MLS6585, which are known to bind to intracellular loop 2 and the extracellular portion of transmembrane helix 7, respectively. Results from D1/D5 chimeras indicated that PAM activity of BMS-A1 tracked with the presence of D1 sequence in the N-terminal/extracellular region of the D1 receptor, a unique location compared with either of the other PAMs. In pairwise combinations, BMS-A1 potentiated the small allo-agonist activity of each of the other PAMs, while the triple PAM combination (in the absence of dopamine) produced a cAMP response about 64% of the maximum produced by dopamine. Each of the pairwise PAM combinations produced a much larger leftward shift of the dopamine EC50 than either single PAM alone. All three PAMs in combination produced a 1000-fold leftward shift of the dopamine curve. These results demonstrate the presence of three non-overlapping allosteric sites that cooperatively stabilize the same activated state of the human D1 receptor. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Deficiencies in dopamine D1 receptor activation are seen in Parkinson disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, three positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D1 receptor were found to bind to distinct and separate sites, interacting synergistically with each other and dopamine, with the triple combination causing a 1000-fold leftward shift of the response to dopamine. These results showcase multiple opportunities to modulate D1 tone and highlight new pharmacological approaches for allosteric modulation of G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xushan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erik J Hembre
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul J Goldsmith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James P Beck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Francis S Willard
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert F Bruns
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Chen Q, Zhou X, Rehmel J, Steele JP, Svensson KA, Beck JP, Hembre EJ, Hao J. Ensemble Docking Approach to Mitigate Pregnane X Receptor-Mediated CYP3A4 Induction Risk. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:173-186. [PMID: 36473234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three structurally closely related dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulators (D1 PAMs) based on a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) scaffold were profiled for their CYP3A4 induction potentials. It was found that the length of the linker at the C5 position greatly affected the potentials of these D1 PAMs as CYP3A4 inducers, and the level of induction correlated well with the activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Based on the published PXR X-ray crystal structures, we built a binding model specifically for these THIQ-scaffold-based D1 PAMs in the PXR ligand-binding pocket via an ensemble docking approach and found the model could explain the observed CYP induction disparity. Combined with our previously reported D1 receptor homology model, which identified the C5 position as pointing toward the solvent-exposed space, our PXR-binding model coincidentally suggested that structural modifications at the C5 position could productively modulate the CYP induction potential while maintaining the D1 PAM potency of these THIQ-based PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California92121, United States
| | - Jessica Rehmel
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - James P Steele
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - James P Beck
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California92121, United States
| | - Erik J Hembre
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California92121, United States
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Jiang Z, Yin X, Wang M, Wang Y, Li F, Gao Y, Han G, Gao Z, Wang Z. β-Hydroxybutyrate alleviates pyroptosis in MPP+/MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease models via inhibiting STAT3/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233736. [PMID: 36496996 PMCID: PMC9736114 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa during the course of the disease's progression. However, despite the fact that levodopa is the "gold standard" in PD treatments and has the ability to significantly alleviate PD symptoms, it comes with side effects in advanced PD. Levodopa replacement therapy remains the current clinical treatment of choice for Parkinson's patients, but approximately 80% of the treated PD patients develop levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the advanced stages of the disease. A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of LID and possible means of improvement would significantly improve the outcome of PD patients, reduce the complexity of medication use, and lower adverse effects, thus, improving the quality of life of patients and prolonging their life cycle. This review assesses the recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LID and the therapeutic management options available after the emergence of LID in patients. We summarized the pathogenesis and the new treatments for LID-related PD and concluded that targeting pathways other than the dopaminergic pathway to treat LID has become a new possibility, and, currently, amantadine, drugs targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, and surgery for PD can target the Parkinson's symptoms caused by LID.
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García-Cárceles J, Vázquez-Villa H, Brea J, Ladron de Guevara-Miranda D, Cincilla G, Sánchez-Martínez M, Sánchez-Merino A, Algar S, Teresa de Los Frailes M, Roberts RS, Ballesteros JA, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Benhamú B, Loza MI, López-Rodríguez ML. 2-(Fluoromethoxy)-4'-( S-methanesulfonimidoyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (UCM-1306), an Orally Bioavailable Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Human Dopamine D 1 Receptor for Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12256-12272. [PMID: 36044544 PMCID: PMC9511493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tolerance development caused by dopamine replacement
with l-DOPA and therapeutic drawbacks upon activation of
dopaminergic receptors
with orthosteric agonists reveal a significant unmet need for safe
and effective treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In search for
selective modulators of the D1 receptor, the screening
of a chemical library and subsequent medicinal chemistry program around
an identified hit resulted in new synthetic compound 26 [UCM-1306, 2-(fluoromethoxy)-4′-(S-methanesulfonimidoyl)-1,1′-biphenyl]
that increases the dopamine maximal effect in a dose-dependent manner
in human and mouse D1 receptors, is inactive in the absence
of dopamine, modulates dopamine affinity for the receptor, exhibits
subtype selectivity, and displays low binding competition with orthosteric
ligands. The new allosteric modulator potentiates cocaine-induced
locomotion and enhances l-DOPA recovery of decreased locomotor
activity in reserpinized mice after oral administration. The behavior
of compound 26 supports the interest of a positive allosteric
modulator of the D1 receptor as a promising therapeutic
approach for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Cárceles
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Brea
- Biofarma Research Group, USEF Screening Platform, CIMUS, USC, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Cincilla
- Molomics S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anabel Sánchez-Merino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Algar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa de Los Frailes
- Fundación Kærtor, Edificio EMPRENDIA, Planta 2, Oficina 4. Campus Vida, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Fundación Kærtor, Edificio EMPRENDIA, Planta 2, Oficina 4. Campus Vida, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Bellinda Benhamú
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Loza
- Biofarma Research Group, USEF Screening Platform, CIMUS, USC, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Fundación Kærtor, Edificio EMPRENDIA, Planta 2, Oficina 4. Campus Vida, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Iwamura Y, Nakayama T, Matsumoto A, Ogi Y, Yamaguchi M, Kobayashi A, Matsumoto K, Katsura Y, Konoike N, Nakamura K, Ikeda K. Effect of dopamine receptor-related compounds on naive common marmosets for auditory steady state response. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:229-238. [PMID: 35583977 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00147.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of auditory steady state responses (ASSR) and the effects of antipsychotic drugs on ASSR have been investigated in patients with schizophrenia. It is presumed that effects of drugs do not directly reflect on ASSR, because of ASSR abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. Therefore, to investigate the direct effect of drugs on ASSR, we established an ASSR evaluation system for common marmosets in a naïve state. Dopamine D1 receptor stimulation (SKF-81297, 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) significantly increased evoked power (EP) at 40 Hz. The phase locking factor (PLF) was increased significantly at 20, 30, 40, and 80 Hz. However, the administration of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH-39166, 0.3 mg/kg intraperitoneal) resulted in a significant decrease in EP and PLF at 30 Hz. Dopamine D2 receptor stimulation (quinpirole, 1 mg/kg, intramuscular) tended to increase EP and induced power (IP) at all frequencies, and a significant difference was observed at 30 Hz IP. There was no change in PLF at all frequencies. In addition, dopamine D2 receptor blockade (raclopride, 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) reduced EP and PLF at 30 Hz. Subcutaneous administration of the serotonin dopamine antagonist, risperidone (0.3 mg/kg), tended to increase IP and decrease PLF, but not significantly. Taken together, it is possible to compare the differences in the mode of action of drugs on ASSR using naïve non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Iwamura
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nakayama
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogi
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masataka Yamaguchi
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Katsura
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Naho Konoike
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Katsuki Nakamura
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Ikeda
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Osaka, Japan
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13
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Hao J, Beck J, Zhou X, Lackner GL, Johnston R, Reinhard M, Goldsmith P, Hollinshead S, Dehlinger V, Filla SA, Wang XS, Richardson J, Posada M, Mohutsky M, Schober D, Katner JS, Chen Q, Hu B, Remick DM, Coates DA, Mathes BM, Hawk MK, Svensson KA, Hembre E. Synthesis and Preclinical Characterization of LY3154885, a Human Dopamine D1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator with an Improved Nonclinical Drug-Drug Interaction Risk Profile. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3786-3797. [PMID: 35175768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Results from recently completed clinical studies suggest the dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) mevidalen (1) could offer unique value for lewy body dementia (LBD) patients. In nonclinical assessments, 1 was mainly eliminated by CYP3A4-mediated metabolism, therefore at the risk of being a victim of drug-drug interactions (DDI) with CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers. An effort was initiated to identify a new D1 PAM with an improved DDI risk profile. While attempts to introduce additional metabolic pathways mediated by other CYP isoforms failed to provide molecules with an acceptable profile, we discovered that the relative contribution of CYP-mediated oxidation and UGT-mediated conjugation could be tuned to reduce the CYP3A4-mediated victim DDI risk. We have identified LY3154885 (5), a D1 PAM that possesses similar in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic properties as 1, but is metabolized mainly by UGT, predicting it could potentially offer lower victim DDI risk in clinic.
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14
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Jones-Tabah J, Mohammad H, Paulus EG, Clarke PBS, Hébert TE. The Signaling and Pharmacology of the Dopamine D1 Receptor. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:806618. [PMID: 35110997 PMCID: PMC8801442 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.806618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is a Gαs/olf-coupled GPCR that is expressed in the midbrain and forebrain, regulating motor behavior, reward, motivational states, and cognitive processes. Although the D1R was initially identified as a promising drug target almost 40 years ago, the development of clinically useful ligands has until recently been hampered by a lack of suitable candidate molecules. The emergence of new non-catechol D1R agonists, biased agonists, and allosteric modulators has renewed clinical interest in drugs targeting this receptor, specifically for the treatment of motor impairment in Parkinson's Disease, and cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. To develop better therapeutics, advances in ligand chemistry must be matched by an expanded understanding of D1R signaling across cell populations in the brain, and in disease states. Depending on the brain region, the D1R couples primarily to either Gαs or Gαolf through which it activates a cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling cascade that can regulate neuronal excitability, stimulate gene expression, and facilitate synaptic plasticity. However, like many GPCRs, the D1R can signal through multiple downstream pathways, and specific signaling signatures may differ between cell types or be altered in disease. To guide development of improved D1R ligands, it is important to understand how signaling unfolds in specific target cells, and how this signaling affects circuit function and behavior. In this review, we provide a summary of D1R-directed signaling in various neuronal populations and describe how specific pathways have been linked to physiological and behavioral outcomes. In addition, we address the current state of D1R drug development, including the pharmacology of newly developed non-catecholamine ligands, and discuss the potential utility of D1R-agonists in Parkinson's Disease and cognitive impairment.
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15
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Fan Y, Han J, Zhao L, Wu C, Wu P, Huang Z, Hao X, Ji Y, Chen D, Zhu M. Experimental Models of Cognitive Impairment for Use in Parkinson's Disease Research: The Distance Between Reality and Ideal. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:745438. [PMID: 34912207 PMCID: PMC8667076 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.745438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Cognitive impairment is one of the key non-motor symptoms of PD, affecting both mortality and quality of life. However, there are few experimental studies on the pathology and treatments of PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PD dementia (PDD) due to the lack of representative models. To identify new strategies for developing representative models, we systematically summarized previous studies on PD-MCI and PDD and compared differences between existing models and diseases. Our initial search identified 5432 articles, of which 738 were duplicates. A total of 227 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Models fell into three categories based on model design: neurotoxin-induced, transgenic, and combined. Although the neurotoxin-induced experimental model was the most common type that was used during every time period, transgenic and combined experimental models have gained significant recent attention. Unfortunately, there remains a big gap between ideal and actual experimental models. While each model has its own disadvantages, there have been tremendous advances in the development of PD models of cognitive impairment, and almost every model can verify a hypothesis about PD-MCI or PDD. Finally, our proposed strategies for developing novel models are as follows: a set of plans that integrate symptoms, biochemistry, neuroimaging, and other objective indicators to judge and identify that the novel model plays a key role in new strategies for developing representative models; novel models should simulate different clinical features of PD-MCI or PDD; inducible α-Syn overexpression and SH-SY5Y-A53T cellular models are good candidate models of PD-MCI or PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Fan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - YiChun Ji
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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16
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McCarthy AP, Svensson KA, Shanks E, Brittain C, Eastwood BJ, Kielbasa W, Biglan KM, Wafford KA. The dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator mevidalen (LY3154207) enhances wakefulness in the humanized D1 mouse and in sleep deprived healthy volunteers.. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 380:143-152. [PMID: 34893551 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a key role in several central functions including cognition, motor activity and wakefulness. While efforts to develop D1 agonists have been challenging, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM), represents an attractive approach with potential better drug-like properties. Our previous study demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile of the D1 PAM mevidalen (LY3154207) in single and multiple ascending dose studies in healthy volunteers (Wilbraham et al., 2020). Herein, we describe the effects of mevidalen on sleep and wakefulness in the humanized dopamine D1 mice (hD1) and in sleep deprived healthy volunteers. Mevidalen enhanced wakefulness (latency to fall asleep) in the hD1 mouse in a dose dependent (3-100 mg/kg, PO) fashion when measured during the light (ZT-5) and predominantly inactive phase. Mevidalen promoted wakefulness in mice following prior sleep deprivation and delayed sleep onset by 5.5 and 15.2-fold compared to vehicle treated animals, after the 20 and 60 mg/kg PO doses respectively, when compared to vehicle treated animals. In humans, mevidalen demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in latency to sleep onset as measured by the multiple sleep latency test and all doses (15, 30, 75 mg) separated from placebo at the first 2-hour post dose time point. with a circadian effect at the 6-hour post-dose time point. Sleep-wakefulness should be considered as a translational biomarker for the D1PAM mechanism. Significance Statement This is the first translational study describing the effects of a selective D1PAM on sleep wakefulness in the hD1 mouse and in sleep deprived healthy volunteers. In both the human and mouse, drug exposure was correlated to sleep latency supporting the use of sleep-wake activity as a translational central biomarker for the mechanism. Overall, the wake promoting effects of D1PAMs including mevidalen may offer therapeutic opportunities in several conditions including sleep disorders and excessive daytime sleepiness related to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine Shanks
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology, Eli Lilly and Company, United Kingdom
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17
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Wilbraham D, Biglan KM, Svensson KA, Tsai M, Pugh M, Ardayfio P, Kielbasa W. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Mevidalen (LY3154207), a Centrally Acting Dopamine D1 Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulator, in Patients With Parkinson Disease. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:324-332. [PMID: 34664427 PMCID: PMC9298003 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mevidalen (LY3154207) is a positive allosteric modulator of the dopamine D1 receptor that enhances the affinity of dopamine for the D1 receptor. The safety, tolerability, motor effects, and pharmacokinetics of mevidalen were studied in patients with Parkinson disease. Mevidalen or placebo was given once daily for 14 days to 2 cohorts of patients (cohort 1, 75 mg; cohort 2, titration from 15 to 75 mg). For both cohorts, the median time to maximum concentration for mevidalen plasma concentration was about 2 hours, the apparent steady-state clearance was 20-25 L/h, and mevidalen plasma concentrations were similar between the 1st and 14th administration in cohort 1, indicating minimal accumulation upon repeated dosing. Mevidalen was well tolerated, and most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild. Blood pressure and pulse rate increased when taking mevidalen, but there was considerable overlap with patients taking placebo, and vital signs normalized with repeated dosing. In the Movement Disorder Society-United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, all patients taking mevidalen showed a better motor examination sub-score on day 6 compared to only some patients in the placebo group. These data support examining mevidalen for symptomatic treatment of patients with Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Max Tsai
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa Pugh
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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18
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Wong XK, Yeong KY. A Patent Review on the Current Developments of Benzoxazoles in Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3237-3262. [PMID: 34289258 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The benzoxazole moiety is widely found in various natural compounds, which are often found to be biologically active. Due to its versatile biological properties, benzoxazole has been incorporated as an essential pharmacophore and substructure in many medicinal compounds. In the past years, numerous benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesised and evaluated for their biological potential. The wide range in therapeutic potential of benzoxazole derivatives is related to the favourable interactions of the benzoxazole moiety with different protein targets. Herein we review the biological activities of benzoxazole derivatives patented within the past six years. Using the Lens database, granted patents issued from 2015 to 2020 were retrieved. The patented benzoxazole derivatives demonstrated excellent activity against various protein targets and diseases, with some reaching clinical trial stage. Pharmacological and medicinal aspects of patented benzoxazole derivatives are discussed. The recent development and drawbacks are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Fyfe TJ, Scammells PJ, Lane JR, Capuano B. Enantioenriched Positive Allosteric Modulators Display Distinct Pharmacology at the Dopamine D 1 Receptor. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133799. [PMID: 34206465 PMCID: PMC8270344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Two first-in-class racemic dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes (1 and 2) were identified from a high-throughput screen. In particular, due to its selectivity for the D1R and reported lack of intrinsic activity, compound 2 shows promise as a starting point toward the development of small molecule allosteric modulators to ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with some neuropsychiatric disease states; (2) Methods: Herein, we describe the enantioenrichment of optical isomers of 2 using chiral auxiliaries derived from (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (d- and l-pantolactone, respectively); (3) Results: We confirm both the racemate and enantiomers of 2 are active and selective for the D1R, but that the respective stereoisomers show a significant difference in their affinity and magnitude of positive allosteric cooperativity with dopamine; (4) Conclusions: These data warrant further investigation of asymmetric syntheses of optically pure analogues of 2 for the development of D1R PAMs with superior allosteric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Fyfe
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.J.F.); (P.J.S.)
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.J.F.); (P.J.S.)
| | - J. Robert Lane
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.R.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.J.F.); (P.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.L.); (B.C.)
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20
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Wilbraham D, Biglan KM, Svensson KA, Tsai M, Kielbasa W. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Mevidalen (LY3154207), a Centrally Acting Dopamine D1 Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulator (D1PAM), in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:393-403. [PMID: 33029934 PMCID: PMC8048550 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the brain dopamine D1 receptor has attracted attention because of its promising role in neuropsychiatric diseases. Although efforts to develop D1 agonists have been challenging, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM), represents an attractive approach with potential better drug-like properties. Phase 1 single-ascending-dose (SAD; NCT03616795) and multiple-ascending-dose (MAD; NCT02562768) studies with the D1PAM mevidalen (LY3154207) were conducted with healthy subjects. There were no treatment-related serious adverse events (AEs) in these studies. In the SAD study, 25-200 mg administered orally showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics (PK) and acute dose-related increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure DBP) and pulse rate at doses ≥ 75 mg. AE related to central activation were seen at doses ≥ 75 mg. At 25 and 75 mg, central penetration of mevidalen was confirmed by measurement of mevidalen in cerebrospinal fluid. In the MAD study, once-daily doses of mevidalen at 15-150 mg for 14 days showed dose-proportional PK. Acute dose-dependent increases in SBP, DBP, and PR were observed on initial administration, but with repeated dosing the effects diminished and returned toward baseline levels. Overall, these findings support further investigation of mevidalen as a potential treatment for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Max Tsai
- Eli Lilly and CompanyIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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21
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Sun J, Li H, Jin Y, Yu J, Mao S, Su KP, Ling Z, Liu J. Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorated motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via gut microbiota-GLP-1 pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:703-715. [PMID: 33148438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A connection between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease (PD) indicates that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota might represent a risk factor for PD. Microbiota-targeted interventions, including probiotic Clostridium butyricum (Cb), have been recently shown to have favorable effects in PD by regulating microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the potential beneficial roles and its mechanisms of Cb on PD were still unknown. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a PD model-induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and were treated intragastrically with Cb for 4 weeks. The motor functions were assessed by a series of behavioral tests including pole test, beam walking teat, forced swimming test and open field test. The dopaminergic neuron loss, synaptic plasticity and microglia activation, as well as the levels of colonic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), colonic G protein-coupled receptors GPR41/43 and cerebral GLP-1 receptors were assessed. Gut microbial composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Our results showed that oral administration of Cb could improve motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron loss, synaptic dysfunction and microglia activation in the MPTP-induced mice. Meanwhile, Cb treatment could reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the decreased levels of colonic GLP-1, colonic GPR41/43 and cerebral GLP-1 receptor in the MPTP-induced mice. These findings indicated that the neuroprotective mechanism of Cb on PD might be related to the improvement of abnormal gut microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Yangjie Jin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shiyin Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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22
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Desormeaux C, Demars F, Davenas E, Jay TM, Lavergne F. Selective activation of D1 dopamine receptors exerts antidepressant-like activity in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1443-1448. [PMID: 33256509 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120959613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is a common illness that severely decreases psychosocial functioning. Due to the major limitations of current treatments including response failure, it is crucial to develop better therapy strategies. Evidence suggests that dopamine dysregulation might play a major role in major depressive disorder physiopathology. AIMS This study investigates whether the dopamine D1 receptor agonist A77636 modulates antidepressant-like activity in rats. METHODS Rats were injected with an acute single dose of A77636 (0.75, 1.5 or 3 mg/kg), a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist. Their locomotor activity, social interactions and behavioural response to the forced swim test were analysed 30 min after the injection. RESULTS During the forced swim test, the D1 agonist dose dependently reduced the immobility while the time of bursting was increased. Social interactions were significantly increased in the animals exposed to 3 mg/kg of A77636 whereas no significant changes were measured in general motor activity. CONCLUSIONS The present results provide evidence that pharmacological modulation of D1 receptor by the selective agonist A77636 induces antidepressant-like effects in rats, which encourages further studies regarding D1-specific modulation in major depressive disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Desormeaux
- Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Demars
- Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Davenas
- Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Therese M Jay
- Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Francis Lavergne
- Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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23
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Fasciani I, Petragnano F, Aloisi G, Marampon F, Carli M, Scarselli M, Maggio R, Rossi M. Allosteric Modulators of G Protein-Coupled Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors: A New Class of Atypical Antipsychotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110388. [PMID: 33202534 PMCID: PMC7696972 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia was first described by Emil Krapelin in the 19th century as one of the major mental illnesses causing disability worldwide. Since the introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952, strategies aimed at modifying the activity of dopamine receptors have played a major role for the treatment of schizophrenia. The introduction of atypical antipsychotics with clozapine broadened the range of potential targets for the treatment of this psychiatric disease, as they also modify the activity of the serotoninergic receptors. Interestingly, all marketed drugs for schizophrenia bind to the orthosteric binding pocket of the receptor as competitive antagonists or partial agonists. In recent years, a strong effort to develop allosteric modulators as potential therapeutic agents for schizophrenia was made, mainly for the several advantages in their use. In particular, the allosteric binding sites are topographically distinct from the orthosteric pockets, and thus drugs targeting these sites have a higher degree of receptor subunit specificity. Moreover, “pure” allosteric modulators maintain the temporal and spatial fidelity of native orthosteric ligand. Furthermore, allosteric modulators have a “ceiling effect”, and their modulatory effect is saturated above certain concentrations. In this review, we summarize the progresses made in the identification of allosteric drugs for dopamine and serotonin receptors, which could lead to a new generation of atypical antipsychotics with a better profile, especially in terms of reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (F.P.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
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Ågren R, Sahlholm K. Voltage-Dependent Dopamine Potency at D 1-Like Dopamine Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581151. [PMID: 33117177 PMCID: PMC7577048 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, transmembrane voltage has been found to modify agonist potencies at several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Whereas the voltage sensitivities of the Gαi/o-coupled dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, D4R) have previously been investigated, the putative impact of transmembrane voltage on agonist potency at the mainly Gαs/olf-coupled dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R, D5R) has hitherto not been reported. Here, we assayed the potency of dopamine in activating G protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium (GIRK) channels co-expressed with D1R and D5R in Xenopus oocytes, at -80 mV and at 0 mV. Furthermore, GIRK response deactivation rates upon dopamine washout were measured to estimate dopamine dissociation rate (koff) constants. Depolarization from -80 to 0 mV was found to reduce dopamine potency by about 7-fold at both D1R and D5R. This potency reduction was accompanied by an increase in estimated dopamine koffs at both receptors. While the GIRK response elicited via D1R was insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX), the response evoked via D5R was reduced by 64% (-80 mV) and 71% (0 mV) in the presence of PTX. Injection of oocytes with Gαs antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the D1R-mediated response by 62% (-80 mV) and 76% (0 mV) and abolished the D5R response when combined with PTX. Our results suggest that depolarization decreases dopamine affinity at D1R and D5R. The voltage-dependent affinities of dopamine at D1R and D5R may be relevant to the functions of these receptors in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ågren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Martel JC, Gatti McArthur S. Dopamine Receptor Subtypes, Physiology and Pharmacology: New Ligands and Concepts in Schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1003. [PMID: 32765257 PMCID: PMC7379027 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors are widely distributed within the brain where they play critical modulator roles on motor functions, motivation and drive, as well as cognition. The identification of five genes coding for different dopamine receptor subtypes, pharmacologically grouped as D1- (D1 and D5) or D2-like (D2S, D2L, D3, and D4) has allowed the demonstration of differential receptor function in specific neurocircuits. Recent observation on dopamine receptor signaling point at dopamine-glutamate-NMDA neurobiology as the most relevant in schizophrenia and for the development of new therapies. Progress in the chemistry of D1- and D2-like receptor ligands (agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists) has provided more selective compounds possibly able to target the dopamine receptors homo and heterodimers and address different schizophrenia symptoms. Moreover, an extensive evaluation of the functional effect of these agents on dopamine receptor coupling and intracellular signaling highlights important differences that could also result in highly differentiated clinical pharmacology. The review summarizes the recent advances in the field, addressing the relevance of emerging new targets in schizophrenia in particular in relation to the dopamine - glutamate NMDA systems interactions.
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26
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Li H, Yang P, Knight W, Guo Y, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC, Xu J. The interactions of dopamine and oxidative damage in the striatum of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 152:235-251. [PMID: 31613384 PMCID: PMC6981021 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The striatum with a number of dopamine containing neurons, receiving projections from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area; plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases of motor and memory function. Additionally, oxidative damage to nucleic acid may be vital in the development of age-associated neurodegeneration. The metabolism of dopamine is recognized as one of the sources of reactive oxygen species through the Fenton mechanism. The proposed interactions of oxidative insults and dopamine in the striatum during the progression of diseases are the hypotheses of most interest to our study. This study investigated the possibility of significant interactions between these molecules that are involved in the late-stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), Parkinson disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and controls using ELISA assays, autoradiography, and mRNA in situ hybridization assay. Interestingly, lower DNA/RNA oxidative adducts levels in the caudate and putamen of diseased brains were observed with the exception of an increased DNA oxidative product in the caudate of AD brains. Similar changes were found for dopamine concentration and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 densities. We also found that downstream pre-synaptic dopamine D1 Receptor binding correlated with dopamine loss in Lewy body disease groups, and RNA damage and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 in the caudate of AD. This is the first demonstration of region-specific alterations of DNA/RNA oxidative damage which cannot be viewed in isolation, but rather in connection with the interrelationship between different neuronal events; chiefly DNA oxidative adducts and density of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 densities in AD and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifangjie Li
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - William Knight
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Yingqiu Guo
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Physical TherapyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Occupational TherapyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - John C. Morris
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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27
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Felsing DE, Jain MK, Allen JA. Advances in Dopamine D1 Receptor Ligands for Neurotherapeutics. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1365-1380. [PMID: 31553283 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712210903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is essential for neurotransmission in various brain pathways where it modulates key functions including voluntary movement, memory, attention and reward. Not surprisingly, the D1R has been validated as a promising drug target for over 40 years and selective activation of this receptor may provide novel neurotherapeutics for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Several pharmacokinetic challenges with previously identified small molecule D1R agonists have been recently overcome with the discovery and advancement of new ligands, including drug-like non-catechol D1R agonists and positive allosteric modulators. From this, several novel molecules and mechanisms have recently entered clinical studies. Here we review the major classes of D1R selective ligands including antagonists, orthosteric agonists, non-catechol biased agonists and positive allosteric modulators, highlighting their structure-activity relationships and medicinal chemistry. Recent chemistry breakthroughs and innovative approaches to selectively target and activate the D1R also hold promise for creating pharmacotherapy for several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Felsing
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States
| | - John A Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States
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28
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Hao J, Beck JP, Schaus JM, Krushinski JH, Chen Q, Beadle CD, Vidal P, Reinhard MR, Dressman BA, Massey SM, Boulet SL, Cohen MP, Watson BM, Tupper D, Gardinier KM, Myers J, Johansson AM, Richardson J, Richards DS, Hembre EJ, Remick DM, Coates DA, Bhardwaj RM, Diseroad BA, Bender D, Stephenson G, Wolfangel CD, Diaz N, Getman BG, Wang XS, Heinz BA, Cramer JW, Zhou X, Maren DL, Falcone JF, Wright RA, Mitchell SN, Carter G, Yang CR, Bruns RF, Svensson KA. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of 2-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-1-((1 S,3 R)-5-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1 H)-yl)ethan-1-one (LY3154207), a Potent, Subtype Selective, and Orally Available Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Human Dopamine D1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8711-8732. [PMID: 31532644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical development of catechol-based orthosteric agonists of the dopamine D1 receptor has thus far been unsuccessful due to multiple challenges. To address these issues, we identified LY3154207 (3) as a novel, potent, and subtype selective human D1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with minimal allosteric agonist activity. Conformational studies showed LY3154207 adopts an unusual boat conformation, and a binding pose with the human D1 receptor was proposed based on this observation. In contrast to orthosteric agonists, LY3154207 showed a distinct pharmacological profile without a bell-shaped dose-response relationship or tachyphylaxis in preclinical models. Identification of a crystalline form of free LY3154207 from the discovery lots was not successful. Instead, a novel cocrystal form with superior solubility was discovered and determined to be suitable for development. This cocrystal form was advanced to clinical development as a potential first-in-class D1 PAM and is now in phase 2 studies for Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel S Richards
- AMRI UK Ltd , Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road , Windlesham , Surrey , GU20 6PH , United Kingdom
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29
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Svensson KA, Hao J, Bruns RF. Positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D1 receptor: A new mechanism for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 86:273-305. [PMID: 31378255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor plays an important role in motor activity, reward, and cognition. Efforts to develop D1 agonists have been mixed due to poor drug-like properties, tachyphylaxis, and inverted U-shaped dose-response curves. Recently, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the dopamine D1 receptor were discovered and initial pharmacological profiling has suggested that several of the above issues could be addressed with this mechanism. This paper presents an overview of key findings for DETQ (2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-((1S,3R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethan-1-one), which is currently the only D1 PAM for which published in vivo data is available. In vitro studies showed selective potentiation of the human D1 receptor without significant allosteric agonist effects. Due to a species difference in affinity for DETQ, transgenic mice expressing the human D1 receptor (hD1 mice) were used in vivo. In contrast to D1 agonists, DETQ increased locomotor activity over a wide dose-range without inverted U-shaped dose response or tachyphylaxis. DETQ also reversed hypo-activity in mice with dopamine depletion due to reserpine pretreatment, suggesting potential for treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Potential pro-cognitive effects were supported by improved performance in the novel object recognition task, enhanced release of cortical acetylcholine and histamine, and increased phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor (GluR1) and the transcription factor CREB. In addition, DETQ enhanced wakefulness in EEG studies and decreased immobility in the forced-swim test. Together, these results provide support for potential utility of D1 PAMs in the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. LY3154207, a close analog of DETQ, is currently in phase 2 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell A Svensson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry and Research Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Robert F Bruns
- Discovery Chemistry and Research Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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30
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Receptor Ligands as Helping Hands to L-DOPA in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040142. [PMID: 30970612 PMCID: PMC6523988 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, although it represents the “gold standard” of PD therapy, LD can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms as well as transient elevated liver enzyme levels. Moreover, LD therapy leads to LD-induced dyskinesia (LID), a disabling motor complication that represents a major challenge for the clinical neurologist. Due to the many limitations associated with LD therapeutic use, other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs are being developed to optimize the treatment response. This review focuses on recent investigations about non-dopaminergic central nervous system (CNS) receptor ligands that have been identified to have therapeutic potential for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In a different way, such agents may contribute to extending LD response and/or ameliorate LD-induced side effects.
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31
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The allosteric dopamine D1 receptor potentiator, DETQ, ameliorates subchronic phencyclidine-induced object recognition memory deficits and enhances cortical acetylcholine efflux in male humanized D1 receptor knock-in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Parkinson's Disease is Associated with Dysregulations of a Dopamine-Modulated Gene Network Relevant to Sleep and Affective Neurobehaviors in the Striatum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4808. [PMID: 30886221 PMCID: PMC6423036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the characteristic motor symptoms, Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves a constellation of sleep and mood symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities are largely unknown. We have previously reconstructed gene networks in the striatum of a population of (C57BL/6J x A/J) F2 mice and associated the networks to sleep and affective phenotypes, providing a resource for integrated analyses to investigate perturbed sleep and affective functions at the gene network level. Combining this resource with PD-relevant transcriptomic datasets from humans and mice, we identified four networks that showed elevated gene expression in PD patients, including a circadian clock and mitotic network that was altered similarly in mouse models of PD. We then utilized multiple types of omics data from public databases and linked this gene network to postsynaptic dopamine signaling in the striatum, CDK1-modulated transcriptional regulation, and the genetic susceptibility of PD. These findings suggest that dopamine deficiency, a key aspect of PD pathology, perturbs a circadian/mitotic gene network in striatal neurons. Since the normal functions of this network were relevant to sleep and affective behaviors, these findings implicate that dysregulation of functional gene networks may be involved in the emergence of non-motor symptoms in PD. Our analyses present a framework for integrating multi-omics data from diverse sources in mice and humans to reveal insights into comorbid symptoms of complex diseases.
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Brogi S, Campiani G, Brindisi M, Butini S. Allosteric Modulation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: An Outlook on New Therapeutic Approaches To Treat Central Nervous System Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:228-236. [PMID: 30891118 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The allosteric targeting of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) is a valuable approach for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this frame, this Innovations provides a summary of the state-of-the art in the development of allosteric modulators for iGluRs and offers an outlook regarding innovative strategies for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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34
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Coughlin Q, Hopper AT, Blanco MJ, Tirunagaru V, Robichaud AJ, Doller D. Allosteric Modalities for Membrane-Bound Receptors: Insights from Drug Hunting for Brain Diseases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5979-6002. [PMID: 30721063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemists are accountable for embedding the appropriate drug target profile into the molecular architecture of a clinical candidate. An accurate characterization of the functional effects following binding of a drug to its biological target is a fundamental step in the discovery of new medicines, informing the translation of preclinical efficacy and safety observations into human trials. Membrane-bound proteins, particularly ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are biological targets prone to allosteric modulation. Investigations using allosteric drug candidates and chemical tools suggest that their functional effects may be tailored with a high degree of translational alignment, making them molecular tools to correct pathophysiological functional tone and enable personalized medicine when a causative target-to-disease link is known. We present select examples of functional molecular fine-tuning of allosterism and discuss consequences relevant to drug design.
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35
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Hall A, Provins L, Valade A. Novel Strategies To Activate the Dopamine D 1 Receptor: Recent Advances in Orthosteric Agonism and Positive Allosteric Modulation. J Med Chem 2018; 62:128-140. [PMID: 30525590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The five dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-5) are activated by the endogenous catecholamine dopamine. Sustained research has sought to identify selective ligands for receptor subtypes. In particular, activation of the D1 receptor has attracted attention due to its promising role in neurological diseases. Initial attempts to identify agonists yielded catechol derivatives, mimicking dopamine, with suboptimal DMPK parameters and low selectivity over the D5 subtype. However, more recent efforts to identify ligands capable of activating the D1 receptor have made substantial progress with the identification of non-catechol agonists with suitable properties to progress to clinical studies. In addition, several research groups have identified positive allosteric modulators that offer new potential. Furthermore, structural studies have surprisingly uncovered two potential allosteric binding sites, the most characterized of which appears to be on intracellular loop 2 (ICL2). This review highlights the recent progress in the field, covering both orthosteric and allosteric modes of activation, discusses the elucidation of the allosteric binding sites, and summarizes the clinical development status of various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB Pharma , Avenue de l'Industrie , Braine-L'Alleud 1420 , Belgium
| | - Laurent Provins
- UCB Pharma , Avenue de l'Industrie , Braine-L'Alleud 1420 , Belgium
| | - Anne Valade
- UCB Pharma , Avenue de l'Industrie , Braine-L'Alleud 1420 , Belgium
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36
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Wang X, Heinz BA, Qian YW, Carter JH, Gadski RA, Beavers LS, Little SP, Yang CR, Beck JP, Hao J, Schaus JM, Svensson KA, Bruns RF. Intracellular Binding Site for a Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Dopamine D1 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1232-1245. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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37
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Luderman KD, Conroy JL, Free RB, Southall N, Ferrer M, Sanchez-Soto M, Moritz AE, Willette BKA, Fyfe TJ, Jain P, Titus S, Hazelwood LA, Aubé J, Lane JR, Frankowski KJ, Sibley DR. Identification of Positive Allosteric Modulators of the D 1 Dopamine Receptor That Act at Diverse Binding Sites. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1197-1209. [PMID: 30068735 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The D1 dopamine receptor is linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and represents an attractive drug target for the enhancement of cognition in schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, and other disorders. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), with their potential for greater selectivity and larger therapeutic windows, may represent a viable drug development strategy, as orthosteric D1 receptor agonists possess known clinical liabilities. We discovered two structurally distinct D1 receptor PAMs, MLS6585 and MLS1082, via a high-throughput screen of the NIH Molecular Libraries program small-molecule library. Both compounds potentiate dopamine-stimulated G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling and increase the affinity of dopamine for the D1 receptor with low micromolar potencies. Neither compound displayed any intrinsic agonist activity. Both compounds were also found to potentiate the efficacy of partial agonists. We tested maximally effective concentrations of each PAM in combination to determine if the compounds might act at separate or similar sites. In combination, MLS1082 + MLS6585 produced an additive potentiation of dopamine potency beyond that caused by either PAM alone for both β-arrestin recruitment and cAMP accumulation, suggesting diverse sites of action. In addition, MLS6585, but not MLS1082, had additive activity with the previously described D1 receptor PAM "Compound B," suggesting that MLS1082 and Compound B may share a common binding site. A point mutation (R130Q) in the D1 receptor was found to abrogate MLS1082 activity without affecting that of MLS6585, suggesting this residue may be involved in the binding/activity of MLS1082 but not that of MLS6585. Together, MLS1082 and MLS6585 may serve as important tool compounds for the characterization of diverse allosteric sites on the D1 receptor as well as the development of optimized lead compounds for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Luderman
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Jennie L Conroy
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Noel Southall
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Marta Sanchez-Soto
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Blair K A Willette
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Tim J Fyfe
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Prashi Jain
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Steve Titus
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Lisa A Hazelwood
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - J Robert Lane
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - Kevin J Frankowski
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.D.L., J.L.C., R.B.F., M.S.-S., A.E.M., B.K.A.W., L.A.H., D.R.S.); NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.S., M.F., S.T.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (T.J.F., J.R.L.); KU Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (P.J., J.A., K.J.F.); and Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A., K.J.F.)
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