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Pyranthiones/Pyrones: "Click and Release" Donors for Subcellular Hydrogen Sulfide Delivery and Labeling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303465. [PMID: 37985373 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), one of the most important gasotransmitters, plays a critical role in endogenous signaling pathways of many diseases. However, developing H2 S donors with both tunable release kinetics and high release efficiency for subcellular delivery has been challenging. Here, we describe a click and release reaction between pyrone/pyranthiones and bicyclononyne (BCN). This reaction features a release of CO2 /COS with second-order rate constants comparable to Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition reactions (SPAACs). Interestingly, pyranthiones showed enhanced reaction rates compared to their pyrone counterparts. We investigated pyrone biorthogonality and demonstrated their utility in protein labeling applications. Moreover, we synthesized substituted pyranthiones with H2 S release kinetics that can address the range of physiologically relevant H2 S dynamics in cells and achieved quantitative H2 S release efficiency in vitro. Finally, we explored the potential of pyranthiones as H2 S/COS donors for mitochondrial-targeted H2 S delivery in living cells.
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FGF2 Functions in H 2S's Attenuating Effect on Brain Injury Induced by Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Rats. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00952-3. [PMID: 37919618 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) can protect the brain during cardiac and aortic surgery by cooling the body, but meanwhile, temporary or permanent brain injury may arise. H2S protects neurons and the central nervous system, especially from secondary neuronal injury. We aim to unveil part of the mechanism of H2S's attenuating effect on brain injury induced by DHCA by exploring crucial target genes, and further promote the clinical application of H2S in DHCA. Nine SD rats were utilized to provide histological and microarray samples, and further the differential expression analysis. Then we conducted GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses on candidate genes. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were performed by STRING and GeneMANIA. Crucial target genes' expression was validated by qRT-PCR and western blot. Histological study proved DHCA's damaging effect and H2S's repairing effect on brain. Next, we got 477 candidate genes by analyzing differentially expressed genes. The candidate genes were enriched in 303 GO terms and 28 KEGG pathways. Then nine genes were selected as crucial target genes. The function prediction by GeneMANIA suggested their close relation to immunity. FGF2 was identified as the crucial gene. FGF2 plays a vital role in the pathway when H2S attenuates brain injury after DHCA. Our research provides more information for understanding the mechanism of H2S attenuating brain injury after DHCA. We infer the process might probably be closely associated with immunity.
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Brain Histology and Immunohistochemistry After Resuscitation From Hemorrhagic Shock in Swine With Pre-Existing Atherosclerosis and Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) Treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:925433. [PMID: 35847799 PMCID: PMC9279570 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.925433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the oxytocin/oxytocin receptor (OT/OTR) systems interact in the central nervous and cardiovascular system. As a consequence of osmotic balance stress, H2S stimulates OT release from the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in the hypothalamic regulation of blood volume and pressure. Hemorrhagic shock (HS) represents one of the most pronounced acute changes in blood volume, which, moreover, may cause at least transient brain tissue hypoxia. Atherosclerosis is associated with reduced vascular expression of the main endogenous H2S producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), and, hence, exogenous H2S administration could be beneficial in these patients, in particular after HS. However, so far cerebral effects of systemic H2S administration are poorly understood. Having previously shown lung-protective effects of therapeutic Na2S2O3 administration in a clinically relevant, long-term, porcine model of HS and resuscitation we evaluated if these protective effects were extended to the brain. Methods In this study, available unanalyzed paraffin embedded brain sections (Na2S2O3N = 8 or vehicle N = 5) of our recently published HS study were analyzed via neuro-histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the endogenous H2S producing enzymes, OT, OTR, and markers for brain injury and oxidative stress (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nitrotyrosine). Results Neuro-histopathological analysis revealed uninjured brain tissue with minor white matter edema. Protein quantification in the hypothalamic PVN showed no significant inter-group differences between vehicle or Na2S2O3 treatment. Conclusions The endogenous H2S enzymes, OT/OTR co-localized in magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus, which may reflect their interaction in response to HS-induced hypovolemia. The preserved blood brain barrier (BBB) may have resulted in impermeability for Na2S2O3 and no inter-group differences in the PVN. Nonetheless, our results do not preclude that Na2S2O3 could have a therapeutic benefit in the brain in an injury that disrupts the BBB, e.g., traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acute subdural hematoma (ASDH).
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H2S in Critical Illness—A New Horizon for Sodium Thiosulfate? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040543. [PMID: 35454132 PMCID: PMC9029606 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of endogenous H2S and the identification of its cytoprotective properties, efforts have been made to develop strategies to use H2S as a therapeutic agent. The ability of H2S to regulate vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis might be particularly useful in the therapeutic management of critical illness. However, neither the inhalation of gaseous H2S, nor the administration of inorganic H2S-releasing salts or slow-releasing H2S-donors are feasible for clinical use. Na2S2O3 is a clinically approved compound with a good safety profile and is able to release H2S, in particular under hypoxic conditions. Pre-clinical studies show promise for Na2S2O3 in the acute management of critical illness. A current clinical trial is investigating the therapeutic potential for Na2S2O3 in myocardial infarct. Pre-eclampsia and COVID-19 pneumonia might be relevant targets for future clinical trials.
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Effects of Sodium Thiosulfate During Resuscitation From Trauma-and-Hemorrhage in Cystathionine Gamma Lyase (CSE) Knockout Mice. Shock 2022; 57:131-139. [PMID: 34172609 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) is a clinically established drug with antioxidant and sulphide-releasing properties. Na2S2O3 mediated neuro- and cardioprotective effects in ischemia/reperfusion models and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Moreover, Na2S2O3 improved lung function during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in swine with pre-existing atherosclerosis, characterized by decreased expression of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a major source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis in the vasculature. Based on these findings, we investigated the effects of Na2S2O3 administration during resuscitation from trauma-and-hemorrhage in mice under conditions of whole body CSE deficit. METHODS After blast wave-induced blunt chest trauma and surgical instrumentation, CSE knockout (CSE-/-) mice underwent 1 h of hemorrhagic shock (MAP 35 ± 5 mm Hg). At the beginning of resuscitation comprising retransfusion, norepinephrine support and lung-protective mechanical ventilation, animals received either i.v. Na2S2O3 (0.45 mg g-1, n = 12) or vehicle (saline, n = 13). Hemodynamics, acid-base status, metabolism using stable isotopes, and visceral organ function were assessed. Blood and organs were collected for analysis of cytokines, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and immunoblotting. RESULTS Na2S2O3 treatment improved arterial paO2 (P = 0.03) coinciding with higher lung tissue glucocorticoid receptor expression. Norepinephrine requirements were lower in the Na2S2O3 group (P < 0.05), which was associated with lower endogenous glucose production and higher urine output. Na2S2O3 significantly increased renal tissue IκBα and heme oxygenase-1 expression, whereas it lowered kidney IL-6 and MCP-1 levels. CONCLUSION Na2S2O3 exerted beneficial effects during resuscitation of murine trauma-and-hemorrhage in CSE-/- mice, confirming and extending the previously described organ-protective and anti-inflammatory properties of Na2S2O3. The findings make Na2S2O3 a potentially promising therapeutic option in the context of impaired CSE activity and/or reduced endogenous H2S availability.
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Localization of the hydrogen sulfide and oxytocin systems at the depth of the sulci in a porcine model of acute subdural hematoma. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2376-2382. [PMID: 33907009 PMCID: PMC8374554 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the porcine model discussed in this review, the acute subdural hematoma was induced by subdural injection of autologous blood over the left parietal cortex, which led to a transient elevation of the intracerebral pressure, measured by bilateral neuromonitoring. The hematoma-induced brain injury was associated with albumin extravasation, oxidative stress, reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Further proteins and injury markers were validated to be used for immunohistochemistry of porcine brain tissue. The cerebral expression patterns of oxytocin, oxytocin receptor, cystathionine-γ-lyase and cystathionine-β-synthase were particularly interesting: these four proteins all co-localized at the base of the sulci, where pressure-induced brain injury elicits maximum stress. In this context, the pig is a very relevant translational model in contrast to the rodent brain. The structure of the porcine brain is very similar to the human: the presence of gyri and sulci (gyrencephalic brain), white matter to grey matter proportion and tentorium cerebelli. Thus, pressure-induced injury in the porcine brain, unlike in the rodent brain, is reflective of the human pathophysiology.
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Expanding the Reactive Sulfur Metabolome: Intracellular and Efflux Measurements of Small Oxoacids of Sulfur (SOS) and H 2S in Human Primary Vascular Cell Culture. Molecules 2021; 26:7160. [PMID: 34885743 PMCID: PMC8659008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous signaling molecule which is important for cardiovascular health, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we report measurements of H2S as well as its oxidized metabolites, termed small oxoacids of sulfur (SOS = HSOH and HOSOH), in four human primary vascular cell lines: smooth muscle and endothelial cells derived from both human arterial and coronary tissues. We use a methodology that targets small molecular weight sulfur species; mass spectrometric analysis allows for species quantification to report cellular concentrations based on an H2S calibration curve. The production of H2S and SOS is orders of magnitude higher in smooth muscle (nanomolar) as compared to endothelial cell lines (picomolar). In all the primary lines measured, the distributions of these three species were HOSOH >H2S > HSOH, with much higher SOS than seen previously in non-vascular cell lines. H2S and SOS were effluxed from smooth muscle cells in higher concentrations than endothelial cells. Aortic smooth muscle cells were used to examine changes under hypoxic growth conditions. Hypoxia caused notable increases in HSOH and ROS, which we attribute to enhanced sulfide quinone oxidase activity that results in reverse electron transport.
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Transcriptome analysis reveals that hydrogen sulfide exposure suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through ciR-PTPN23/miR-15a/E2F3 signaling in broiler thymus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117466. [PMID: 34062439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The immune organs, like thymus, are one of the targets of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Previously we reported that H2S induced the differential expression of mRNAs that implicating apoptosis in thymus, however, the roles of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in H2S-induced thymus injury are still unknown. Pollution gases could alter the expression of ncRNAs, which have been shown to play important roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including immune activity. This study revealed that H2S exposure induced 9 differentially expressed circRNAs and 15 differentially expressed miRNAs in chicken thymus. Furthermore, the circRNA - miRNA - mRNA network was constructed. We discovered that circR-PTPN23 - miR-15a - E2F3 was involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. Further, an in vitro H2S exposure model was established using HD11 cell line and demonstrated that H2S suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Moreover, ciR-PTPN23 and E2F3 were downregulated, but miR-15a was upregulated in both the thymus and HD11 cell line after H2S exposure. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ciR-PTPN23 directly bound to miR-15a and that E2F3 was the target gene of miR-15a. Knocking down ciR-PTPN23 suppressed HD11 proliferation and caused G1 arrest and apoptosis, however, this phenomenon could be partially reversed by ciR-PTPN23 overexpression or miR-15a silencing. In summary, the ciR-PTPN23 - miR-15a - E2F3 axis was involved in H2S-induced cell proliferation suppression and apoptosis.
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Biological Connection of Psychological Stress and Polytrauma under Intensive Care: The Role of Oxytocin and Hydrogen Sulfide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9192. [PMID: 34502097 PMCID: PMC8430789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explored the potential mediating role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the oxytocin (OT) systems in hemorrhagic shock (HS) and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Morbidity and mortality after trauma mainly depend on the presence of HS and/or TBI. Rapid "repayment of the O2 debt" and prevention of brain tissue hypoxia are cornerstones of the management of both HS and TBI. Restoring tissue perfusion, however, generates an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury due to the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. Moreover, pre-existing-medical-conditions (PEMC's) can aggravate the occurrence and severity of complications after trauma. In addition to the "classic" chronic diseases (of cardiovascular or metabolic origin), there is growing awareness of psychological PEMC's, e.g., early life stress (ELS) increases the predisposition to develop post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD) and trauma patients with TBI show a significantly higher incidence of PTSD than patients without TBI. In fact, ELS is known to contribute to the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease. The neurotransmitter H2S is not only essential for the neuroendocrine stress response, but is also a promising therapeutic target in the prevention of chronic diseases induced by ELS. The neuroendocrine hormone OT has fundamental importance for brain development and social behavior, and, thus, is implicated in resilience or vulnerability to traumatic events. OT and H2S have been shown to interact in physical and psychological trauma and could, thus, be therapeutic targets to mitigate the acute post-traumatic effects of chronic PEMC's. OT and H2S both share anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and vasoactive properties; through the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway, where their signaling mechanisms converge, they act via the regulation of nitric oxide (NO).
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H 2S and Oxytocin Systems in Early Life Stress and Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163484. [PMID: 34441780 PMCID: PMC8397059 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today it is well established that early life stress leads to cardiovascular programming that manifests in cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms by which this occurs, are not fully understood. This perspective review examines the relevant literature that implicates the dysregulation of the gasomediator hydrogen sulfide and the neuroendocrine oxytocin systems in heart disease and their putative mechanistic role in the early life stress developmental origins of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, interesting hints towards the mutual interaction of the hydrogen sulfide and OT systems are identified, especially with regards to the connection between the central nervous and the cardiovascular system, which support the role of the vagus nerve as a communication link between the brain and the heart in stress-mediated cardiovascular disease.
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Hydrogen sulfide in longevity and pathologies: Inconsistency is malodorous. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101262. [PMID: 33516916 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the biologically active gases (gasotransmitters), which plays an important role in various physiological processes and aging. Its production in the course of methionine and cysteine catabolism and its degradation are finely balanced, and impairment of H2S homeostasis is associated with various pathologies. Despite the strong geroprotective action of exogenous H2S in C. elegans, there are controversial effects of hydrogen sulfide and its donors on longevity in other models, as well as on stress resistance, age-related pathologies and aging processes, including regulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs). Here we discuss that the translation potential of H2S as a geroprotective compound is influenced by a multiplicity of its molecular targets, pleiotropic biological effects, and the overlapping ranges of toxic and beneficial doses. We also consider the challenges of the targeted delivery of H2S at the required dose. Along with this, the complexity of determining the natural levels of H2S in animal and human organs and their ambiguous correlations with longevity are reviewed.
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The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Respiratory Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050682. [PMID: 34062820 PMCID: PMC8147381 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are leading causes of death and disability around the globe, with a diverse range of health problems. Treatment of respiratory diseases and infections has been verified to be thought-provoking because of the increasing incidence and mortality rate. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the recognized gaseous transmitters involved in an extensive range of cellular functions, and physiological and pathological processes in a variety of diseases, including respiratory diseases. Recently, the therapeutic potential of H2S for respiratory diseases has been widely investigated. H2S plays a vital therapeutic role in obstructive respiratory disease, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, pancreatic inflammatory/respiratory lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis. Although the therapeutic role of H2S has been extensively studied in various respiratory diseases, a concrete literature review will have an extraordinary impact on future therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effective role of H2S in respiratory diseases. Besides, we also summarized H2S production in the lung and its metabolism processes in respiratory diseases.
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Targeting endogenous gaseous signaling molecules as novel host-directed therapies against tuberculosis infection. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:655-670. [PMID: 33641567 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1892091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the complexity of disease and its continuous global spread, there is an urgent need to improvise the strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The current anti-TB regimen lasts for months and warrants strict compliance to clear infection and to minimize the risk of development of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis. This underscores the need to have new and improved therapeutics for TB treatment. Several studies have highlighted the unique ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to exploit host factors to support its survival inside the intracellular environment. One of the key players to mycobacterial disease susceptibility and infection are endogenous gases such as oxygen, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as the physiological gaseous messengers are considered important to the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The role of hydrogen sulfide in human tuberculosis is yet not fully elucidated, but this gas has been shown to play a significant role in bacterial respiration, growth and pathogenesis. This review will focus on the host factors majorly endogenous gaseous signaling molecules which contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside the intracellular environment and highlight the potential therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
This review addresses the plausibility of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) therapy for acute lung injury (ALI) and circulatory shock, by contrasting the promising preclinical results to the present clinical reality. The review discusses how the narrow therapeutic window and width, and potentially toxic effects, the route, dosing, and timing of administration all have to be balanced out very carefully. The development of standardized methods to determine in vitro and in vivo H2S concentrations, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of H2S-releasing compounds is a necessity to facilitate the safety of H2S-based therapies. We suggest the potential of exploiting already clinically approved compounds, which are known or unknown H2S donors, as a surrogate strategy.
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Hydrogen sulfide: An endogenous regulator of the immune system. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105119. [PMID: 32781284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now recognized as an endogenous signaling gasotransmitter in mammals. It is produced by mammalian cells and tissues by various enzymes - predominantly cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) - but part of the H2S is produced by the intestinal microbiota (colonic H2S-producing bacteria). Here we summarize the available information on the production and functional role of H2S in the various cell types typically associated with innate immunity (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils) and adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes) under normal conditions and as it relates to the development of various inflammatory and immune diseases. Special attention is paid to the physiological and the pathophysiological aspects of the oral cavity and the colon, where the immune cells and the parenchymal cells are exposed to a special "H2S environment" due to bacterial H2S production. H2S has many cellular and molecular targets. Immune cells are "surrounded" by a "cloud" of H2S, as a result of endogenous H2S production and exogenous production from the surrounding parenchymal cells, which, in turn, importantly regulates their viability and function. Downregulation of endogenous H2S producing enzymes in various diseases, or genetic defects in H2S biosynthetic enzyme systems either lead to the development of spontaneous autoimmune disease or accelerate the onset and worsen the severity of various immune-mediated diseases (e.g. autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis or asthma). Low, regulated amounts of H2S, when therapeutically delivered by small molecule donors, improve the function of various immune cells, and protect them against dysfunction induced by various noxious stimuli (e.g. reactive oxygen species or oxidized LDL). These effects of H2S contribute to the maintenance of immune functions, can stimulate antimicrobial defenses and can exert anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects in various diseases.
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Effect of 3-mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase Deficiency on the Development of Multiorgan Failure, Inflammation, and Wound Healing in Mice Subjected to Burn Injury. J Burn Care Res 2020; 40:148-156. [PMID: 30649358 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gaseous transmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been implicated in various forms of critical illness. Here, we have compared the outcome of scald burn injury in wild-type mice and in mice deficient in 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), a mammalian H2S-generating enzyme. Outcome variables included indices of organ injury, clinical chemistry parameters, and plasma levels of inflammatory mediators. Plasma levels of H2S significantly increased in response to burn in wild-type mice, but remained unchanged in 3-MST-/- mice. The capacity of tissue homogenates to produce H2S from 3-mercaptopyruvate was unaffected by burn injury. In 3-MST-/- mice, compared to wild-type controls, there was a significant enhancement in the accumulation of polymorphonuclear cells (as assessed by the quantification of myeloperoxidase) in the liver (but not heart, lung, or skin) at 7 days postburn. Oxidative tissue damage (as assessed by malon dialdehyde content) was comparable between wild-type and 3-MST-deficient mice in all tissues studied. 3-MST-/- and wild-type mice exhibited comparable burn-induced elevations in circulating plasma levels of hepatic injury; however, 3-MST-/- mice exhibited a higher degree of renal injury (as reflected by elevated blood urea nitrogen levels) at 7 days postburn. Inflammatory mediators (eg, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) increased in burn injury, but without significant differences between the 3-MST-/- and wild-type groups. The healing of the burn wound was also unaffected by 3-MST deficiency. In conclusion, the absence of the H2S-producing enzyme 3-MST slightly exacerbates the development of multiorgan dysfunction but does not affect inflammatory mediator production or wound healing in a murine model of burn injury.
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H 2S-stimulated bioenergetics in chicken erythrocytes and the underlying mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R69-R78. [PMID: 32432916 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00348.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of H2S and its effect on bioenergetics in mammalian cells may be evolutionarily preserved. Erythrocytes of birds, but not those of mammals, have a nucleus and mitochondria. In the present study, we report the endogenous production of H2S in chicken erythrocytes, which was mainly catalyzed by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase (MST). ATP content of erythrocytes was increased by MST-generated endogenous H2S under normoxic, but not hypoxic, conditions. NaHS, a H2S salt, increased ATP content under normoxic, but not hypoxic, conditions. ATP contents in the absence or presence of NaHS were eliminated by different inhibitors for mitochondrial electron transport chain in chicken erythrocytes. Succinate and glutamine, but not glucose, increased ATP content. NaHS treatment similarly increased ATP content in the presence of glucose, glutamine, or succinate, respectively. Furthermore, the expression and activity of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase were enhanced by NaHS. The structural integrity of chicken erythrocytes was largely maintained during 2-wk NaHS treatment in vitro, whereas most of the erythrocytes without NaHS treatment were lysed. In conclusion, H2S may regulate cellular bioenergetics as well as cell survival of chicken erythrocytes, in which the functionality of the electron transport chain is involved. H2S may have different regulatory roles and mechanisms in bioenergetics of mammalian and bird cells.
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The Effects of Genetic 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase Deficiency in Murine Traumatic-Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock 2020; 51:472-478. [PMID: 29668565 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemorrhagic shock is a major cause of death after trauma. An additional blunt chest trauma independently contributes to mortality upon the development of an acute lung injury (ALI) by aggravating pathophysiological consequences of hemorrhagic shock. The maintenance of hydrogen sulfide availability is known to play an important role during hemorrhage and ALI. We therefore tested the impact of a genetic 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase mutation (Δ3-MST) in a resuscitated murine model of traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. METHODS Anesthetized wild-type (WT) and Δ3-MST mice underwent hemorrhagic shock with/without blunt chest trauma. Hemorrhagic shock was implemented for 1 h followed by retransfusion of shed blood and intensive care therapy for 4 h, including lung-protective mechanical ventilation, fluid resuscitation, and noradrenaline titrated to maintain a mean arterial pressure at least 50 mmHg. Systemic hemodynamics, metabolism, and acid-base status were assessed together with lung mechanics and gas exchange. Postmortem tissue samples were analyzed for immunohistological protein expression and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. RESULTS 3-MST-deficient mice showed similar results in parameters of hemodynamics, gas exchange, metabolism, acid base status, and survival compared with the respective WT controls. Renal albumin extravasation was increased in Δ3-MST mice during hemorrhagic shock, together with a decrease of LEAK respiration in heart tissue. In contrast, mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the uncoupled state was increased in kidney and liver tissue of Δ3-MST mice subjected to the combined trauma. CONCLUSIONS In summary, in a resuscitated murine model of traumatic-hemorrhagic shock, 3-MST deficiency had no physiologically relevant impact on hemodynamics and metabolism, which ultimately lead to unchanged mortality regardless of an additional blunt chest trauma.
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In-Depth Characterization of the Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Acute Trauma Response and Hemorrhage in Mice. Shock 2020; 51:68-77. [PMID: 29424792 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemorrhagic shock accounts for a large amount of trauma-related mortality. The severity of trauma can be further aggravated by an additional blunt chest trauma (TxT), which independently contributes to mortality upon the development of an acute lung injury (ALI). Besides, cigarette smoke (CS) exposure before TxT enhanced posttraumatic inflammation, thereby aggravating ALI. We therefore aimed to characterize the impact of an acute and/or chronic lung injury on organ dysfunction in a murine model of traumatic hemorrhagic shock (HS). METHODS After 3 weeks of CS exposure, anesthetized mice underwent HS with/without TxT. Hemorrhagic shock was implemented for 1 h followed by retransfusion of shed blood and intensive care therapy for 4 h including lung-protective mechanical ventilation, fluid resuscitation, and noradrenaline titrated to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥50 mmHg. Lung mechanics and gas exchange were assessed together with systemic hemodynamics, metabolism, and acid-base status. Postmortem blood and tissue samples were analyzed for cytokine and chemokine levels, protein expression, mitochondrial respiration, and histological changes. RESULTS CS exposure and HS alone coincided with increased inflammation, decreased whole blood sulfide concentrations, and decreased diaphragmatic mitochondrial respiration. CS-exposed mice, which were subjected to TxT and subsequent HS, showed hemodynamic instability, acute kidney injury, and high mortality. CONCLUSIONS Chronic CS exposure per se had the strongest impact on inflammatory responses. The degree of inflammation was similar upon an additional TxT, however, mice presented with organ dysfunction and increased mortality rates. Hence, in mice the degree of inflammation may be dissociated from the severity of organ dysfunction or injury.
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Hydrogen sulfide stimulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiration, growth and pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 31992699 PMCID: PMC6987094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in numerous pathophysiological processes and shares overlapping functions with CO and •NO. However, the importance of host-derived H2S in microbial pathogenesis is unknown. Here we show that Mtb-infected mice deficient in the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) survive longer with reduced organ burden, and that pharmacological inhibition of CBS reduces Mtb bacillary load in mice. High-resolution respirometry, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry establish that H2S stimulates Mtb respiration and bioenergetics predominantly via cytochrome bd oxidase, and that H2S reverses •NO-mediated inhibition of Mtb respiration. Further, exposure of Mtb to H2S regulates genes involved in sulfur and copper metabolism and the Dos regulon. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits host-derived H2S to promote growth and disease, and suggest that host-directed therapies targeting H2S production may be potentially useful for the management of tuberculosis and other microbial infections. The importance of host-produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in microbial pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, Saini et al. show that H2S alters Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) central metabolism, stimulates respiration to promote growth and TB disease, and upregulates the Dos regulon.
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Effects of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in swine with preexisting atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151:104536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The Mitochondria-Targeted H2S-Donor AP39 in a Murine Model of Combined Hemorrhagic Shock and Blunt Chest Trauma. Shock 2019; 52:230-239. [PMID: 29927788 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock (HS) accounts for 30% to 40% of trauma-induced mortality, which is due to multi-organ-failure subsequent to systemic hyper-inflammation, triggered by hypoxemia and tissue ischemia. The slow-releasing, mitochondria-targeted H2S donor AP39 exerted beneficial effects in several models of ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute inflammation. Therefore, we tested the effects of AP39-treatment in a murine model of combined blunt chest trauma (TxT) and HS with subsequent resuscitation. METHODS After blast wave-induced TxT or sham procedure, anesthetized and instrumented mice underwent 1 h of hemorrhage followed by 4 h of resuscitation comprising an i.v. bolus injection of 100 or 10 nmol kg AP39 or vehicle, retransfusion of shed blood, fluid resuscitation, and norepinephrine. Lung mechanics and gas exchange were assessed together with hemodynamics, metabolism, and acid-base status. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for cytokine and chemokine levels, western blot, immunohistochemistry, mitochondrial oxygen consumption (JO2), and histological changes. RESULTS High dose AP39 attenuated systemic inflammation and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IκBα expression in lung tissue. In the combined trauma group (TxT + HS), animals treated with high dose AP39 presented with the lowest mean arterial pressure and thus highest norepinephrine requirements and higher mortality. Low dose AP39 had no effects on hemodynamics, leading to unchanged norepinephrine requirements and mortality rates. CONCLUSION AP39 is a systemic anti-inflammatory agent. In our model of trauma with HS, there may be a narrow dosing and timing window due to its potent vasodilatory properties, which might result in or contribute to aggravation of circulatory shock-related hypotension.
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Effect of early fluid resuscitation combined with low dose cyclophosphamide on intestinal barrier function in severe sepsis rats. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1254-1264. [PMID: 30112606 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of early fluid resuscitation on intestinal microecology in rats with severe sepsis. The severe sepsis model used was mainly cecal ligation perforation (CLP) model. Male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham, CLP, CLP + normal saline (NS), CLP + cyclophosphamide (CTX), and CLP + NS + CTX. (1) The levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in peripheral blood were measured by ELISA. (2) The expression of occludin/β-action in colonic tissue of mice was examined by Western Blot. (3) The intestinal permeability was measured by FD70 detection. (4) The length of the chorionic membrane was measured by colon histopathological staining. (5) The intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis was measured with the apoptosis index. (1) The rat model of severe sepsis was successfully replicated, and the 7-day survival rate of sepsis mice in each group was analyzed. (2) The expression level of splenic junction protein and the pathological damage in colonic tissue of the severe sepsis mice was significantly different between sham, CLP, CTX, NS, and NS + CTX (P < 0.05). The expression of tight junction protein in the NS + CTX mice was the highest, and the pathological damage was the smallest. (3) The colonic tissue apoptosis and intestinal permeability in the severe sepsis mice were compared with those of the colon tissues (P < 0.05). (4) The expression levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in peripheral blood were significantly increased after severe sepsis (P < 0.01). The expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in each treatment group decreased (P < 0.05), while the expression of IL-10 in NS + CTX group increased significantly (P < 0.01). (1) We successfully replicated the rat model of severe sepsis. (2) Early fluid intervention and cyclophosphamide treatment can significantly improve the 7-day survival rate of the sepsis mice. (3) The fluid resuscitation and cyclophosphamide can delay intestinal damage to the intestinal tract barrier function and play a protective role.
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Cystathionine-γ-lyase expression is associated with mitochondrial respiration during sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in swine with atherosclerosis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:43. [PMID: 30343340 PMCID: PMC6195873 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is associated with disturbed glucose metabolism and reduced mitochondrial activity and biogenesis, ultimately leading to multiple organ dysfunction, e.g., acute kidney injury (AKI). Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), the major cardiovascular source of endogenous H2S release, is implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial activity through a PGC1α-dependent mechanism, and critical for kidney function. Atherosclerosis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced CSE expression. Thus, the aim of this post hoc study was to test the hypothesis whether there is an interplay between CSE expression and kidney dysfunction, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative/nitrosative stress in porcine septic AKI with underlying coronary artery disease. Methods This study is a post hoc analysis of material from anesthetized and instrumented swine with a high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis undergoing faecal peritonitis-induced septic shock or sham procedure and intensive care (comprising fluid resuscitation and continuous i.v. noradrenaline (NoA) infusion) for 24 h. Glucose metabolism was quantified from blood 13C6-glucose and expiratory 13CO2/12CO2 isotope enrichment during 13C6-glucose infusion. Mitochondrial activity was determined by high-resolution respirometry. CSE and PGC1α expression, as well as nitrotyrosine formation and albumin extravasation, were quantified by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed kidney paraffin sections. Results Sepsis was associated with lactic acidosis (p = 0.004) and AKI (50% fall of creatinine clearance (CrCl), p = 0.019). While both whole-body glucose production (p = 0.004) and oxidation (p = 0.006) were increased, kidney tissue mitochondrial respiration was reduced (p = 0.028), coinciding with decreased CSE (p = 0.003) and PGC1α (p = 0.003) expression. Albumin extravasation (p = 0.011) and nitrotyrosine formation (p = 0.008) were increased in septic kidneys. Conclusions Sepsis-induced AKI is associated with disturbed mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis, which may be aggravated by oxidative and nitrosative stress. Our results confirm previous data in murine septic shock and porcine hemorrhage and resuscitation on the crucial role of CSE for barrier integrity and kidney function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40635-018-0208-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hyperoxia or Therapeutic Hypothermia During Resuscitation from Non-Lethal Hemorrhagic Shock in Swine. Shock 2018; 48:564-570. [PMID: 28472012 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated beneficial effects of 22 h of hyperoxia following near-lethal porcine hemorrhagic shock, whereas therapeutic hypothermia was detrimental. Therefore, we investigated whether shorter exposure to hyperoxia (12 h) would still improve organ function, and whether 12 h of hypothermia with subsequent rewarming could avoid deleterious effects after less severe hemorrhagic shock.Twenty-seven anesthetized and surgically instrumented pigs underwent 3 h of hemorrhagic shock by removal of 30% of the blood volume and titration of the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to 40 mm Hg. Post-shock, pigs were randomly assigned to control, hyperoxia (FIO2 100% for 12 h) or hypothermia group (34°C core temperature for 12 h with subsequent rewarming). Before, at the end of shock, after 12 and 23 h of resuscitation, data sets comprising hemodynamics, blood gases, and parameters of inflammation and organ function were acquired. Postmortem, kidney samples were collected for immunohistochemistry and western blotting.Hyperoxia exerted neither beneficial nor detrimental effects. In contrast, mortality in the hypothermia group was significantly higher compared with controls (67% vs. 11%). Hypothermia impaired circulation (MAP 64 (57;89) mm Hg vs. 104 (98; 114) mm Hg) resulting in metabolic acidosis (lactate 11.0 (6.6;13.6) mmol L vs. 1.0 (0.8;1.5) mmol L) and reduced creatinine clearance (26 (9;61) mL min vs. 77 (52;80) mL min) compared to the control group after 12 h of resuscitation. Impaired kidney function coincided with increased renal 3-nitrotyrosine formation and extravascular albumin accumulation.In conclusion, hyperoxia proved to be safe during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. The lacking organ-protective effects of hyperoxia compared to resuscitation from near-lethal hemorrhage suggest a dependence of the effectiveness of hyperoxia from shock severity. In line with our previous report, therapeutic hypothermia (and rewarming) was confirmed to be detrimental most likely due to vascular barrier dysfunction.
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Abstract
AIMS The transsulfuration pathway enzymes cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine gamma-lyase are thought to be the major source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In this study, we assessed the role of CBS in H2S biogenesis. RESULTS We show that despite discouraging enzyme kinetics of alternative H2S-producing reactions utilizing cysteine compared with the canonical condensation of serine and homocysteine, our simulations of substrate competitions at biologically relevant conditions suggest that cysteine is able to partially compete with serine on CBS, thus leading to generation of appreciable amounts of H2S. The leading H2S-producing reaction is condensation of cysteine with homocysteine, while cysteine desulfuration plays a dominant role when cysteine is more abundant than serine and homocysteine is limited. We found that the serine-to-cysteine ratio is the main determinant of CBS H2S productivity. Abundance of cysteine over serine, for example, in plasma, allowed for up to 43% of CBS activity being responsible for H2S production, while excess of serine typical for intracellular levels effectively limited such activity to less than 1.5%. CBS also produced lanthionine from serine and cysteine and a third of lanthionine coming from condensation of two cysteines contributed to the H2S pool. INNOVATION Our study characterizes the H2S-producing potential of CBS under biologically relevant conditions and highlights the serine-to-cysteine ratio as the main determinant of H2S production by CBS in vivo. CONCLUSION Our data clarify the function of CBS in H2S biogenesis and the role of thioethers as surrogate H2S markers. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 311-323.
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Delayed Treatment with Sodium Hydrosulfide Improves Regional Blood Flow and Alleviates Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP)-Induced Septic Shock. Shock 2018; 46:183-93. [PMID: 26863032 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis is a serious medical condition, caused by a severe systemic infection resulting in a systemic inflammatory response. Recent studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of donors of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel endogenous gasotransmitter and biological mediator in various diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of H2S supplementation in sepsis, with special reference to its effect on the modulation of regional blood flow. We infused sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a compound that produces H2S in aqueous solution (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg/h, for 1 h at each dose level) in control rats or rats 24 h after CLP, and measured blood flow using fluorescent microspheres. In normal control animals, NaHS induced a characteristic redistribution of blood flow, and reduced cardiac, hepatic, and renal blood flow in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, in rats subjected to CLP, cardiac, hepatic, and renal blood flow was significantly reduced; infusion of NaHS (1 mg/kg/h and 3 mg/kg/h) significantly increased organ blood flow. In other words, the effect of H2S on regional blood flow is dependent on the status of the animals (i.e., a decrease in blood flow in normal controls, but an increase in blood flow in CLP). We have also evaluated the effect of delayed treatment with NaHS on organ dysfunction and the inflammatory response by treating the animals with NaHS (3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 24 h after the start of the CLP procedure; plasma levels of various cytokines and tissue indicators of inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative stress were measured 6 h later. After 24 h of CLP, glomerular function was significantly impaired, as evidenced by markedly increased (over 4-fold over baseline) blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; this increase was also significantly reduced by treatment with NaHS. NaHS also attenuated the CLP-induced increases in malondialdehyde levels (an index of oxidative stress) in heart as well as in liver and myeloperoxidase levels (an index of neutrophil infiltration) in heart and lung. Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α, and HMGB1 were attenuated by NaHS. Treatment of NaHS at 3 mg/kg i.p. (but not 1 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg), starting 24 h post-CLP, with dosing repeated every 6 h, improved the survival rate in CLP animals. In summary, treatment with 3 mg/kg H2S-when started in a delayed manner, when CLP-induced organ injury, inflammation and blood flow redistribution have already ensued-improves blood flow to several organs, protects against multiple organ failure, and reduces the plasma levels of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators. These findings support the view that H2S donation may have therapeutic potential in sepsis.
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Association of Kidney Tissue Barrier Disrupture and Renal Dysfunction in Resuscitated Murine Septic Shock. Shock 2018; 46:398-404. [PMID: 26926005 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Septic shock-related kidney failure is characterized by almost normal morphological appearance upon pathological examination. Endothelial barrier disrupture has been suggested to be of crucial importance for septic shock-induced organ dysfunction. Therefore, in murine resuscitated cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic shock, we tested the hypothesis whether there is a direct relationship between the kidney endothelial barrier injury and renal dysfunction. Anesthetized mice underwent CLP, and 15 h later, were anesthetized again and surgically instrumented for a 5-h period of intensive care comprising lung-protective mechanical ventilation, fluid resuscitation, continuous i.v. norepinephrine to maintain target hemodynamics, and measurement of creatinine clearance (CrCl). Animals were stratified according to low or high CrCl. Nitrotyrosine formation, expression of the inducible isoform of the nitric oxide synthase, and blood cytokine (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-10) and chemokine (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, keratinocyte-derived chemokine) levels were significantly higher in animals with low CrCl. When plotted against CrCl and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels, extravascular albumin accumulation, and tissue expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 showed significant mathematical relationships related to kidney (dys)function. Preservation of the constitutive expression of the hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathione-γ-lyase was associated with maintenance of organ function. The direct quantitative relation between microvascular leakage and kidney (dys)function may provide a missing link between near-normal tissue morphology and septic shock-related renal failure, thus further highlighting the important role of vascular integrity in septic shock-related renal failure.
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International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H 2S Levels: H 2S Donors and H 2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:497-564. [PMID: 28978633 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important endogenous gasotransmitter in mammalian cells and tissues. Similar to the previously characterized gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, H2S is produced by various enzymatic reactions and regulates a host of physiologic and pathophysiological processes in various cells and tissues. H2S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer). Over the last decades, multiple approaches have been identified for the therapeutic exploitation of H2S, either based on H2S donation or inhibition of H2S biosynthesis. H2S donation can be achieved through the inhalation of H2S gas and/or the parenteral or enteral administration of so-called fast-releasing H2S donors (salts of H2S such as NaHS and Na2S) or slow-releasing H2S donors (GYY4137 being the prototypical compound used in hundreds of studies in vitro and in vivo). Recent work also identifies various donors with regulated H2S release profiles, including oxidant-triggered donors, pH-dependent donors, esterase-activated donors, and organelle-targeted (e.g., mitochondrial) compounds. There are also approaches where existing, clinically approved drugs of various classes (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) are coupled with H2S-donating groups (the most advanced compound in clinical trials is ATB-346, an H2S-donating derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound naproxen). For pharmacological inhibition of H2S synthesis, there are now several small molecule compounds targeting each of the three H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Although many of these compounds have their limitations (potency, selectivity), these molecules, especially in combination with genetic approaches, can be instrumental for the delineation of the biologic processes involving endogenous H2S production. Moreover, some of these compounds (e.g., cell-permeable prodrugs of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, or benserazide, a potentially repurposable CBS inhibitor) may serve as starting points for future clinical translation. The present article overviews the currently known H2S donors and H2S biosynthesis inhibitors, delineates their mode of action, and offers examples for their biologic effects and potential therapeutic utility.
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Impact of hyperglycemia on cystathionine-γ-lyase expression during resuscitated murine septic shock. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:30. [PMID: 28616781 PMCID: PMC5471286 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) was shown to have a regulatory role in glucose metabolism. Circulatory shock can induce metabolic stress, thereby leading to hyperglycemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. In vitro data suggest an effect of high glucose on CSE expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on CSE expression in resuscitated murine septic shock. METHODS Normo- (80-150 mg/dl) and hyperglycemic (>200 mg/dl) male C57/BL6J mice (n = 5-6 per group) underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis or sham procedure (n = 6 per group) and, 15 h afterwards, were anesthetized again, surgically instrumented and received intensive care treatment, including antibiotics, lung protective mechanical ventilation, circulatory support, and intravenous (i.v.) glucose infusion (50% as stable-isotope labeled 1,2,3,4,5,6-13C6 glucose). Blood and breath gas were sampled hourly to quantify parameters of glucose metabolism. 5 h later, mice were sacrificed and organs were harvested. The liver mitochondrial respiratory activity was determined via high resolution respirometry; CSE, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), and adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP) expression was immunohistochemically investigated. RESULTS In sepsis combined with hyperglycemia the least CSE and PGC1α expression could be detected, along with reduced mitochondrial respiratory activity, and enhanced ADRP expression, a marker of lipid droplet formation, in the liver. A novel in vivo finding is the CSE translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus triggered by metabolic stress. CONCLUSIONS A relationship between CSE and glucose metabolism was established, which, when dysregulated, may contribute to fatty liver disease and hepatic steatosis.
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Hydrogen sulfide attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairment in the developing rat brain. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17:123. [PMID: 28870150 PMCID: PMC5584335 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairment has been previously reported. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to be a neuromodulator that is thought to have anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative benefits. However, it is not known if H2S is protective against anesthesia-induced apoptosis and cognitive defects. Methods In this study, postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (normal saline), H2S group (NaHS 28 μM/kg), isoflurane group (normal saline +0.75% isoflurane) and H2S preconditioning group (NaHS 28 μM/kg + 0.75% isoflurane). After exposure to isoflurane for 6 h, half the numbers of rats in each group were euthanized, and the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were dissected and examined for apoptosis by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique and western blot. After 6 weeks, the remaining rats were subjected to a Morris water maze (MWM) test for behavioral assessment. Results The TUNEL assay and western blot showed that when rats were preconditioned with NaHS, neuroapoptosis decreased significantly both in hippocampus and cerebral cortex compering with the isofulrane group. The MWM showed that P7 rats administration of NaHS improved cognitive impairments induced by isoflurane. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that H2S attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and improves cognitive impairments in the developing rat brain.
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Metabolic, Cardiac, and Renal Effects of the Slow Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Molecule GYY4137 During Resuscitated Septic Shock in Swine with Pre-Existing Coronary Artery Disease. Shock 2017; 48:175-184. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cardiovascular disease and resuscitated septic shock lead to the downregulation of the H 2S-producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase in the porcine coronary artery. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:17. [PMID: 28321823 PMCID: PMC5359268 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downregulation of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producing enzymes cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and/or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) is associated with chronic cardiovascular pathologies. Nevertheless, equivocal data are available on both the expression and function of these enzymes in coronary arteries (CA). We recently reported that atherosclerotic pigs subjected to sepsis developed impaired cardiac function, which coincided with decreased myocardial CSE expression and increased nitrotyrosine formation. To define the endogenous source(s) of H2S in the CA, we studied the expression of CBS, CSE, or 3-MST in the CA of pigs subjected to septic shock with/without pre-existing cardiovascular co-morbidity. METHODS Anesthetized and instrumented FBM "familial hypercholesterolemia Bretoncelles Meishan" pigs with high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis were subjected to polymicrobial septic shock, or sham procedure, and subsequent intensive care therapy for 24 h. Young German domestic pigs were used as naïve controls. CSE, CBS, 3-MST, HO-1, eNOS, and nitrotyrosine expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed paraffin sections. RESULTS FBM pigs, in the absence of septic shock, showed decreased CSE expression in the media. This decrease became more pronounced after sepsis. The expression pattern of HO-1 resembled the pattern of CSE expression. CBS protein was not detected in the media of any of the CA examined but was localized to the adventitia and only in the atheromatous plaques containing foam cells of the CA, in regions that also displayed abundant nitrotyrosine formation. The CBS expression in the adventitia was not associated with nitrotyrosine formation. 3-MST expression was not found in any of the CA samples. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that (i) the reduced CSE expression in FBM pigs may contribute to their cardiovascular disease phenotype and moreover (ii) the further decrease in CA CSE expression in sepsis may contribute to the sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Cystathionine-gamma-lyase deficient mice are protected against the development of multiorgan failure and exhibit reduced inflammatory response during burn. Burns 2017; 43:1021-1033. [PMID: 28318752 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the role of H2S in critical illness, the aim of this study was to compare the outcome of burn in wild-type mice and in mice deficient in CSE, one of the principal mammalian H2S-generating enzymes. Animals were subjected to scald burn. Outcome variables included indices of organ injury, clinical chemistry parameters and plasma levels of inflammatory mediators. Plasma levels of H2S significantly increased in response to burn in wild-type mice, but remained unchanged in CSE-/- mice. Expression of the three H2S-producing enzymes (CSE, CBS and 3-MST) in the lung and liver, and the capacity of tissue homogenates to produce H2S, however, was not affected by burn. In CSE deficient mice there was a significant amelioration of burn-induced accumulation of myeloperoxidase levels in heart, lung, liver and kidney and significantly lower degree of malon dialdehyde accumulation in the heart, lung and kidney than in wild-type mice. CSE deficient mice, compared to wild-type mice, showed a significant attenuation of the burn-induced elevation in circulating alkaline aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, indicative of protective effects of CSE deficiency against burn-induced hepatic, and renal functional impairment. Multiple burn-induced inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12) were significantly lower in the plasma of CSE-/- animals after burn than in the plasma of wild-type controls subjected to burns. In conclusion, CSE deficiency improves organ function and attenuates the inflammatory response in a murine model of burn.
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Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction and related defense mechanisms in critical illness-induced multiple organ failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2534-2545. [PMID: 28219766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with critical illness-induced multiple organ failure suffer from a very high morbidity and mortality, despite major progress in intensive care. The pathogenesis of this condition is complex and incompletely understood. Inadequate tissue perfusion and an overwhelming inflammatory response with pronounced cellular damage have been suggested to play an important role, but interventions targeting these disturbances largely failed to improve patient outcome. Hence, new therapeutic perspectives are urgently needed. Cellular dysfunction, hallmarked by mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to the development of organ failure in critical illness. Several cellular defense mechanisms are normally activated when the cell is in distress, but may fail or respond insufficiently to critical illness. This insight may open new therapeutic options by stimulating these cellular defense mechanisms. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in critical illness-induced multiple organ failure and gives an overview of the corresponding cellular defense mechanisms. Therapeutic perspectives based on these cellular defense mechanisms are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Trauma and Sepsis edited by Dr. Raghavan Raju.
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Broad-Range Antiviral Activity of Hydrogen Sulfide Against Highly Pathogenic RNA Viruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41029. [PMID: 28106111 PMCID: PMC5247713 DOI: 10.1038/srep41029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is an important endogenous mediator that has been the focus of intense investigation in the past few years, leading to the discovery of its role in vasoactive, cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory responses. Recently, we made a critical observation that H2S also has a protective role in paramyxovirus infection by modulating inflammatory responses and viral replication. In this study we tested the antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of the H2S slow-releasing donor GYY4137 on enveloped RNA viruses from Ortho-, Filo-, Flavi- and Bunyavirus families, for which there is no FDA-approved vaccine or therapeutic available, with the exception of influenza. We found that GYY4137 significantly reduced replication of all tested viruses. In a model of influenza infection, GYY4137 treatment was associated with decreased expression of viral proteins and mRNA, suggesting inhibition of an early step of replication. The antiviral activity coincided with the decrease of viral-induced pro-inflammatory mediators and viral-induced nuclear translocation of transcription factors from Nuclear Factor (NF)-kB and Interferon Regulatory Factor families. In conclusion, increasing cellular H2S is associated with significant antiviral activity against a broad range of emerging enveloped RNA viruses, and should be further explored as potential therapeutic approach in relevant preclinical models of viral infections.
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Effect of endotoxemia in mice genetically deficient in cystathionine-γ-lyase, cystathionine-β-synthase or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1683-1692. [PMID: 27748832 PMCID: PMC5117757 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been proposed to exert pro- as well as anti-inflammatory effects in various models of critical illness. In this study, we compared bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in inflammatory mediator production, indices of multiple organ injury and survival in wild-type (WT) mice and in mice with reduced expression of one of the three H2S-producing enzymes, cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with LPS (10 mg/kg). After 6 h, the animals were sacrificed, blood and organs were collected and the following parameters were evaluated: blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in blood, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lung, cytokine levels in plasma and the expression of the three H2S-producing enzymes (CBS, CSE and 3MST) in the spleen, lung, liver and kidney. LPS induced a tissue-dependent upregulation of some of the H2S-producing enzymes in WT mice (upregulation of CBS in the spleen, upregulation of 3MST in the liver and upregulation of CBS, CSE and 3MST in the lung). Moreover, LPS impaired glomerular function, as evidenced by increased BUN levels. Renal impairment was comparable in the CSE−/− and Δ3MST mice after LPS challenge; however, it was attenuated in the CBS+/− mice. MPO levels (an index of neutrophil infiltration) and MDA levels (an index of oxidative stress) in lung homogenates were significantly increased in response to LPS; these effects were similar in the WT, CBS+/−, CSE−/− and Δ3MST mice; however, the MDA levels tended to be lower in the CBS+/− and CSE−/− mice. LPS induced significant increases in the plasma levels of multiple cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)γ] in plasma; TNFα, IL-10 and IL-12 levels tended to be lower in all three groups of animals expressing lower levels of H2S-producing enzymes. The survival rates after the LPS challenge did not show any significant differences between the four animal groups tested. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that a deficiency in 3MST does not significantly affect endotoxemia, while a deficiency in CBS or CSE slightly ameliorates the outcome of LPS-induced endotoxemia in vivo.
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Both the H 2S biosynthesis inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid and the mitochondrially targeted H 2S donor AP39 exert protective effects in a mouse model of burn injury. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:348-355. [PMID: 27639598 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exerts beneficial as well as deleterious effects in various models of critical illness. Here we tested the effect of two different pharmacological interventions: (a) inhibition of H2S biosynthesis using the cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS)/cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and the mitochondrially targeted H2S donor [10-oxo-10-[4-(3-thioxo-3H-1,2-dithiol-5-yl)phenoxy]decyl]triphenyl-phosphonium (AP39). A 30% body surface area burn injury was induced in anesthetized mice; animals were treated with vehicle, AOAA (10mg/kg i.p. once or once a day for 6days), or AP39 (0.3mg/kg/day once or once a day for 6days). In two separate groups, animals were sacrificed, at 24h post-burn or on Day 7 post-burn, blood and lungs were collected and the following parameters were evaluated: myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung homogenates, plasma cytokines (Luminex analysis) and circulating indicators of organ dysfunction (Vetscan analysis). Lung MPO levels (an index of neutrophil infiltration) and MDA levels (an index of oxidative stress) were significantly increased in response to burn injury both at 24h and at 7days; both AOAA and AP39 attenuated these increases. From a panel of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-2, VEGF and IFNγ) in the plasma, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were markedly elevated at 24h and VEGF was slightly elevated. IL-6 remained highly elevated at 7days post-burn while IL-10 levels decreased, but remained slightly elevated over baseline 7days post-burn. The changes in cytokine levels were attenuated both by AP39 and AOAA at both time points studied. The burn-induced increases in the organ injury markers ALP and ALT, amylase and creatinine were reduced by both AOAA and AP39. We conclude that both H2S biosynthesis inhibition (using AOAA) and H2S donation (using AP39) suppresses inflammatory mediator production and reduces multi-organ injury in a murine model of burn injury, both at an early time point (when systemic H2S levels are elevated) and at a later time point (at which time systemic H2S levels have returned to baseline). These findings point to the complex pathogenetic role of H2S in burns.
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Effects of Hyperoxia and Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia During Resuscitation From Porcine Hemorrhagic Shock. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:e264-77. [PMID: 26588829 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemorrhagic shock-induced tissue hypoxia induces hyperinflammation, ultimately causing multiple organ failure. Hyperoxia and hypothermia can attenuate tissue hypoxia due to increased oxygen supply and decreased demand, respectively. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis whether mild therapeutic hypothermia and hyperoxia would attenuate postshock hyperinflammation and thereby organ dysfunction. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, randomized study. SETTING University animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS Thirty-six Bretoncelles-Meishan-Willebrand pigs of either gender. INTERVENTIONS After 4 hours of hemorrhagic shock (removal of 30% of the blood volume, subsequent titration of mean arterial pressure at 35 mm Hg), anesthetized and instrumented pigs were randomly assigned to "control" (standard resuscitation: retransfusion of shed blood, fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine titrated to maintain mean arterial pressure at preshock values, mechanical ventilation titrated to maintain arterial oxygen saturation > 90%), "hyperoxia" (standard resuscitation, but FIO2, 1.0), "hypothermia" (standard resuscitation, but core temperature 34°C), or "combi" (hyperoxia plus hypothermia) (n = 9 each). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Before, immediately at the end of and 12 and 22 hours after hemorrhagic shock, we measured hemodynamics, blood gases, acid-base status, metabolism, organ function, cytokine production, and coagulation. Postmortem kidney specimen were taken for histological evaluation, immunohistochemistry (nitrotyrosine, cystathionine γ-lyase, activated caspase-3, and extravascular albumin), and immunoblotting (nuclear factor-κB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, heme oxygenase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, and protein expression of the endogenous nuclear factor-κB inhibitor). Although hyperoxia alone attenuated the postshock hyperinflammation and thereby tended to improve visceral organ function, hypothermia and combi treatment had no beneficial effect. CONCLUSIONS During resuscitation from near-lethal hemorrhagic shock, hyperoxia attenuated hyperinflammation, and thereby showed a favorable trend toward improved organ function. The lacking efficacy of hypothermia was most likely due to more pronounced barrier dysfunction with vascular leakage-induced circulatory failure.
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GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors contribute to the beneficial effects of hydrogen sulfide on cognitive and synaptic plasticity deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2016; 335:170-83. [PMID: 27581687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of clinical dementia. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is implicated with the pathology of AD, and exogenous H2S attenuates spatial memory impairments in AD animal models. However, the molecular mechanism by which H2S improves cognition in AD has not been fully explored. Here, we report that chronic administration of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) elevated hippocampal H2S levels and enhanced hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory and novel object recognition in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice. In parallel with these behavioral results, treating transgenic mice with NaHS reversed impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), which is deemed as the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. At the molecular level, we found that treatment with NaHS did not affect the expression of the GluN1 and GluN2A subunits of NMDA receptor (NMDAR), but did prevent the downregulation of GluN2B subunit and restored its synaptic abundance, response and downstream signaling in the hippocampus in transgenic mice. Moreover, applying Ro 25-6981, a specific GluN2B antagonist, abolished the beneficial effects of NaHS on cognitive performance and hippocampal LTP in transgenic mice. Collectively, our results indicate that H2S can reverse cognitive and synaptic plasticity deficits in AD model mice by restoring surface GluN2B expression and the function of GluN2B-containing NMDARs.
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Abstract
In recent years, it has become apparent that the gaseous pollutant, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) can be synthesised in the body and has a multitude of biological actions. This review summarizes some of the actions of this 'gasotransmitter' in influencing the smooth muscle that is responsible for controlling muscular activity of hollow organs. In the vasculature, while H2S can cause vasoconstriction by complex interactions with other biologically important gases, such as nitric oxide, the prevailing response is vasorelaxation. While most vasorelaxation responses occur by a direct action of H2S on smooth muscle cells, it has recently been proposed to be an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. H2S also promotes relaxation in other smooth muscle preparations including bronchioles, the bladder, gastrointestinal tract and myometrium, opening up the opportunity of exploiting the pharmacology of H2S in the treatment of conditions where smooth muscle tone is excessive. The original concept, that H2S caused smooth muscle relaxation by activating ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, has been supplemented with observations that H2S can also modify the activity of other potassium channels, intracellular pH, phosphodiesterase activity and transient receptor potential channels on sensory nerves. While the enzymes responsible for generating endogenous H2S are widely expressed in smooth muscle preparations, it is much less clear what the physiological role of H2S is in determining smooth muscle contractility. Clarification of this requires the development of potent and selective inhibitors of H2S-generating enzymes.
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Low sulfide levels and a high degree of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) activation by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in the long-lived naked mole-rat. Redox Biol 2016; 8:192-8. [PMID: 26803480 PMCID: PMC4732021 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signalling molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes. There is increasing evidence that H2S is implicated in aging and lifespan control in the diet-induced longevity models. However, blood sulfide concentration of naturally long-lived species is not known. Here we measured blood sulfide in the long-lived naked mole-rat and five other mammalian species considerably differing in lifespan and found a negative correlation between blood sulfide and maximum longevity residual. In addition, we show that the naked mole-rat cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), an enzyme whose activity in the liver significantly contributes to systemic sulfide levels, has lower activity in the liver and is activated to a higher degree by S-adenosylmethionine compared to other species. These results add complexity to the understanding of the role of H2S in aging and call for detailed research on naked mole-rat transsulfuration. Blood sulfide levels are low in long-lived species. Naked mole-rat CBS harbours a mutation at an evolutionarily conserved cysteine C412L. Naked mole-rat CBS is activated to an unusually high degree by SAM. C431L, in contrast to C431S, in human CBS does not confer constitutive activation.
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Hydrogen sulfide improves neural function in rats following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:577-587. [PMID: 26893650 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alleviation of brain injury is a key issue following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is hypothesized to be involved in the pathophysiological process of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and exerts a protective effect on neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of H2S on neural functions following cardiac arrest (CA) in rats. A total of 60 rats were allocated at random into three groups. CA was induced to establish the model and CPR was performed after 6 min. Subsequently, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), hydroxylamine or saline was administered to the rats. Serum levels of H2S, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100β were determined following CPR. In addition, neurological deficit scoring (NDS), the beam walking test (BWT), prehensile traction test and Morris water maze experiment were conducted. Neuronal apoptosis rates were detected in the hippocampal region following sacrifice. After CPR, as the H2S levels increased or decreased, the serum NSE and S100β concentrations decreased or increased, respectively (P<0.0w. The NDS results of the NaHS group were improved compared with those of the hydroxylamine group at 24 h after CPR (P<0.05). In the Morris water maze experiment, BWT and prehensile traction test the animals in the NaHS group performed best and rats in the hydroxylamine group performed worst. At day 7, the apoptotic index and the expression of caspase-3 were reduced in the hippocampal CA1 region, while the expression of Bcl-2 increased in the NaHS group; and results of the hydroxylamine group were in contrast. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that H2S is able to improve neural function in rats following CPR.
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In Vivo Evaluation of the Ameliorating Effects of Small-Volume Resuscitation with Four Different Fluids on Endotoxemia-Induced Kidney Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:726243. [PMID: 26273142 PMCID: PMC4529950 DOI: 10.1155/2015/726243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury associated with renal hypoperfusion is a frequent and severe complication during sepsis. Fluid resuscitation is the main therapy. However, heart failure is usually lethal for those patients receiving large volumes of fluids. We compared the effects of small-volume resuscitation using four different treatment regimens, involving saline, hypertonic saline (HTS), hydroxyethyl starch (HES), or hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch (HSH), on the kidneys of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce endotoxemia. LPS injection caused reduced and progressively deteriorated systemic (arterial blood pressure) and renal hemodynamics (renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance index) over time. This deterioration was accompanied by marked renal functional and pathological injury, as well as an oxidative and inflammatory response, manifesting as increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase. Small-volume perfusion with saline failed to improve renal and systemic circulation. However, small-volume perfusion with HES and HSH greatly improved the above parameters, while HTS only transiently improved systemic and renal hemodynamics with obvious renal injury. Therefore, single small-volume resuscitation with HES and HSH could be valid therapeutic approaches to ameliorate kidney injury induced by endotoxemia, while HTS transiently delays injury and saline shows no protective effects.
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The role of H2S bioavailability in endothelial dysfunction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:568-78. [PMID: 26071118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (EDF) reflects pathophysiological changes in the phenotype and functions of endothelial cells that result from and/or contribute to a plethora of cardiovascular diseases. We review the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the pathogenesis of EDF, one of the fastest advancing research topics. Conventionally treated as an environment pollutant, H2S is also produced in endothelial cells and participates in the fine regulation of endothelial integrity and functions. Disturbed H2S bioavailability has been suggested to be a novel indicator of EDF progress and prognosis. EDF manifests in different forms in multiple pathologies, but therapeutics aimed at remedying altered H2S bioavailability may benefit all.
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A cardioprotective insight of the cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2015; 7:51-57. [PMID: 28785645 PMCID: PMC5497180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was simply considered as a toxic and foul smelling gas, but recently H2S been brought into the spot light of cardiovascular research and development. Since the 1990s, H2S has been mounting evidence of physiological properties such as immune modification, vascular relaxation, attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammatory mitigation, and angiogenesis. H2S has since been recognized as the third physiological gaseous signaling molecule, along with CO and NO [65,66]. H2S is produced endogenously through several key enzymes, including cystathionine β-lyase (CBE), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST)/cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). These specific enzymes are expressed accordingly in various organ systems and CSE is the predominant H2S-producing enzyme in the cardiovascular system. The cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/H2S pathway has demonstrated various cardioprotective effects, including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hypertension, pro-angiogenesis, and attenuation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. CSE exhibits its anti-atherosclerotic effect through 3 mechanisms, namely reduction of chemotactic factor inter cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CX3CR1, inhibition of macrophage lipid uptake, and induction of smooth muscle cell apoptosis via MAPK pathway. The CSE/H2S pathway's anti-hypertensive properties are demonstrated via aortic vasodilation through several mechanisms, including the direct stimulation of KATP channels of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), induction of MAPK pathway, and reduction of homocysteine buildup. Also, CSE/H2S pathway plays an important role in angiogenesis, particularly in increased endothelial cell growth and migration, and in increased vascular network length. In myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries, CSE/H2S pathway has shown a clear cardioprotective effect by preserving mitochondria function, increasing antioxidant production, and decreasing infarction injury size. However, CSE/H2S pathway's role in inflammation mitigation is still clouded, due to both pro and anti-inflammatory results presented in the literature, depending on the concentration and form of H2S used in specific experiment models.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Angiogenesis
- Atherosclerosis
- BCA, brachiocephalic artery
- CAM, chorioallantoic membrane
- CAT, cysteine aminotransferase
- CBS, cystathionine β-lyase
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- CSE KO, CSE knock out
- CSE, cystathionine γ-lyase
- CTO, chronic total occlusion
- CX3CL1, chemokine (C-X3-C Motif) ligand 1
- CX3CR1, CX3C chemokine receptor 1
- Cystathionine γ-lyase
- EC, endothelial cell
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- GYY4137, morpholin-4-Ium-4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate
- H2S, hydrogen sulfide
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hydrogen sulfide
- ICAM-1, inter cellular adhesion molecule-1
- IMT, intima–media complex thickness
- Ischemia–reperfusion injury
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAG, DL-propagylglycine
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PTPN1, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S-diclofenac, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid 4-(3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione-5-Yl)-phenyl ester
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- Vasorelaxation
- l-NAME, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester
- oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
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Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics: exploiting a unique but ubiquitous gasotransmitter. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:329-45. [PMID: 25849904 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has become recognized as an important signalling molecule throughout the body, contributing to many physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, improved methods for measuring H2S levels and the availability of a wider range of H2S donors and more selective inhibitors of H2S synthesis have helped to more accurately identify the many biological effects of this highly reactive gaseous mediator. Animal studies of several H2S-releasing drugs have demonstrated considerable promise for the safe treatment of a wide range of disorders. Several such drugs are now in clinical trials.
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Hydrogen sulfide in renal physiology, disease and transplantation – The smell of renal protection. Nitric Oxide 2015; 46:37-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Hydrogen sulfide in signaling pathways. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 439:212-8. [PMID: 25444740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For a long time hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was considered a toxic compound, but recently H₂S (at low concentrations) has been found to play an important function in physiological processes. Hydrogen sulfide, like other well-known compounds - nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous intracellular signal transducer. It regulates the cell cycle, apoptosis and the oxidative stress. Moreover, its functions include neuromodulation, regulation of cardiovascular system and inflammation. In this review, I focus on the metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (including enzymatic pathways of H₂S synthesis from l- and d-cysteine) and its signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. I also describe how hydrogen sulfide may be used as therapeutic agent, i.e. in the cardiovascular diseases.
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