1
|
Saenz J, Khezerlou E, Aggarwal M, Shaikh A, Ganti N, Herborg F, Pan PY. Parkinson's disease gene, Synaptojanin1, dysregulates the surface maintenance of the dopamine transporter. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4021466. [PMID: 38559229 PMCID: PMC10980101 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021466/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Missense mutations of PARK20/SYNJ1 (synaptojanin1/Synj1) have been linked to complex forms of familial parkinsonism, however, the molecular and cellular changes associated with dopaminergic dysfunction remains unknown. We now report fast depletion of evoked dopamine (DA) and altered maintenance of the axonal dopamine transporter (DAT) in the Synj1+/- neurons. While Synj1 has been traditionally known to facilitate the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles, we demonstrated that axons of cultured Synj1+/- neurons exhibit an increase of total DAT but a reduction of the surface DAT, which could be exacerbated by neuronal activity. We revealed that the loss of surface DAT is specifically associated with the impaired 5'-phosphatase activity of Synj1 and the hyperactive downstream PI(4,5)P2-PKCβ pathway. Thus, our findings provided important mechanistic insight for Synj1-regulated DAT trafficking integral to dysfunctional DA signaling in early parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Saenz
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elnaz Khezerlou
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Meha Aggarwal
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amina Shaikh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Naga Ganti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Freja Herborg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ping-Yue Pan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He Y, Kaya I, Shariatgorji R, Lundkvist J, Wahlberg LU, Nilsson A, Mamula D, Kehr J, Zareba-Paslawska J, Biverstål H, Chergui K, Zhang X, Andren PE, Svenningsson P. Prosaposin maintains lipid homeostasis in dopamine neurons and counteracts experimental parkinsonism in rodents. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5804. [PMID: 37726325 PMCID: PMC10509278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) modulates glycosphingolipid metabolism and variants have been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we find altered PSAP levels in the plasma, CSF and post-mortem brain of PD patients. Altered plasma and CSF PSAP levels correlate with PD-related motor impairments. Dopaminergic PSAP-deficient (cPSAPDAT) mice display hypolocomotion and depression/anxiety-like symptoms with mildly impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, while serotonergic PSAP-deficient (cPSAPSERT) mice behave normally. Spatial lipidomics revealed an accumulation of highly unsaturated and shortened lipids and reduction of sphingolipids throughout the brains of cPSAPDAT mice. The overexpression of α-synuclein via AAV lead to more severe dopaminergic degeneration and higher p-Ser129 α-synuclein levels in cPSAPDAT mice compared to WT mice. Overexpression of PSAP via AAV and encapsulated cell biodelivery protected against 6-OHDA and α-synuclein toxicity in wild-type rodents. Thus, these findings suggest PSAP may maintain dopaminergic lipid homeostasis, which is dysregulated in PD, and counteract experimental parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yachao He
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ibrahim Kaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Reza Shariatgorji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundkvist
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sinfonia Biotherapeutics AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars U Wahlberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dejan Mamula
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Section of Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Justyna Zareba-Paslawska
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- Sinfonia Biotherapeutics AB, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karima Chergui
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E Andren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richter F, Stanojlovic M, Käufer C, Gericke B, Feja M. A Mouse Model to Test Novel Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease: an Update on the Thy1-aSyn ("line 61") Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:97-116. [PMID: 36715870 PMCID: PMC10119371 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of neuroprotective therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD) is facing a lack of translation from pre-clinical to clinical trials. One strategy for improvement is to increase predictive validity of pre-clinical studies by using extensively characterized animal models with a comprehensive set of validated pharmacodynamic readouts. Mice over-expressing full-length, human, wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn line 61) reproduce key features of sporadic PD, such as progressive loss of striatal dopamine, alpha-synuclein pathology, deficits in motor and non-motor functions, and elevation of inflammatory markers. Extensive work with this model by multiple laboratories over the past decade further increased confidence in its robustness and validity, especially for analyzing pathomechanisms of alpha-synuclein pathology and down-stream pathways, and for pre-clinical drug testing. Interestingly, while postnatal transgene expression is widespread in central and peripheral neurons, the extent and progression of down-stream pathology differs between brain regions, thereby replicating the characteristic selective vulnerability of neurodegenerative diseases. In-depth characterization of these readouts in conjunction with behavioral deficits has led to more informative endpoints for pre-clinical trials. Each drug tested in Thy1-aSyn line 61 enhances knowledge on how molecular targets, pathology, and functional behavioral readouts are interconnected, thereby further optimizing the platform towards predictive validity for clinical trials. Here, we present the current state of the art using Thy1-aSyn line 61 for drug target discovery, validation, and pre-clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Feja
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chung I, Park HA, Kang J, Kim H, Hah SM, Lee J, Kim HS, Choi WS, Chung JH, Shin MJ. Neuroprotective effects of ATPase inhibitory factor 1 preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3874. [PMID: 35264673 PMCID: PMC8907304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key element in the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The inefficient operation of the electron transport chain (ETC) impairs energy production and enhances the generation of oxidative stress contributing to the loss of dopaminergic cells in the brain. ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is a regulator of mitochondrial energy metabolism. IF1 binds directly to the F1Fo ATP synthase and prevents ATP wasting during compromised energy metabolism. In this study, we found treatment with IF1 protects mitochondria against PD-like insult in vitro. SH-SY5Y cells treated with IF1 were resistant to loss of ATP and mitochondrial inner membrane potential during challenge with rotenone, an inhibitor of complex I in the ETC. We further demonstrated that treatment with IF1 reversed rotenone-induced superoxide production in mitochondria and peroxide accumulation in whole cells. Ultimately, IF1 decreased protein levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP, rescuing SH-SY5Y cells from rotenone-mediated apoptotic death. Administration of IF1 significantly improved the results of pole and hanging tests performed by PD mice expressing human α-synuclein. This indicates that IF1 mitigates PD-associated motor deficit. Together, these findings suggest that IF1 exhibits a neuroprotective effect preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- InHyeok Chung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biotechnology Research Center, MediandGene Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-A Park
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heyyoung Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Min Hah
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hyung Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang TF, Wu SY, Pan BS, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Inhibition of Nigral Microglial Activation Reduces Age-Related Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons and Motor Deficits. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030481. [PMID: 35159290 PMCID: PMC8834087 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by a selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Microglial activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This study aimed to characterize the role of microglial activation in aging-related nigral DA neuron loss and motor deficits in mice. We showed that, compared to 3-month-old mice, the number of DA neurons in the SN and the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum decreased during the period of 9 to 12 months of age. Motor deficits and microglial activation in the SN were also evident during these months. The number of DA neurons was negatively correlated with the degrees of microglial activation. The inhibition of age-related microglial activation by ibuprofen during these 3 months decreased DA neuron loss in the SN. Eliminating the microglia prevented systemic inflammation-induced DA neuron death. Forcing mice to run during these 3 months inhibited microglial activation and DA neuron loss. Blocking the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling eliminated the exercise-induced protective effects. In conclusion, nigral DA neurons were susceptible to local microglial activation. Running exercise upregulated BDNF-TrkB signaling and inhibited microglial activation during aging. Long-term exercise can be considered as a non-pharmacological strategy to ameliorate microglial activation and related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Feng Wang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (S.-Y.W.); (B.-S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5294); Fax: +886-6-2093007
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Radisavljevic N, Cirstea M, Bauer K, Lo C, Metcalfe-Roach A, Bozorgmehr T, Bar-Yoseph H, Brett Finlay B. Effects of Gut Microbiota Alterations on Motor, Gastrointestinal, and Behavioral Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1479-1495. [PMID: 35599496 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-system disorder consisting of not only classic motor symptoms but also a variety of non-motor symptoms including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and mood disorders. The gut microbiota has been suggested to play a role in modulating PD motor and non-motor features, although the causality and mechanisms behind these proposed interactions remains largely understudied. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to provide in-depth characterization of an established mouse model of PD (transgenic (TG) SNCA A53T) and experimentally address how changes to the gut microbiota impact the PD-like phenotype. METHODS We profiled the PD-like phenotype of transgenic mice through a panel of motor, GI, and behavioral tests. We then investigated how antibiotic treatment or gut microbial community transfer (via cohousing with wild-type mice) impacted the PD-like phenotype. RESULTS We found that this mouse model demonstrated early (6 weeks of age) motor symptoms when compared to a wild-type control mouse strain. Transgenic mice also exhibited early GI dysfunction, as well as behavioral alterations, including reduced anxiety-like behavior, and increased depression-like and apathy-like behavior. Compared to wild-type mice, the transgenic fecal microbiota was less diverse and compositionally distinct. Interestingly, drastic alterations to the gut microbiota, through antibiotic treatment or cohousing with wild-type mice, had a minimal effect on the motor, GI, and behavioral phenotype of transgenic mice. CONCLUSION We concluded that this mouse model effectively recapitulates motor and non-motor features of PD; however, the gut microbiota appears to exhibit a minor impact on the pathophysiology of this PD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Radisavljevic
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mihai Cirstea
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kylynda Bauer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Lo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Avril Metcalfe-Roach
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tahereh Bozorgmehr
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haggai Bar-Yoseph
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Intranasal Exposure to Low-Dose Rotenone Induced Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Parkinson's Like Symptoms Without Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons. Neurotox Res 2021; 40:215-229. [PMID: 34817799 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologically Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with chronic ingestion or inhalation of environmental toxins leading to the development of motor symptoms. Though neurotoxin-based animal models played a major role in understanding diverse pathogenesis, they failed to identify the risk assessment due to uncommon route of toxin exposure. Towards this, the available neurotoxin-based intranasal (i.n.) PD models targeting olfactory bulb (OB) have demonstrated the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration in both OB and substantia nigra (SN). Despite that, the studies detecting the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in OB and its progression to other brain regions due to inhalation of environmental toxins are still lacking. Herein, we developed oil in water microemulsion of rotenone administered intranasally to the mice at a dose which is not detectable in blood, brain, and olfactory bulb by LCMS method. Our data reveals that 9 weeks of rotenone exposure did not induce olfactory and motor dysfunction. Conversely, after 16 weeks of washout period, rotenone treated mice showed both olfactory and motor impairment, along with α-syn accumulation in the OB and striatum without glial cell activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons. The results depict the progressive nature of the developed model and highlight the role of α-syn in PD like pathology or symptoms. Together, our findings suggest the adverse consequences of early exposure to the environmental toxins on the olfactory system for a shorter period with relevance to the development of synucleinopathy or Parkinson's disease in its later stage.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bender H, Fietz SA, Richter F, Stanojlovic M. Alpha-Synuclein Pathology Coincides With Increased Number of Early Stage Neural Progenitors in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691560. [PMID: 34307368 PMCID: PMC8293917 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein pathology driven impairment in adult neurogenesis was proposed as a potential cause of, or at least contributor to, memory impairment observed in both patients and animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Mice overexpressing wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn, line 61) uniquely replicate early cognitive deficits together with multiple other characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms, alpha-synuclein pathology and dopamine loss. Here we report overt intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in the hippocampus of these transgenic mice. To test whether this alters adult neurogenesis and total number of mature neurons, we employed immunohistochemistry and an unbiased stereology approach to quantify the distinct neural progenitor cells and neurons in the hippocampal granule cell layer and subgranular zone of 6 (prodromal stage) and 16-month (dopamine loss) old Thy1-aSyn mice. Surprisingly, we observed an increase in the number of early stage, i.e., Pax6 expressing, progenitors whereas the numbers of late stage, i.e., Tbr2 expressing, progenitors and neurons were not altered. Astroglia marker was increased in the hippocampus of transgenic mice, but this was not specific to the regions where adult neurogenesis takes place, arguing against a commitment of additional early stage progenitors to the astroglia lineage. Together, this uncovers a novel aspect of alpha-synuclein pathology in adult neurogenesis. Studying its mechanisms in Thy1-aSyn mice could lead to discovery of effective therapeutic interventions for cognitive dysfunction in PD and DLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bender
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khairnar A, Ruda-Kucerova J, Arab A, Hadjistyllis C, Sejnoha Minsterova A, Shang Q, Chovsepian A, Drazanova E, Szabó N, Starcuk Z, Rektorova I, Pan-Montojo F. Diffusion kurtosis imaging detects the time-dependent progress of pathological changes in the oral rotenone mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 158:779-797. [PMID: 34107061 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs typically when a substantial proportion of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) already died, and the first motor symptoms appear. Therefore, tools enabling the early diagnosis of PD are essential to identify early-stage PD patients in which neuroprotective treatments could have a significant impact. Here, we test the utility and sensitivity of the diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in detecting progressive microstructural changes in several brain regions of mice exposed to chronic intragastric administration of rotenone, a mouse model that mimics the spatiotemporal progression of PD-like pathology from the ENS to the SN as described by Braak's staging. Our results show that DKI, especially kurtosis, can detect the progression of pathology-associated changes throughout the CNS. Increases in mean kurtosis were first observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) after 2 months of exposure to rotenone and before the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN occurred. Remarkably, we also show that limited exposure to rotenone for 2 months is enough to trigger the progression of the disease in the absence of the environmental toxin, thus suggesting that once the first pathological changes in one region appear, they can self-perpetuate and progress within the CNS. Overall, our results show that DKI can be a useful radiological marker for the early detection and monitoring of PD pathology progression in patients with the potential to improve the clinical diagnosis and the development of neuroprotective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khairnar
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anas Arab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alzbeta Sejnoha Minsterova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Qi Shang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chovsepian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikoletta Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Multi-modal and Functional Neuroimaging Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McGregor BA, Schommer J, Guo K, Raihan MO, Ghribi O, Hur J, Porter JE. Alpha-Synuclein-induced DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Microglia. Neuroscience 2021; 468:186-198. [PMID: 34082066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathy disorders are characterized by aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn), which engage microglia to elicit a neuroinflammatory response. Here, we determined the gene expression and DNA methylation changes in microglia induced by aggregate α-syn. Transgenic murine Thy-1 promoter (mThy1)-Asyn mice overexpressing human α-syn are a model of synucleinopathy. Microglia from 3 and 13-month-old mice were used to isolate nucleic acids for methylated DNA and RNA-sequencing. α-Syn-regulated changes in gene expression and genomic methylation were determined and examined for functional enrichment followed by network analysis to further elucidate possible connections within the data. Microglial DNA isolated from our 3-month cohort had 5315 differentially methylated gene (DMG) changes, while RNA levels demonstrated a change in 119 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between mThy1-Asyn mice and wild-type littermate controls. The 3-month DEGs and DMGs were highly associated with adhesion and migration signaling, suggesting a phenotypic transition from resting to active microglia. We observed 3742 DMGs and 3766 DEGs in 13-month mThy1-Asyn mice. These genes were often related to adhesion, migration, cell cycle, cellular metabolism, and immune response. Network analysis also showed increased cell mobility and inflammatory functions at 3 months, shifting to cell cycle, immune response, and metabolism changes at 13 months. We observed significant α-syn-induced methylation and gene expression changes in microglia. Our data suggest that α-syn overexpression initiates microglial activation leading to neuroinflammation and cellular metabolic stresses, which is associated with disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Jared Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Md Obayed Raihan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gabrielyan L, Liang H, Minalyan A, Hatami A, John V, Wang L. Behavioral Deficits and Brain α-Synuclein and Phosphorylated Serine-129 α-Synuclein in Male and Female Mice Overexpressing Human α-Synuclein. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:875-893. [PMID: 33361597 PMCID: PMC8577576 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in pathology of Parkinson's disease, and 90% of α-syn in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129 α-syn). OBJECTIVE To assess behavior impairments and brain levels of α-syn and pS129 α-syn in mice overexpressing human α-syn under Thy1 promoter (Thy1-α-syn) and wild type (wt) littermates. METHODS Motor and non-motor behaviors were monitored, brain human α-syn levels measured by ELISA, and α-syn and pS129 α-syn mapped by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Male and female wt littermates did not show differences in the behavioral tests. Male Thy1-α-syn mice displayed more severe impairments than female counterparts in cotton nesting, pole tests, adhesive removal, finding buried food, and marble burying. Concentrations of human α-syn in the olfactory regions, cortex, nigrostriatal system, and dorsal medulla were significantly increased in Thy1-α-syn mice, higher in males than females. Immunoreactivity of α-syn was not simply increased in Thy1-α-syn mice but had altered localization in somas and fibers in a few brain areas. Abundant pS129 α-syn existed in many brain areas of Thy1-α-syn mice, while there was none or only a small amount in a few brain regions of wt mice. The substantia nigra, olfactory regions, amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal vagal complex displayed different distribution patterns between wt and transgenic mice, but not between sexes. CONCLUSION The severer abnormal behaviors in male than female Thy1-α-syn mice may be related to higher brain levels of human α-syn, in the absence of sex differences in the altered brain immunoreactivity patterns of α-syn and pS129 α-syn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Gabrielyan
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Honghui Liang
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Artem Minalyan
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Asa Hatami
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, UCLA
| | | | - Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
- VA Great Los Angeles Health System
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singhal NK, Sternbach S, Fleming S, Alkhayer K, Shelestak J, Popescu D, Weaver A, Clements R, Wasek B, Bottiglieri T, Freeman EJ, McDonough J. Betaine restores epigenetic control and supports neuronal mitochondria in the cuprizone mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Epigenetics 2020; 15:871-886. [PMID: 32096676 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1735075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine metabolism is dysregulated in multiple sclerosis (MS). The methyl donor betaine is depleted in the MS brain where it is linked to changes in levels of histone H3 trimethylated on lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and mitochondrial impairment. We investigated the effects of replacing this depleted betaine in the cuprizone mouse model of MS. Supplementation with betaine restored epigenetic control and alleviated neurological disability in cuprizone mice. Betaine increased the methylation potential (SAM/SAH ratio), levels of H3K4me3, enhanced neuronal respiration, and prevented axonal damage. We show that the methyl donor betaine and the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) enzyme can act in the nucleus to repair epigenetic control and activate neuroprotective transcriptional programmes. ChIP-seq data suggest that BHMT acts on chromatin to increase the SAM/SAH ratio and histone methyltransferase activity locally to increase H3K4me3 and activate gene expression that supports neuronal energetics. These data suggest that the methyl donor betaine may provide neuroprotection in MS where mitochondrial impairment damages axons and causes disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Singhal
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Sternbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Sheila Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NEOMED , Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Kholoud Alkhayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - John Shelestak
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Popescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Alyx Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Robert Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute , Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute , Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ernest J Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Galvanho JP, Manhães AC, Carvalho-Nogueira ACC, Silva JDM, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Profiling of behavioral effects evoked by ketamine and the role of 5HT 2 and D 2 receptors in ketamine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109775. [PMID: 31676464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has addictive potential, a troublesome fact due to its promising use as a therapeutic drug. An important phenomenon associated with drug addiction is behavioral sensitization, usually characterized as augmented locomotion. However, other behaviors may also be susceptible to sensitization, and/or interfere with locomotor activity. Thus, this study drew a comprehensive behavioral 'profiling' in an animal model of repeated administration of ketamine. Adult Swiss mice received single daily ketamine injections (30 or 50 mg/Kg, i.p.), which were followed by open field testing for 7 days (acquisition period, ACQ). A ketamine challenge (sensitization test, ST) was carried out after a 5-day withdrawal. Locomotion, rearing, grooming, rotation and falling were assessed during ACQ and ST. All behaviors were affected from the first ACQ day onwards, with no indication of competition between locomotion and the other behaviors. Only locomotion in response to 30 mg/Kg of ketamine both escalated during ACQ and expressed increased levels at ST, evidencing development and expression of locomotor sensitization. Considering the involvement of serotonin 5HT(2) and dopamine D(2) receptors on addiction mechanisms, we further tested the involvement of these receptors in ketamine-induced sensitization. Ketanserin (5HT2 antagonist, 3 mg/Kg, s.c.) prevented ketamine-evoked development of locomotor sensitization. However, ketanserin pretreatment during ACQ failed to inhibit its expression during ST. Raclopride (D2 antagonist, 0.5 mg/Kg, s.c.) evoked less robust reductions in locomotion but prevented the development of ketamine-evoked sensitization. Pretreatment during ACQ further inhibited the expression of sensitization during ST. These results indicate that a partial overlap in serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlies ketamine-induced locomotor sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson P Galvanho
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina C Carvalho-Nogueira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Joyce de M Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arab A, Ruda-Kucerova J, Minsterova A, Drazanova E, Szabó N, Starcuk Z, Rektorova I, Khairnar A. Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Detects Microstructural Changes in a Methamphetamine-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:724-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Schommer J, Marwarha G, Nagamoto-Combs K, Ghribi O. Palmitic Acid-Enriched Diet Increases α-Synuclein and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression Levels in the Mouse Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:552. [PMID: 30127714 PMCID: PMC6087752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulation of the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein and depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, α-syn is under scrutiny as a potential pathogenic factor that may contribute to dopaminergic neuronal death in PD. However, there is a significant gap in our knowledge on what causes α-syn to accumulate and dopaminergic neurons to die. It is now strongly suggested that the nature of our dietary intake influences both epigenetic changes and disease-related genes and may thus potentially increase or reduce our risk of developing PD. Objective: In this study, we determined the extent to which a 3 month diet enriched in the saturated free fatty acid palmitate (PA) influences levels of α-syn and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis in mice brains. Methods: We fed the m-Thy1-αSyn (m-Thy1) mouse model for PD and its matched control, the B6D2F1/J (B6D2) mouse a PA-enriched diet or a normal diet for 3 months. Levels of α-syn, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the biogenic amines dopamine and dopamine metabolites, serotonin and noradrenaline were determined. Results: We found that the PA-enriched diet induces an increase in α-syn and TH protein and mRNA expression levels in m-Thy1 transgenic mice. We also show that, while it didn't affect levels of biogenic amine content in the B6D2 mice, the PA-enriched diet significantly reduces dopamine metabolites and increases the level of serotonin in m-Thy1 mice. Conclusion: Altogether, our results demonstrate that a diet rich in the saturated fatty acid palmitate can modulate levels of α-syn, TH, dopamine, and serotonin which all are proteins and neurochemicals that play key roles in increasing or reducing the risk for many neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Gurdeep Marwarha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dirr ER, Ekhator OR, Blackwood R, Holden JG, Masliah E, Schultheis PJ, Fleming SM. Exacerbation of sensorimotor dysfunction in mice deficient in Atp13a2 and overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein. Behav Brain Res 2018; 343:41-49. [PMID: 29407413 PMCID: PMC5829010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the gene ATP13A2 are associated with Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, the former designated as an inherited form of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of ATP13A2 is unclear but in vitro studies indicate it is a lysosomal protein and may interact with the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn) and certain heavy metals. Accumulation of aSyn is a major component of lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of PD. Atp13a2-deficient (13a2) mice develop age-dependent sensorimotor deficits, and accumulation of insoluble aSyn in the brain. To better understand the interaction between ATP13A2 and aSyn, double mutant mice with loss of Atp13a2 function combined with overexpression of human wildtype aSyn were generated. Female and male wildtype (WT), 13a2, aSyn, and 13a2-aSyn mice were tested on a battery of sensorimotor tests including adhesive removal, challenging beam traversal, spontaneous activity, gait, locomotor activity, and nest-building at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Double mutant mice showed an earlier onset and accelerated alterations in sensorimotor function that were age, sex and test-dependent. Female 13a2-aSyn mice showed early and progressive dysfunction on the beam and in locomotor activity. In males, 13a2-aSyn mice showed more severe impairments in spontaneous activity and adhesive removal. Sex differences were also observed in aSyn and 13a2-aSyn mice on the beam, cylinder, and adhesive removal tests. In other tasks, double mutant mice displayed deficits similar to aSyn mice. These results indicate loss of Atp13a2 function exacerbates the sensorimotor phenotype in aSyn mice in an age and sex-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Dirr
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Osunde R Ekhator
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Rachel Blackwood
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - John G Holden
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | | | | | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ekmark-Lewén S, Lindström V, Gumucio A, Ihse E, Behere A, Kahle PJ, Nordström E, Eriksson M, Erlandsson A, Bergström J, Ingelsson M. Early fine motor impairment and behavioral dysfunction in (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein mice. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00915. [PMID: 29541535 PMCID: PMC5840441 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraneuronal inclusions of alpha-synuclein are commonly found in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies. The correlation between alpha-synuclein pathology and symptoms has been studied in various animal models. In (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein transgenic mice, behavioral and motor abnormalities were reported from 12 and 15 months, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these mice also display symptoms at earlier time points. METHODS We analyzed gait deficits, locomotion, and behavioral profiles in (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein and control mice at 2, 8, and 11 months of age. In addition, inflammatory markers, levels of alpha-synuclein oligomers, and tyrosine hydroxylase reactivity were studied. RESULTS Already at 2 months of age, transgenic mice displayed fine motor impairments in the challenging beam test that progressively increased up to 11 months of age. At 8 months, transgenic mice showed a decreased general activity with increased risk-taking behavior in the multivariate concentric square field test. Neuropathological analyses of 8- and 11-month-old mice revealed accumulation of oligomeric alpha-synuclein in neuronal cell bodies. In addition, a decreased presence of tyrosine hydroxylase suggests a dysregulation of the dopaminergic system in the transgenic mice, which in turn may explain some of the motor impairments observed in this mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show that the (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein transgenic mouse model displays early Parkinson's disease-related symptoms with a concomitant downregulation of the dopaminergic system. Thus, this should be an appropriate model to study early phenotypes of alpha-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ekmark-Lewén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Veronica Lindström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Astrid Gumucio
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Ihse
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anish Behere
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Department of Neurodegeneration Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Frahm S, Melis V, Horsley D, Rickard JE, Riedel G, Fadda P, Scherma M, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Theuring F, Schwab K. Alpha-Synuclein transgenic mice, h-α-SynL62, display α-Syn aggregation and a dopaminergic phenotype reminiscent of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:153-168. [PMID: 29180135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation is considered a major risk factor for the development of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. We have generated mice overexpressing full-length human α-Syn fused to a membrane-targeting signal sequence under the control of the mouse Thy1-promotor. Three separate lines (L56, L58 and L62) with similar gene expression levels, but considerably heightened protein accumulation in L58 and L62, were established. In L62, there was widespread labelling of α-Syn immunoreactivity in brain including spinal cord, basal forebrain, cortex and striatum. Interestingly, there was no detectable α-Syn expression in dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra, but strong human α-Syn reactivity in glutamatergic synapses. The human α-Syn accumulated during aging and formed PK-resistant, thioflavin-binding aggregates. Mice displayed early onset bradykinesia and age progressive motor deficits. Functional alterations within the striatum were confirmed: L62 showed normal basal dopamine levels, but impaired dopamine release (upon amphetamine challenge) in the dorsal striatum measured by in vivo brain dialysis at 9 months of age. This impairment was coincident with a reduced response to amphetamine in the activity test. L62 further displayed greater sensitivity to low doses of the dopamine receptor 1 (D1) agonist SKF81297 but reacted normally to the D2 agonist quinpirole in the open field. Since accumulation of α-Syn aggregates in neurones and synapses and alterations in the dopaminergic tone are characteristics of PD, phenotypes reported for L62 present a good opportunity to further our understanding of motor dysfunction in PD and Lewy body dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Frahm
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Melis
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David Horsley
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Janet E Rickard
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Paula Fadda
- University of Cagliari, Department of Neuroscience, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- University of Cagliari, Department of Neuroscience, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore 068805, Singapore
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore 068805, Singapore
| | - Franz Theuring
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karima Schwab
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leon J, Moreno AJ, Garay BI, Chalkley RJ, Burlingame AL, Wang D, Dubal DB. Peripheral Elevation of a Klotho Fragment Enhances Brain Function and Resilience in Young, Aging, and α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1360-1371. [PMID: 28793260 PMCID: PMC5816951 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and decreased mobility from aging and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, are major biomedical challenges in need of more effective therapies. Increasing brain resilience may represent a new treatment strategy. Klotho, a longevity factor, enhances cognition when genetically and broadly overexpressed in its full, wild-type form over the mouse lifespan. Whether acute klotho treatment can rapidly enhance cognitive and motor functions or induce resilience is a gap in our knowledge of its therapeutic potential. Here, we show that an α-klotho protein fragment (αKL-F), administered peripherally, surprisingly induced cognitive enhancement and neural resilience despite impermeability to the blood-brain barrier in young, aging, and transgenic α-synuclein mice. αKL-F treatment induced cleavage of the NMDAR subunit GluN2B and also enhanced NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity. GluN2B blockade abolished αKL-F-mediated effects. Peripheral αKL-F treatment is sufficient to induce neural enhancement and resilience in mice and may prove therapeutic in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Leon
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arturo J Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bayardo I Garay
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dena B Dubal
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The novel compound PBT434 prevents iron mediated neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein toxicity in multiple models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:53. [PMID: 28659169 PMCID: PMC5490188 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated iron in the SNpc may play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration since drug candidates with high iron affinity rescue PD animal models, and one candidate, deferirpone, has shown efficacy recently in a phase two clinical trial. However, strong iron chelators may perturb essential iron metabolism, and it is not yet known whether the damage associated with iron is mediated by a tightly bound (eg ferritin) or lower-affinity, labile, iron pool. Here we report the preclinical characterization of PBT434, a novel quinazolinone compound bearing a moderate affinity metal-binding motif, which is in development for Parkinsonian conditions. In vitro, PBT434 was far less potent than deferiprone or deferoxamine at lowering cellular iron levels, yet was found to inhibit iron-mediated redox activity and iron-mediated aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein that aggregates in the neuropathology. In vivo, PBT434 did not deplete tissue iron stores in normal rodents, yet prevented loss of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons (SNpc), lowered nigral α-synuclein accumulation, and rescued motor performance in mice exposed to the Parkinsonian toxins 6-OHDA and MPTP, and in a transgenic animal model (hA53T α-synuclein) of PD. These improvements were associated with reduced markers of oxidative damage, and increased levels of ferroportin (an iron exporter) and DJ-1. We conclude that compounds designed to target a pool of pathological iron that is not held in high-affinity complexes in the tissue can maintain the survival of SNpc neurons and could be disease-modifying in PD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Early and progressive microstructural brain changes in mice overexpressing human α-Synuclein detected by diffusion kurtosis imaging. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:197-208. [PMID: 27923670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is sensitive in detecting α-Synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation-associated microstructural changes at late stages of the pathology in α-Syn overexpressing TNWT-61 mice. The aim of this study was to perform DKI in young TNWT-61 mice when α-Syn starts to accumulate and to compare the imaging results with an analysis of motor and memory impairment and α-Syn levels. Three-month-old (3mo) and six-month-old (6mo) mice underwent DKI scanning using the Bruker Avance 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging system. Region of interest (ROI) analyses were performed in the gray matter; tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analyses were performed in the white matter. In the same mice, α-Syn expression was evaluated using quantitative immunofluorescence. Mean kurtosis (MK) was the best differentiator between TNWT-61 mice and wildtype (WT) mice. We found increases in MK in 3mo TNWT-61 mice in the striatum and thalamus but not in the substantia nigra (SN), hippocampus, or sensorimotor cortex, even though the immunoreactivity of human α-Syn was similar or even higher in the latter regions. Increases in MK in the SN were detected in 6mo mice. These findings indicate that α-Syn accumulation-associated changes may start in areas with a high density of dopaminergic nerve terminals. We also found TBSS changes in white matter only at 6mo, suggesting α-Syn accumulation-associated changes start in the gray matter and later progress to the white matter. MK is able to detect microstructural changes induced by α-Syn overexpression in TNWT-61 mice and could be a useful clinical tool for detecting early-stage Parkinson's disease in human patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rabl R, Breitschaedel C, Flunkert S, Duller S, Amschl D, Neddens J, Niederkofler V, Rockenstein E, Masliah E, Roemer H, Hutter-Paier B. Early start of progressive motor deficits in Line 61 α-synuclein transgenic mice. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:22. [PMID: 28143405 PMCID: PMC5282838 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy are characterized by Lewy bodies in distinct brain areas. These aggregates are mainly formed by α-synuclein inclusions, a protein crucial for synaptic functions in the healthy brain. Transgenic animal models of synucleinopathies are frequently based on over-expression of human wild type or mutated α-synuclein under the regulatory control of different promoters. A promising model is the Line 61 α-synuclein transgenic mouse that expresses the transgene under control of the Thy-1 promoter. RESULTS Here, we show an extended characterization of this mouse model over age. To this end, we analyzed animals for the progression of human and mouse protein expression levels in different brain areas as well as motor and memory deficits. Our results show, that Line 61 mice exhibited an age dependent increase of α-synuclein protein levels in the hippocampus but not the striatum. While murine α-synuclein was also increased with age, it was lower expressed in Line 61 mice than in non-transgenic littermates. At the age of 9 months animals exhibited increased neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we found that Line 61 mice showed severe motor deficits as early as 1 month of age as assessed by the wire hanging and nest building tests. At later ages, initial motor deficits were validated with the RotaRod, pasta gnawing and beam walk tests. At 8 months of age animals exhibited emotional memory deficits as validated with the contextual fear conditioning test. CONCLUSION In summary, our results strengthen and further expand our knowledge about the Line 61 mouse model, emphasizing this mouse model as a valuable in vivo tool to test new compounds directed against synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rabl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - C Breitschaedel
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - S Flunkert
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - S Duller
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - D Amschl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - J Neddens
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | | | - E Rockenstein
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Masliah
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Roemer
- Institute of Zoology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Matrone C, Dzamko N, Madsen P, Nyegaard M, Pohlmann R, Søndergaard RV, Lassen LB, Andresen TL, Halliday GM, Jensen PH, Nielsen MS. Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Is Reduced in -Synuclein Overexpressing Models of Parkinsons Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160501. [PMID: 27509067 PMCID: PMC4979956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to defects in autophagy as a common denominator in most neurodegenerative conditions. Progressive functional decline in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) occurs with age, and the consequent impairment in protein processing capacity has been associated with a higher risk of neurodegeneration. Defects in cathepsin D (CD) processing and α-synuclein degradation causing its accumulation in lysosomes are particularly relevant for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism by which alterations in CD maturation and α-synuclein degradation leads to autophagy defects in PD neurons is still uncertain. Here we demonstrate that MPR300 shuttling between endosomes and the trans Golgi network is altered in α-synuclein overexpressing neurons. Consequently, CD is not correctly trafficked to lysosomes and cannot be processed to generate its mature active form, leading to a reduced CD-mediated α-synuclein degradation and α-synuclein accumulation in neurons. MPR300 is downregulated in brain from α-synuclein overexpressing animal models and in PD patients with early diagnosis. These data indicate MPR300 as crucial player in the autophagy-lysosomal dysfunctions reported in PD and pinpoint MRP300 as a potential biomarker for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Matrone
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Regina Pohlmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rikke V. Søndergaard
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Nanotech, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise B. Lassen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Nanotech, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten S. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: ;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Magen I, Torres ER, Dinh D, Chung A, Masliah E, Chesselet MF. Social Cognition Impairments in Mice Overexpressing Alpha-Synuclein Under the Thy1 Promoter, a Model of Pre-manifest Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:669-680. [PMID: 25588356 PMCID: PMC5757648 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may exhibit deficits in “Theory of Mind”, the ability to read others’ mental states and react appropriately, a prerequisite for successful social interaction. Alpha-synuclein overexpression is widely distributed in the brain of patients with sporadic PD, suggesting that it may contribute to the non-motor deficits observed in PD patients. Mice over-expressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice) have synaptic deficits in the frontostriatal pathway, low cortical acetylcholine, and high level of expression of mGluR5 receptors, which have all been implicated in social recognition deficits. Objective: To determine whether Thy1-aSyn mice present alterations in their response to social stimuli. Methods: We have submitted Thy1-aSyn mice to tests adapted from autism models. Results: At 7–8 month of age Thy1-aSyn mice explored their conspecifics significantly less than did wild-type littermates, without differences in exploration of inanimate objects, and pairs of Thy1-aSyn mice were involved in reciprocal interactions for a shorter duration than wild-type mice at this age. These deficits persisted when the test animal was enclosed in a beaker and were not present at 3–4 months of age despite the presence of olfactory deficits at that age, indicating that they were not solely caused by impairment in olfaction. Conclusion: Thy1-aSyn mice present progressive deficits in social recognition, supporting an association between alpha-synuclein overexpression and Theory of Mind deficits in PD and providing a useful model for identifying mechanisms and testing novel treatments for these deficits which impact patients and caretakers quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Ruth Torres
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Dinh
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Chung
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rockenstein E, Desplats P, Ubhi K, Mante M, Florio J, Adame A, Winter S, Brandstaetter H, Meier D, Moessler H, Masliah E. Neuropeptide Treatment with Cerebrolysin Enhances the Survival of Grafted Neural Stem Cell in an α-Synuclein Transgenic Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:131-40. [PMID: 27429559 PMCID: PMC4938121 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal stem cell (NSC) grafts have been investigated as a potential neuro-restorative therapy in Parkinson’s disease (PD) but their use is compromised by the death of grafted cells. We investigated the use of Cerebrolysin (CBL), a neurotrophic peptide mixture, as an adjunct to NSC therapy in the α-synuclein (α-syn) transgenic (tg) model of PD. In vehicle-treated α-syn tg mice, there was decreased survival of NSCs. In contrast, CBL treatment enhanced the survival of NSCs in α-syn tg groups and ameliorated behavioral deficits. The grafted NSCs showed lower levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positive cells in the CBL-treated mice when compared with vehicle-treated α-syn tg mice. No evidence of tumor growth was detected. Levels of α-syn were similar in the vehicle in CBL-treated tg mice. In conclusion, CBL treatment might be a potential adjuvant for therapeutic NSC grafting in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Winter
- Clinical Research and Pharmacology, EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Unterach, Austria
| | - Hemma Brandstaetter
- Clinical Research and Pharmacology, EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Unterach, Austria
| | - Dieter Meier
- Clinical Research and Pharmacology, EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Unterach, Austria
| | - Herbert Moessler
- Clinical Research and Pharmacology, EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Unterach, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Spencer B, Williams S, Rockenstein E, Valera E, Xin W, Mante M, Florio J, Adame A, Masliah E, Sierks MR. α-synuclein conformational antibodies fused to penetratin are effective in models of Lewy body disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:588-606. [PMID: 27606342 PMCID: PMC4999592 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Progressive accumulation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy body (DLB). The mechanisms through which α‐syn leads to neurodegeneration are not completely clear; however, the formation of various oligomeric species have been proposed to play a role. Antibody therapy has shown effectiveness at reducing α‐syn accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS); however, most of these studies have been conducted utilizing antibodies that recognize both monomeric and higher molecular weight α‐syn. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of immunotherapy with single‐chain antibodies (scFVs) against specific conformational forms of α‐syn fused to a novel brain penetrating sequence. Method We screened various scFVs against α‐syn expressed from lentiviral vectors by intracerebral injections in an α‐syn tg model. The most effective scFVs were fused to the cell‐penetrating peptide penetratin to enhance transport across the blood–brain barrier, and lentiviral vectors were constructed and tested for efficacy following systemic delivery intraperitoneal into α‐syn tg mice. Result Two scFVs (D5 and 10H) selectively targeted different α‐syn oligomers and reduced the accumulation of α‐syn and ameliorated functional deficits when delivered late in disease development; however, only one of the antibodies (D5) was also effective when delivered early in disease development. These scFVs were also utilized in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay to monitor the effects of immunotherapy on α‐syn oligomers in brain and plasma. Interpretation The design and targeting of antibodies for specific species of α‐syn oligomers is crucial for therapeutic immunotherapy and might be of relevance for the treatment of Lewy body disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Stephanie Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Elvira Valera
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California; Department of Pathology University of California San Diego California
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gerstenberger J, Bauer A, Helmschrodt C, Richter A, Richter F. The novel adaptive rotating beam test unmasks sensorimotor impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:102-10. [PMID: 26880341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of disease modifying therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, relies on availability of animal models which recapitulate the disease hallmarks. Only few transgenic mouse models, which mimic overexpression of alpha-synuclein, show dopamine loss, behavioral impairments and protein aggregation. Mice overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promotor (Thy1-aSyn) replicate these features. However, female mice do not exhibit a phenotype. This was attributed to a potentially lower transgene expression located on the X chromosome. Here we support that female mice overexpress human wildtype alpha-synuclein only about 1.5 fold in the substantia nigra, compared to about 3 fold in male mice. Since female Thy1-aSyn mice were shown previously to exhibit differences in corticostriatal communication and synaptic plasticity similar to their male counterparts we hypothesized that female mice use compensatory mechanisms and strategies to not show overt motor deficits despite an underlying endophenotype. In order to unmask these deficits we translated recent findings in PD patients that sensory abnormalities can enhance motor dysfunction into a novel behavioral test, the adaptive rotating beam test. We found that under changing sensory input female Thy1-aSyn mice showed an overt phenotype. Our data supports that the integration of sensorimotor information is likely a major contributor to symptoms of movement disorders and that even low levels of overexpression of human wildtype alpha-synuclein has the potential to disrupt processing of these information. The here described adaptive rotating beam test represents a sensitive behavioral test to detect moderate sensorimotor alterations in mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gerstenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khairnar A, Latta P, Drazanova E, Ruda-Kucerova J, Szabó N, Arab A, Hutter-Paier B, Havas D, Windisch M, Sulcova A, Starcuk Z, Rektorova I. Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Detects Microstructural Alterations in Brain of α-Synuclein Overexpressing Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:281-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
30
|
Willard AM, Bouchard RS, Gittis AH. Differential degradation of motor deficits during gradual dopamine depletion with 6-hydroxydopamine in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 301:254-67. [PMID: 26067595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder whose cardinal motor symptoms arise due to the progressive loss of dopamine. Although this dopamine loss typically progresses slowly over time, currently there are very few animal models that enable incremental dopamine depletion over time within the same animal. This type of gradual dopamine depletion model would be useful in studies aimed at the prodromal phase of PD, when dopamine levels are pathologically low but motor symptoms have not yet presented. Utilizing the highly characterized neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we have developed a paradigm to gradually deplete dopamine levels in the striatum over a user-defined time course - spanning weeks to months - in C57BL/6 mice. Dopamine depletions were achieved by administration of five low-dose injections (0.75μg) of 6-OHDA through an implanted intracranial bilateral cannula targeting the medial forebrain bundle. Levels of dopamine within the striatum declined linearly with successive injections, quantified using tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and high-performance liquid chromatography. Behavioral testing was carried out at each time point to study the onset and progression of motor impairments as a function of dopamine loss over time. We found that spontaneous locomotion, measured in an open field, was robust until ∼70% of striatal dopamine was lost. Beyond this point, additional dopamine loss caused a sharp decline in motor performance, reaching a final level comparable to that of acutely depleted mice. Similarly, although rearing behavior was more sensitive to dopamine loss and declined linearly as a function of dopamine levels, it eventually declined to levels similar to those seen in acutely depleted mice. In contrast, motor coordination, measured on a vertical pole task, was only moderately impaired in gradually depleted mice, despite severe impairments observed in acutely depleted mice. These results demonstrate the importance of the temporal profile of dopamine loss on the magnitude and progression of behavioral impairments. Our gradual depletion model thus establishes a new paradigm with which to study how circuits respond and adapt to dopamine loss over time, information which could uncover important cellular events during the prodromal phase of PD that ultimately impact the presentation or treatability of behavioral symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Willard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R S Bouchard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Magen I, Ostritsky R, Richter F, Zhu C, Fleming SM, Lemesre V, Stewart AJ, Morimoto BH, Gozes I, Chesselet MF. Intranasal NAP (davunetide) decreases tau hyperphosphorylation and moderately improves behavioral deficits in mice overexpressing α-synuclein. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00065. [PMID: 25505609 PMCID: PMC4186425 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified strong associations between the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) and polymorphisms in the genes encoding α-synuclein and the microtubule-associated protein tau. However, the contribution of tau and its phosphorylated form (p-tau) to α-synuclein-induced pathology and neuronal dysfunction remains controversial. We have assessed the effects of NAP (davunetide), an eight-amino acid peptide that decreases tau hyperphosphorylation, in mice overexpressing wild-type human α-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn mice), a model that recapitulates aspects of PD. We found that the p-tau/tau level increased in a subcortical tissue block that includes the striatum and brain stem, and in the cerebellum of the Thy1-aSyn mice compared to nontransgenic controls. Intermittent intranasal NAP administration at 2 μg/mouse per day, 5 days a week, for 24 weeks, starting at 4 weeks of age, significantly decreased the ratio of p-tau/tau levels in the subcortical region while a higher dose of 15 μg/mouse per day induced a decrease in p-tau/tau levels in the cerebellum. Both NAP doses reduced hyperactivity, improved habituation to a novel environment, and reduced olfactory deficits in the Thy1-aSyn mice, but neither dose improved the severe deficits of motor coordination observed on the challenging beam and pole, contrasting with previous data obtained with continuous daily administration of the drug. The data reveal novel effects of NAP on brain p-tau/tau and behavioral outcomes in this model of synucleinopathy and suggest that sustained exposure to NAP may be necessary for maximal benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1769 ; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Regina Ostritsky
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1769
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1769
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1769
| | - Vincent Lemesre
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1769
| | - Alistair J Stewart
- Allon Therapeutics Inc. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6B 2S2 ; Paladin Labs Inc. 100 Blvd Alexis Nihon, Suite 600, St Laurent, Quebec, Canada, H4M 2P2
| | - Bruce H Morimoto
- Allon Therapeutics Inc. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6B 2S2 ; Celerion 621 Rose St, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68502
| | - Illana Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1769
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Delenclos M, Carrascal L, Jensen K, Romero-Ramos M. Immunolocalization of human alpha-synuclein in the Thy1-aSyn ("Line 61") transgenic mouse line. Neuroscience 2014; 277:647-64. [PMID: 25090921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (a-syn) is the major component of the intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies (LB), which constitute the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mice overexpressing human a-syn under the Thy-1 promoter (ASO) show slow neurodegeneration and some behavioral deficits similar to those seen in human PD patients. Here, we describe a whole-brain distribution of human a-syn in adult ASO mice. We find that the human a-syn is ubiquitously distributed in the brain including the cerebellar cortex, but the intensity and sub-cellular localization of the staining differed in the various regions of the central nervous system. Among particular CNS areas with human a-syn immunoreactivity, we describe staining patterns in the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, thalamic region, brainstem nuclei and cerebellar cortex. This immunohistochemical study provides an anatomical map of the human a-syn distribution in ASO mice. Our data show that human a-syn, although not present at levels that were detectable by immunostaining in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra or noradrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus, was highly expressed in other PD relevant regions of the brain in different neuronal subtypes. These data will help to relate a-syn expression to the phenotypic manifestations observed in this widely used mouse line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Delenclos
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Alle 4, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Denmark; CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Alle 3, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark
| | - L Carrascal
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Alle 4, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - K Jensen
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Alle 4, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark
| | - M Romero-Ramos
- CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Alle 3, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark; AU IDEAS Center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Richter F, Gao F, Medvedeva V, Lee P, Bove N, Fleming SM, Michaud M, Lemesre V, Patassini S, De La Rosa K, Mulligan CK, Sioshansi PC, Zhu C, Coppola G, Bordet T, Pruss RM, Chesselet MF. Chronic administration of cholesterol oximes in mice increases transcription of cytoprotective genes and improves transcriptome alterations induced by alpha-synuclein overexpression in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:263-75. [PMID: 24844147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-oximes TRO19622 and TRO40303 target outer mitochondrial membrane proteins and have beneficial effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases leading to their advancement to clinical trials. Dopaminergic neurons degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) and are prone to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In order to provide insights into the neuroprotective potential of TRO19622 and TRO40303 for dopaminergic neurons in vivo, we assessed their effects on gene expression in laser captured nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of wildtype mice and of mice that over-express alpha-synuclein, a protein involved in both familial and sporadic forms of PD (Thy1-aSyn mice). Young mice were fed the drugs in food pellets or a control diet from 1 to 4months of age, approximately 10months before the appearance of striatal dopamine loss in this model. Unbiased weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of transcriptional changes revealed effects of cholesterol oximes on transcripts related to mitochondria, cytoprotection and anti-oxidant response in wild-type and transgenic mice, including increased transcription of stress defense (e.g. Prdx1, Prdx2, Glrx2, Hspa9, Pink1, Drp1, Trak1) and dopamine-related (Th, Ddc, Gch1, Dat, Vmat2, Drd2, Chnr6a) genes. Even at this young age transgenic mice showed alterations in transcripts implicated in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress (e.g. Bcl-2, Bax, Casp3, Nos2), and both drugs normalized about 20% of these alterations. Young Thy1-aSyn mice exhibit motor deficits that differ from parkinsonism and are established before the onset of treatment; these deficits were not improved by cholesterol oximes. However, high doses of TRO40303 improved olfaction and produced the same effects as dopamine agonists on a challenging beam test, specifically an increase in footslips, an observation congruent with its effects on transcripts involved in dopamine synthesis. High doses of TRO19622 increased alpha-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra; this effect, not seen with TRO40303 was inconsistent and may represent a protective mechanism as in other neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, the results suggest that cholesterol oximes, while not improving early effects of alpha-synuclein overexpression on motor behavior or pathology, may ameliorate the function and resilience of dopaminergic neurons in vivo and support further studies of neuroprotection in models with dopaminergic cell loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Vera Medvedeva
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Nicholas Bove
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Magali Michaud
- Trophos S.A. Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Lemesre
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Krystal De La Rosa
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Caitlin K Mulligan
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Pedrom C Sioshansi
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Thierry Bordet
- Trophos S.A. Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Rebecca M Pruss
- Trophos S.A. Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Grant LM, Richter F, Miller JE, White SA, Fox CM, Zhu C, Chesselet MF, Ciucci MR. Vocalization deficits in mice over-expressing alpha-synuclein, a model of pre-manifest Parkinson's disease. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:110-21. [PMID: 24773432 PMCID: PMC4079049 DOI: 10.1037/a0035965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Communication and swallowing deficits are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Evidence indicates that voice and speech dysfunction manifest early, prior to motor deficits typically associated with striatal dopamine loss. Unlike deficits in the extremities, cranial sensorimotor deficits are refractory to standard dopamine-related pharmacological and surgical interventions, thus the mechanisms underlying vocal deficits are unclear. Although neurotoxin models have provided some insight, they typically model nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and are therefore limited. Widespread alpha-synuclein (aSyn) pathology is common to familial and sporadic PD, and transgenic mouse models based on aSyn overexpression present a unique opportunity to explore vocalization deficits in relation to extrastriatal, nondopaminergic pathologies. Specifically, mice overexpressing human wild-type aSyn under a broad neuronal promoter (Thy1-aSyn) present early, progressive motor and nonmotor deficits starting at 2-3 months, followed by parkinsonism with dopamine loss at 14 months. We recorded ultrasonic vocalizations from Thy1-aSyn mice and wild-type (WT) controls at 2-3, 6-7, and 9 months. Thy1-aSyn mice demonstrated early, progressive vocalization deficits compared with WT. Duration and intensity of calls were significantly reduced and call profile was altered in the Thy1-aSyn mice, particularly at 2-3 months. Call rate trended toward a more drastic decrease with age in the Thy1-aSyn mice compared with WT. Alpha-synuclein pathology is present in the periaqueductal gray and may underlie the manifestation of vocalization deficits. These results indicate that aSyn overexpression can induce vocalization deficits at an early age in mice and provides a new model for studying the mechanisms underlying cranial sensorimotor deficits and treatment interventions for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Grant
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia M Fox
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Colorado
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | | | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Allen EN, Cavanaugh JE. Loss of motor coordination in an aging mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:119-25. [PMID: 24675158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With age, there is an increase in motor deficits that leads to an increased incidence of slips and falls. As the elderly population continues to grow, there is a need for aging models and research that focus on behavioral deficits that occur with normal, non-diseased aging. The present study was designed to examine the appropriateness of C57Bl/6 male mice as aging animal models using the challenging beam and cylinder tests to measure motor coordination and spontaneous activity, respectively. Using young (2-4 mo), middle-aged (10-12 mo), and aged (22-24 mo) mice, we observed that aged C57Bl/6 male mice make more errors on the challenging beam task and take fewer hind limb steps as compared to young and middle-aged mice. Body weight and food intake were also measured to determine if these parameters were confounding factors in the interpretation of the behavioral data. Increases in body weight and food consumption were not observed in the oldest group that made the most errors. Together these data indicate that aged C57BL/6 mice display age-related motor deficits similar to those seen in humans and are an appropriate model of motor deficits that occur with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika N Allen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Jane E Cavanaugh
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lobb CJ, Zaheer AK, Smith Y, Jaeger D. In vivo electrophysiology of nigral and thalamic neurons in alpha-synuclein-overexpressing mice highlights differences from toxin-based models of parkinsonism. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:2792-805. [PMID: 24068758 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00441.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that alpha-synuclein plays a prominent role in both familial and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Mice in which human alpha-synuclein is overexpressed (ASO) display progressive motor deficits and many nonmotor features of PD. However, it is unclear what in vivo pathophysiological mechanisms drive these motor deficits. It is also unknown whether previously proposed pathophysiological features (i.e., increased beta oscillations, bursting, and synchronization) described in toxin-based, nigrostriatal dopamine-depletion models are also present in ASO mice. To address these issues, we first confirmed that 5- to 6-mo-old ASO mice have robust motor dysfunction, despite the absence of significant nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration. In the same animals, we then recorded simultaneous single units and local field potentials (LFPs) in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr), the main basal ganglia output nucleus, and one of its main thalamic targets, the ventromedial nucleus, as well as LFPs in the primary motor cortex in anesthetized ASO mice and their age-matched, wild-type littermates. Neural activity was examined during slow wave activity and desynchronized cortical states, as previously described in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. In contrast to toxin-based models, we found a small decrease, rather than an increase, in beta oscillations in the desynchronized state. Similarly, synchronized burst firing of nigral neurons observed in toxin-based models was not observed in ASO mice. Instead, we found more subtle changes in pauses of SNpr firing compared with wild-type control mice. Our results suggest that the pathophysiology underlying motor dysfunction in ASO mice is distinctly different from striatal dopamine-depletion models of parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lobb
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baptista MAS, Dave KD, Sheth NP, De Silva SN, Carlson KM, Aziz YN, Fiske BK, Sherer TB, Frasier MA. A strategy for the generation, characterization and distribution of animal models by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1316-24. [PMID: 24046356 PMCID: PMC3820256 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in Parkinson’s disease (PD) research and therapeutic development is hindered by many challenges, including a need for robust preclinical animal models. Limited availability of these tools is due to technical hurdles, patent issues, licensing restrictions and the high costs associated with generating and distributing these animal models. Furthermore, the lack of standardization of phenotypic characterization and use of varying methodologies has made it difficult to compare outcome measures across laboratories. In response, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research (MJFF) is directly sponsoring the generation, characterization and distribution of preclinical rodent models, enabling increased access to these crucial tools in order to accelerate PD research. To date, MJFF has initiated and funded the generation of 30 different models, which include transgenic or knockout models of PD-relevant genes such as Park1 (also known as Park4 and SNCA), Park8 (LRRK2), Park7 (DJ-1), Park6 (PINK1), Park2 (Parkin), VPS35, EiF4G1 and GBA. The phenotypic characterization of these animals is performed in a uniform and streamlined manner at independent contract research organizations. Finally, MJFF created a central repository at The Jackson Laboratory (JAX) that houses both non-MJFF and MJFF-generated preclinical animal models. Funding from MJFF, which subsidizes the costs involved in transfer, rederivation and colony expansion, has directly resulted in over 2500 rodents being distributed to the PD community for research use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A S Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY 10018-6798, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fleming SM, Jordan MC, Mulligan CK, Masliah E, Holden JG, Millard RW, Chesselet MF, Roos KP. Impaired baroreflex function in mice overexpressing alpha-synuclein. Front Neurol 2013; 4:103. [PMID: 23888153 PMCID: PMC3719027 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, such as orthostatic hypotension consequent to baroreflex failure and cardiac sympathetic denervation, is frequently observed in the synucleinopathy Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the present study, the baroreceptor reflex was assessed in mice overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn), a genetic mouse model of synucleinopathy. The beat-to-beat change in heart rate (HR), computed from R–R interval, in relation to blood pressure was measured in anesthetized and conscious mice equipped with arterial blood pressure telemetry transducers during transient bouts of hypertension and hypotension. Compared to wildtype, tachycardia following nitroprusside-induced hypotension was significantly reduced in Thy1-aSyn mice. Thy1-aSyn mice also showed an abnormal cardiovascular response (i.e., diminished tachycardia) to muscarinic blockade with atropine. We conclude that Thy1-aSyn mice have impaired basal and dynamic range of sympathetic and parasympathetic-mediated changes in HR and will be a useful model for long-term study of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction associated with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fleming SM, Ekhator OR, Ghisays V. Assessment of sensorimotor function in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23851663 PMCID: PMC3727502 DOI: 10.3791/50303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
40
|
Schultheis PJ, Fleming SM, Clippinger AK, Lewis J, Tsunemi T, Giasson B, Dickson DW, Mazzulli JR, Bardgett ME, Haik KL, Ekhator O, Chava AK, Howard J, Gannon M, Hoffman E, Chen Y, Prasad V, Linn SC, Tamargo RJ, Westbroek W, Sidransky E, Krainc D, Shull GE. Atp13a2-deficient mice exhibit neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, limited α-synuclein accumulation and age-dependent sensorimotor deficits. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2067-82. [PMID: 23393156 PMCID: PMC3633373 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9), encoding a lysosomal P-type ATPase, are associated with both Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). KRS has recently been classified as a rare genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas NCL is a lysosomal storage disorder. Although the transport activity of ATP13A2 has not been defined, in vitro studies show that its loss compromises lysosomal function, which in turn is thought to cause neuronal degeneration. To understand the role of ATP13A2 dysfunction in disease, we disrupted its gene in mice. Atp13a2(-/-) and Atp13a2(+/+) mice were tested behaviorally to assess sensorimotor and cognitive function at multiple ages. In the brain, lipofuscin accumulation, α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic pathology were measured. Behaviorally, Atp13a2(-/-) mice displayed late-onset sensorimotor deficits. Accelerated deposition of autofluorescent storage material (lipofuscin) was observed in the cerebellum and in neurons of the hippocampus and the cortex of Atp13a2(-/-) mice. Immunoblot analysis showed increased insoluble α-synuclein in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex or cerebellum. There was no change in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra or in striatal dopamine levels in aged Atp13a2(-/-) mice. These results show that the loss of Atp13a2 causes sensorimotor impairments, α-synuclein accumulation as occurs in PD and related synucleinopathies, and accumulation of lipofuscin deposits characteristic of NCL, thus providing the first direct demonstration that null mutations in Atp13a2 can cause pathological features of both diseases in the same organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Schultheis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sarafian TA, Ryan CM, Souda P, Masliah E, Kar UK, Vinters HV, Mathern GW, Faull KF, Whitelegge JP, Watson JB. Impairment of mitochondria in adult mouse brain overexpressing predominantly full-length, N-terminally acetylated human α-synuclein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63557. [PMID: 23667637 PMCID: PMC3646806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While most forms of Parkinson's Disease (PD) are sporadic in nature, a small percentage of PD have genetic causes as first described for dominant, single base pair changes as well as duplication and triplication in the α-synuclein gene. The α-synuclein gene encodes a 140 amino acid residue protein that interacts with a variety of organelles including synaptic vesicles, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi vesicles and, reported more recently, mitochondria. Here we examined the structural and functional interactions of human α-synuclein with brain mitochondria obtained from an early, pre-manifest mouse model for PD over-expressing human α-synuclein (ASOTg). The membrane potential in ASOTg brain mitochondria was decreased relative to wildtype (WT) mitochondria, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated in ASOTg brain mitochondria. No selective interaction of human α-synuclein with mitochondrial electron transport complexes cI-cV was detected. Monomeric human α-synuclein plus carboxyl terminally truncated forms were the predominant isoforms detected in ASOTg brain mitochondria by 2-dimensional PAGE (Native/SDS) and immunoblotting. Oligomers or fibrils were not detected with amyloid conformational antibodies. Mass spectrometry of human α-synuclein in both ASOTg brain mitochondria and homogenates from surgically resected human cortex demonstrated that the protein was full-length and postranslationally modified by N-terminal acetylation. Overall the study showed that accumulation of full-length, N-terminally acetylated human α-synuclein was sufficient to disrupt brain mitochondrial function in adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A. Sarafian
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Puneet Souda
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Upendra K. Kar
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Mathern
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Watson
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shaltiel-Karyo R, Frenkel-Pinter M, Rockenstein E, Patrick C, Levy-Sakin M, Schiller A, Egoz-Matia N, Masliah E, Segal D, Gazit E. A blood-brain barrier (BBB) disrupter is also a potent α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation inhibitor: a novel dual mechanism of mannitol for the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17579-88. [PMID: 23637226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson disease has been a main drug development challenge, including the need to deliver the therapeutic agents to the brain. Here, we examined the ability of mannitol to interfere with the aggregation process of α-synuclein in vitro and in vivo in addition to its blood-brain barrier-disrupting properties. Using in vitro studies, we demonstrated the effect of mannitol on α-synuclein aggregation. Although low concentration of mannitol inhibited the formation of fibrils, high concentration significantly decreased the formation of tetramers and high molecular weight oligomers and shifted the secondary structure of α-synuclein from α-helical to a different structure, suggesting alternative potential pathways for aggregation. When administered to a Parkinson Drosophila model, mannitol dramatically corrected its behavioral defects and reduced the amount of α-synuclein aggregates in the brains of treated flies. In the mThy1-human α-synuclein transgenic mouse model, a decrease in α-synuclein accumulation was detected in several brain regions following treatment, suggesting that mannitol promotes α-synuclein clearance in the cell bodies. It appears that mannitol has a general neuroprotective effect in the transgenic treated mice, which includes the dopaminergic system. We therefore suggest mannitol as a basis for a dual mechanism therapeutic agent for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Shaltiel-Karyo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Willison LD, Kudo T, Loh DH, Kuljis D, Colwell CS. Circadian dysfunction may be a key component of the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: insights from a transgenic mouse model. Exp Neurol 2013; 243:57-66. [PMID: 23353924 PMCID: PMC3994881 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are nearly ubiquitous among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and they manifest early in the disease process. While there are a number of possible mechanisms underlying these sleep disturbances, a primary dysfunction of the circadian system should be considered as a contributing factor. Our laboratory's behavioral phenotyping of a well-validated transgenic mouse model of PD reveals that the electrical activity of neurons within the master pacemaker of the circadian system, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), is already disrupted at the onset of motor symptoms, although the core features of the intrinsic molecular oscillations in the SCN remain functional. Our observations suggest that the fundamental circadian deficit in these mice lies in the signaling output from the SCN, which may be caused by known mechanisms in PD etiology: oxidative stress and mitochondrial disruption. Disruption of the circadian system is expected to have pervasive effects throughout the body and may itself lead to neurological and cardiovascular disorders. In fact, there is much overlap in the non-motor symptoms experienced by PD patients and in the consequences of circadian disruption. This raises the possibility that the sleep and circadian dysfunction experienced by PD patients may not merely be a subsidiary of the motor symptoms, but an integral part of the disease. Furthermore, we speculate that circadian dysfunction can even accelerate the pathology underlying PD. If these hypotheses are correct, more aggressive treatment of the circadian misalignment and sleep disruptions in PD patients early in the pathogenesis of the disease may be powerful positive modulators of disease progression and patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L David Willison
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Laboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bury A, Pienaar IS. Behavioral testing regimens in genetic-based animal models of Parkinson's disease: cogencies and caveats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:846-59. [PMID: 23558176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is fundamentally sporadic, identification of several of the genes implicated in the disease has provided significant insight concerning patho-physiological mechanisms potentially underlying sporadic PD. Moreover, such studies have caused a revolution in the way researchers view the disease. Since single genes responsible for rare familial forms of the disease have only been identified within the past few years, animal models based on these defects have only recently been generated, thereby not leaving a lot of time for their evaluation and subsequent improvement. The current article provides an extensive review of the major motor and non-motor behavioral tests used in genetically-induced Parkinsonian animals. Moreover, we assess the insights concerning the etiopathogenesis of PD generated from use of such tests and how these have improved available treatment strategies for alleviating aspects of sporadic and non-sporadic parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bury
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pradhan S, Andreasson K. Commentary: Progressive inflammation as a contributing factor to early development of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 241:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
46
|
Games D, Seubert P, Rockenstein E, Patrick C, Trejo M, Ubhi K, Ettle B, Ghassemiam M, Barbour R, Schenk D, Nuber S, Masliah E. Axonopathy in an α-synuclein transgenic model of Lewy body disease is associated with extensive accumulation of C-terminal-truncated α-synuclein. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:940-53. [PMID: 23313024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progressive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in limbic and striatonigral systems is associated with the neurodegenerative processes in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The murine Thy-1 (mThy1)-α-syn transgenic (tg) model recapitulates aspects of degenerative processes associated with α-syn accumulation in these disorders. Given that axonal and synaptic pathologies are important features of DLB and PD, we sought to investigate the extent and characteristics of these alterations in mThy1-α-syn tg mice and to determine the contribution of α-syn c-terminally cleaved at amino acid 122 (CT α-syn) to these abnormalities. We generated a novel polyclonal antibody (SYN105) against the c-terminally truncated sequence (amino acids 121 to 123) of α-syn (CT α-syn) and performed immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analyses in mThy1-α-syn tg mice. We found abundant clusters of dystrophic neurites in layers 2 to 3 of the neocortex, the stratum lacunosum, the dentate gyrus, and cornu ammonis 3 of the hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, midbrain, and pons. Dystrophic neurites displayed intense immunoreactivity detected with the SYN105 antibody. Double-labeling studies with antibodies to phosphorylated neurofilaments confirmed the axonal location of full-length and CT α-syn. α-Syn immunoreactive dystrophic neurites contained numerous electrodense laminated structures. These results show that neuritic dystrophy is a prominent pathologic feature of the mThy1-α-syn tg model and suggest that CT α-syn might play an important role in the process of axonal damage in these mice as well as in DLB and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Games
- Neotope Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li XZ, Chen XP, Zhao K, Bai LM, Zhang H, Zhou XP. Therapeutic effects of valproate combined with lithium carbonate on MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice: possible mediation through enhanced autophagy. Int J Neurosci 2012; 123:73-9. [PMID: 22978383 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.729234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanisms and therapeutic effects of valproate combined with lithium carbonate on mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), male C57BL/6 mice were injected into intraperitoneal with valproate (20 μg/ml) combined with lithium carbonate (10 μg/ml) for 7 days following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg) administration, and the effects on motor function were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect alterations in the expression of PD biomarkers, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the level of autophagy was evaluated by the detection of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). In addition, the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters were measured in the striatum using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After MPTP exposure, all groups manifested decreased rolling bar latency and spontaneous activity, in addition to increased pole-climbing time. The combined treatment group exhibited a recovery of rolling bar latency and pole-climbing time. The number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra following MPTP treatment was higher in the combined treatment group compared with the positive control group (p = .003). Immunoreactivity for LC3 was higher in the combined treatment group than in the controls (p = .003). The concentrations of both striatal dopamine and the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) were decreased in both MPTP-treated groups compared with the controls. The loss of DOPAC was less severe in the combined treatment group relative to the positive control group (p = .001). Therefore, we infer that valproate combined with lithium carbonate can rescue dopaminergic neurons and ameliorate the loss of DOPAC following MPTP treatment, likely via activation of autophagic/lysosomal pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
α-Synuclein Elevation in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases: Experimental, Pathogenetic, and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:484-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
49
|
WANG L, MAGEN I, YUAN PQ, SUBRAMANIAM SR, RICHTER F, CHESSELET MF, TACHÉ Y. Mice overexpressing wild-type human alpha-synuclein display alterations in colonic myenteric ganglia and defecation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:e425-36. [PMID: 22779732 PMCID: PMC3712640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) include gastrointestinal motor impairments and advanced stage PD displays pathological aggregates of α-synuclein in colonic enteric neurons. We previously showed that 12 months old mice overexpressing human wild type (WT) α-synuclein under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn) displayed colonic motor dysfunction. We investigated functional gut alterations at earlier ages and histological correlates. METHODS Defecation, gastric emptying (GE), and immunostaining for α-synuclein, peripheral choline acetyltransferase (pChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in distal colon myenteric plexuses were assessed in male Thy1-aSyn compared to littermate WT mice. KEY RESULTS Thy1-aSyn mice aged 2.5-3 or 7-8 months old had 81% and 55% reduction in fecal pellet output, respectively, in the first 15 min of exposure to a novel environment. The reduction remained significant in the older group for 2-h, and subsequent refeeding resulted also in a 60% and 69% reduction of defecation in the first hour, respectively. Thy1-aSyn mice (8-10 months) displayed increased α-synuclein in the myenteric plexuses with abundant varicose terminals surrounding pChAT-immunoreactive (ir) neurons, and only a few, nNOS-ir neurons. There were no conspicuous changes in pChAT- and nNOS-ir neurons, or TH- and VIP-ir nerve fibers. Thy1-aSyn mice aged 4-18 months had normal GE. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The occurrence of over-production of pre-synaptic α-synuclein in colonic myenteric ganglia several months before the loss of striatal dopamine may provide an anatomical basis for interference with cholinergic neuronal activation, causing an early impairment in defecation to stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. WANG
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - I. MAGEN
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - P-Q YUAN
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S. R. SUBRAMANIAM
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - F. RICHTER
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M-F CHESSELET
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Y. TACHÉ
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
McDowell K, Chesselet MF. Animal models of the non-motor features of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:597-606. [PMID: 22236386 PMCID: PMC3442929 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) occur in roughly 90% of patients, have a profound negative impact on their quality of life, and often go undiagnosed. NMS typically involve many functional systems, and include sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits, and autonomic and sensory dysfunction. The development and use of animal models have provided valuable insight into the classical motor symptoms of PD over the past few decades. Toxin-induced models provide a suitable approach to study aspects of the disease that derive from the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, a cardinal feature of PD. This also includes some NMS, primarily cognitive dysfunction. However, several NMS poorly respond to dopaminergic treatments, suggesting that they may be due to other pathologies. Recently developed genetic models of PD are providing new ways to model these NMS and identify their mechanisms. This review summarizes the current available literature on the ability of both toxin-induced and genetically-based animal models to reproduce the NMS of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly McDowell
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| |
Collapse
|