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Nešković N, Budrovac D, Kristek G, Kovačić B, Škiljić S. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: Review of pathophysiology, diagnostics and preventive strategies. J Perioper Pract 2024:17504589241229909. [PMID: 38619150 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241229909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive impairment is a common disorder after major surgery. Advances in medicine and treatment have resulted in an increasingly ageing population undergoing major surgical procedures. Since age is the most important risk factor for postoperative cognitive decline, it is not surprising that impairment of cognitive functions after surgery was recorded in almost a third of elderly patients. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is part of the spectrum of postoperative cognitive impairment and researchers often confuse it with postoperative delirium and delayed neurocognitive recovery. This is the cause of great differences in the results of research that is focused on the incidence and possible prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we focused on current recommendations for a uniform nomenclature of postoperative cognitive impairment and diagnosis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, the presumed pathophysiology of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and recommendations for its treatment and possible prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Nešković
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dino Budrovac
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kristek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Borna Kovačić
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of General Surgery, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sonja Škiljić
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Feng Z, Hu Z, Li L, Yu M, Zhang Y, Jing P, Xu X, Wu J, Hu Y, Xu X. Assessing NH300094, a novel dopamine and serotonin receptor modulator with cognitive enhancement property for treating schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1298061. [PMID: 38327987 PMCID: PMC10848157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1298061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. The objective of this study is to discover a novel antipsychotic candidate with highly antagonistic activity against both serotonin and dopamine receptors, demonstrating robust efficacy in animal models of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods: In the present study, we examined the activity of antipsychotic drug (NH300094) on 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT7, H1, M1, Alpha1A, D2L, D2S, Alpha2A, D3 receptor functional assay in vitro. In addition, multiple animal models, including dizocilpine (MK-801) induced hyper-locomotion; APO induced climbing; Conditioned Avoidance Response (CAR); DOI-Induced Head Twitch; Forced swimming test; Scopolamine induced cognitive impairment model, were used to verify the antipsychotic activity of NH300094 in preclinical. Results: In vitro functional assays have indicated that NH300094 is a potent antagonist of 5-HT receptors and dopamine receptors, with higher relative antagonistic activity against 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A IC50 = 0.47 nM) than dopamine receptors (D2L IC50 = 1.04 nM; D2S IC50 = 11.71 nM; D3 IC50 = 31.55 nM). Preclinical in vivo pharmacological study results showed that NH300094 was effective in multiple models, which is more extensive than the clinic drug Risperidone. Furthermore, the safety window for extrapyramidal side effects of NH300094 is significantly wider than that of Risperidone (For NH300094, mice catalepsy model ED50/ Mice MK-801 model ED50 = 104.6-fold; for Risperidone, mice catalepsy model ED50/ Mice MK-801 model ED50 = 12.9-fold), which suggests a potentially better clinical safety profile for NH300094. Conclusion: NH300094 is a novel potent serotonin and dopamine receptors modulator, which has good safety profile and therapeutic potential for the treatment of schizophrenia with cognition disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minquan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Payet JM, Stevens L, Russo AM, Jaehne EJ, van den Buuse M, Kent S, Lowry CA, Baratta MV, Hale MW. The Role of Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Serotonergic Systems in Emotional Learning and Memory in Male BALB/c Mice. Neuroscience 2023; 534:1-15. [PMID: 37852412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line pharmacological treatment for a variety of anxiety-, trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Although they are efficacious, therapeutic improvements require several weeks of treatment and are often associated with an initial exacerbation of symptoms. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) has been proposed as an important target for the modulation of emotional responses and the therapeutic effects of SSRIs. Using a fear-conditioning paradigm we aimed to understand how SSRIs affect emotional learning and memory, and their effects on serotonergic circuitry. Adult male BALB/c mice were treated with vehicle (n = 16) or the SSRI fluoxetine (18 mg/kg/d) acutely (n = 16), or chronically (21d, n = 16), prior to fear conditioning. Treatment was stopped, and half of the mice (n = 8/treatment group) were exposed to cued fear memory recall 72 h later. Activation of DR serotonergic neurons during fear conditioning (Experiment 1) or fear memory recall (Experiment 2), was measured using dual-label immunohistochemistry for Tph2 and c-Fos. Acute and chronic fluoxetine treatment reduced associative fear learning without affecting memory recall and had opposite effects on anxiety-like behaviour. Acute fluoxetine decreased serotonergic activity in the DR, while chronic treatment led to serotonergic activity that was indistinguishable from that of control levels in DRD and DRV subpopulations. Chronic fluoxetine facilitated fear extinction, which was associated with rostral DRD inhibition. These findings provide further evidence that SSRIs can alter aspects of learning and memory processes and are consistent with a role for discrete populations of DR serotonergic neurons in regulating fear- and anxiety-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer M Payet
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Stevens
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian M Russo
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael V Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew W Hale
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Serotonin/dopamine interaction in the induction and maintenance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: An update. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:287-302. [PMID: 33785132 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that the serotonergic system plays a major role in several aspects of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we focus on the interplay between dopamine and serotonin in the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the most troublesome side effect of L-DOPA therapy. Indeed, while this drug exerts significant amelioration of motor symptoms during the first few years of treatment, eventually, most of patients experience dyskinesias, which limit the use of L-DOPA in advanced stages of disease. Here, we present the mechanisms underlying LID and the role of serotonin neurons, review preclinical and clinical data, and discuss possible therapeutic strategies.
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Allopregnanolone reversion of estrogen and progesterone memory impairment: interplay with serotonin release. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1321-1328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Morici JF, Miranda M, Gallo FT, Zanoni B, Bekinschtein P, Weisstaub NV. 5-HT2a receptor in mPFC influences context-guided reconsolidation of object memory in perirhinal cortex. eLife 2018; 7:33746. [PMID: 29717980 PMCID: PMC5931799 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context-dependent memories may guide adaptive behavior relaying in previous experience while updating stored information through reconsolidation. Retrieval can be triggered by partial and shared cues. When the cue is presented, the most relevant memory should be updated. In a contextual version of the object recognition task, we examined the effect of medial PFC (mPFC) serotonin 2a receptor (5-HT2aR) blockade during retrieval in reconsolidation of competing objects memories. We found that mPFC 5-HT2aR controls retrieval and reconsolidation of object memories in the perirhinal cortex (PRH), but not in the dorsal hippocampus in rats. Also, reconsolidation of objects memories in PRH required a functional interaction between the ventral hippocampus and the mPFC. Our results indicate that in the presence of conflicting information at retrieval, mPFC 5-HT2aR may facilitate top-down context-guided control over PRH to control the behavioral response and object memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Facundo Morici
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Translacional, Universidad Favaloro, INECO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Miranda
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Translacional, Universidad Favaloro, INECO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biologia Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Tomás Gallo
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Translacional, Universidad Favaloro, INECO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biologia Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Zanoni
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Translacional, Universidad Favaloro, INECO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Translacional, Universidad Favaloro, INECO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biologia Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia V Weisstaub
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Translacional, Universidad Favaloro, INECO, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhao H, Lin Y, Chen S, Li X, Huo H. 5-HT3 Receptors: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:29-36. [PMID: 28486926 PMCID: PMC5771379 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170508170412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a syndrome of brain dysfunction caused by spontaneous, abnormal discharge. Many anti-epileptic drugs have developed in past decades. 5-HT is an important neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system of the human body which is involved in a number of physiological activities, such as sensation, movement, and behavior. 5-HT subtype have been divided into seven sub-groups from 5-HT1 to 5HT7. However, the role of 5-HT3 receptor on epilepsy is unclear. Therefore, in this article, the possible role of 5-HT3 receptor on epilepsy was systemically reviewed. METHODS Data were collected from Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, through searching of these keywords: "5-HT3" and "epilepsy". RESULTS An increasing number of studies have shown that the activation of the 5-HT3 receptor can inhibit epileptic seizures, while inhibition of the 5-HT3 receptor can promote spike waves. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the relationship between the 5HT3 receptor and epilepsy; this review may provide a new insight for clinical application of epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130041, P.R. China
- School of Life Science Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin130024, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130041, P.R. China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun130041, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Huo
- School of Life Science Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin130024, P.R. China
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Ponce-Lopez T, Hong E, Abascal-Díaz M, Meneses A. Role of GSK3<i>β</i> and PP2A on Regulation of Tau Phosphorylation in Hippocampus and Memory Impairment in ICV-STZ Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2017.61002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Baratta MV, Kodandaramaiah SB, Monahan PE, Yao J, Weber MD, Lin PA, Gisabella B, Petrossian N, Amat J, Kim K, Yang A, Forest CR, Boyden ES, Goosens KA. Stress Enables Reinforcement-Elicited Serotonergic Consolidation of Fear Memory. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:814-822. [PMID: 26248536 PMCID: PMC4698247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior exposure to stress is a risk factor for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to trauma, yet the mechanisms by which this occurs are unclear. Using a rodent model of stress-based susceptibility to PTSD, we investigated the role of serotonin in this phenomenon. METHODS Adult mice were exposed to repeated immobilization stress or handling, and the role of serotonin in subsequent fear learning was assessed using pharmacologic manipulation and western blot detection of serotonin receptors, measurements of serotonin, high-speed optogenetic silencing, and behavior. RESULTS Both dorsal raphe serotonergic activity during aversive reinforcement and amygdala serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) activity during memory consolidation were necessary for stress enhancement of fear memory, but neither process affected fear memory in unstressed mice. Additionally, prior stress increased amygdala sensitivity to serotonin by promoting surface expression of 5-HT2CR without affecting tissue levels of serotonin in the amygdala. We also showed that the serotonin that drives stress enhancement of associative cued fear memory can arise from paired or unpaired footshock, an effect not predicted by theoretical models of associative learning. CONCLUSIONS Stress bolsters the consequences of aversive reinforcement, not by simply enhancing the neurobiological signals used to encode fear in unstressed animals, but rather by engaging distinct mechanistic pathways. These results reveal that predictions from classical associative learning models do not always hold for stressed animals and suggest that 5-HT2CR blockade may represent a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders characterized by excessive fear responses such as that observed in PTSD.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Association Learning/drug effects
- Association Learning/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/metabolism
- Electroshock
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/physiology
- Male
- Memory Consolidation/drug effects
- Memory Consolidation/physiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Neurological
- Models, Psychological
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Optogenetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Baratta
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (SBK, CRF), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick E Monahan
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Junmei Yao
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Weber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Pei-Ann Lin
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Petrossian
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jose Amat
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kyungman Kim
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aimei Yang
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Craig R Forest
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (SBK, CRF), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Edward S Boyden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ki A Goosens
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Chagraoui A, Thibaut F, Skiba M, Thuillez C, Bourin M. 5-HT2C receptors in psychiatric disorders: A review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 66:120-135. [PMID: 26739950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
5-HT2Rs have a different genomic organization from other 5-HT2Rs. 5HT2CR undergoes post-transcriptional pre-mRNA editing generating diversity among RNA transcripts. Selective post-transcriptional editing could be involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders through impairment in G-protein interactions. Moreover, it may influence the therapeutic response to agents such as atypical antipsychotic drugs. Additionally, 5-HT2CR exhibits alternative splicing. Central serotonergic and dopaminergic systems interact to modulate normal and abnormal behaviors. Thus, 5HT2CR plays a crucial role in psychiatric disorders. 5HT2CR could be a relevant pharmacological target in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The development of drugs that specifically target 5-HT2C receptors will allow for better understanding of their involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Among therapeutic means currently available, most drugs used to treat highly morbid psychiatric diseases interact at least partly with 5-HT2CRs. Pharmacologically, 5HT2CRs, have the ability to generate differentially distinct response signal transduction pathways depending on the type of 5HT2CR agonist. Although this receptor property has been clearly demonstrated, in vitro, the eventual beneficial impact of this property opens new perspectives in the development of agonists that could activate signal transduction pathways leading to better therapeutic efficiency with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chagraoui
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - F Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes and INSERM U 894 Laboratory of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - M Skiba
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France
| | - C Thuillez
- Department of Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France; INSERM U1096, Laboratory of New Pharmacological Targets for Endothelial Protection and Heart Failure, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France
| | - M Bourin
- EA 3256 Neurobiology of Anxiety and Depression, Faculté de Médecine, BP 53508, 1 rue Gaston Veil, F44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
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Magierski R, Sobow T. Serotonergic drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:375-87. [PMID: 26886148 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1155453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (known also as neuropsychiatric symptoms) are essential features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The near universal presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia (up to 90% of cases) has brought significant attention of clinicians and experts to the field. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are recommended for various types of neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, most pharmacological interventions for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are used off-label in many countries. Cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms can be linked to alterations in multiple neurotransmitter systems, so modification of abnormalities in specific systems may improve clinical status of patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Use of serotonergic compounds (novel particles acting on specific receptors and widely acting drugs) in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Magierski
- a Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Tomasz Sobow
- b Department of Medical Psychology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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12
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Nasehi M, Kafi F, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. Involvement of the serotonergic system of the ventral hippocampus (CA3) on amnesia induced by ACPA in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:356-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Nasehi M, Jamshidi-Mehr M, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. Possible involvement of CA1 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptors in harmaline-induced amnesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 125:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Suggesting a possible role of CA1 histaminergic system in harmane-induced amnesia. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cano-Colino M, Almeida R, Compte A. Serotonergic modulation of spatial working memory: predictions from a computational network model. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:71. [PMID: 24133418 PMCID: PMC3783948 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) receptors of types 1A and 2A are strongly expressed in prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons, an area associated with cognitive function. Hence, 5-HT could be effective in modulating prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions, such as spatial working memory (SWM). However, a direct association between 5-HT and SWM has proved elusive in psycho-pharmacological studies. Recently, a computational network model of the PFC microcircuit was used to explore the relationship between 5-HT and SWM (Cano-Colino et al., 2013). This study found that both excessive and insufficient 5-HT levels lead to impaired SWM performance in the network, and it concluded that analyzing behavioral responses based on confidence reports could facilitate the experimental identification of SWM behavioral effects of 5-HT neuromodulation. Such analyses may have confounds based on our limited understanding of metacognitive processes. Here, we extend these results by deriving three additional predictions from the model that do not rely on confidence reports. Firstly, only excessive levels of 5-HT should result in SWM deficits that increase with delay duration. Secondly, excessive 5-HT baseline concentration makes the network vulnerable to distractors at distances that were robust to distraction in control conditions, while the network still ignores distractors efficiently for low 5-HT levels that impair SWM. Finally, 5-HT modulates neuronal memory fields in neurophysiological experiments: Neurons should be better tuned to the cued stimulus than to the behavioral report for excessive 5-HT levels, while the reverse should happen for low 5-HT concentrations. In all our simulations agonists of 5-HT1A receptors and antagonists of 5-HT2A receptors produced behavioral and physiological effects in line with global 5-HT level increases. Our model makes specific predictions to be tested experimentally and advance our understanding of the neural basis of SWM and its neuromodulation by 5-HT receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cano-Colino
- Systems Neuroscience Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
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Gonzalez R, Chávez-Pascacio K, Meneses A. Role of 5-HT5A receptors in the consolidation of memory. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Olivier JDA, Vinkers CH, Olivier B. The role of the serotonergic and GABA system in translational approaches in drug discovery for anxiety disorders. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23781201 PMCID: PMC3677985 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that genetic factors play an important role in anxiety disorders. In support, human genome-wide association studies have implicated several novel candidate genes. However, illumination of such genetic factors involved in anxiety disorders has not resulted in novel drugs over the past decades. A complicating factor is the heterogeneous classification of anxiety disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and diverging operationalization of anxiety used in preclinical and clinical studies. Currently, there is an increasing focus on the gene × environment (G × E) interaction in anxiety as genes do not operate in isolation and environmental factors have been found to significantly contribute to the development of anxiety disorders in at-risk individuals. Nevertheless, extensive research on G × E mechanisms in anxiety has not resulted in major breakthroughs in drug discovery. Modification of individual genes in rodent models has enabled the specific study of anxiety in preclinical studies. In this context, two extensively studied neurotransmitters involved in anxiety are the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) system. In this review, we illustrate the complex interplay between genes and environment in anxiety processes by reviewing preclinical and clinical studies on the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT2 receptor, and GABAA receptor. Even though targets from the serotonin and GABA system have yielded drugs with known anxiolytic efficacy, the relation between the genetic background of these targets and anxiety symptoms and development of anxiety disorders is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to show the vast complexity of genetic and environmental factors in anxiety disorders. In light of the difficulty with which common genetic variants are identified in anxiety disorders, animal models with translational validity may aid in elucidating the neurobiological background of these genes and their possible role in anxiety. We argue that, in addition to human genetic studies, translational models are essential to map anxiety-related genes and to enhance our understanding of anxiety disorders in order to develop potentially novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelien D A Olivier
- Department of, Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden ; Center for Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Dougherty JP, Oristaglio J. Chronic treatment with the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist SR 46349B enhances the retention and efficiency of rule-guided behavior in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 103:50-63. [PMID: 23587729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have established that drugs activating the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor can enhance learning and memory in a variety of classical and operant conditioning tasks. Unfortunately, long-term agonism typically results in receptor downregulation, which can negate such nootropic effects. Conversely, chronic antagonism can act to increase receptor density, an adaptation which, in principle, should enhance cognition in a manner similar to acute agonism. In this study, we questioned whether chronic treatment with the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, SR 46349B, a drug known to increase 5-HT2A receptor density in vivo, would improve cognitive performance in normal mice. To address this question, we administered SR 46349B to mice for 4 days following initial training on a simple rule-based reward acquisition task. We subsequently tested their recall of this task and, finally, their ability to adapt to a reversal in reward contingency (reversal learning). For comparison, two additional groups were treated with the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, DOI, which downregulates the 5-HT2A receptor. SR 46349B improved retention of the previously-learned task but did not affect reversal learning. Subjects treated with SR 46349B also completed trials faster and with greater motor efficiency than vehicle- or DOI-treated subjects. We hypothesize that long-term drug treatments resulting in 5-HT2A receptor up-regulation may be useful in enhancing recall of learned behaviors and, thus, may have potential for treating cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dougherty
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Mørk A, Montezinho LP, Miller S, Trippodi-Murphy C, Plath N, Li Y, Gulinello M, Sanchez C. Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a novel multimodal antidepressant, enhances memory in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 105:41-50. [PMID: 23380522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system plays an important role in cognitive functions via various 5-HT receptors. Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in development as a novel multimodal antidepressant is a 5-HT3, 5-HT7 and 5-HT1D receptor antagonist, a 5-HT1B receptor partial agonist, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and a 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) inhibitor in vitro. Preclinical studies suggest that 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonism as well as 5-HT1A receptor agonism may have a positive impact on cognitive functions including memory. Thus vortioxetine may potentially enhance memory. We investigated preclinical effects of vortioxetine (1-10mg/kg administered subcutaneously [s.c.]) on memory in behavioral tests, and on cortical neurotransmitter levels considered important in rat memory function. Contextual fear conditioning and novel object recognition tests were applied to assess memory in rats. Microdialysis studies were conducted to measure extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Vortioxetine administered 1h before or immediately after acquisition of contextual fear conditioning led to an increase in freezing time during the retention test. This mnemonic effect was not related to changes in pain sensitivity as measured in the hotplate test. Rats treated with vortioxetine 1h before training spent more time exploring the novel object in the novel object recognition test. In microdialysis studies of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, vortioxetine increased extracellular levels of acetylcholine and histamine. In conclusion, vortioxetine enhanced contextual and episodic memory in rat behavioral models. Further demonstration of its potential effect on memory functions in clinical settings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Mørk
- Department of Synaptic Transmission 1, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark.
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Zhang G, Ásgeirsdóttir HN, Cohen SJ, Munchow AH, Barrera MP, Stackman RW. Stimulation of serotonin 2A receptors facilitates consolidation and extinction of fear memory in C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:403-13. [PMID: 22722027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fear is a hallmark of several emotional and mental disorders such as phobias and panic disorders. Considerable attention is focused on defining the neurobiological mechanisms of the extinction of conditioned fear memory in an effort to identify mechanisms that may hold clinical significance for remediating aberrant fear memory. Serotonin modulates the acquisition and retention of conditioned emotional memory, and the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) may be one of the postsynaptic targets mediating such effects. Here we tested the hypothesis that the 5HT2AR regulates the consolidation and extinction of fear memory in male C57BL/6J mice. The influence of 5HT2ARs on memory consolidation was further confirmed with a novel object recognition task. With a trace fear conditioning paradigm, administration of the 5HT2AR agonist TCB-2 (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) before the extinction test facilitated the acquisition of extinction of fear memory as compared to vehicle treatment. In contrast, administration of the 5HT2AR antagonist MDL 11,939 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) delayed the acquisition of extinction of fear memory. Further, the post-conditioning administration of TCB-2 enhanced contextual and cued fear memory, possibly by facilitating the consolidation of fear memory. Administration of TCB-2 also facilitated the acquisition of extinction of fear memory in delay fear conditioned mice. Stimulation or blockade of 5HT2ARs did not affect the encoding or retrieval of conditioned fear memory. Finally, administration of TCB-2 right after training in an object recognition task enhanced the consolidation of object memory. These results suggest that stimulation of 5HT2ARs facilitates the consolidation and extinction of trace and delay cued fear memory and the consolidation of object memory. Blocking the 5HT2AR impairs the acquisition of fear memory extinction. The results support the view that serotonergic activation of the 5HT2AR provides an important modulatory influence on circuits engaged during extinction learning. Taken together these results suggest that the 5HT2AR may be a potential therapeutic target for enhancing hippocampal and amygdala-dependent memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongliang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, BS101, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA.
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Voigt RM, Napier TC. Context-dependent effects of a single administration of mirtazapine on the expression of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 5:92. [PMID: 22347852 PMCID: PMC3276317 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-exposure to cues repeatedly associated with methamphetamine (Meth) can trigger Meth-seeking and relapse in the abstinent abuser. Weakening the conditioned Meth-associated memory during cue re-exposure may provide a means for relapse-reduction pharmacotherapy. Accordingly, we sought to determine if the atypical antidepressant mirtazapine disrupted the persistence of Meth-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) when administered in conjunction with re-exposure to contextual conditioning cues, and if this effect was altered by Meth being present during cue re-exposure. First, we evaluated the effect of mirtazapine on the maintenance of Meth-induced CPP during re-exposure to either the saline- or Meth-paired chamber 12 days after conditioning. Meth-conditioned rats subsequently administered mirtazapine expressed CPP independent of re-exposure to the saline- or Meth-paired chamber; but the magnitude of CPP was significantly less for mirtazapine-treated rats re-exposed to the Meth-paired chamber. Next, we evaluated the effect of mirtazapine on a "reinforced re-exposure" to the Meth-paired context. Administration of mirtazapine vehicle and Meth, prior to re-exposure to the Meth-paired chamber did not disrupt the ability of rats to demonstrate CPP 15 days after conditioning; however, CPP was disrupted when rats were administered mirtazapine and Meth prior to re-exposure to the Meth-paired chamber. These results indicate that the capacity of mirtazapine to diminish Meth-induced CPP is promoted if mirtazapine treatment is coupled with Meth administration in the Meth-associated context and thus appears to be the consequence of disrupting processes necessary to reconsolidate CPP following activation of drug-associated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Voigt
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA
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Ponce-Lopez T, Liy-Salmeron G, Hong E, Meneses A. Lithium, phenserine, memantine and pioglitazone reverse memory deficit and restore phospho-GSK3β decreased in hippocampus in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced memory deficit model. Brain Res 2011; 1426:73-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bombardi C. Neuronal localization of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampal region. Brain Res Bull 2011; 87:259-73. [PMID: 22119732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT2A receptor subtype (5-HT2Ar) plays an important role in the modulation of the hippocampal region activity and it has been associated with learning and memory processes. In the present study, the 5-HT2Ar was immunohistochemically localized in the rat hippocampal region, which includes the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region. In the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper and subiculum) and entorhinal cortex, the colocalization of the 5-HT2Ar with the inhibitory transmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied using double immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The patterns of immunostaining were very different in non-injected and colchicine-injected rats. In untreated rats, the immunoreactivity could be attributed especially to neuropil. Interestingly, in non-injected rats, the 5-HT2Ar immunoreactivity was located in the mossy fibers, suggesting that serotonin acts presynaptically via this receptor subtype directly on glutamate axons. Pretreatment with colchicine increased the number of 5-HT2Ar-immunoreactive somata. Morphological and double immunofluorescence analyses indicated that the 5-HT2Ar was located on both the excitatory and the inhibitory neurons of the rat hippocampal region. The results of the present study suggest that the 5-HT2Ar could participate in the hippocampal neurotransmission by acting on different neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 'ecstasy' has been associated with memory deficits during abstinence and intoxication. The human neuropharmacology of MDMA-induced memory impairment is unknown. This study investigated the role of 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(1A) receptors in MDMA-induced memory impairment. Ketanserin is a 5-HT(2A) receptor blocker and pindolol a 5-HT(1A) receptor blocker. It was hypothesized that pretreatment with ketanserin and pindolol would protect against MDMA-induced memory impairment. Subjects (N=17) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design involving six experimental conditions consisting of pretreatment (T1) and treatment (T2). T1 preceded T2 by 30 min. T1-T2 combinations were: placebo-placebo, pindolol 20 mg-placebo, ketanserin 50 mg-placebo, placebo-MDMA 75 mg, pindolol 20 mg-MDMA 75 mg, and ketanserin 50 mg-MDMA 75 mg. Memory function was assessed at Tmax of MDMA by means of a word-learning task (WLT), a spatial memory task and a prospective memory task. MDMA significantly impaired performance in all memory tasks. Pretreatment with a 5-HT(2A) receptor blocker selectively interacted with subsequent MDMA treatment and prevented MDMA-induced impairment in the WLT, but not in the spatial and prospective memory task. Pretreatment with a 5-HT(1A) blocker did not affect MDMA-induced memory impairment in any of the tasks. Together, the results demonstrate that MDMA-induced impairment of verbal memory as measured in the WLT is mediated by 5-HT(2A) receptor stimulation.
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Roberts AJ, Hedlund PB. The 5-HT(7) receptor in learning and memory. Hippocampus 2011; 22:762-71. [PMID: 21484935 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT(7) receptor is a more recently discovered G-protein-coupled receptor for serotonin. The functions and possible clinical relevance of this receptor are not yet fully understood. The present paper reviews to what extent the use of animal models of learning and memory and other techniques have implicated the 5-HT(7) receptor in such processes. The studies have used a combination of pharmacological and genetic tools targeting the receptor to evaluate effects on behavior and cellular mechanisms. In tests such as the Barnes maze, contextual fear conditioning and novel location recognition that involve spatial learning and memory there is a considerable amount of evidence supporting an involvement of the 5-HT(7) receptor. Supporting evidence has also been obtained in studies of mRNA expression and cellular signaling as well as in electrophysiological experiments. Especially interesting are the subtle but distinct effects observed in hippocampus-dependent models of place learning where impairments have been described in mice lacking the 5-HT(7) receptor or after administration of a selective antagonist. While more work is required, it appears that 5-HT(7) receptors are particularly important in allocentric representation processes. In instrumental learning tasks both procognitive effects and impairments in memory have been observed using pharmacological tools targeting the 5-HT(7) receptor. In conclusion, the use of pharmacological and genetic tools in animal studies of learning and memory suggest a potentially important role for the 5-HT(7) receptor in cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Roberts
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Castillo C. Serotonin transporter and memory. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:355-63. [PMID: 21276807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) has been associated to diverse functions and diseases, though seldom to memory. Therefore, we made an attempt to summarize and discuss the available publications implicating the involvement of the SERT in memory, amnesia and anti-amnesic effects. Evidence indicates that Alzheimer's disease and drugs of abuse like d-methamphetamine (METH) and (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") have been associated to decrements in the SERT expression and memory deficits. Several reports have indicated that memory formation and amnesia affected the SERT expression. The SERT expression seems to be a reliable neural marker related to memory mechanisms, its alterations and potential treatment. The pharmacological, neural and molecular mechanisms associated to these changes are of great importance for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Meneses
- Depto. de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, Mexico City 14330, Mexico.
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Meneses A, Pérez-García G, Ponce-Lopez T, Castillo C. 5-HT6 Receptor Memory and Amnesia: Behavioral Pharmacology – Learning and Memory Processes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 96:27-47. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385902-0.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Gallegos-Cari A, Castillo C. Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: a short overview. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:365-71. [DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Meneses A, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Gonzalez R, Castillo C, Gasbarri A. Effects of d-amphetamine on short- and long-term memory in spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:472-6. [PMID: 20813138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diverse studies indicate that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in encoding processes, including working or short-term memory. Some ADHD dysfunctional domains are reflected in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Here SHR-saline group showed significantly poor STM and LTM relative to SD and WKY saline rats. SD and WKY rats treated with d-amphetamine displayed better STM and LTM, compared to SD-vehicle, WKY-vehicle or SHR-d-amphetamine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meneses
- Department of Pharmacobiology, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Ganesh A, Bogdanowicz W, Haupt M, Marimuthu G, Rajan KE. Role of olfactory bulb serotonin in olfactory learning in the greater short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Brain Res 2010; 1352:108-17. [PMID: 20599808 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of olfactory bulb (OB) serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in olfactory learning and memory was tested in the greater short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (family Pteropodidae). Graded concentrations (25, 40, and 60microg) of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or saline were injected into the OB of bats one day before training to the novel odor. In a behavioral test, 5,7-DHT (60microg) injected bats made significantly fewer feeding attempts and bouts when compared to saline-injected bats during learning and in the memory test. Subsequent biochemical analysis showed that 5-HT level was effectively depleted in the OB of 5,7-DHT injected bats. To test odor-induced 5-HT mediated changes in 5-HT receptors and second messenger cascade in the OB, we examined the expression of 5-HT receptors and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Erk cascade after training to the novel odor. We found that odor stimulation up-regulated the expression of 5-HT(1A) receptor, Erk1 and Creb1 mRNA, and phosphorylation of ERK1 and CREB1. Odor stimulation failed to induce expression in 5-HT-depleted bats, which is similar to control bats and significantly low compared to saline-treated bats. Together these data revealed that the level of 5-HT in the OB may regulate olfactory learning and memory in C. sphinx through Erk and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambigapathy Ganesh
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Acquisition session length modulates consolidation effects produced by 5-HT2C ligands in a mouse autoshaping-operant procedure. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:83-9. [PMID: 20177374 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328337bde7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT), has been implicated as a mediator of learning and memory, the specific role of 5-HT receptors in rodents requires further delineation. In this study, 5-HT2C receptor ligands of varying relative intrinsic efficacies were tested in a mouse learning and memory model called autoshaping-operant. On day 1, mice were placed in experimental chambers and presented with a tone on a variable interval schedule. The tone remained on for 6 s or until a nose-poke response occurred to produce a dipper with Ensure solution. Mice were then injected with saline, MK212 (full agonist), m-chlorophenylpiperazine (partial agonist), mianserin, and SB206 553 (inverse agonists), and methysergide and (+)-2-bromo lysergic acid diethylamide (+)-hydrogen tartrate (neutral antagonists). Each compound was injected after either 1 or 2-h acquisition sessions on day 1 to investigate the role of acquisition session length on consolidation. Day 1 injection of the 5-HT2C inverse agonist mianserin produced greater retrieval impairments of the autoshaped operant response on day 2 than any other agent tested. Furthermore, decreasing the length of the acquisition session to 1h significantly increased the difficulty of the autoshaping task further modulating the consolidation effects produced by the 5-HT2C ligands tested.
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32
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Autoradiographic study of serotonin transporter during memory formation. Behav Brain Res 2010; 212:12-26. [PMID: 20226815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter (SERT) has been associated with drugs of abuse like d-methamphetamine (METH). METH is well known to produce effects on the monoamine systems but it is unclear how METH affects SERT and memory. Here the effects of METH and the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) on autoshaping and novel object recognition (NOR) were investigated. Notably, both memory tasks recruit different behavioral, neural and cognitive demand. In autoshaping task a dose-response curve for METH was determined. METH (1.0mg/kg) impaired short-term memory (STM; lasting less of 90min) in NOR and impaired both STM and long-term memory (LTM; lasting 24 and 48h) in autoshaping, indicating that METH had long-lasting effects in the latter task. A comparative autoradiography study of the relationship between the binding pattern of SERT in autoshaping new untrained vs. trained treated (METH, FLX, or both) animals was made. Considering that hemispheric dominance is important for LTM, hence right vs. left hemisphere of the brain was compared. Results showed that trained animals decreased cortical SERT binding relative to untrained ones. In untrained and trained treated animals with the amnesic dose (1.0mg/kg) of METH SERT binding in several areas including hippocampus and cortex decreased, more remarkably in the trained animals. In contrast, FLX improved memory, increased SERT binding, prevented the METH amnesic effect and re-established the SERT binding. In general, memory and amnesia seemed to make SERT more vulnerable to drugs effects.
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Huerta-Rivas A, Pérez-García G, González-Espinosa C, Meneses A. Time-course of 5-HT6 receptor mRNA expression during memory consolidation and amnesia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scopolamine Has Different Influences on Spatial Reference Memory and Spatial Working Memory in Rats. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2009.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Pitsikas N, Boultadakis A. Pre-training administration of anesthetic ketamine differentially affects rats' spatial and non-spatial recognition memory. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Further support for a role of the His452Tyr variant in 5-HT2A receptor gene in memory functions in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:723-5. [PMID: 19292933 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Perez-Garcia G, Meneses A. Memory formation, amnesia, improved memory and reversed amnesia: 5-HT role. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Liy-Salmeron G, Flores-Galvez D, Castillo C, Castillo E. The effects of the 5-HT6 receptor agonist EMD and the 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS19 on memory formation. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effect of 5-HT7 antagonist SB-269970 in the modulation of working and reference memory in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Cifariello A, Pompili A, Gasbarri A. 5-HT7 receptors in the modulation of cognitive processes. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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The His452Tyr variant of the gene encoding the 5-HT2A receptor is specifically associated with consolidation of episodic memory in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:1163-7. [PMID: 18611292 DOI: 10.1017/s146114570800905x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research has shown that serotonin plays an important role in memory formation. Accordingly, genetic variation of serotonin receptors can be expected to affect memory and to underlie, in part, the heritability of memory capacity. A study by de Quervain and colleagues found a highly significant association of the functional 5-HT2A receptor variant His452Tyr (rs6314) with long-term memory. We replicated this finding in a cohort of 133 adults (mean age 43.5 yr). Carriers of the Tyr allele showed poorer verbal delayed recall and recognition, while immediate recall and additional measures of attentional and executive function were not affected by the His452Tyr genotype. Results suggest a possible role of 5-HT2A receptors in memory consolidation. Serotonergic drugs may have the potential to improve memory.
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Peddie C, Davies H, Colyer F, Stewart M, Rodríguez J. Dendritic colocalisation of serotonin1B receptors and the glutamate NMDA receptor subunit NR1 within the hippocampal dentate gyrus: An ultrastructural study. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 36:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liy-Salmeron G, Meneses A. Effects of 5-HT drugs in prefrontal cortex during memory formation and the ketamine amnesia-model. Hippocampus 2008; 18:965-74. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Perez-García G, Meneses A. Ex vivo study of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7) receptor agonists and antagonists on cAMP accumulation during memory formation and amnesia. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:139-46. [PMID: 18723050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger and a central component of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate a wide range of biological functions, including memory. Hence, in this work, firstly the time-course of memory formation was determined in an autoshaping learning task, which had allowed the identification of testing times for increases or decreases in performance. Next, untrained, trained and overtrained groups were compared in cAMP production. Moreover, selective stimulation and antagonism of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7) receptors during memory formation and cAMP production were determined. Finally, since there is scarce information about how pharmacological models of amnesia affect cAMP production, the cholinergic or glutamatergic antagonists, scopolamine and dizocilpine, were tested. The major findings of this work showed that when the time-course was determined inasmuch as training and testing sessions occurred, memory performance was graduate and progressive. Notably, for the fourth to seventh (i.e., 48-120 h following autoshaping training session) testing session performance was significantly higher from the previous ones. When animals received 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7) receptor agonists and antagonists or amnesic drugs significant increases or decrements in memory performance were observed at 24 and 48 h. Moreover, when ex vivo cAMP production from trained and overtrained groups were compared to untrained ones, significant differences were observed among groups and brain areas. Trained animals treated with 8-OHDPAT, AS19, 8-OHDPAT plus AS19, WAY100635, SB-269970, scopolamine or dizocilpine were compared to similar untrained groups, and eightfold-reduced cAMP production was evident, showing the importance of cAMP production in the signaling case in mammalian memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perez-García
- Department of Pharmacobiology, CINVESTAV, Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico.
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45
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Adams W, Kusljic S, van den Buuse M. Serotonin depletion in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus: effects on locomotor hyperactivity, prepulse inhibition and learning and memory. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1048-55. [PMID: 18634810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of our studies on the differential role of serotonergic projections from the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in behavioural animal models with relevance to schizophrenia. Stereotaxic microinjection of the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the MRN or one of its main projections regions, the dorsal hippocampus, induced a marked enhancement of phencyclidine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and a disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in rats. There was no enhancement of locomotor hyperactivity induced by amphetamine or MK-801 or after 5,7-DHT lesions of the DRN or ventral hippocampus. Rats with dorsal hippocampus lesions did not show significant changes in the Y-maze test for short-term spatial memory, the Morris water maze for long-term spatial memory, or in the T-maze delayed alternation test for working memory. These chronic lesion studies suggest a modulatory influence of serotonergic projections from the MRN to the dorsal hippocampus on phencyclidine effects and prepulse inhibition, but not on different forms of learning and memory. The results provide new insight into the role of serotonin in the dorsal hippocampus in aspects of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Adams
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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46
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Abstract
As the population ages, there is a growing need for effective therapies for the treatment of neurological diseases. A limited number of therapeutics are currently available to improve cognitive function and research is limited by the need for in vivo models. Zebrafish have recently become a focus of neurobehavioral studies since larvae display neuropathological and behavioral phenotypes that are quantifiable and relate to those seen in man. Due to the small size of Zebrafish larvae, assays can be undertaken in 96 well plates and as the larvae can live in as little as 200 mul of fluid, only a few milligrams of compound are needed for screening. Thus in vivo analysis of the effects of compounds can be undertaken at much earlier stages in the drug discovery process. This review will look at the utility of the zebrafish in the study of neurological diseases and its role in improving the throughput of candidate compounds in in vivo screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Best
- Summit (Cambridge) Ltd., Beach Drive Cambridge, UK
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47
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Effects of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine on rats' spatial and non-spatial recognition memory. Neuroscience 2008; 154:454-60. [PMID: 18472348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are experimental evidences indicating that the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine impairs cognition and produces a series of schizophrenia-like symptoms in rodents (hyperactivity, stereotypies and ataxia). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ketamine on rats' non-spatial and spatial recognition memory. For this purpose the object recognition and the object location task were selected. Pre- or post-training systemic administration of ketamine (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg; i.p.) in a dose-dependent manner disrupted animals' performance in both these recognition memory paradigms, suggesting that this compound affected pre- and post-training memory components. The current results indicate that the non-competitive NMDA antagonist ketamine may modulate either spatial or non-spatial recognition memory.
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48
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Dumont GJH, Wezenberg E, Valkenberg MMGJ, de Jong CAJ, Buitelaar JK, van Gerven JMA, Verkes RJ. Acute neuropsychological effects of MDMA and ethanol (co-)administration in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:465-74. [PMID: 18305926 PMCID: PMC2270918 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In Western societies, a considerable percentage of young people expose themselves to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy"). Commonly, ecstasy is used in combination with other substances, in particular alcohol (ethanol). MDMA induces both arousing as well as hallucinogenic effects, whereas ethanol is a general central nervous system depressant. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to assess the acute effects of single and co-administration of MDMA and ethanol on executive, memory, psychomotor, visuomotor, visuospatial and attention function, as well as on subjective experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a four-way, double-blind, randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study in 16 healthy volunteers (nine male, seven female) between the ages of 18-29. MDMA was given orally (100 mg) and blood alcohol concentration was maintained at 0.6 per thousand by an ethanol infusion regime. RESULTS Co-administration of MDMA and ethanol was well tolerated and did not show greater impairment of performance compared to the single-drug conditions. Impaired memory function was consistently observed after all drug conditions, whereas impairment of psychomotor function and attention was less consistent across drug conditions. CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of MDMA and ethanol did not exacerbate the effects of either drug alone. Although the impairment of performance by all drug conditions was relatively moderate, all induced significant impairment of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. H. Dumont
- Unit for Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry (UCPN), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E. Wezenberg
- Unit for Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry (UCPN), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. M. G. J. Valkenberg
- Unit for Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry (UCPN), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. J. de Jong
- Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. K. Buitelaar
- Unit for Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry (UCPN), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - R. J. Verkes
- Unit for Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuropsychiatry (UCPN), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hannon J, Hoyer D. Molecular biology of 5-HT receptors. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:198-213. [PMID: 18571247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter whose effects are mediated by at least 13 distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the type A family which includes the monoamine receptors and a combination of ligand-gated ion channels (5-HT3) of the Cys loop family which constitutes heteropentamers. 5-HT receptors are currently divided into seven classes (5-HT1 to 5-HT7), based on structural, transductional and operational features. While this degree of physical diversity clearly underscores the physiological importance of serotonin, evidence for an even greater degree of operational diversity is supported by the existence of a great number of splice and editing variants for several 5-HT receptors, their possible modulation by accessory proteins and chaperones, as well as their potential to form homo or heteromers both at the GPCR and at the ligand-gated channel level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hannon
- Nervous System Research, WSJ.386.745, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Peddie CJ, Davies HA, Colyer FM, Stewart MG, Rodríguez JJ. Colocalisation of serotonin2A receptors with the glutamate receptor subunits NR1 and GluR2 in the dentate gyrus: an ultrastructural study of a modulatory role. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:561-73. [PMID: 18439999 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin(2A) receptor (5-HT(2A)R) is implicated in many neurological disorders and has a role in cognitive processes, reliant upon hippocampal glutamate receptors. Recent studies show that 5-HT(2A)R agonists and/or antagonists can influence cognitive function, suggesting a critical hippocampal role for these receptors, yet their cellular and subcellular distribution within this region has not been comprehensively analysed. Here, we have conducted an electron microscopic examination of 5-HT(2A)R distribution with the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits NR1 and GluR2 in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in order to investigate whether 5-HT(2A)R location is compatible with a modulatory role over NMDA and/or AMPA receptor mediated neurotransmission. Of 5-HT(2A)R positive profiles, 56% were dendrites and 16% were dendritic spines. Labelling was both cytoplasmic and membranous. Spinous labelling was more frequently membranous at peri- and extra-synaptic sites, though was also associated with synaptic specialisations. Profiles displaying colocalisation of immunoreactivity for 5-HT(2A)Rs with NR1 or GluR2 were predominantly dendrites, representing 11% and 8% of 5-HT(2A)R positive profiles, respectively. Additionally, 12% of 5-HT(2A)R labelled profiles also displayed immunoreactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These data indicate most 5-HT(2A)Rs are expressed on granule cell projections, with a smaller subpopulation expressed on GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Peddie
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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