1
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Soler-Cedeño O, Alton H, Bi GH, Linz E, Ji L, Makriyannis A, Xi ZX. AM6527, a neutral CB1 receptor antagonist, suppresses opioid taking and seeking, as well as cocaine seeking in rodents without aversive effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01861-y. [PMID: 38600154 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical research has demonstrated the efficacy of CB1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists in reducing drug-taking behavior. However, clinical trials with rimonabant, a CB1R antagonist with inverse agonist profile, failed due to severe adverse effects, such as depression and suicidality. As a result, efforts have shifted towards developing novel neutral CB1R antagonists without an inverse agonist profile for treating substance use disorders. Here, we assessed AM6527, a CB1R neutral antagonist, in addiction animal models. Our findings revealed that AM6527 did not affect cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio reinforcement schedules but dose-dependently inhibited it under progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules. Additionally, AM6527 dose-dependently inhibited heroin self-administration under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules and oral sucrose self-administration under a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule, as well as cocaine- or heroin-triggered reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in rats. However, chronic AM6527 administration for five consecutive days significantly inhibited heroin self-administration only during the initial two days, indicating tolerance development. Notably, AM6527 did not produce rewarding or aversive effects by itself in classical electrical intracranial self-stimulation and conditioned place preference tests. However, in optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) maintained by optogenetic stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons in DAT-cre mice, both AM6527 and rimonabant dose-dependently inhibited dopamine-dependent oICSS behavior. Together, these findings suggest that AM6527 effectively reduces drug-taking and seeking behaviors without rimonabant-like adverse effects. Thus, AM6527 warrants further investigation as a potential pharmacotherapy for opioid and cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Soler-Cedeño
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training (PRAT) Fellow, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Alton
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Linz
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lipin Ji
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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He Y, Shen H, Bi GH, Zhang HY, Soler-Cedeño O, Alton H, Yang Y, Xi ZX. GPR55 is expressed in glutamate neurons and functionally modulates drug taking and seeking in rats and mice. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:101. [PMID: 38374108 PMCID: PMC10876975 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been thought to be a putative cannabinoid receptor. However, little is known about its functional role in cannabinoid action and substance use disorders. Here we report that GPR55 is predominantly found in glutamate neurons in the brain, and its activation reduces self-administration of cocaine and nicotine in rats and mice. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization, GPR55 mRNA was identified in cortical vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VgluT1)-positive and subcortical VgluT2-positive glutamate neurons, with no detection in midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Immunohistochemistry detected a GPR55-like signal in both wildtype and GPR55-knockout mice, suggesting non-specific staining. However, analysis using a fluorescent CB1/GPR55 ligand (T1117) in CB1-knockout mice confirmed GPR55 binding in glutamate neurons, not in midbrain DA neurons. Systemic administration of the GPR55 agonist O-1602 didnt impact ∆9-THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia and catalepsy, but significantly mitigated cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward caused by optogenetic activation of midbrain DA neurons. O-1602 alone failed to alter extracellar DA, but elevated extracellular glutamate, in the nucleus accumbens. In addition, O-1602 also demonstrated inhibitory effects on cocaine or nicotine self-administration under low fixed-ratio and/or progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats and wildtype mice, with no such effects observed in GPR55-knockout mice. Together, these findings suggest that GPR55 activation may functionally modulate drug-taking and drug-seeking behavior possibly via a glutamate-dependent mechanism, and therefore, GPR55 deserves further study as a new therapeutic target for treating substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Omar Soler-Cedeño
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Fellow, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hannah Alton
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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3
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Ku T, Cao J, Won SJ, Guo J, Camacho-Hernandez GA, Okorom AV, Salomon KW, Lee KH, Loland CJ, Duff HJ, Shi L, Newman AH. Series of (([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)sulfinylalkyl Alicyclic Amines as Novel and High Affinity Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors with Reduced hERG Activity. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:515-532. [PMID: 38357284 PMCID: PMC10863442 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD). We have previously discovered "atypical" dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors that do not display psychostimulant-like behaviors and may be useful as medications to treat PSUD. Lead candidates (e.g., JJC8-091, 1) have shown promising in vivo profiles in rodents; however, reducing hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) activity, a predictor of cardiotoxicity, has remained a challenge. Herein, a series of 30 (([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)sulfinylalkyl alicyclic amines was synthesized and evaluated for DAT and serotonin transporter (SERT) binding affinities. A subset of analogues was tested for hERG activity, and the IC50 values were compared to those predicted by our hERG QSAR models, which showed robust predictive power. Multiparameter optimization scores (MPO > 3) indicated central nervous system (CNS) penetrability. Finally, comparison of affinities in human DAT and its Y156F and Y335A mutants suggested that several compounds prefer an inward facing conformation indicating an atypical DAT inhibitor profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese
C. Ku
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Sung Joon Won
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jiqing Guo
- Faculty
of Medicine, Libin Institute, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gisela A. Camacho-Hernandez
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amarachi V. Okorom
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Kristine Walloe Salomon
- Laboratory
for Membrane Protein Dynamics, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty
of Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kuo Hao Lee
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claus J. Loland
- Laboratory
for Membrane Protein Dynamics, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty
of Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henry J. Duff
- Laboratory
for Membrane Protein Dynamics, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty
of Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lei Shi
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular
Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug
Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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4
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Markmann RC, Trotta RJ, Edwards JL, May JB, Harmon DL. Levodopa attenuates the feed intake reduction caused by ergot alkaloids in cattle. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae078. [PMID: 38502533 PMCID: PMC11003531 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue results in losses to the livestock industry in many countries and a means to mitigate these losses is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate intra-abomasal infusion of the dopamine precursor, levodopa (L-DOPA), on dopamine metabolism, feed intake, and serum metabolites of steers exposed to ergot alkaloids. Twelve Holstein steers (344.9 ± 9.48 kg) fitted with ruminal cannula were housed with a cycle of heat challenge during the daytime (32 °C) and thermoneutral at night (25 °C). The steers received a basal diet of alfalfa cubes containing equal amounts of tall fescue seed composed of a mixture of endophyte-free (E-) or endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds (E+) equivalent to 15 µg ergovaline/kg body weight (BW) for 9 d followed by intra-abomasal infusion of water (L-DOPA-) or levodopa (L-DOPA+; 2 mg/kg BW) for an additional 9 d. Afterward, the steers were pair-fed for 5 d to conduct a glucose tolerance test. The E+ treatment decreased (P = 0.005) prolactin by approximately 50%. However, prolactin increased (P = 0.050) with L-DOPA+. Steers receiving E+ decreased (P < 0.001) dry matter intake (DMI); however, when supplemented with L-DOPA+ the decrease in DMI was less severe (L-DOPA × E, P = 0.003). Also, L-DOPA+ infusion increased eating duration (L-DOPA × E, P = 0.012) when steers were receiving E+. The number of meals, meal duration, and intake rate were not affected (P > 0.05) by E+ or L-DOPA+. The L-DOPA+ infusion increased (P < 0.05) free L-DOPA, free dopamine, total L-DOPA, and total dopamine. Conversely, free epinephrine and free norepinephrine decreased (P < 0.05) with L-DOPA+. Total epinephrine and total norepinephrine were not affected (P > 0.05) by L-DOPA+. Ergot alkaloids did not affect (P > 0.05) circulating free or total L-DOPA, dopamine, or epinephrine. However, free and total norepinephrine decreased (P = 0.046) with E+. Glucose clearance rates at 15 to 30 min after glucose infusion increased with L-DOPA+ (P < 0.001), but not with E+ (P = 0.280). Administration of L-DOPA as an agonist therapy to treat fescue toxicosis provided a moderate increase in DMI and eating time and increased plasma glucose clearance for cattle dosed with E+ seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriton E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryana C Markmann
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - John B May
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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5
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Markmann RC, Edwards JL, Harmon DL. 5-hydroxytryphophan mitigates ergot alkaloid-induced suppression of serotonin and feed intake in cattle. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae083. [PMID: 38520304 PMCID: PMC11017510 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of ergot toxicosis on livestock industries is detrimental and treatments are needed in many countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to ergot alkaloids and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) supplementation on feed intake, serotonin metabolism, and blood metabolites in cattle. Eight Holstein steers (538 ± 18 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure. The treatments were the combination of 0 (E-) or 15 µg ergovaline/kg BW (E+) and 0 (5HTP-) or 0.5 mg of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan/kg BW (5HTP+) administered daily for 6 d. Toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue seed was used to supply the daily dose of ergovaline. Endophyte-free seed was used to equalize seed intake between treatments. Ground seed was placed into the rumen immediately before feeding. The 5-HTP was dissolved in water and infused into the abomasum via the reticulo-omasal orifice. Blood was collected from a jugular vein catheter at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after treatment administration. Ergovaline without 5-HTP (E+/5HTP-) decreased dry matter intake (DMI) in comparison to steers without ergovaline and 5-HTP (E-/5HTP-). However, 5-HTP infusion in association with ergovaline (E+/5HTP+) normalized the DMI. Although E + did not affect (P > 0.05) the area under the curve (AUC) of serum 5-HTP, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tryptophan, and kynurenine, serum and plasma serotonin concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05). The infusion of 5-HTP increased (P < 0.05) the AUC of serum 5-HTP, serum and plasma serotonin, and serum 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In conclusion, acute exposure to ergot alkaloids reduced DMI and circulating serotonin in cattle but 5-HTP administration showed potential to normalize both circulating serotonin and feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriton E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryana C Markmann
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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6
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Xi ZX, He Y, Shen H, Bi GH, Zhang HY, Soler-Cedeno O, Alton H, Yang Y. GPR55 is expressed in glutamate neurons and functionally modulates nicotine taking and seeking in rats and mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3222344. [PMID: 37886574 PMCID: PMC10602186 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3222344/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis legalization continues to progress in the USA for medical and recreational purposes. G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a putative "CB3" receptor. However, its functional role in cannabinoid action and drug abuse is not explored. Here we report that GPR55 is mainly expressed in cortical and subcortical glutamate neurons and its activation attenuates nicotine taking and seeking in rats and mice. RNAscope in situ hybridization detected GPR55 mRNA in cortical vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VgluT1)-positive and subcortical VgluT2-positive glutamate neurons in wildtype, but not GPR55-knockout, mice. GPR55 mRNA was not detected in midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in either genotype. Immunohistochemistry assays detected GPR55-like staining, but the signal is not GPR55-specific as the immunostaining was still detectable in GPR55-knockout mice. We then used a fluorescent CB1-GPR55 ligand (T1117) and detected GPR55 binding in cortical and subcortical glutamate neurons, but not in midbrain DA neurons, in CB1-knockout mice. Systemic administration of O-1602, a GPR55 agonist, dose-dependently increased extracellular glutamate, not DA, in the nucleus accumbens. Pretreatment with O-1602 failed to alter Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC)-induced triad effects or intravenous cocaine self-administration, but it dose-dependently inhibited nicotine self-administration under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats and wildtype mice, not in GPR55-knockout mice. O-1602 itself is not rewarding or aversive as assessed by optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) in DAT-Cre mice. These findings suggest that GPR55 is functionally involved in nicotine reward process possibly by a glutamate-dependent mechanism, and therefore, GPR55 deserves further research as a new therapeutic target for treating nicotine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi He
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
| | - Hui Shen
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
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7
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Psarianos A, Chryssanthopoulos C, Paparrigopoulos T, Philippou A. The Role of Physical Exercise in Opioid Substitution Therapy: Mechanisms of Sequential Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054763. [PMID: 36902190 PMCID: PMC10003472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that chronic opioid use is associated with structural and functional changes in the human brain that lead to an enhancement of impulsive behavior for immediate satisfaction. Interestingly, in recent years, physical exercise interventions have been used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs). Indeed, exercise has positive effects on both the biological and psychosocial basis of addiction, modifying neural circuits such as the reward, inhibition, and stress systems, and thus causing behavioral changes. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on the treatment of OUDs, with emphasis placed on the description of a sequential consolidation of these mechanisms. Exercise is thought to act initially as a factor of internal activation and self-regulation and eventually as a factor of commitment. This approach suggests a sequential (temporal) consolidation of the functions of exercise in favor of gradual disengagement from addiction. Particularly, the sequence in which the exercise-induced mechanisms are consolidated follows the pattern of internal activation-self-regulation-commitment, eventually resulting in stimulation of the endocannabinoid and endogenous opioid systems. Additionally, this is accompanied by modification of molecular and behavioral aspects of opioid addiction. Overall, the neurobiological actions of exercise in combination with certain psychological mechanisms appear to promote its beneficial effects. Given the positive effects of exercise on both physical and mental health, exercise prescription is recommended as a complement to conventional therapy for patients on opioid maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Psarianos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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8
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Teal LB, Ingram SM, Bubser M, McClure E, Jones CK. The Evolving Role of Animal Models in the Discovery and Development of Novel Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:37-99. [PMID: 36928846 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Historically, animal models have been routinely used in the characterization of novel chemical entities (NCEs) for various psychiatric disorders. Animal models have been essential in the in vivo validation of novel drug targets, establishment of lead compound pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamic relationships, optimization of lead compounds through preclinical candidate selection, and development of translational measures of target occupancy and functional target engagement. Yet, with decades of multiple NCE failures in Phase II and III efficacy trials for different psychiatric disorders, the utility and value of animal models in the drug discovery process have come under intense scrutiny along with the widespread withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from psychiatric drug discovery. More recently, the development and utilization of animal models for the discovery of psychiatric NCEs has undergone a dynamic evolution with the application of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework for better design of preclinical to clinical translational studies combined with innovative genetic, neural circuitry-based, and automated testing technologies. In this chapter, the authors will discuss this evolving role of animal models for improving the different stages of the discovery and development in the identification of next generation treatments for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shalonda M Ingram
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elliott McClure
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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9
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A highly D 3R-selective and efficacious partial agonist (S)-ABS01-113 compared to its D 3R-selective antagonist enantiomer (R)-ABS01-113 as potential treatments for opioid use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2309-2318. [PMID: 35879349 PMCID: PMC9309443 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The non-medical use of opioids has become a national crisis in the USA. Developing non-opioid pharmacotherapies for controlling this opioid epidemic is urgent. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists and low efficacy partial agonists have shown promising profiles in animal models of opioid use disorders (OUD). However, to date, advancement to human studies has been limited. Here we report the effects of (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of (±)-ABS01-113, structural analogs of the D3R partial agonist, (±)-VK4-40, in which the 3-OH in the linking chain is replaced by 3-F group. (S)- and (R)-ABS01-113 are identical in chemical structure but with opposite chirality. In vitro receptor binding and functional assays indicate that (S)-ABS01-113 is an efficacious (55%) and potent (EC50 = 7.6 ± 3.9 nM) D3R partial agonist, while the (R)-enantiomer is a potent D3R antagonist (IC50 = 11.4 nM). Both (S)- and (R)-ABS01-113 bind with high affinity to D3R (Ki = 0.84 ± 0.16 and 0.37 ± 0.06 nM, respectively); however, the (S)-enantiomer is more D3/D2-selective (>1000-fold). Pharmacokinetic analyses indicate that both enantiomers display excellent oral bioavailability and high brain penetration. Systemic administration of (S)- or (R)-ABS01-113 alone failed to alter open-field locomotion in male rats and mice. Interestingly, pretreatment with (S)- or (R)-ABS01-113 attenuated heroin-enhanced hyperactivity, heroin self-administration, and (heroin + cue)-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Together, these findings reveal that both enantiomers, particularly the highly selective and efficacious D3R partial agonist (S)-ABS01-113, demonstrate promising translational potential for the treatment of OUD.
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10
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Fan FS. Residues of ractopamine, a livestock feed additive, in meat might alleviate misuse of cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and morphine. Nutr Health 2022; 29:171-174. [PMID: 36266952 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221134139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substance misuse brings tremendous harm to global health. Strategies for the treatment and prevention of drug addiction are in urgent need. Aim: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) widely distributed in the central nervous system has been identified as a hopeful target in the management of certain substance abuse. Discovery of food ingredients that act on TAAR1 might help health care providers develop chemoprevention for substance misuse disorders. Methods: Animal experiments clearly demonstrated the capability of TAAR1 agonists in attenuating addictive behavior regarding cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and morphine. Ractopamine, a livestock feed additive used in the United States for over 20 years, has proven to be a full TAAR1 agonist. Literature review and internet web database survey were performed to see if ractopamine residues in meat could affect substance addiction behavior. Results: Integrating all available epidemiologic studies revealed that the prevalence of cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and opioid misuse showed steadily downward or stable trends coincidently during the same time period of ractopamine use in the United States. Conclusion: A hypothesis is thus raised here that ractopamine residues in meat might have contributed secretly to the smoothened prevalence curves of cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and opioids addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Fan
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare Taitung Hospital, Taitung County, Taiwan
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11
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Neutral CB1 Receptor Antagonists as Pharmacotherapies for Substance Use Disorders: Rationale, Evidence, and Challenge. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203262. [PMID: 36291128 PMCID: PMC9600259 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that rimonabant, a selective CB1R antagonist with an inverse agonist profile, was highly promising as a therapeutic for SUDs. However, its adverse side effects, such as depression and suicidality, led to its withdrawal from clinical trials worldwide in 2008. Consequently, much research interest shifted to developing neutral CB1R antagonists based on the recognition that rimonabant’s side effects may be related to its inverse agonist profile. In this article, we first review rimonabant’s research background as a potential pharmacotherapy for SUDs. Then, we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying its therapeutic anti-addictive effects versus its adverse effects. Lastly, we discuss the rationale for developing neutral CB1R antagonists as potential treatments for SUDs, the supporting evidence in recent research, and the challenges of this strategy. We conclude that developing neutral CB1R antagonists without inverse agonist profile may represent attractive strategies for the treatment of SUDs.
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12
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Jensen KL, Jensen SB, Madsen KL. A mechanistic overview of approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant dependence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854176. [PMID: 36160447 PMCID: PMC9493975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant use disorder is a major health issue around the world with enormous individual, family-related and societal consequences, yet there are no effective pharmacological treatments available. In this review, a target-based overview of pharmacological treatments toward psychostimulant addiction will be presented. We will go through therapeutic approaches targeting different aspects of psychostimulant addiction with focus on three major areas; 1) drugs targeting signalling, and metabolism of the dopamine system, 2) drugs targeting either AMPA receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors of the glutamate system and 3) drugs targeting the severe side-effects of quitting long-term psychostimulant use. For each of these major modes of intervention, findings from pre-clinical studies in rodents to clinical trials in humans will be listed, and future perspectives of the different treatment strategies as well as their potential side-effects will be discussed. Pharmaceuticals modulating the dopamine system, such as antipsychotics, DAT-inhibitors, and disulfiram, have shown some promising results. Cognitive enhancers have been found to increase aspects of behavioural control, and drugs targeting the glutamate system such as modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors and AMPA receptors have provided interesting changes in relapse behaviour. Furthermore, CRF-antagonists directed toward alleviating the symptoms of the withdrawal stage have been examined with interesting resulting changes in behaviour. There are promising results investigating therapeutics for psychostimulant addiction, but further preclinical work and additional human studies with a more stratified patient selection are needed to prove sufficient evidence of efficacy and tolerability.
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13
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Ghosh A, Mahintamani T, Rana DK, Basu D, Mattoo SK. Six-month buprenorphine-naloxone treatment is associated with neurocognitive function improvement in opioid dependence. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:199-208. [PMID: 35494328 PMCID: PMC9045353 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_792_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The number of longitudinal studies on cognitive functions in patients on buprenorphine-based agonist treatment is limited. Our objective was to assess the change in neurocognitive functions over the first 6 months of buprenorphine-naloxone (BNX) treatment for opioid dependence (OD) and compare cognitive functions on BNX and controls. METHODS We selected 60 patients with OD aged 18 to 55 years and 20 sex-matched controls; and excluded patients with other substance dependence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), head injury, epilepsy, and severe mental illness. We assessed patients thrice: at baseline, 3, and 6 months and Controls once. Cognitive tests included Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), Iowa gambling task (IGT), trail making tests A and B (TMT-A and B), verbal and visual N-back test (NBT), and standard progressive matrices (SPM). We measured with-in group effect size with Cohen's D (d). RESULTS A total of 24 participants completed at least one follow-up; 17 completed both follow-up assessments. All participants were men. At baseline, the patients performed worse than healthy controls in IGT, TMT-A, and B, and visual and verbal NBT. At 3 months, the performance of visual NBT improved significantly (d = 1.2 for NBT1; 1.3 for NBT2). At 6 months, additional performance improvements were seen in WCST ("perseverative error" d = 1.2), IGT ("net total score" d = 1.2), TMT-A (d = 1.1), and verbal NBT ("omission error" d = 1.7). Except for visual-NBT, results did not differ between patients and controls at both follow-ups. CONCLUSION Cognitive flexibility, decision making, attention, working memory, and psychomotor speed showed improvements over 6 months of a stable dose of BNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tathagata Mahintamani
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devender K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surendra K Mattoo
- Community Mental Health Clinic, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear Foundation NHS Trust, Molineux NHS Centre, Molineux Street, Byker, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE 6 1SG, United Kingdom
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14
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Soyka M, Steinböck H. [Substitution Treatment for Opiate Addicts in Forensic Hospitals under the Penal System]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2022; 90:559-564. [PMID: 35100637 DOI: 10.1055/a-1669-9033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Opiate addiction is common among offenders, and many opiate-dependent lawbreakers are treated in the correctional system according to § 64 STGB. While substitution treatment in prisons has become common practice, substitution treatment in forensic hospitals in the traditionally abstinence-oriented prison system is controversial and also varies from region to region. Basic data on this are lacking so far. The problem is discussed against the background of a current expert opinion case. Current figures from a large forensic hospital in Munich-East show that almost 30% of the patients are treated with substitutes (n=186). The problem of substitution treatment in the prison system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soyka
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinik, LMU München, München, Deutschland
| | - Herbert Steinböck
- Klinik für forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost, Haar bei München
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15
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Tsuda-McCaie F, Kotera Y. A qualitative meta-synthesis of pregnant women's experiences of accessing and receiving treatment for opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:851-862. [PMID: 35038366 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ISSUES Addressing opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women is of growing importance, and substance use treatment positively impacts outcomes for mother and baby. Understanding substance use treatment experiences is important to improve access, and retention, and no review or synthesis of research addressing the treatment experiences of pregnant women exists. APPROACH Thus, a qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted, which investigated the psychological motivators and barriers of pregnant women with OUD trying to access treatment and their perceptions of treatment. KEY FINDINGS A total of 3844 articles were retrieved from the literature search. Nine articles met eligibility criteria, were appraised, then synthesised using a comparative thematic approach. Four themes: (i) Embodied Experiences; (ii) Institutional Pressures; (iii) Social Context; and (iv) Reconstructing Selves; indicate that women with OUD are motivated to engage in treatment to pursue the safety and custody of the unborn baby and to pursue and enact the changes necessary to claim 'normal' parenthood status. Pregnant women describe psychological and relational barriers to engaging in treatment, including anxieties about the baby's health, fears of authorities' involvement, stigma and experiencing relationships with treatment providers as constrictive or invalidating. IMPLICATIONS Identity theory's concepts of identity verification, closed environments and master status identities illuminate the findings. Implications include recognising the salience of bodily experiences, providing medication-assisted treatment support groups and promoting validating relationships in treatment using strengths-based approaches. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women face unique psychological challenges in accessing and engaging in substance use treatment for OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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16
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Guo H, Wang J, Wang S, Zhou J, Wang X. Analysis of factors influencing substance use craving among Chinese substance users. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1070215. [PMID: 36506438 PMCID: PMC9731095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use has been a serious public safety issue. It not only affects the users' physical and mental health but is also detrimental to social stability. To improve our understanding of this issue, the present study looked to examine the factors influencing substance use craving and develop interventions to reduce craving and relapse among substance users. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 502 substance users were included in this study. Socio-demographic characteristics and substance use-related characteristics were recorded using self-developed forms. With regard to psychological traits, we used the self-esteem scale, the experience of shame scale, and the revised Cheek and Buss shyness scale to assess the self-esteem, shame, and shyness of substance users, respectively. The degree of substance use craving of substance users was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS). Data were analyzed using independent samples T-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis, as appropriate. RESULTS The majority of the substance users were unmarried, employed, and with lower education levels. For substance use-related characteristics, the age of first use was 27.52 ± 8.30 years and the duration of substance use was 12.29 ± 7.72 years. The scores of their self-esteem, shame, and shyness were 25.65 ± 3.19, 57.26 ± 7.82, and 37.8 ± 7.13, respectively. All substance users rated the intensity of their substance use cravings using the VAS, which showed that the mean score was 2.83 ± 1.87. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that substance use craving was positively associated with the frequency of substance use (β = 0.186, P < 0.001), times of substance rehabilitation (β = 0.128, P = 0.003), shyness (β = 0.211, P < 0.001), and shame (β = 0.091, P = 0.033), and negatively associated with self-esteem (β = -0.117, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Factors and psychological traits related to substance use are important to account for substance use craving and relapse. Thus, our findings are helpful for a better understanding of the extent of substance use cravings among users and the selection of appropriate interventions to control the craving and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jizhi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Pingtang Compulsory Isolation Detoxification Institute in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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17
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Strickland JC, Gipson CD, Dunn KE. Dopamine Supersensitivity: A Novel Hypothesis of Opioid-Induced Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Opioid-Stimulant Co-use and Opioid Relapse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:835816. [PMID: 35492733 PMCID: PMC9051080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent harms presented by the co-use of opioids and methamphetamine highlight the broader public health challenge of preventing and treating opioid and stimulant co-use. Development of effective therapeutics requires an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that may be driving co-use patterns, specifically the underlying neurobiology of co-use and how they may facilitate (or be leveraged to prevent) continued use patterns. This narrative review summarizes largely preclinical data that demonstrate clinically-meaningful relationships between the dopamine and opioid systems with direct implications for opioid and stimulant co-use. Synthesized conclusions of this body of research include evidence that changes in the dopamine system occur only once physical dependence to opioids develops, that the chronicity of opioid exposure is associated with the severity of changes, and that withdrawal leaves the organism in a state of substantive dopamine deficit that persists long after the somatic or observed signs of opioid withdrawal appear to have resolved. Evidence also suggests that dopamine supersensitivity develops soon after opioid abstinence and results in increased response to dopamine agonists that increases in magnitude as the abstinence period continues and is evident several weeks into protracted withdrawal. Mechanistically, this supersensitivity appears to be mediated by changes in the sensitivity, not quantity, of dopamine D2 receptors. Here we propose a neural circuit mechanism unique to withdrawal from opioid use with implications for increased stimulant sensitivity in previously stimulant-naïve or inexperienced populations. These hypothesized effects collectively delineate a mechanism by which stimulants would be uniquely reinforcing to persons with opioid physical dependence, would contribute to the acute opioid withdrawal syndrome, and could manifest subjectively as craving and/or motivation to use that could prompt opioid relapse during acute and protracted withdrawal. Preclinical research is needed to directly test these hypothesized mechanisms. Human laboratory and clinical trial research is needed to explore these clinical predictions and to advance the goal of developing treatments for opioid-stimulant co-use and/or opioid relapse prevention and withdrawal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Influence of Prolonged Serotonin and Ergovaline Pre-Exposure on Vasoconstriction Ex Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010009. [PMID: 35050986 PMCID: PMC8777993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloid mycotoxins interfere in many functions associated with serotonergic neurotransmitters. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate whether the association of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and ergot alkaloids during a 24 h pre-incubation could affect the vascular contractile response to ergot alkaloids. To evaluate the effects of 24 h exposure to 5-HT and ergot alkaloids (ergovaline, ERV), two assays were conducted. The first assay determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) following the 24 h pre-exposure period, while the second assay evaluated the effect of IC50 concentrations of 5-HT and ERV either individually or in combination. There was an interaction between previous exposure to 5-HT and ERV. Previous exposure to 5-HT at the IC50 concentration of 7.57 × 10−7 M reduced the contractile response by more than 50% of control, while the exposure to ERV at IC50 dose of 1.57 × 10−10 M tended to decrease (p = 0.081) vessel contractility with a response higher than 50% of control. The 24 h previous exposure to both 5-HT and ERV did not potentiate the inhibitory response of blood vessels in comparison with incubation with each compound alone. These results suggest receptor competition between 5-HT and ERV. More studies are necessary to determine the potential of 5-HT to treat toxicosis caused by ergot alkaloids.
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19
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Soyka M. Transition From Full Mu Opioid Agonists to Buprenorphine in Opioid Dependent Patients-A Critical Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:718811. [PMID: 34887748 PMCID: PMC8650116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.718811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methadone, a full opioid agonist at the mu-, kappa-, and delta-receptor, and buprenorphine, a partial agonist at the mu receptor, are first-line medications in opioid maintenance treatment. Transition from methadone to buprenorphine may precipitate withdrawal, and no accepted algorithm for this procedure has been developed. Current treatment strategies recommend transfer from methadone to buprenorphine predominantly in patients at low doses of methadone (30-40 mg/day). There are some reports indicating that transition from higher doses of methadone may be possible. A number of dosing strategies have been proposed to soften withdrawal symptoms and facilitate transfer including use of other opioids or medications and especially microdosing techniques for buprenorphine. The case series and studies available thus far are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soyka
- Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Gao K, Chen D, Robison AJ, Wei GW. Proteome-Informed Machine Learning Studies of Cocaine Addiction. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11122-11134. [PMID: 34752088 PMCID: PMC9357290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
No anti-cocaine addiction drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration despite decades of effort. The main challenge is the intricate molecular mechanisms of cocaine addiction, involving synergistic interactions among proteins upstream and downstream of the dopamine transporter. However, it is difficult to study so many proteins with traditional experiments, highlighting the need for innovative strategies in the field. We propose a proteome-informed machine learning (ML) platform for discovering nearly optimal anti-cocaine addiction lead compounds. We analyze proteomic protein-protein interaction networks for cocaine dependence to identify 141 involved drug targets and build 32 ML models for cross-target analysis of more than 60,000 drug candidates or experimental drugs for side effects and repurposing potentials. We further predict their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties. Our platform reveals that essentially all of the existing drug candidates fail in our cross-target and ADMET screenings but identifies several nearly optimal leads for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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21
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Bharat C, Larney S, Barbieri S, Dobbins T, Jones NR, Hickman M, Gisev N, Ali R, Degenhardt L. The effect of person, treatment and prescriber characteristics on retention in opioid agonist treatment: a 15-year retrospective cohort study. Addiction 2021; 116:3139-3152. [PMID: 33979008 DOI: 10.1111/add.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is limited evidence on the relationship between retention in opioid agonist treatment for opioid dependence and characteristics of treatment prescribers. This study estimated retention in buprenorphine and methadone treatment and its relationship with person, treatment and prescriber characteristics. DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal study. SETTING New South Wales, Australia. PARTICIPANTS People entering the opioid agonist treatment programme for the first time between August 2001 and December 2015. MEASUREMENTS Time in opioid agonist treatment (primary outcome) was modelled using a generalized estimating equation model to estimate associations with person, treatment and prescriber characteristics. FINDINGS The impact of medication type on opioid agonist treatment retention reduced over time; the risk of leaving treatment when on buprenorphine compared with methadone was higher among those who entered treatment earlier [e.g. 2001-03: odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-1.75] and lowest among those who entered most recently (2013-15: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.11-1.36). In adjusted analyses, risk of leaving was reduced among people whose prescriber had longer tenure of prescribing (e.g. 3 versus 8 years: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.93-0.95) compared with prescribers with shorter tenure. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, being of younger age, past-year psychosis disorder and having been convicted of more criminal charges in the year prior to treatment entry were associated with increased risk of leaving treatment. CONCLUSION In New South Wales, Australia, retention in buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence, compared with methadone, has improved over time since its introduction in 2001. Opioid agonist treatment retention is affected not only by characteristics of the person and his or her treatment, but also of the prescriber, with those of longer prescribing tenure associated with increased retention of people in opioid agonist treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrianna Bharat
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Larney
- Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Timothy Dobbins
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola R Jones
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natasa Gisev
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Soyka M, Franke AG. Recent advances in the treatment of opioid use disorders–focus on long-acting buprenorphine formulations. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:543-552. [PMID: 34631459 PMCID: PMC8474991 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral methadone or sublingual buprenorphine are first-line medications for pharmacotherapy of opioid use disorders (OUDs). Three long-acting buprenorphine depot or implant formulations are currently available for the treatment of OUDs: (1) CAM 2038 (Buvidal) for subcutaneous weekly and monthly application; (2) RBP-6000 (Sublocade™) as a monthly depot formulation; and (3) A six-month buprenorphine implant [Probuphine™]. The pharmacology, clinical efficacy and prospects of these medications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soyka
- Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, München 80336, Germany
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23
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Anesthetic management of the parturient with opioid addiction. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2021; 59:28-39. [PMID: 34100798 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Hersey M, Bacon AK, Bailey LG, Coggiano MA, Newman AH, Leggio L, Tanda G. Psychostimulant Use Disorder, an Unmet Therapeutic Goal: Can Modafinil Narrow the Gap? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:656475. [PMID: 34121988 PMCID: PMC8187604 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.656475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals affected by psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD) has increased rapidly over the last few decades resulting in economic, emotional, and physical burdens on our society. Further compounding this issue is the current lack of clinically approved medications to treat this disorder. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a common target of psychostimulant actions related to their use and dependence, and the recent availability of atypical DAT inhibitors as a potential therapeutic option has garnered popularity in this research field. Modafinil (MOD), which is approved for clinical use for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders, blocks DAT just like commonly abused psychostimulants. However, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that it lacks the addictive properties (in both behavioral and neurochemical studies) associated with other abused DAT inhibitors. Clinical availability of MOD has facilitated its off-label use for several psychiatric disorders related to alteration of brain dopamine (DA) systems, including PSUD. In this review, we highlight clinical and preclinical research on MOD and its R-enantiomer, R-MOD, as potential medications for PSUD. Given the complexity of PSUD, we have also reported the effects of MOD on psychostimulant-induced appearance of several symptoms that could intensify the severity of the disease (i.e., sleep disorders and impairment of cognitive functions), besides the potential therapeutic effects of MOD on PSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda K. Bacon
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lydia G. Bailey
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark A. Coggiano
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy H. Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Clinical Psychoneuroendo- crinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Mariani JJ, Choi CJ, Pavlicova M, Mahony AL, Brooks DJ, Grabowski J, Levin FR. Open-label pilot study of lisdexamfetamine for cocaine use disorder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2021; 47:402-409. [PMID: 33797985 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1885677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a substantial public health problem with no FDA-approved medication treatments. Psychostimulants have shown promise as pharmacotherapy for CUD. Lisdexamfetamine, a novel prodrug psychostimulant, is roughly 40-50% as potent as dextroamphetamine.Objectives: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and optimal dosing of lisdexamfetamine for treating CUD.Methods: Open-label, 8-week trial of 17 CUD adults. Participants were titrated to the maximum tolerated dose of 140 mg over 2-week period and maintained for 4 weeks, followed by a two-week taper period. The primary outcome measures were the maximum daily dose achieved during the study period and tolerability as measured by medication-related study drop-out.Results: Among the 16 participants with post-enrollment data, the mean dose of lisdexamfetamine achieved was 118.1 mg (standard deviation (SD) = 40.4), mean retention was 6.5 weeks (SD = 2.0), and no participants discontinued study medication due to adverse effects. Four participants had dose reductions due to adverse effects and continued in the trial. Six participants (37.5%) were abstinent for the last 3 weeks of their study participation. Mean dollars of cocaine spent per day significantly decreased from $19.72 at baseline to $7.57 during the last 3 weeks of study participation (t15 = 3.60, p = .003). The mean percent of using days significantly decreased from 25% at baseline to 12% during the last 3 weeks of study participation (t15 = 3.33, p = .005).Conclusion: The use of lisdexamfetamine for CUD in doses ranging to 140 mg daily was safe and generally well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Mariani
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Jean Choi
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy L Mahony
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Grabowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Office of Faculty Affairs-Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frances R Levin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Factors associated with early and later dropout from methadone maintenance treatment in specialist addiction clinics: a six-year cohort study using proportional hazards frailty models for recurrent treatment episodes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108466. [PMID: 33421801 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retention in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is associated with reduced illicit drug use, criminal activity, and mortality; however, many clients move in and out of MMT. This study aims to identify determinants of time to dropout of MMT across multiple treatment episodes in specialist addiction services in Ireland. METHODS Cohort study of persons attending specialist addiction clinics between 2010 and 2015. MMT episodes were periods of continuous treatment if there were no interruptions to treatment lasting > 7days. Proportional hazards frailty models were used to assess factors associated with time to dropout from recurrent MMT episodes at 3 (90 days) and 12 months (91-365 days). MMT episodes were right- censored at time of death, transfer to prison or primary care, and study end. RESULTS A total of 2,035 individuals experienced 4,969 MMT episodes, with 2,724 dropout events during the six-year follow-up. Factors associated with dropout at 3 months included low dose methadone (<60 mg/day) (HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.29-1.73) and previous dropout (HR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.41-1.92). Adherence was protective (HR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.90-0.92). Dropout at 12 months was associated with low dose methadone (HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.23-1.68), previous dropout (HR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.16-1.61), males (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.50), benzodiazepines (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.45) and number of comorbidities (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.20); adherence was protective (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.84-0.87). CONCLUSIONS Clients with a previous history of treatment dropout and those on low dose methadone should be identified as high risk for both early and later dropout. Inversely, adherence to treatment, not missing methadone doses, is protective.
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Li X, Hempel BJ, Yang HJ, Han X, Bi GH, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. Dissecting the role of CB 1 and CB 2 receptors in cannabinoid reward versus aversion using transgenic CB 1- and CB 2-knockout mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 43:38-51. [PMID: 33334652 PMCID: PMC7854511 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids produce both rewarding and aversive effects in humans and experimental animals. However, the mechanisms underlying these conflicting findings are unclear. Here we examined the potential involvement of CB1 and CB2 receptors in cannabinoid action using transgenic CB1-knockout (CB1-KO) and CB2-knockout (CB2-KO) mice. We found that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) induced conditioned place preference at a low dose (1 mg/kg) in WT mice that was attenuated by deletion of the CB1 receptor. At 5 mg/kg, no subjective effects of Δ9-THC were detected in WT mice, but CB1-KO mice exhibited a trend towards place aversion and CB2-KO mice developed significant place preferences. This data suggests that activation of the CB1 receptor is rewarding, while CB2R activation is aversive. We then examined the nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine (DA) response to Δ9-THC using in vivo microdialysis. Unexpectedly, Δ9-THC produced a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular DA in WT mice, that was potentiated in CB1-KO mice. However, in CB2-KO mice Δ9-THC produced a dose-dependent increase in extracellular DA, suggesting that activation of the CB2R inhibits DA release in the NAc. In contrast, Δ9-THC, when administered systemically or locally into the NAc, failed to alter extracellular DA in rats. Lastly, we examined the locomotor response to Δ9-THC. Both CB1 and CB2 receptor mechanisms were shown to underlie Δ9-THC-induced hypolocomotion. These findings indicate that Δ9-THC's variable subjective effects reflect differential activation of cannabinoid receptors. Specifically, the opposing actions of CB1 and CB2 receptors regulate cannabis reward and aversion, with CB2-mediated effects predominant in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Briana J Hempel
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hong-Ju Yang
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, NIDA IRP, BRC Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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28
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Newman AH, Ku T, Jordan CJ, Bonifazi A, Xi ZX. New Drugs, Old Targets: Tweaking the Dopamine System to Treat Psychostimulant Use Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 61:609-628. [PMID: 33411583 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine continues to pose significant health and societal challenges. Despite considerable efforts to develop medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders, none have proven effective, leaving an underserved patient population and unanswered questions about what mechanism(s) of action should be targeted for developing pharmacotherapies. As both cocaine and methamphetamine rapidly increase dopamine (DA) levels in mesolimbic brain regions, leading to euphoria that in some can lead to addiction, targets in which this increased dopaminergic tone may be mitigated have been explored. Further, understanding and targeting mechanisms underlying relapse are fundamental to the success of discovering medications that reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug of abuse, decrease the negative reinforcement or withdrawal/negative affect that occurs during abstinence, or both. Atypical inhibitors of the DA transporter and partial agonists/antagonists at DA D3 receptors are described as two promising targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Therese Ku
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA;
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29
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Appiah-Kubi P, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Exploring the structural basis and atomistic binding mechanistic of the selective antagonist blockade at D 3 dopamine receptor over D 2 dopamine receptor. J Mol Recognit 2021; 34:e2885. [PMID: 33401335 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
More recently, there has been a paradigm shift toward selective drug targeting in the treatment of neurological disorders, including drug addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease mediated by the different dopamine receptor subtypes. Antagonists with higher selectivity for D3 dopamine receptor (D3DR) over D2 dopamine receptor (D2DR) have been shown to attenuate drug-seeking behavior and associated side effects compared to non-subtype selective antagonists. However, high conservations among constituent residues of both proteins, particularly at the ligand-binding pockets, remain a challenge to therapeutic drug design. Recent studies have reported the discovery of two small-molecules R-VK4-40 and Y-QA31 which substantially inhibited D3DR with >180-fold selectivity over D2DR. Therefore, in this study, we seek to provide molecular and structural insights into these differential binding mechanistic using meta-analytic computational simulation methods. Findings revealed that R-VK4-40 and Y-QA31 adopted shallow binding modes and were more surface-exposed at D3DR while on the contrary, they exhibited deep hydrophobic pocket binding at D2DR. Also, two non-conserved residues; Tyr361.39 and Ser18245.51 were identified in D3DR, based on their crucial roles and contributions to the selective binding of R-VK4-40 and Y-QA31. Importantly, both antagonists exhibited high affinities in complex with D3DR compared to D2DR, while van der Waals energies contributed majorly to their binding and stability. Structural analyses also revealed the distinct stabilizing effects of both compounds on D3DR secondary architecture relative to D2DR. Therefore, findings herein pinpointed the origin and mechanistic of selectivity of the compounds, which may assist in the rational design of potential small molecules of the D2 -like dopamine family receptor subtype with improved potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Appiah-Kubi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fisayo Andrew Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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30
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Yen E, Maron JL. Aberrant Feeding and Growth in Neonates With Prenatal Opioid Exposure: Evidence of Neuromodulation and Behavioral Changes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:805763. [PMID: 35127598 PMCID: PMC8814597 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.805763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women over the last decade has led to more than a fivefold increase in the number of neonates born with withdrawal signs known as Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) or Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS). The impact of prenatal opioid exposure on these neonates remains a public health and research priority due to both its short and long-term effects on offspring. Among the adverse long-term effects associated with OUD is a metabolic syndrome with accompanying cardiovascular comorbidities. The susceptibility to metabolic diseases may begin as early as conception. Neonates born in a setting of prenatal opioid exposure are known to have aberrant early growth, e.g., lower birth weight and smaller head size, and dysregulated feeding behavior that ranges from feeding difficulty to hyperphagia which may predispose these neonates to metabolic syndrome in adulthood. However, studies on this topic are lacking. In this article, we describe the reported association between OUD and metabolic syndrome in adults, animal data linking opioid receptors with the development of diet-induced obesity, the inflammatory modulation of opioids and finally, neonatal salivary transcriptomic data from our laboratory that highlighted the sex-specific impact of opioids on the hypothalamic and reward receptors that regulate feeding behavior in opioid-exposed neonates. There is a great need for future research linking opioids with epigenetic and gene expression changes, as well as neuromodulatory effects in the developing brain, that may underlie the dysregulated feeding, growth, and long-term metabolic and cardiovascular risks for these neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yen
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jill L Maron
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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31
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Guthrie DA, Klein Herenbrink C, Lycas MD, Ku T, Bonifazi A, DeVree BT, Mathiasen S, Javitch JA, Grimm JB, Lavis L, Gether U, Newman AH. Novel Fluorescent Ligands Enable Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy of the Dopamine Transporter. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3288-3300. [PMID: 32926777 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is critical for spatiotemporal control of dopaminergic neurotransmission and is the target for therapeutic agents, including ADHD medications, and abused substances, such as cocaine. Here, we develop new fluorescently labeled ligands that bind DAT with high affinity and enable single-molecule detection of the transporter. The cocaine analogue MFZ2-12 (1) was conjugated to novel rhodamine-based Janelia Fluorophores (JF549 and JF646). High affinity binding of the resulting ligands to DAT was demonstrated by potent inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake in DAT transfected CAD cells and by competition radioligand binding experiments on rat striatal membranes. Visualization of binding was substantiated by confocal or TIRF microscopy revealing selective binding of the analogues to DAT transfected CAD cells. Single particle tracking experiments were performed with JF549-conjugated DG3-80 (3) and JF646-conjugated DG4-91 (4) on DAT transfected CAD cells enabling quantification and categorization of the dynamic behavior of DAT into four distinct motion classes (immobile, confined, Brownian, and directed). Finally, we show that the ligands can be used in direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) experiments permitting further analyses of DAT distribution on the nanoscale. In summary, these novel fluorescent ligands are promising new tools for studying DAT localization and regulation with single-molecule resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl A. Guthrie
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States,
| | - Carmen Klein Herenbrink
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Matthew Domenic Lycas
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Therese Ku
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States,
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States,
| | - Brian T. DeVree
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Signe Mathiasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeon and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeon and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Grimm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Luke Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States,
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32
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Jordan CJ, Feng ZW, Galaj E, Bi GH, Xue Y, Liang Y, McGuire T, Xie XQ, Xi ZX. Xie2-64, a novel CB 2 receptor inverse agonist, reduces cocaine abuse-related behaviors in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108241. [PMID: 32712273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse remains a public health threat around the world. There are no pharmacological treatments approved for cocaine use disorder. Cannabis has received growing attention as a treatment for many conditions, including addiction. Most cannabis-based medication development has focused on cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists (and also inverse agonists) such as rimonabant, but clinical trials with rimonabant have failed due to its significant side-effects. Here we sought to determine whether a novel and selective CB2R inverse agonist, Xie2-64, has similar therapeutic potential for cocaine use disorder. Computational modeling indicated that Xie2-64 binds to CB2R in a way similar to SR144528, another well-characterized but less selective CB2R antagonist/inverse agonist, suggesting that Xie2-64 may also have CB2R antagonist profiles. Unexpectedly, systemic administration of Xie2-64 or SR144528 dose-dependently inhibited intravenous cocaine self-administration and shifted cocaine dose-response curves downward in rats and wild-type, but not in CB2R-knockout, mice. Xie2-64 also dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward maintained by optical stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons in DAT-Cre mice, while Xie2-64 or SR144528 alone inhibited optical brain-stimulation reward. In vivo microdialysis revealed that systemic or local administration of Xie2-64 into the nucleus accumbens reduced extracellular dopamine levels in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Together, these results suggest that Xie2-64 has significant anti-cocaine reward effects likely through a dopamine-dependent mechanism, and therefore, deserves further study as a new pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Chemical Genomics Screen (CCGS) Center and Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research (CDAR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ewa Galaj
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Chemical Genomics Screen (CCGS) Center and Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research (CDAR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Terence McGuire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Chemical Genomics Screen (CCGS) Center and Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research (CDAR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Chemical Genomics Screen (CCGS) Center and Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research (CDAR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational Biology and of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Jiang WN, Jing X, Li M, Deng H, Jiang T, Xiong KZ, Chen Y, Wang XF, Wang QJ. Corydaline and l-tetrahydropalmatine attenuate morphine-induced conditioned place preference and the changes in dopamine D2 and GluA1 AMPA receptor expression in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 884:173397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The exploration of optimized protocol for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: A randomized sham-controlled study. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:103027. [PMID: 32980696 PMCID: PMC7522737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prefrontal-striatal circuit is a core circuit related to substance dependence. Previous studies have found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (key region of executive network) had limited responses, while inhibiting hyperactivation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (key region of limbic network) may be another strategy. However, there is currently no comparison between these two treatment locations. Methods Seventy-four methamphetamine-dependent patients were randomly assigned to one of treatment groups with two-week treatment: (1) Group A: intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) targeting the left DLPFC; (2) Group B: continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) targeting the left vmPFC; (3) Group C: a combination of treatment protocol of Group A and Group B; (4) Group D: sham theta-burst stimulation. The primary endpoint was the change of cue-induced craving. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03736317). Findings The three real TBS groups had more craving decrease effect than the sham group (p<0.01). The changes of craving were positively correlated with the improvement of anxiety and withdrawal symptom. With the highest respondence rate, group C also had shorter respondence time than Group A (p = 0.03). Group C was effective in improve depression symptoms (p = 0.04) and withdrawal symptom (p = 0.02) compared with Group D. Besides, Group C was significant in improve sleep quality (p = 0.04) compared with Group A. Baseline depression scores and spatial working memory were positively predicting the intervention response. Interpretation The rTMS paradigms involving vmPFC with cTBS are optimized protocols and well-tolerated for methamphetamine-dependent individuals, and they may have better efficacies compared with DLPFC iTBS. Emotion and cognitive function are rTMS treatment response predictors for methamphetamine-dependent patients. Funding This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1310400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81,771,436, 81,801,319, 81,601,164), Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission (2017ZZ02021), Municipal Human Resources Development Program for Outstanding Young Talents in Medical and Health Sciences in Shanghai (2017YQ013), Qihang Project of Shanghai Mental Health Center (2019-QH-05), Shanghai Sailing Program (19YF1442100), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders (13DZ2260500), Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (17XD1403300), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2018SHZDZX05), and Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health (19MC1911100).
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35
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Jordan CJ, He Y, Bi GH, You ZB, Cao J, Xi ZX, Newman AH. (±)VK4-40, a novel dopamine D 3 receptor partial agonist, attenuates cocaine reward and relapse in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4796-4807. [PMID: 32851643 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite widespread abuse of cocaine, there are no approved treatments for cocaine use disorder. Chronic cocaine use is associated with up-regulated dopamine D3 receptor expression in the brain. Therefore, most D3 -based medication development has focused on D3 antagonists. However, D3 antagonists do not attenuate cocaine intake under "easy" self-administration conditions, when response requirements are low. We evaluated a novel, highly selective and metabolically stable D3 partial agonist, (±)VK4-40, for its efficacy in reducing cocaine intake and relapse to drug seeking. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The impact of (±)VK4-40 on cocaine intake and relapse was evaluated using intravenous self-administration procedures under a fixed-ratio 2 reinforcement schedule and cocaine-primed reinstatement conditions in rats. Optogenetic brain-stimulation reward procedures were used to evaluate the interaction of (±)VK4-40 and cocaine in the mesolimbic dopamine system in mice. Sucrose self-administration in rats and a conditioned place preference paradigm in mice were used to evaluate the abuse potential of (±)VK4-40 alone and other unwanted effects. KEY RESULTS (±)VK4-40 dose-dependently reduced cocaine self-administration and cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviour. (±)VK4-40 also inhibited cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward caused by optogenetic stimulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. (±)VK4-40 alone decreased brain-stimulation reward but produced neither conditioned place preference nor place aversion. This new D3 partial agonist also failed to alter oral sucrose self-administration. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The novel D3 partial agonist, (±)VK4-40 attenuates cocaine reward and relapse in rodents, without significant unwanted effects. These findings support further investigation of D3 partial agonists as putative treatments for cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tanda G, Hersey M, Hempel B, Xi ZX, Newman AH. Modafinil and its structural analogs as atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors and potential medications for psychostimulant use disorder. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 56:13-21. [PMID: 32927246 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of psychostimulant use disorder are still an unmet medical goal. Recently, off label use of modafinil (MOD), an approved medication for treatment of sleep disturbances, has been tested as a therapeutic for cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder. Positive results have been found in subjects dependent on psychostimulants without concurrent abuse of other substances. Novel structural analogs of MOD have been synthesized in the search for compounds with potentially broader therapeutic efficacy than the parent drug. In the present report we review their potential efficacy as treatments for psychostimulant abuse and dependence assessed in preclinical tests. Results from these preclinical proof of concept studies reveal that some modafinil analogs do not possess typical cocaine-like neurochemical and behavioral effects. Further, they might blunt the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in animal models, suggesting their potential efficacy as pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of psychostimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Briana Hempel
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Prieto JP, López Hill X, Urbanavicius J, Sanchez V, Nadal X, Scorza C. Cannabidiol Prevents the Expression of the Locomotor Sensitization and the Metabolic Changes in the Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal Cortex Elicited by the Combined Administration of Cocaine and Caffeine in Rats. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:478-486. [PMID: 32415526 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, clinical and preclinical researchers have increased their interest in non-psychotomimetic cannabinoids, like cannabidiol (CBD), as a strategy for treating psychostimulant use disorders. However, there are discrepancies in the pharmacological effects and brain targets of CBD. We evaluated if CBD was able to prevent the locomotor sensitization elicited by cocaine and caffeine co-administration. The effect of CBD on putative alterations in the metabolic activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), and its respective subregions (cingulated, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices, and NAc core and shell) associated to the behavioral response, was also investigated. Rats were intraperitoneally and repeatedly treated with CBD (20 mg/kg) or its vehicle, followed by the combination of cocaine and caffeine (Coc+Caf; 5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively) or saline for 3 days. After 5 days of withdrawal, all animals were challenged with Coc+Caf (day 9). Locomotor activity was automatically recorded and analyzed by a video-tracking software. The metabolic activity was determined by measuring cytochrome oxidase-I (CO-I) staining. Locomotion was significantly and similarly increased both in Veh-Coc+Caf- and CBD-Coc+Caf-treated animals during the pretreatment period (3 days); however, on day 9, the expression of the sensitization was blunted in CBD-treated animals. A hypoactive metabolic response and a hyperactive metabolic response in mPFC and NAc subregions respectively were observed after the behavioral sensitization. CBD prevented almost all these changes. Our findings substantially contribute to the understanding of the functional changes associated with cocaine- and caffeine-induced sensitization and the effect of CBD on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena López Hill
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessika Urbanavicius
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Xavier Nadal
- Phytoplant Research S.L., Córdoba, Spain.,, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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O’Connor AM, Cousins G, Durand L, Barry J, Boland F. Retention of patients in opioid substitution treatment: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232086. [PMID: 32407321 PMCID: PMC7224511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retention in opioid substitution (OST) treatment is associated with substantial reductions in all cause and overdose mortality. This systematic review aims to identify both protective factors supporting retention in OST, and risk factors for treatment dropout. Methods A systematic search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Web of Science (January 2001 to October 2019). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational cohort studies reporting on retention rates and factors associated with retention in OST were included. Factors associated with treatment retention and dropout were explored according to the Maudsley Addiction Profile. A narrative synthesis is provided. Results 67 studies were included in this review (4 RCTs and 63 observational cohort studies; N = 294,592), all assessing factors associated with retention in OST or treatment dropout. The median retention rate across observational studies was approximately 57% at 12 months, which fell to 38.4% at three years. Studies included were heterogeneous in nature with respect to treatment setting, type of OST, risk factor assessment, ascertainment of outcome and duration of follow-up. While the presence of such methodological heterogeneity makes it difficult to synthesise results, there is limited evidence to support the influence of a number of factors on retention, including age, substance use, OST drug dose, legal issues, and attitudes to OST. Conclusions Younger age, substance use particularly cocaine and heroin use, lower doses of methadone, criminal activity/incarceration, and negative attitudes to MMT appear to be associated with reduced retention in OST. A consensus definition of retention is required to allow for comparability across future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Máire O’Connor
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Cousins
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Louise Durand
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joe Barry
- Population Health Medicine, Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Boland
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Galaj E, Newman AH, Xi ZX. Dopamine D3 receptor-based medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorder: Rationale, progress, and challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:38-52. [PMID: 32376243 PMCID: PMC7252042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Opioid abuse and overdose have become a national crisis in the USA. Although several opioid-based pharmacotherapies are available, they are ineffective in long-term relapse prevention. National Institute on Drug Abuse has listed dopamine D3 receptor antagonists as high priority for anti-opioid medication development. The novel D3 receptor antagonists (VK4-116, VK4-40) are effective in reducing opioid reward and relapse as well as potentiate opioid analgesia. D3 receptor antagonists deserve further studies as new pharmacotherapies for pain and of opioid use disorder.
Opioid abuse and related overdose deaths continue to rise in the United States, contributing to the current national opioid crisis. Although several opioid-based pharmacotherapies are available (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone), they show limited effectiveness in long-term relapse prevention. In response to the opioid crisis, the National Institute on Drug Abuse proposed a list of pharmacological targets of highest priority for medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD). Among these are antagonists of dopamine D3 receptors (D3R). In this review, we first review recent progress in research of the dopamine hypothesis of opioid reward and abuse and then describe the rationale and recent development of D3R ligands for the treatment of OUD. Herein, an emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of newly developed D3R antagonists in the animal models of OUD. These new drug candidates may also potentiate the analgesic effects of clinically used opioids, making them attractive as adjunctive medications for pain management and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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40
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Elman I, Howard M, Borodovsky JT, Mysels D, Rott D, Borsook D, Albanese M. Metabolic and Addiction Indices in Patients on Opioid Agonist Medication-Assisted Treatment: A Comparison of Buprenorphine and Methadone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5617. [PMID: 32221389 PMCID: PMC7101411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic hormones stabilize brain reward and motivational circuits, whereas excessive opioid consumption counteracts this effect and may impair metabolic function. Here we addressed the role of metabolic processes in the course of the agonist medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) with buprenorphine or methadone. Plasma lipids, hemoglobin A1C, body composition, the oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) and the Sweet Taste Test (STT) were measured in buprenorphine- (n = 26) or methadone (n = 32)- treated subjects with OUD. On the whole, the subjects in both groups were overweight or obese and insulin resistant; they displayed similar oGTT and STT performance. As compared to methadone-treated subjects, those on buprenorphine had significantly lower rates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) along with better values of the high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Subjects with- vs. without MetS tended to have greater addiction severity. Correlative analyses revealed that more buprenorphine exposure duration was associated with better HDL and opioid craving values. In contrast, more methadone exposure duration was associated with worse triglycerides-, HDL-, blood pressure-, fasting glucose- and hemoglobin A1C values. Buprenorphine appears to produce beneficial HDL- and craving effects and, contrary to methadone, its role in the metabolic derangements is not obvious. Our data call for further research aimed at understanding the distinctive features of buprenorphine metabolic effects vis-à-vis those of methadone and their potential role in these drugs' unique therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Margaret Howard
- Rhode Island Department of Behavioral Healthcare, Cranston, RI, USA
| | - Jacob T Borodovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Mysels
- Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David Rott
- Department of Cardiology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Albanese
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Baumann MH, Pasternak GW, Negus SS. Confronting the opioid crisis with basic research in neuropharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107972. [PMID: 31958407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sidney S Negus
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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42
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Slack RD, Ku TC, Cao J, Giancola JB, Bonifazi A, Loland CJ, Gadiano A, Lam J, Rais R, Slusher BS, Coggiano M, Tanda G, Newman AH. Structure-Activity Relationships for a Series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinyl Alkyl Alicyclic Amines at the Dopamine Transporter: Functionalizing the Terminal Nitrogen Affects Affinity, Selectivity, and Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2343-2357. [PMID: 31661268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atypical dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical models of psychostimulant abuse. In rats, 1-(4-(2-((bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinyl)ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-propan-2-ol (3b) was effective in reducing the reinforcing effects of both cocaine and methamphetamine but did not exhibit psychostimulant behaviors itself. While further development of 3b is ongoing, diastereomeric separation, as well as improvements in potency and pharmacokinetics were desirable for discovering pipeline drug candidates. Thus, a series of bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinyl)alkyl alicyclic amines, where the piperazine-2-propanol scaffold was modified, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for binding affinities at DAT, as well as the serotonin transporter and σ1 receptors. Within the series, 14a showed improved DAT affinity (Ki = 23 nM) over 3b (Ki = 230 nM), moderate metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, and a hERG/DAT affinity ratio = 28. While 14a increased locomotor activity relative to vehicle, it was significantly lower than activity produced by cocaine. These results support further investigation of 14a as a potential treatment for psychostimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Slack
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Therese C Ku
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - JoLynn B Giancola
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claus J Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Gadiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jenny Lam
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Mark Coggiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a major public health crisis worldwide, and effective treatment options are limited. During the past 2 decades, researchers have investigated the impact of a variety of pharmacological approaches to treat SUD, one of which is the use of medical cannabis or cannabinoids. Significant progress was made with the discovery of rimonabant, a selective CB1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist (also an inverse agonist), as a promising therapeutic for SUDs and obesity. However, serious adverse effects such as depression and suicidality led to the withdrawal of rimonabant (and almost all other CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists) from clinical trials worldwide in 2008. Since then, much research interest has shifted to other cannabinoid-based strategies, such as peripheral CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists, neutral CB1R antagonists, allosteric CB1R modulators, CB2R agonists, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors, fatty acid binding protein (FABP) inhibitors, or nonaddictive phytocannabinoids with CB1R or CB2R-binding profiles, as new therapeutics for SUDs. In this article, we first review recent progress in research regarding the endocannabinoid systems, cannabis reward versus aversion, and the underlying receptor mechanisms. We then review recent progress in cannabinoid-based medication development for the treatment of SUDs. As evidence continues to accumulate, neutral CB1R antagonists (such as AM4113), CB2R agonists (JWH133, Xie2-64), and nonselective phytocannabinoids (cannabidiol, β-caryophyllene, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabivarin) have shown great therapeutic potential for SUDs, as shown in experimental animals. Several cannabinoid-based medications (e.g., dronabinol, nabilone, PF-04457845) that entered clinical trials have shown promising results in reducing withdrawal symptoms in cannabis and opioid users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discoveries Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medication Discoveries Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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44
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Jordan CJ, Humburg BA, Thorndike EB, Shaik AB, Xi ZX, Baumann MH, Newman AH, Schindler CW. Newly Developed Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonists, R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116, Do Not Potentiate Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine or Oxycodone in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:602-614. [PMID: 31562201 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid and cocaine abuse are major public health burdens. Existing medications for opioid use disorder are limited by abuse liability and side effects, whereas no treatments are currently approved in the United States for cocaine use disorder. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists have shown promise in attenuating opioid and cocaine reward and mitigating relapse in preclinical models. However, translation of D3R antagonists to the clinic has been hampered by reports that the D3R antagonists GSK598,809 (5-(5-((3-((1S,5R)-1-(2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)propyl)thio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4-methyloxazole) and SB-277,011A (2-(2-((1r,4r)-4-(2-oxo-2-(quinolin-4-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)ethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carbonitrile) have adverse cardiovascular effects in the presence of cocaine. Recently, we developed two structurally novel D3R antagonists, R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116, which are highly selective for D3R and display translational potential for treatment of opioid use disorder. Here, we tested whether R-VK4-40 ((R)-N-(4-(4-(2-Chloro-3-ethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) and R-VK4-116 ((R)-N-(4-(4-(3-Chloro-5-ethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) have unwanted cardiovascular effects in the presence of oxycodone, a prescription opioid, or cocaine in freely moving rats fitted with surgically implanted telemetry transmitters. We also examined cardiovascular effects of the D3R antagonist, SB-277,011A, and L-741,626 (1-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-4-ol), a dopamine D2 receptor-selective antagonist, for comparison. Consistent with prior reports, SB-277,011A increased blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity alone and in the presence of cocaine. L-741,626 increased blood pressure and heart rate. In contrast, R-VK4-40 alone dose-dependently reduced blood pressure and heart rate and attenuated oxycodone-induced increases in blood pressure and oxycodone or cocaine-induced increases in heart rate. Similarly, R-VK4-116 alone dose-dependently reduced cocaine-induced increases in blood pressure and heart rate. These results highlight the safety of new D3R antagonists and support the continued development of R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116 for the treatment of opioid and cocaine use disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Opioid and cocaine abuse are major public health challenges and new treatments that do not adversely impact the cardiovascular system are needed. Here, we show that two structurally novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, R-VK4-40 and R-VK4-116, do not potentiate, and may even protect against, oxycodone- or cocaine-induced changes in blood pressure and heart rate, supporting their further development for the treatment of opioid and/or cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bree A Humburg
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric B Thorndike
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anver Basha Shaik
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles W Schindler
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch (C.J.J., B.A.H., A.B.S., Z.-X.X., A.H.N.), Designer Drug Research Unit (M.H.B., C.W.S.), and Preclinical Pharmacology Section (E.B.T., C.W.S.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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