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Klann PJ, Wang X, Elfert A, Zhang W, Köhler C, Güttsches AK, Jacobsen F, Weyen U, Roos A, Ehrke-Schulz E, Ehrhardt A, Vorgerd M, Bayer W. Seroprevalence of Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies against 39 Human Adenovirus Types in Patients with Neuromuscular Disorders. Viruses 2022; 15:79. [PMID: 36680119 PMCID: PMC9866721 DOI: 10.3390/v15010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High pre-existing antibodies against viral vectors reduce their functionality and may lead to adverse complications. To circumvent this problem in future gene therapy approaches, we tested the seroprevalence of a large range of human adenovirus types in patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) to find appropriate viral vector candidates for gene replacement therapy for NMDs. Binding and neutralizing antibodies against 39 human adenovirus types were tested in the sera of 133 patients with NMDs and 76 healthy controls aged 17-92 years. The influence of age, sex, and NMDs on antibody levels was analyzed. The seroprevalence of different adenoviruses in the cohort varied widely. The highest levels of binding antibodies were detected against HAdV-D27, -C1, -D24, -D70, -B14, -C6, -D13, -B34, and -E4, whereas the lowest reactivity was detected against HAdV-F41, -A31, -B11, -D75, -D8, -D65, -D26, -D80, and -D17. The highest neutralizing reactivity was observed against HAdV-B3, -C2, -E4, -C1, -G52, -C5, and -F41, whereas the lowest neutralizing reactivity was observed against HAdV-D74, -B34, -D73, -B37, -D48, -D13, -D75, -D8, -B35, and -B16. We detected no influence of sex and only minor differences between different age groups. Importantly, there were no significant differences between healthy controls and patients with NMDs. Our data show that patients with NMDs have very similar levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies against HAdV compared to healthy individuals, and we identified HAdV-A31, -B16, -B34, -B35, -D8, -D37, -D48, -D73, -D74, -D75, and -D80 as promising candidates for future vector development due to their low binding and neutralizing antibody prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Julian Klann
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Elfert
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Education and Research, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Cornelia Köhler
- Clinics for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Sankt Josef, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Güttsches
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Weyen
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Education and Research, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Education and Research, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Cirillo E, Esposito C, Giardino G, Azan G, Fecarotta S, Pittaluga S, Ruggiero L, Barretta F, Frisso G, Notarangelo LD, Pignata C. Case Report: Severe Rhabdomyolysis and Multiorgan Failure After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845496. [PMID: 35371100 PMCID: PMC8968726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe skeletal muscle damage has been recently reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and as a rare vaccination complication. Case summary On Apr 28, 2021 a 68-year-old man who was previously healthy presented with an extremely severe rhabdomyolysis that occurred nine days following the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. He had no risk factors, and denied any further assumption of drugs except for fermented red rice, and berberine supplement. The clinical scenario was complicated by a multi organ failure involving bone marrow, liver, lung, and kidney. For the rapid increase of the inflammatory markers, a cytokine storm was suspected and multi-target biologic immunosuppressive therapy was started, consisting of steroids, anakinra, and eculizumab, which was initially successful resulting in close to normal values of creatine phosphokinase after 17 days of treatment. Unfortunately, 48 days after the vaccination an accelerated phase of deterioration, characterized by severe multi-lineage cytopenia, untreatable hypotensive shock, hypoglycemia, and dramatic increase of procalcitonin (PCT), led to patient death. Conclusion Physicians should be aware that severe and fatal rhabdomyolysis may occur after SARS-CoV2 vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Cirillo
- Departments of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Transplants, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Departments of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Azan
- Department of Transplants, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Fecarotta
- Departments of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Barretta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Daniele Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Departments of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudio Pignata,
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Abstract
Virus-mediated gene therapy has the potential to deliver exogenous genetic material into specific cell types to promote survival and counteract disease. This is particularly enticing for neuronal conditions, as the nervous system is renowned for its intransigence to therapeutic targeting. Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. This route is minimally invasive and therefore clinically relevant for gene therapy targeting to peripheral nerve soma. For successful transgene expression, viruses administered into muscle must undergo a series of processes, including host cell interaction and internalization, intracellular sorting, long-range retrograde axonal transport, endosomal liberation, and nuclear import. In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses—adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus—and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. Additionally, we describe how neuropathology can negatively influence these pathways, and conclude by discussing opportunities to optimize the intramuscular administration route to maximize gene delivery and thus therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Tosolini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James N Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bohlen MO, El-Nahal HG, Sommer MA. Transduction of Craniofacial Motoneurons Following Intramuscular Injections of Canine Adenovirus Type-2 (CAV-2) in Rhesus Macaques. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:84. [PMID: 31619971 PMCID: PMC6759538 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable viral vector-mediated transgene expression in primate motoneurons would improve our ability to anatomically and physiologically interrogate motor systems. We therefore investigated the efficacy of replication defective, early region 1-deleted canine adenovirus type-2 (CAV-2) vectors for mediating transgene expression of fluorescent proteins into brainstem motoneurons following craniofacial intramuscular injections in four rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Vector injections were placed into surgically identified and isolated craniofacial muscles. After a 1- to 2-month survival time, animals were sacrificed and transgene expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry in the corresponding motoneuronal populations. We found that injections of CAV-2 into individual craniofacial muscles at doses in the range of ∼1010 to 1011 physical particles/muscle resulted in robust motoneuronal transduction and expression of immunohistochemically identified fluorescent proteins across multiple animals. By using different titers in separate muscles, with the resulting transduction patterns tracked via fluorophore expression and labeled motoneuron location, we established qualitative dose-response relationships in two animals. In one animal that received an atypically high titer (5.7 × 1011 total CAV-2 physical particles) distributed across numerous injection sites, no transduction was detected, likely due to a retaliatory immune response. We conclude that CAV-2 vectors show promise for genetic modification of primate motoneurons following craniofacial intramuscular injections. Our findings warrant focused attention toward the use of CAV-2 vectors to deliver opsins, DREADDs, and other molecular probes to improve genetics-based methods for primate research. Further work is required to optimize CAV-2 transduction parameters. CAV-2 vectors encoding proteins could provide a new, reliable route for modifying activity in targeted neuronal populations of the primate central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Tosolini AP, Morris R. Targeting Motor End Plates for Delivery of Adenoviruses: An Approach to Maximize Uptake and Transduction of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33058. [PMID: 27619631 DOI: 10.1038/srep33058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy can take advantage of the skeletal muscles/motor neurons anatomical relationship to restrict gene expression to the spinal cord ventral horn. Furthermore, recombinant adenoviruses are attractive viral-vectors as they permit spatial and temporal modulation of transgene expression. In the literature, however, several inconsistencies exist with regard to the intramuscular delivery parameters of adenoviruses. The present study is an evaluation of the optimal injection sites on skeletal muscle, time course of expression and mice’s age for maximum transgene expression in motor neurons. Targeting motor end plates yielded a 2.5-fold increase in the number of transduced motor neurons compared to injections performed away from this region. Peak adenoviral transgene expression in motor neurons was detected after seven days. Further, greater numbers of transduced motor neurons were found in juvenile (3–7 week old) mice as compared with adults (8+ weeks old). Adenoviral injections produced robust transgene expression in motor neurons and skeletal myofibres. In addition, dendrites of transduced motor neurons were shown to extend well into the white matter where the descending motor pathways are located. These results also provide evidence that intramuscular delivery of adenovirus can be a suitable gene therapy approach to treat spinal cord injury.
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Schreiber J, Langhorst H, Jüttner R, Rathjen FG. The IgCAMs CAR, BT-IgSF, and CLMP: Structure, Function, and Diseases. Advances in Neurobiology 2014; 8:21-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chen M, Kato T, Higuchi M, Yoshida S, Yako H, Kanno N, Kato Y. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-positive cells compose the putative stem/progenitor cell niches in the marginal cell layer and parenchyma of the rat anterior pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:823-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Biomarkers play a pivotal role in the early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Accurate quantitation of certain biomarkers is crucial to reach correct treatment decisions. In practice, immunohistochemistry (IHC) remains the most important diagnostic technique to evaluate protein biomarker expression in tissue biopsies. However, IHC has largely been qualitative. Low specificity of the mammalian IgG antibodies used to capture the analytes and instability of fluorescence from the organic dyes used as the detecting agents are among the major factors that have impeded the development of quantitative IHC. Avian IgY antibodies have many attractive biochemical, immunological and production advantages over IgGs and are, therefore, better substitutes in diagnostic applications. Using IgY in immunoassays can potentially eliminate false positives and often results in low background and interference. Quantum dots (QDs) have recently emerged as a novel class of fluorophores, promising for many biomedical imaging applications. Fluorescence from QDs is significantly brighter and more photostable than organic dyes. In addition, QDs offer the capacity of multiplexed detection of several biomarkers simultaneously. Combining the high sensitivity and specificity of IgY antibodies and the high brightness and photostability of QDs in IHC has been demonstrated to improve biomarker detection and quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- DNA Science Group, Biochemical Science Division, Chemical Science & Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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9
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Larochelle N, Teng Q, Gilbert R, Deol JR, Karpati G, Holland PC, Nalbantoglu J. Modulation of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor expression for gene transfer to normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle. J Gene Med 2010; 12:266-75. [PMID: 20082422 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient adenovirus (AdV)-mediated gene transfer is possible only in immature muscle or regenerating muscle, suggesting that a developmentally regulated event plays a major role in limiting AdV uptake in mature skeletal muscle. Previously, we showed that the expression of the primary coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is severely down-regulated during muscle maturation and that, in muscle-specific CAR transgenic mice, there is significant enhancement of AdV-mediated gene transfer to mature skeletal muscle. METHODS To evaluate whether increasing CAR expression can also augment gene transfer to dystrophic muscle that has many regenerating fibers, we crossed CAR transgenics with dystrophin-deficient mice (mdx/CAR). We also tested a two-step protocol in which CAR levels were increased in the target muscle, prior to administration of AdV, through the use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV2) expressing CAR. Lastly, we assessed the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on CAR and AdV transduction efficiency in myoblasts and mdx muscle. RESULTS Although somewhat higher rates of transduction can be achieved in adult mdx mice than in normal mice as a result of ongoing muscle regeneration in these animals, CAR expression in the mdx background (mdx/CAR transgenics) still markedly improved the susceptibility of mature muscle to AdV-mediated gene transfer of dystrophin. Prior administration of AAV2-CAR to normal muscle led to significantly increased transduction by subsequent injection of AdV. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproate increased CAR transcript and protein levels in myoblasts and mdx muscle, and also increased AdV-mediated gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a method of increasing CAR levels in both normal and regenerating muscle.
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Larochelle N, Deol JR, Srivastava V, Allen C, Mizuguchi H, Karpati G, Holland PC, Nalbantoglu J. Downregulation of CD46 During Muscle Differentiation: Implications for Gene Transfer to Human Skeletal Muscle Using Group B Adenoviruses. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:133-42. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Larochelle
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Jatinderpal R. Deol
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Vinit Srivastava
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T5
| | - Carol Allen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan 567-0085
| | - George Karpati
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T5
| | - Paul C. Holland
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T5
| | - Josephine Nalbantoglu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A3
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T5
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Wang CQF, Mruk DD, Lee WM, Cheng C. Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a product of Sertoli and germ cells in rat testes which is localized at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1373-92. [PMID: 17359973 PMCID: PMC2095131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), a putative cell-cell adhesion molecule, has attracted wide interest due to its importance in viral pathogenesis and in mediating adenoviral gene delivery. However, the distribution pattern and physiological function of CAR in the testis is still not clear. Here, we identified CAR in Sertoli cells and germ cells of rats. In vivo studies have shown that CAR resides at the blood-testis barrier as well as at the ectoplasmic specialization. The persistent expression of CAR in rat testes from neonatal period throughout adulthood implicates its role in spermatogenesis. Using primary Sertoli cell cultures, we observed a significant induction of CAR during the formation of Sertoli cell epithelium. Furthermore, CAR was seen to be concentrated at inter-Sertoli cell junctions, co-localizing with tight junction protein marker ZO-1 and adherens junction protein N-cadherin. CAR was also found to be associated with proteins of Src kinase family and its protein level declined after TNFalpha treatment in Sertoli cell cultures. Immunofluorescent staining of isolated germ cells has revealed the presence of CAR on spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongate spermatids. Taken together, we propose that CAR functions as an adhesion molecule in maintaining the inter-Sertoli cell junctions at the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. In addition, CAR may confer adhesion between Sertoli and germ cells at the Sertoli-germ cell interface. It is possible that the receptor utilized by viral pathogens to breakthrough the epithelial barrier was also employed by developing germ cells to migrate through the inter-Sertoli cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Q. F. Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021
| | - Dolores D. Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021
| | - Will M. Lee
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C.Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Dr. C. Yan Cheng, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, N.Y., 10021. Fax: 212-327-8733
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Shaw CA, Larochelle N, Dudley RWR, Lochmuller H, Danialou G, Petrof BJ, Karpati G, Holland PC, Nalbantoglu J. Simultaneous dystrophin and dysferlin deficiencies associated with high-level expression of the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor in transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 2007; 169:2148-60. [PMID: 17148677 PMCID: PMC1762479 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is usually confined to the sarcolemma at the neuromuscular junction in mature skeletal muscle fibers. Previously, we reported that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer is greatly facilitated in hemizygous transgenic mice with extrasynaptic CAR expression driven by a muscle-specific promoter. However, in the present study, when these mice were bred to homozygosity, they developed a severe myopathic phenotype and died prematurely. Large numbers of necrotic and regenerating fibers were present in the skeletal muscle of the homozygous CAR transgenics. The myopathy was further characterized by increased levels of caveolin-3 and beta-dystroglycan and decreased levels of dystrophin, dysferlin, and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Even the hemizygotes manifested a subtle phenotype, displaying deficits in isometric force generation and perturbed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK-erk1/2) activation during contraction. There are few naturally occurring or engineered mouse lines showing as severe a skeletal myopathy as observed with ectopic expression of CAR in the homozygotes. Taken together, these findings suggest that substantial overexpression of CAR may lead to physiological dysfunction by disturbing sarcolemmal integrity (through dystrophin deficiency), impairing sarcolemmal repair (through dysferlin deficiency), and interfering with normal signaling (through alterations in caveolin-3 and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Shaw
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Center and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3801 University St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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