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Glausier JR, Bouchet-Marquis C, Maier M, Banks-Tibbs T, Wu K, Ning J, Melchitzky D, Lewis DA, Freyberg Z. Characterization of the three-dimensional synaptic and mitochondrial nanoarchitecture within glutamatergic synaptic complexes in postmortem human brain via focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582174. [PMID: 38463986 PMCID: PMC10925168 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses are the primary site of excitatory synaptic signaling and neural communication in the cerebral cortex. Electron microscopy (EM) studies in non-human model organisms have demonstrated that glutamate synaptic activity and functioning are directly reflected in quantifiable ultrastructural features. Thus, quantitative EM analysis of glutamate synapses in ex vivo preserved human brain tissue has the potential to provide novel insight into in vivo synaptic functioning. However, factors associated with the acquisition and preservation of human brain tissue have resulted in persistent concerns regarding the potential confounding effects of antemortem and postmortem biological processes on synaptic and sub-synaptic ultrastructural features. Thus, we sought to determine how well glutamate synaptic relationships and nanoarchitecture are preserved in postmortem human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region that substantially differs in size and architecture from model systems. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), a powerful volume EM (VEM) approach, was employed to generate high-fidelity, fine-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) micrographic datasets appropriate for quantitative analyses. Using postmortem human DLPFC with a 6-hour postmortem interval, we optimized a tissue preservation and staining workflow that generated samples of excellent ultrastructural preservation and the high-contrast staining intensity required for FIB-SEM imaging. Quantitative analysis of sub-cellular, sub-synaptic and organelle components within glutamate axo-spinous synapses revealed that ultrastructural features of synaptic function and activity were well-preserved within and across individual synapses in postmortem human brain tissue. The synaptic, sub-synaptic and organelle measures were highly consistent with findings from experimental models that are free from antemortem or postmortem effects. Further, dense reconstruction of neuropil revealed a unique, ultrastructurally-complex, spiny dendritic shaft that exhibited features characteristic of neuronal processes with heightened synaptic communication, integration and plasticity. Altogether, our findings provide a critical proof-of-concept that ex vivo VEM analysis provides a valuable and informative means to infer in vivo functioning of human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tabitha Banks-Tibbs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University
| | - Ken Wu
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific
| | - Jiying Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh
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2
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Karperien AL, Jelinek HF. Morphology and Fractal-Based Classifications of Neurons and Microglia in Two and Three Dimensions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:149-172. [PMID: 38468031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Microglia and neurons live physically intertwined, intimately related structurally and functionally in a dynamic relationship in which microglia change continuously over a much shorter timescale than do neurons. Although microglia may unwind and depart from the neurons they attend under certain circumstances, in general, together both contribute to the fractal topology of the brain that defines its computational capabilities. Both neuronal and microglial morphologies are well-described using fractal analysis complementary to more traditional measures. For neurons, the fractal dimension has proved valuable for classifying dendritic branching and other neuronal features relevant to pathology and development. For microglia, fractal geometry has substantially contributed to classifying functional categories, where, in general, the more pathological the biological status, the lower the fractal dimension for individual cells, with some exceptions, including hyper-ramification. This chapter provides a review of the intimate relationships between neurons and microglia, by introducing 2D and 3D fractal analysis methodology and its applications in neuron-microglia function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Karperien
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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3
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Bod R, Tóth K, Essam N, Tóth EZ, Erõss L, Entz L, Bagó AG, Fabó D, Ulbert I, Wittner L. Synaptic alterations and neuronal firing in human epileptic neocortical excitatory networks. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1233569. [PMID: 37635750 PMCID: PMC10450510 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1233569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological condition, with underlying neuronal mechanisms involving hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony. Imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits, as well as histological reorganization are relatively well-documented in animal models or even in the human hippocampus, but less is known about human neocortical epileptic activity. Our knowledge about changes in the excitatory signaling is especially scarce, compared to that about the inhibitory cell population. This study investigated the firing properties of single neurons in the human neocortex in vitro, during pharmacological blockade of glutamate receptors, and additionally evaluated anatomical changes in the excitatory circuit in tissue samples from epileptic and non-epileptic patients. Both epileptic and non-epileptic tissues exhibited spontaneous population activity (SPA), NMDA receptor antagonization reduced SPA recurrence only in epileptic tissue, whereas further blockade of AMPA/kainate receptors reversibly abolished SPA emergence regardless of epilepsy. Firing rates did not significantly change in excitatory principal cells and inhibitory interneurons during pharmacological experiments. Granular layer (L4) neurons showed an increased firing rate in epileptic compared to non-epileptic tissue. The burstiness of neurons remained unchanged, except for that of inhibitory cells in epileptic recordings, which decreased during blockade of glutamate receptors. Crosscorrelograms computed from single neuron discharge revealed both mono- and polysynaptic connections, particularly involving intrinsically bursting principal cells. Histological investigations found similar densities of SMI-32-immunopositive long-range projecting pyramidal cells in both groups, and shorter excitatory synaptic active zones with a higher proportion of perforated synapses in the epileptic group. These findings provide insights into epileptic modifications from the perspective of the excitatory system and highlight discrete alterations in firing patterns and synaptic structure. Our data suggest that NMDA-dependent glutamatergic signaling, as well as the excitatory synaptic machinery are perturbed in epilepsy, which might contribute to epileptic activity in the human neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Bod
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University Doctoral School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nour Essam
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Estilla Zsófia Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University Doctoral School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Loránd Erõss
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Entz
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila G. Bagó
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fabó
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University Doctoral School, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lucia Wittner
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University Doctoral School, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Glavis-Bloom C, Vanderlip CR, Weiser Novak S, Kuwajima M, Kirk L, Harris KM, Manor U, Reynolds JH. Violation of the ultrastructural size principle in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex underlies working memory impairment in the aged common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1146245. [PMID: 37122384 PMCID: PMC10132463 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1146245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphology and function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and corresponding working memory performance, are affected early in the aging process, but nearly half of aged individuals are spared of working memory deficits. Translationally relevant model systems are critical for determining the neurobiological drivers of this variability. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is advantageous as a model for these investigations because, as a non-human primate, marmosets have a clearly defined dlPFC that enables measurement of prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions, and their short (∼10 year) lifespan facilitates longitudinal studies of aging. Previously, we characterized working memory capacity in a cohort of marmosets that collectively covered the lifespan, and found age-related working memory impairment. We also found a remarkable degree of heterogeneity in performance, similar to that found in humans. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to synaptic ultrastructure that affect synaptic efficacy stratify marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. We utilized electron microscopy to visualize synapses in the marmoset dlPFC and measured the sizes of boutons, presynaptic mitochondria, and synapses. We found that coordinated scaling of the sizes of synapses and mitochondria with their associated boutons is essential for intact working memory performance in aged marmosets. Further, lack of synaptic scaling, due to a remarkable failure of synaptic mitochondria to scale with presynaptic boutons, selectively underlies age-related working memory impairment. We posit that this decoupling results in mismatched energy supply and demand, leading to impaired synaptic transmission. We also found that aged marmosets have fewer synapses in dlPFC than young, though the severity of synapse loss did not predict whether aging occurred with or without cognitive impairment. This work identifies a novel mechanism of synapse dysfunction that stratifies marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. The process by which synaptic scaling is regulated is yet unknown and warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Glavis-Bloom
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Casey R. Vanderlip
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sammy Weiser Novak
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Masaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lyndsey Kirk
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kristen M. Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Uri Manor
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John H. Reynolds
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Zaccard CR, Gippo I, Song A, Geula C, Penzes P. Dendritic spinule-mediated structural synaptic plasticity: Implications for development, aging, and psychiatric disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1059730. [PMID: 36741924 PMCID: PMC9895827 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1059730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are highly dynamic and changes in their density, size, and shape underlie structural synaptic plasticity in cognition and memory. Fine membranous protrusions of spines, termed dendritic spinules, can contact neighboring neurons or glial cells and are positively regulated by neuronal activity. Spinules are thinner than filopodia, variable in length, and often emerge from large mushroom spines. Due to their nanoscale, spinules have frequently been overlooked in diffraction-limited microscopy datasets. Until recently, our knowledge of spinules has been interpreted largely from single snapshots in time captured by electron microscopy. We summarize herein the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of spinule formation. Additionally, we discuss possible spinule functions in structural synaptic plasticity in the context of development, adulthood, aging, and psychiatric disorders. The literature collectively implicates spinules as a mode of structural synaptic plasticity and suggests the existence of morphologically and functionally distinct spinule subsets. A recent time-lapse, enhanced resolution imaging study demonstrated that the majority of spinules are small, short-lived, and dynamic, potentially exploring their environment or mediating retrograde signaling and membrane remodeling via trans-endocytosis. A subset of activity-enhanced, elongated, long-lived spinules is associated with complex PSDs, and preferentially contacts adjacent axonal boutons not presynaptic to the spine head. Hence, long-lived spinules can form secondary synapses with the potential to alter synaptic connectivity. Published studies further suggest that decreased spinules are associated with impaired synaptic plasticity and intellectual disability, while increased spinules are linked to hyperexcitability and neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, the literature indicates that spinules mediate structural synaptic plasticity and perturbations in spinules can contribute to synaptic dysfunction and psychiatric disease. Additional studies would be beneficial to further delineate the molecular mechanisms of spinule formation and determine the exact role of spinules in development, adulthood, aging, and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. Zaccard
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Isabel Gippo
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amy Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Peter Penzes,
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6
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Degraded cortical temporal processing in the valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. Neuropharmacology 2022; 209:109000. [PMID: 35182575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hearing disorders, such as abnormal speech perception, are frequently reported in individuals with autism. However, the mechanisms underlying these auditory-associated signature deficits in autism remain largely unknown. In this study, we documented significant behavioral impairments in the sound temporal rate discrimination task for rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), a well-validated animal model for studying the pathology of autism. In parallel, there was a large-scale degradation in temporal information-processing in their primary auditory cortices (A1) at both levels of spiking outputs and synaptic inputs. Substantially increased spine density of excitatory neurons and decreased numbers of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-labeled inhibitory inter-neurons were also recorded in the A1 after VPA exposure. Given the fact that cortical temporal processing of sound is associated with speech perception in humans, these results in the animal model of VPA exposure provide insight into a possible neurological mechanism underlying auditory and language-related deficits in individuals with autism.
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7
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Ross JA, Van Bockstaele EJ. The Locus Coeruleus- Norepinephrine System in Stress and Arousal: Unraveling Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:601519. [PMID: 33584368 PMCID: PMC7873441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define as measurable experimental variables. Divergent efforts to study these subjects have given rise to several disciplines, including neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, and cognitive neuroscience. We discuss technological advancements that chronologically led to our current understanding of the arousal system, focusing on the multifaceted nucleus locus coeruleus. We share our contemporary perspective and the hypotheses of others in the context of our current technological capabilities and future developments that will be required to move forward in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Colombo MN, Maiellano G, Putignano S, Scandella L, Francolini M. Comparative 2D and 3D Ultrastructural Analyses of Dendritic Spines from CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031188. [PMID: 33530380 PMCID: PMC7865959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from electron microscopy (EM) datasets is a widely used tool that has improved our knowledge of synapse ultrastructure and organization in the brain. Rearrangements of synapse structure following maturation and in synaptic plasticity have been broadly described and, in many cases, the defective architecture of the synapse has been associated to functional impairments. It is therefore important, when studying brain connectivity, to map these rearrangements with the highest accuracy possible, considering the affordability of the different EM approaches to provide solid and reliable data about the structure of such a small complex. The aim of this work is to compare quantitative data from two dimensional (2D) and 3D EM of mouse hippocampal CA1 (apical dendrites), to define whether the results from the two approaches are consistent. We examined asymmetric excitatory synapses focusing on post synaptic density and dendritic spine area and volume as well as spine density, and we compared the results obtained with the two methods. The consistency between the 2D and 3D results questions the need—for many applications—of using volumetric datasets (costly and time consuming in terms of both acquisition and analysis), with respect to the more accessible measurements from 2D EM projections.
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9
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Developmental Changes in Dendritic Spine Morphology in the Striatum and Their Alteration in an A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0072-20.2020. [PMID: 32817196 PMCID: PMC7470930 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0072-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by various neurophysiological changes, and the severity of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) increases with aging. However, the precise neuroanatomical changes that accompany the aging process in both normal and pathologic conditions remain unknown. This is in part because there is a lack of high-resolution imaging tool that has the capacity to image a desired volume of neurons in a high-throughput and automated manner. In the present study, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) was used to image striatal neuropil in both wild-type (WT) mice and an A53T bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) human α-synuclein (A53T-BAC-SNCA) transgenic (Tg) mouse model of PD, at 1, 3, 6, and 22 months of age. We demonstrated that spine density gradually decreases, and average spine head volume gradually increases with age in WT mice, suggesting a homeostatic balance between spine head volume and spine density. However, this inverse relationship between spine head volume and spine density was not observed in A53T-BAC-SNCA Tg mice. Taken together, our data suggest that PD is accompanied by an abnormality in the mechanisms that control synapse growth and maturity.
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10
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Zaccard CR, Shapiro L, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, Pratt C, Myczek K, Song A, Forrest MP, Penzes P. Rapid 3D Enhanced Resolution Microscopy Reveals Diversity in Dendritic Spinule Dynamics, Regulation, and Function. Neuron 2020; 107:522-537.e6. [PMID: 32464088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spinules are thin protrusions, formed by neuronal spines, not adequately resolved by diffraction-limited light microscopy, which has limited our understanding of their behavior. Here we performed rapid structured illumination microscopy and enhanced resolution confocal microscopy to study spatiotemporal spinule dynamics in cortical pyramidal neurons. Spinules recurred at the same locations on mushroom spine heads. Most were short-lived, dynamic, exploratory, and originated near simple PSDs, whereas a subset was long-lived, elongated, and associated with complex PSDs. These subtypes were differentially regulated by Ca2+ transients. Furthermore, the postsynaptic Rac1-GEF kalirin-7 regulated spinule formation, elongation, and recurrence. Long-lived spinules often contained PSD fragments, contacted distal presynaptic terminals, and formed secondary synapses. NMDAR activation increased spinule number, length, and contact with distal presynaptic elements. Spinule subsets, dynamics, and recurrence were validated in cortical neurons of acute brain slices. Thus, we identified unique properties, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of spinule subtypes, supporting roles in neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Zaccard
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Shapiro
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Christopher Pratt
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kristoffer Myczek
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amy Song
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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12
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Lai J, Su Y, Swain DL, Huang D, Getchevski D, Gong H. The Role of Schlemm's Canal Endothelium Cellular Connectivity in Giant Vacuole Formation: A 3D Electron Microscopy Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1630-1643. [PMID: 30995299 PMCID: PMC6736380 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated whether cellular connectivity between Schlemm's canal (SC) inner wall (IW) endothelium, and juxtacanalicular connective tissue (JCT), and between IW endothelial cells, plays a role in giant vacuole (GV) and pore formation by comparing perfusion- and immersion-fixed eyes. Methods Normal human donor eyes (n = 4) were either immersion-fixed (0 mm Hg) or perfusion-fixed (15 mm Hg). Trabecular meshwork near SC was imaged using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. A total of 12 IW cells from each group were 3D-reconstructed from ∼7040 electron micrographs and compared. In each cell, connections between IW cells and JCT cells/matrix were quantified; IW/IW connectivity was measured by cell border overlap length. GV volume, density, shape, and intracellular and paracellular pores were analyzed. Results The mean number of IW/JCT cell-cell connections per cell significantly decreased (P < 0.01) while the summed GV volume per cell significantly increased (P < 0.01) in perfusion-fixed eyes compared to immersion-fixed eyes. Intracellular pores were observed in 14.6% of GVs in perfusion-fixed eyes and not observed in immersion-fixed eyes. The mean IW/IW overlap length per cell decreased (P < 0.01), and paracellular pores were found only in regions where IW/IW connectivity was minimal (overlap length = 0 μm) in perfusion-fixed eyes and not observed in immersion-fixed eyes. Conclusions Our data suggest that changes in IW/JCT connectivity may be an important factor in the formation of larger GVs, and decreased IW/IW connectivity may promote paracellular pore formation. Targeting the IW/JCT and IW/IW connectivity may therefore be a potential strategy to regulate outflow resistance and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yanfeng Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David L Swain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Davy Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dimitr Getchevski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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13
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Bell M, Bartol T, Sejnowski T, Rangamani P. Dendritic spine geometry and spine apparatus organization govern the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:1017-1034. [PMID: 31324651 PMCID: PMC6683673 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small subcompartments that protrude from the dendrites of neurons and are important for signaling activity and synaptic communication. These subcompartments have been characterized to have different shapes. While it is known that these shapes are associated with spine function, the specific nature of these shape-function relationships is not well understood. In this work, we systematically investigated the relationship between the shape and size of both the spine head and spine apparatus, a specialized endoplasmic reticulum compartment within the spine head, in modulating rapid calcium dynamics using mathematical modeling. We developed a spatial multicompartment reaction-diffusion model of calcium dynamics in three dimensions with various flux sources, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs), and different ion pumps on the plasma membrane. Using this model, we make several important predictions. First, the volume to surface area ratio of the spine regulates calcium dynamics. Second, membrane fluxes impact calcium dynamics temporally and spatially in a nonlinear fashion. Finally, the spine apparatus can act as a physical buffer for calcium by acting as a sink and rescaling the calcium concentration. These predictions set the stage for future experimental investigations of calcium dynamics in dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tom Bartol
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Terrence Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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14
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Yang Y, Lu J, Zuo Y. Changes of Synaptic Structures Associated with Learning, Memory and Diseases. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2018.2018.9050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is widely believed to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. It is influenced by various factors including development, sensory experiences, and brain disorders. Long-term synaptic plasticity is accompanied by protein synthesis and trafficking, leading to structural changes of the synapse. In this review, we focus on the synaptic structural plasticity, which has mainly been studied with in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss how a special type of synapses, the multi-contact synapses (including those formed by multi-synaptic boutons and multi-synaptic spines), are associated with experience and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ju Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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15
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Chirillo MA, Waters MS, Lindsey LF, Bourne JN, Harris KM. Local resources of polyribosomes and SER promote synapse enlargement and spine clustering after long-term potentiation in adult rat hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3861. [PMID: 30846859 PMCID: PMC6405867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse clustering facilitates circuit integration, learning, and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of mature neurons produces synapse enlargement balanced by fewer spines, raising the question of how clusters form despite this homeostatic regulation of total synaptic weight. Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial section electron microscopy (3DEM) revealed the shapes and distributions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and polyribosomes, subcellular resources important for synapse enlargement and spine outgrowth. Compared to control stimulation, synapses were enlarged two hours after LTP on resource-rich spines containing polyribosomes (4% larger than control) or SER (15% larger). SER in spines shifted from a single tubule to complex spine apparatus after LTP. Negligible synapse enlargement (0.6%) occurred on resource-poor spines lacking SER and polyribosomes. Dendrites were divided into discrete synaptic clusters surrounded by asynaptic segments. Spine density was lowest in clusters having only resource-poor spines, especially following LTP. In contrast, resource-rich spines preserved neighboring resource-poor spines and formed larger clusters with elevated total synaptic weight following LTP. These clusters also had more shaft SER branches, which could sequester cargo locally to support synapse growth and spinogenesis. Thus, resources appear to be redistributed to synaptic clusters with LTP-related synapse enlargement while homeostatic regulation suppressed spine outgrowth in resource-poor synaptic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Chirillo
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.,Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Mikayla S Waters
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.,McGovern Medical School in Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laurence F Lindsey
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.,Google Seattle, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA
| | - Jennifer N Bourne
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kristen M Harris
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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16
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Urban BE, Xiao L, Dong B, Chen S, Kozorovitskiy Y, Zhang HF. Imaging neuronal structure dynamics using 2-photon super-resolution patterned excitation reconstruction microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:10.1002/jbio.201700171. [PMID: 28976633 PMCID: PMC7313398 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing fine neuronal structures deep inside strongly light-scattering brain tissue remains a challenge in neuroscience. Recent nanoscopy techniques have reached the necessary resolution but often suffer from limited imaging depth, long imaging time or high light fluence requirements. Here, we present two-photon super-resolution patterned excitation reconstruction (2P-SuPER) microscopy for 3-dimensional imaging of dendritic spine dynamics at a maximum demonstrated imaging depth of 130 μm in living brain tissue with approximately 100 nm spatial resolution. We confirmed 2P-SuPER resolution using fluorescence nanoparticle and quantum dot phantoms and imaged spiny neurons in acute brain slices. We induced hippocampal plasticity and showed that 2P-SuPER can resolve increases in dendritic spine head sizes on CA1 pyramidal neurons following theta-burst stimulation of Schaffer collateral axons. 2P-SuPER further revealed nanoscopic increases in dendritic spine neck widths, a feature of synaptic plasticity that has not been thoroughly investigated due to the combined limit of resolution and penetration depth in existing imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben E. Urban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Biqin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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17
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Hill MA, Nourian Z, Ho IL, Clifford PS, Martinez-Lemus L, Meininger GA. Small Artery Elastin Distribution and Architecture-Focus on Three Dimensional Organization. Microcirculation 2018; 23:614-620. [PMID: 27362628 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of ECM proteins within the walls of resistance vessels is complex both in variety of proteins and structural arrangement. In particular, elastin exists as discrete fibers varying in orientation across the adventitia and media as well as often resembling a sheet-like structure in the case of the IEL. Adding to the complexity is the tissue heterogeneity that exists in these structural arrangements. For example, small intracranial cerebral arteries lack adventitial elastin while similar sized arteries from skeletal muscle and intestinal mesentery exhibit a complex adventitial network of elastin fibers. With regard to the IEL, several vascular beds exhibit an elastin sheet with punctate holes/fenestrae while in others the IEL is discontinuous and fibrous in appearance. Importantly, these structural patterns likely sub-serve specific functional properties, including mechanosensing, control of external forces, mechanical properties of the vascular wall, cellular positioning, and communication between cells. Of further significance, these processes are altered in vascular disorders such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus where there is modification of ECM. This brief report focuses on the three-dimensional wall structure of small arteries and considers possible implications with regard to mechanosensing under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zahra Nourian
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - I-Lin Ho
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Philip S Clifford
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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18
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Ferguson S, Steyer AM, Mayhew TM, Schwab Y, Lucocq JM. Quantifying Golgi structure using EM: combining volume-SEM and stereology for higher throughput. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:653-669. [PMID: 28429122 PMCID: PMC5429891 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigating organelles such as the Golgi complex depends increasingly on high-throughput quantitative morphological analyses from multiple experimental or genetic conditions. Light microscopy (LM) has been an effective tool for screening but fails to reveal fine details of Golgi structures such as vesicles, tubules and cisternae. Electron microscopy (EM) has sufficient resolution but traditional transmission EM (TEM) methods are slow and inefficient. Newer volume scanning EM (volume-SEM) methods now have the potential to speed up 3D analysis by automated sectioning and imaging. However, they produce large arrays of sections and/or images, which require labour-intensive 3D reconstruction for quantitation on limited cell numbers. Here, we show that the information storage, digital waste and workload involved in using volume-SEM can be reduced substantially using sampling-based stereology. Using the Golgi as an example, we describe how Golgi populations can be sensed quantitatively using single random slices and how accurate quantitative structural data on Golgi organelles of individual cells can be obtained using only 5–10 sections/images taken from a volume-SEM series (thereby sensing population parameters and cell–cell variability). The approach will be useful in techniques such as correlative LM and EM (CLEM) where small samples of cells are treated and where there may be variable responses. For Golgi study, we outline a series of stereological estimators that are suited to these analyses and suggest workflows, which have the potential to enhance the speed and relevance of data acquisition in volume-SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ferguson
- Structural Cell Biology Group, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9TF, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Terry M Mayhew
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Milton Lucocq
- Structural Cell Biology Group, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9TF, Scotland, UK.
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19
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Parajuli LK, Ageta-Ishihara N, Ageta H, Fukazawa Y, Kinoshita M. Methods for immunoblot detection and electron microscopic localization of septin subunits in mammalian nervous systems. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 136:285-94. [PMID: 27473915 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The minimal functional units of the mammalian septin system are diverse heterooligomers of SEPT1-14 subunits, which are most abundantly and differentially expressed in postmitotic neurons and glia. The subunit compositions of such heterooligomers are thought to differentiate their affinity for other proteins and lipids, and subcellular localization. Thus, high-precision quantification and mapping of each subunit is necessary to understand their subcellular functions and physiological roles. However, systematic information on the localization of individual septin subunits in the mammalian nervous system is limited. Here, we present our experimental workflows for the study of septin expression and localization in the rodent brain by immunoblot and serial section immunoelectron microscopy. Our protocols, based on standard methods, have been rigorously optimized and simplified for universality and reproducibility to aid non-experts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H Ageta
- Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | | | - M Kinoshita
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan
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20
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Watson DJ, Ostroff L, Cao G, Parker PH, Smith H, Harris KM. LTP enhances synaptogenesis in the developing hippocampus. Hippocampus 2016; 26:560-76. [PMID: 26418237 PMCID: PMC4811749 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In adult hippocampus, long-term potentiation (LTP) produces synapse enlargement while preventing the formation of new small dendritic spines. Here, we tested how LTP affects structural synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA1 of Long-Evans rats at postnatal day 15 (P15). P15 is an age of robust synaptogenesis when less than 35% of dendritic spines have formed. We hypothesized that LTP might therefore have a different effect on synapse structure than in adults. Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) was used to induce LTP at one site and control stimulation was delivered at an independent site, both within s. radiatum of the same hippocampal slice. Slices were rapidly fixed at 5, 30, and 120 min after TBS, and processed for analysis by three-dimensional reconstruction from serial section electron microscopy (3DEM). All findings were compared to hippocampus that was perfusion-fixed (PF) in vivo at P15. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses on dendritic spines and shafts were distinguished from synaptic precursors, including filopodia and surface specializations. The potentiated response plateaued between 5 and 30 min and remained potentiated prior to fixation. TBS resulted in more small spines relative to PF by 30 min. This TBS-related spine increase lasted 120 min, hence, there were substantially more small spines with LTP than in the control or PF conditions. In contrast, control test pulses resulted in spine loss relative to PF by 120 min, but not earlier. The findings provide accurate new measurements of spine and synapse densities and sizes. The added or lost spines had small synapses, took time to form or disappear, and did not result in elevated potentiation or depression at 120 min. Thus, at P15 the spines formed following TBS, or lost with control stimulation, appear to be functionally silent. With TBS, existing synapses were awakened and then new spines formed as potential substrates for subsequent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and MemoryInstitute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78731
| | | | - Guan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and MemoryInstitute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78731
| | - Patrick H. Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and MemoryInstitute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78731
| | - Heather Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and MemoryInstitute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78731
| | - Kristen M. Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and MemoryInstitute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78731
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21
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Effect of Associative Learning on Memory Spine Formation in Mouse Barrel Cortex. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9828517. [PMID: 26819780 PMCID: PMC4706958 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9828517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative fear learning, in which stimulation of whiskers is paired with mild electric shock to the tail, modifies the barrel cortex, the functional representation of sensory receptors involved in the conditioning, by inducing formation of new inhibitory synapses on single-synapse spines of the cognate barrel hollows and thus producing double-synapse spines. In the barrel cortex of conditioned, pseudoconditioned, and untreated mice, we analyzed the number and morphological features of dendritic spines at various maturation and stability levels: sER-free spines, spines containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), and spines containing spine apparatus. Using stereological analysis of serial sections examined by transmission electron microscopy, we found that the density of double-synapse spines containing spine apparatus was significantly increased in the conditioned mice. Learning also induced enhancement of the postsynaptic density area of inhibitory synapses as well as increase in the number of polyribosomes in such spines. In single-synapse spines, the effects of conditioning were less pronounced and included increase in the number of polyribosomes in sER-free spines. The results suggest that fear learning differentially affects single- and double-synapse spines in the barrel cortex: it promotes maturation and stabilization of double-synapse spines, which might possibly contribute to permanent memory formation, and upregulates protein synthesis in single-synapse spines.
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22
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Harris KM, Spacek J, Bell ME, Parker PH, Lindsey LF, Baden AD, Vogelstein JT, Burns R. A resource from 3D electron microscopy of hippocampal neuropil for user training and tool development. Sci Data 2015; 2:150046. [PMID: 26347348 PMCID: PMC4555877 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurgent interest in synaptic circuitry and plasticity has emphasized the importance of 3D reconstruction from serial section electron microscopy (3DEM). Three volumes of hippocampal CA1 neuropil from adult rat were imaged at X-Y resolution of ~2 nm on serial sections of ~50-60 nm thickness. These are the first densely reconstructed hippocampal volumes. All axons, dendrites, glia, and synapses were reconstructed in a cube (~10 μm(3)) surrounding a large dendritic spine, a cylinder (~43 μm(3)) surrounding an oblique dendritic segment (3.4 μm long), and a parallelepiped (~178 μm(3)) surrounding an apical dendritic segment (4.9 μm long). The data provide standards for identifying ultrastructural objects in 3DEM, realistic reconstructions for modeling biophysical properties of synaptic transmission, and a test bed for enhancing reconstruction tools. Representative synapses are quantified from varying section planes, and microtubules, polyribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and endosomes are identified and reconstructed in a subset of dendrites. The original images, traces, and Reconstruct software and files are freely available and visualized at the Open Connectome Project (Data Citation 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C7000 , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Josef Spacek
- Department of Pathology, Charles University at Prague, Faculty of Medicine , 500 35 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Elizabeth Bell
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C7000 , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Patrick H Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C7000 , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Laurence F Lindsey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C7000 , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Alexander D Baden
- Department of Computer Science, Institute for Data Intensive Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 160 Malone Hall, 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall Room 317C, 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Randal Burns
- Department of Computer Science, Institute for Data Intensive Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 160 Malone Hall, 3400 N. Charles St. , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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23
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Dall'Oglio A, Dutra ACL, Moreira JE, Rasia-Filho AA. The human medial amygdala: structure, diversity, and complexity of dendritic spines. J Anat 2015. [PMID: 26218827 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial nucleus of the amygdala (Me) is a component of the neural circuit for the interpretation of multimodal sensory stimuli and the elaboration of emotions and social behaviors in primates. We studied the presence, distribution, diverse shape, and connectivity of dendritic spines in the human Me of adult postmortem men. Data were obtained from the five types of multipolar neurons found in the Me using an adapted Golgi method and light microscopy, the carbocyanine DiI fluorescent dye and confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Three-dimensional reconstruction of spines showed a continuum of shapes and sizes, with the spines either lying isolated or forming clusters. These dendritic spines were classified as stubby/wide, thin, mushroom-like, ramified or with an atypical morphology including intermediate shapes, double spines, and thorny excrescences. Pleomorphic spines were found from proximal to distal dendritic branches suggesting potential differences for synaptic processing, strength, and plasticity in the Me neurons. Furthermore, the human Me has large and thin spines with a gemmule appearance, spinules, and filopodium. The ultrastructural data showed dendritic spines forming monosynaptic or multisynaptic contacts at the spine head and neck, and with asymmetric or symmetric characteristics. Additional findings included en passant, reciprocal, and serial synapses in the Me. Complex long-necked thin spines were observed in this subcortical area. These new data reveal the diversity of the dendritic spines in the human Me likely involved with the integration and processing of local synaptic inputs and with functional implications in physiological and various neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dall'Oglio
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina L Dutra
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge E Moreira
- Laboratory of Synaptic Structure, Departments of Pathology and Forensic Medicine and Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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24
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Kaynig V, Vazquez-Reina A, Knowles-Barley S, Roberts M, Jones TR, Kasthuri N, Miller E, Lichtman J, Pfister H. Large-scale automatic reconstruction of neuronal processes from electron microscopy images. Med Image Anal 2015; 22:77-88. [PMID: 25791436 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Automated sample preparation and electron microscopy enables acquisition of very large image data sets. These technical advances are of special importance to the field of neuroanatomy, as 3D reconstructions of neuronal processes at the nm scale can provide new insight into the fine grained structure of the brain. Segmentation of large-scale electron microscopy data is the main bottleneck in the analysis of these data sets. In this paper we present a pipeline that provides state-of-the art reconstruction performance while scaling to data sets in the GB-TB range. First, we train a random forest classifier on interactive sparse user annotations. The classifier output is combined with an anisotropic smoothing prior in a Conditional Random Field framework to generate multiple segmentation hypotheses per image. These segmentations are then combined into geometrically consistent 3D objects by segmentation fusion. We provide qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the automatic segmentation and demonstrate large-scale 3D reconstructions of neuronal processes from a 27,000 μm(3) volume of brain tissue over a cube of 30 μm in each dimension corresponding to 1000 consecutive image sections. We also introduce Mojo, a proofreading tool including semi-automated correction of merge errors based on sparse user scribbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kaynig
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States
| | - Amelio Vazquez-Reina
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States; Department of Computer Science at Tufts University, United States
| | | | - Mike Roberts
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States
| | - Thouis R Jones
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, United States
| | - Narayanan Kasthuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, United States
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Computer Science at Tufts University, United States
| | - Jeff Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, United States
| | - Hanspeter Pfister
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States
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25
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Ohno N, Katoh M, Saitoh Y, Saitoh S, Ohno S. Three-dimensional volume imaging with electron microscopy toward connectome. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 64:17-26. [PMID: 25550364 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural analyses with electron microscopy have provided indispensable information to understand physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Recent advancement in imaging methodology paved the way for complete reconstruction of the neuronal connection map in the central nervous system, which is termed 'connectome' and would provide key insights to understand the functions of the brain. The critical advancement includes serial ultrastructural observation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) instead of conventional serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy along with specific tissue preparation methods to increase heavy metal deposition for efficient SEM imaging. The advanced imaging methods using SEM have distinct advantages and disadvantages in multiple aspects, such as resolution and imaging speed, and should be selected depending on the observation conditions, such as target tissue sizes, required spatial resolution and necessity for re-observation. Dealing with the huge dataset remained to be a major obstacle, and automation in segmentation and 3D reconstruction would be critical to understand neuronal circuits in a larger volume of the brain. Future improvement in acquisition and analyses of the morphological data obtained with the advanced SEM imaging is awaited to elucidate the significance of whole connectome as the structural basis of the consciousness, intelligence and memory of a subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Katoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sei Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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26
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Risher WC, Patel S, Kim IH, Uezu A, Bhagat S, Wilton DK, Pilaz LJ, Singh Alvarado J, Calhan OY, Silver DL, Stevens B, Calakos N, Soderling SH, Eroglu C. Astrocytes refine cortical connectivity at dendritic spines. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25517933 PMCID: PMC4286724 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During cortical synaptic development, thalamic axons must establish synaptic connections despite the presence of the more abundant intracortical projections. How thalamocortical synapses are formed and maintained in this competitive environment is unknown. Here, we show that astrocyte-secreted protein hevin is required for normal thalamocortical synaptic connectivity in the mouse cortex. Absence of hevin results in a profound, long-lasting reduction in thalamocortical synapses accompanied by a transient increase in intracortical excitatory connections. Three-dimensional reconstructions of cortical neurons from serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) revealed that, during early postnatal development, dendritic spines often receive multiple excitatory inputs. Immuno-EM and confocal analyses revealed that majority of the spines with multiple excitatory contacts (SMECs) receive simultaneous thalamic and cortical inputs. Proportion of SMECs diminishes as the brain develops, but SMECs remain abundant in Hevin-null mice. These findings reveal that, through secretion of hevin, astrocytes control an important developmental synaptic refinement process at dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Christopher Risher
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Sagar Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Il Hwan Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Akiyoshi Uezu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Srishti Bhagat
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Daniel K Wilton
- Department of Neurology, FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | | | - Osman Y Calhan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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27
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Edwards J, Daniel E, Kinney J, Bartol T, Sejnowski T, Johnston D, Harris K, Bajaj C. VolRoverN: enhancing surface and volumetric reconstruction for realistic dynamical simulation of cellular and subcellular function. Neuroinformatics 2014; 12:277-89. [PMID: 24100964 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-013-9205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Establishing meaningful relationships between cellular structure and function requires accurate morphological reconstructions. In particular, there is an unmet need for high quality surface reconstructions to model subcellular and synaptic interactions among neurons and glia at nanometer resolution. We address this need with VolRoverN, a software package that produces accurate, efficient, and automated 3D surface reconstructions from stacked 2D contour tracings. While many techniques and tools have been developed in the past for 3D visualization of cellular structure, the reconstructions from VolRoverN meet specific quality criteria that are important for dynamical simulations. These criteria include manifoldness, water-tightness, lack of self- and object-object-intersections, and geometric accuracy. These enhanced surface reconstructions are readily extensible to any cell type and are used here on spiny dendrites with complex morphology and axons from mature rat hippocampal area CA1. Both spatially realistic surface reconstructions and reduced skeletonizations are produced and formatted by VolRoverN for easy input into analysis software packages for neurophysiological simulations at multiple spatial and temporal scales ranging from ion electro-diffusion to electrical cable models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Edwards
- Department of Computer Science, ICES, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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28
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Mancuso JJ, Cheng J, Yin Z, Gilliam JC, Xia X, Li X, Wong STC. Integration of multiscale dendritic spine structure and function data into systems biology models. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:130. [PMID: 25429262 PMCID: PMC4228840 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprising 1011 neurons with 1014 synaptic connections the human brain is the ultimate systems biology puzzle. An increasing body of evidence highlights the observation that changes in brain function, both normal and pathological, consistently correlate with dynamic changes in neuronal anatomy. Anatomical changes occur on a full range of scales from the trafficking of individual proteins, to alterations in synaptic morphology both individually and on a systems level, to reductions in long distance connectivity and brain volume. The major sites of contact for synapsing neurons are dendritic spines, which provide an excellent metric for the number and strength of signaling connections between elements of functional neuronal circuits. A comprehensive model of anatomical changes and their functional consequences would be a holy grail for the field of systems neuroscience but its realization appears far on the horizon. Various imaging technologies have advanced to allow for multi-scale visualization of brain plasticity and pathology, but computational analysis of the big data sets involved forms the bottleneck toward the creation of multiscale models of brain structure and function. While a full accounting of techniques and progress toward a comprehensive model of brain anatomy and function is beyond the scope of this or any other single paper, this review serves to highlight the opportunities for analysis of neuronal spine anatomy and function provided by new imaging technologies and the high-throughput application of older technologies while surveying the strengths and weaknesses of currently available computational analytical tools and room for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Mancuso
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared C Gilliam
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Li
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA ; TT and WF Chao Center for Bioinformatics Research and Imaging for Neurosciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Peterson VL, McCool BA, Hamilton DA. Effects of ethanol exposure and withdrawal on dendritic morphology and spine density in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Brain Res 2014; 1594:125-35. [PMID: 25452024 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to drugs of abuse can result in profound structural modifications on neurons in circuits involved in addiction that may contribute to drug dependence, withdrawal and related processes. Structural alterations on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been observed following exposure to and withdrawal from a variety of drugs; however, relatively little is known about the effects of alcohol exposure and withdrawal on structural alterations of NAc MSNs. In the present study male rats were chronically exposed to vaporized ethanol for 10 days and underwent 1 or 7 days of withdrawal after which the brains were processed for Golgi-Cox staining and analysis of dendritic length, branching and spine density. MSNs of the NAc shell and core underwent different patterns of changes following ethanol exposure and withdrawal. At 1 day of withdrawal there were modest reductions in the dendritic length and branching of MSNs in both the core and the shell compared to control animals exposed only to air. At 7 days of withdrawal the length and branching of shell MSNs was reduced, whereas the length and branching of core MSNs were increased relative to the shell. The density of mature spines was increased in the core at 1 day of withdrawal, whereas the density of less mature spines was increased in both regions at 7 days of withdrawal. Collectively, these observations indicate that MSNs of the NAc core and shell undergo distinct patterns of structural modifications following ethanol exposure and withdrawal suggesting that modifications in dendritic structure in these regions may contribute differentially to ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brian A McCool
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Derek A Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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30
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Camacho-Abrego I, Tellez-Merlo G, Melo AI, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Garcés L, De La Cruz F, Zamudio S, Flores G. Rearrangement of the dendritic morphology of the neurons from prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after subthalamic lesion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Synapse 2013; 68:114-26. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Camacho-Abrego
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP: 72570, Puebla Puebla México
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Gullermina Tellez-Merlo
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP: 72570, Puebla Puebla México
| | - Angel I. Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal; CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala; Tlaxcala México
| | | | - Linda Garcés
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Fidel De La Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Sergio Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D. F. México
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría; Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP: 72570, Puebla Puebla México
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31
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Vázquez-Roque RA, Ubhi K, Masliah E, Flores G. Chronic cerebrolysin administration attenuates neuronal abnormalities in the basolateral amygdala induced by neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion in the rat. Synapse 2013; 68:31-8. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Antonio Vázquez-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570 Puebla México
| | - Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla California 92093-0624
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570 Puebla México
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología; Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570 Puebla México
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32
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Zhang Y, Meredith GE, Mendoza-Elias N, Rademacher DJ, Tseng KY, Steece-Collier K. Aberrant restoration of spines and their synapses in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: involvement of corticostriatal but not thalamostriatal synapses. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11655-67. [PMID: 23843533 PMCID: PMC3724545 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0288-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the structural plasticity of excitatory synapses from corticostriatal and thalamostriatal pathways and their postsynaptic targets in adult Sprague-Dawley rats to understand how these striatal circuits change in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). We present here detailed electron and light microscopic analyses that provide new insight into the nature of the structural and synaptic remodeling of medium spiny neurons in response to LIDs. Numerous studies have implicated enhanced glutamate signaling and persistent long-term potentiation as central to the behavioral sensitization phenomenon of LIDs. Moreover, experience-dependent alterations in behavior are thought to involve structural modifications, specifically alterations in patterns of synaptic connectivity. Thus, we hypothesized that in the striatum of rats with LIDs, one of two major glutamatergic pathways would form new or altered contacts, especially onto the spines of medium spiny neuron (MSNs). Our data provide compelling evidence for a dramatic rewiring of the striatum of dyskinetic rats and that this rewiring involves corticostriatal but not thalamostriatal contacts onto MSNs. There is a dramatic increase in corticostriatal contacts onto spines and dendrites that appear to be directly linked to dyskinetic behaviors, since they were not seen in the striatum of animals that did not develop dyskinesia. There is also an aberrant increase in spines receiving more than one excitatory contact(i.e., multisynaptic spines) in the dyskinetic animals compared with the 6-hydroxydopamine-treated and control rats. Such alterations could substantially impair the ability of striatal neurons to gate cortically driven signals and contribute to the loss of bidirectional synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, and
| | | | - Nasya Mendoza-Elias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, and
| | - David J. Rademacher
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Kuei Y. Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, and
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
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33
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Bringas M, Carvajal-Flores F, López-Ramírez T, Atzori M, Flores G. Rearrangement of the dendritic morphology in limbic regions and altered exploratory behavior in a rat model of autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 2013; 241:170-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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