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Basu B, Karwatka M, China B, McKibbin M, Khan K, Inglehearn CF, Ladbury JE, Johnson CA. Glycogen myophosphorylase loss causes increased dependence on glucose in iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107569. [PMID: 39009342 PMCID: PMC11342771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of glycogen myophosphorylase (PYGM) expression results in an inability to break down muscle glycogen, leading to McArdle disease-an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by exercise intolerance and muscle cramps. While previously considered relatively benign, this condition has recently been associated with pattern dystrophy in the retina, accompanied by variable sight impairment, secondary to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell involvement. However, the pathomechanism of this condition remains unclear. In this study, we generated a PYGM-null induced pluripotent stem cell line and differentiated it into mature RPE to examine structural and functional defects, along with metabolite release into apical and basal media. Mutant RPE exhibited normal photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis but displayed elevated glycogen levels, reduced transepithelial resistance, and increased cytokine secretion across the epithelial layer compared to isogenic WT controls. Additionally, decreased expression of the visual cycle component, RDH11, encoding 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase, was observed in PYGM-null RPE. While glycolytic flux and oxidative phosphorylation levels in PYGM-null RPE were near normal, the basal oxygen consumption rate was increased. Oxygen consumption rate in response to physiological levels of lactate was significantly greater in WT than PYGM-null RPE. Inefficient lactate utilization by mutant RPE resulted in higher glucose dependence and increased glucose uptake from the apical medium in the presence of lactate, suggesting a reduced capacity to spare glucose for photoreceptor use. Metabolic tracing confirmed slower 13C-lactate utilization by PYGM-null RPE. These findings have key implications for retinal health since they likely underlie the vision impairment in individuals with McArdle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudha Basu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Magdalena Karwatka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Becky China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Martin McKibbin
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Kamron Khan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Stefanik E, Dubińska-Magiera M, Lewandowski D, Daczewska M, Migocka-Patrzałek M. Metabolic aspects of glycogenolysis with special attention to McArdle disease. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108532. [PMID: 39018613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The physiological function of muscle glycogen is to meet the energy demands of muscle contraction. The breakdown of glycogen occurs through two distinct pathways, primarily cytosolic and partially lysosomal. To obtain the necessary energy for their function, skeletal muscles utilise also fatty acids in the β-oxidation. Ketogenesis is an alternative metabolic pathway for fatty acids, which provides an energy source during fasting and starvation. Diseases arising from impaired glycogenolysis lead to muscle weakness and dysfunction. Here, we focused on the lack of muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM), a rate-limiting enzyme for glycogenolysis in skeletal muscles, which leads to McArdle disease. Metabolic myopathies represent a group of genetic disorders characterised by the limited ability of skeletal muscles to generate energy. Here, we discuss the metabolic aspects of glycogenosis with a focus on McArdle disease, offering insights into its pathophysiology. Glycogen accumulation may influence the muscle metabolic dynamics in different ways. We emphasize that a proper treatment approach for such diseases requires addressing three important and interrelated aspects, which include: symptom relief therapy, elimination of the cause of the disease (lack of a functional enzyme) and effective and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Stefanik
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland..
| | - Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland..
| | - Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland..
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland..
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland..
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3
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Romaniuk E, Vera B, Peraza P, Ciappesoni G, Damián JP, Van Lier E. Identification of Candidate Genes and Pathways Linked to the Temperament Trait in Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:229. [PMID: 38397218 PMCID: PMC10887918 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperament can be defined as the emotional variability among animals of the same species in response to the same stimulus, grouping animals by their reactivity as nervous, intermediate, or calm. Our goal was to identify genomic regions with the temperament phenotype measured by the Isolation Box Test (IBT) by single-step genome-wide association studies (ssGWAS). The database consisted of 4317 animals with temperament records, and 1697 genotyped animals with 38,268 effective Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) after quality control. We identified three genomic regions that explained the greatest percentage of the genetic variance, resulting in 25 SNP associated with candidate genes on chromosomes 6, 10, and 21. A total of nine candidate genes are reported for the temperament trait, which is: PYGM, SYVN1, CAPN1, FADS1, SYT7, GRID2, GPRIN3, EEF1A1 and FRY, linked to the energetic activity of the organism, synaptic transmission, meat tenderness, and calcium associated activities. This is the first study to identify these genetic variants associated with temperament in sheep, which could be used as molecular markers in future behavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Romaniuk
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Avda. Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, Uruguay;
- Estación Experimental Facultad de Agronomía Salto, Ruta 31, km 21, Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Brenda Vera
- Sistema Ganadero Extensivo, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48, km 10, Canelones 90200, Uruguay; (B.V.); (P.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Pablo Peraza
- Sistema Ganadero Extensivo, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48, km 10, Canelones 90200, Uruguay; (B.V.); (P.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Ciappesoni
- Sistema Ganadero Extensivo, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48, km 10, Canelones 90200, Uruguay; (B.V.); (P.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Juan Pablo Damián
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay;
- Núcleo de Bienestar Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Elize Van Lier
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Avda. Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, Uruguay;
- Estación Experimental Facultad de Agronomía Salto, Ruta 31, km 21, Salto 50000, Uruguay
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Koeberl DD, Koch RL, Lim JA, Brooks ED, Arnson BD, Sun B, Kishnani PS. Gene therapy for glycogen storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:93-118. [PMID: 37421310 PMCID: PMC10874648 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) are inherited disorders of metabolism resulting from the deficiency of individual enzymes involved in the synthesis, transport, and degradation of glycogen. This literature review summarizes the development of gene therapy for the GSDs. The abnormal accumulation of glycogen and deficiency of glucose production in GSDs lead to unique symptoms based upon the enzyme step and tissues involved, such as liver and kidney involvement associated with severe hypoglycemia during fasting and the risk of long-term complications including hepatic adenoma/carcinoma and end stage kidney disease in GSD Ia from glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, and cardiac/skeletal/smooth muscle involvement associated with myopathy +/- cardiomyopathy and the risk for cardiorespiratory failure in Pompe disease. These symptoms are present to a variable degree in animal models for the GSDs, which have been utilized to evaluate new therapies including gene therapy and genome editing. Gene therapy for Pompe disease and GSD Ia has progressed to Phase I and Phase III clinical trials, respectively, and are evaluating the safety and bioactivity of adeno-associated virus vectors. Clinical research to understand the natural history and progression of the GSDs provides invaluable outcome measures that serve as endpoints to evaluate benefits in clinical trials. While promising, gene therapy and genome editing face challenges with regard to clinical implementation, including immune responses and toxicities that have been revealed during clinical trials of gene therapy that are underway. Gene therapy for the glycogen storage diseases is under development, addressing an unmet need for specific, stable therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D. Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Arnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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5
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Schirinzi E, Ricci G, Torri F, Mancuso M, Siciliano G. Biomolecules of Muscle Fatigue in Metabolic Myopathies. Biomolecules 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 38254650 PMCID: PMC10812926 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic myopathies are a group of genetic disorders that affect the normal functioning of muscles due to abnormalities in metabolic pathways. These conditions result in impaired energy production and utilization within muscle cells, leading to limitations in muscle function with concomitant occurrence of related signs and symptoms, among which fatigue is one of the most frequently reported. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of muscle fatigue in these conditions is challenging for the development of an effective diagnostic and prognostic approach to test targeted therapeutic interventions. This paper outlines the key biomolecules involved in muscle fatigue in metabolic myopathies, including energy substrates, enzymes, ion channels, and signaling molecules. Potential future research directions in this field are also discussed.
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Generation of the First Human In Vitro Model for McArdle Disease Based on iPSC Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213964. [PMID: 36430443 PMCID: PMC9692531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the PYGM gene. This gene encodes for the skeletal muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase), the first enzyme in glycogenolysis. Patients with this disorder are unable to obtain energy from their glycogen stored in skeletal muscle, prompting an exercise intolerance. Currently, there is no treatment for this disease, and the lack of suitable in vitro human models has prevented the search for therapies against it. In this article, we have established the first human iPSC-based model for McArdle disease. For the generation of this model, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with McArdle disease (harbouring the homozygous mutation c.148C>T; p.R50* in the PYGM gene) were differentiated into myogenic cells able to contract spontaneously in the presence of motor neurons and generate calcium transients, a proof of their maturity and functionality. Additionally, an isogenic skeletal muscle model of McArdle disease was created. As a proof-of-concept, we have tested in this model the rescue of PYGM expression by two different read-through compounds (PTC124 and RTC13). The developed model will be very useful as a platform for testing drugs or compounds with potential pharmacological activity.
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Preclinical Research in McArdle Disease: A Review of Research Models and Therapeutic Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010074. [PMID: 35052414 PMCID: PMC8774685 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism caused by pathogenic mutations in the PYGM gene, which encodes the skeletal muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase. Clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by transient acute “crises” of early fatigue, myalgia and contractures, which can be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis. Owing to the difficulty of performing mechanistic studies in patients that often rely on invasive techniques, preclinical models have been used for decades, thereby contributing to gain insight into the pathophysiology and pathobiology of human diseases. In the present work, we describe the existing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models for McArdle disease and review the insights these models have provided. In addition, despite presenting some differences with the typical patient’s phenotype, these models allow for a deep study of the different features of the disease while representing a necessary preclinical step to assess the efficacy and safety of possible treatments before they are tested in patients.
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8
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Almodóvar-Payá A, Villarreal-Salazar M, de Luna N, Nogales-Gadea G, Real-Martínez A, Andreu AL, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A, Vissing J, Krag T, Pinós T. Preclinical Research in Glycogen Storage Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Current Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249621. [PMID: 33348688 PMCID: PMC7766110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GSD are a group of disorders characterized by a defect in gene expression of specific enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown or synthesis, commonly resulting in the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues (primarily the liver and skeletal muscle). Several different GSD animal models have been found to naturally present spontaneous mutations and others have been developed and characterized in order to further understand the physiopathology of these diseases and as a useful tool to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies. In the present work we have reviewed a total of 42 different animal models of GSD, including 26 genetically modified mouse models, 15 naturally occurring models (encompassing quails, cats, dogs, sheep, cattle and horses), and one genetically modified zebrafish model. To our knowledge, this is the most complete list of GSD animal models ever reviewed. Importantly, when all these animal models are analyzed together, we can observe some common traits, as well as model specific differences, that would be overlooked if each model was only studied in the context of a given GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Almodóvar-Payá
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Mónica Villarreal-Salazar
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Noemí de Luna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Laboratori de Malalties Neuromusculars, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediàtriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d’Investigacio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alberto Real-Martínez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- EATRIS, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Miguel Angel Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934894057
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McArdle Disease: New Insights into Its Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235919. [PMID: 31775340 PMCID: PMC6929006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease, also known as glycogen storage disease type V (GSDV), is characterized by exercise intolerance, the second wind phenomenon, and high serum creatine kinase activity. Here, we recapitulate PYGM mutations in the population responsible for this disease. Traditionally, McArdle disease has been considered a metabolic myopathy caused by the lack of expression of the muscle isoform of the glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM). However, recent findings challenge this view, since it has been shown that PYGM is present in other tissues than the skeletal muscle. We review the latest studies about the molecular mechanism involved in glycogen phosphorylase activity regulation. Further, we summarize the expression and functional significance of PYGM in other tissues than skeletal muscle both in health and McArdle disease. Furthermore, we examine the different animal models that have served as the knowledge base for better understanding of McArdle disease. Finally, we give an overview of the latest state-of-the-art clinical trials currently being carried out and present an updated view of the current therapies.
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10
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Goldenberg J, Cipriani V, Jackson TNW, Arbuckle K, Debono J, Dashevsky D, Panagides N, Ikonomopoulou MP, Koludarov I, Li B, Santana RC, Nouwens A, Jones A, Hay C, Dunstan N, Allen L, Bush B, Miles JJ, Ge L, Kwok HF, Fry BG. Proteomic and functional variation within black snake venoms (Elapidae: Pseudechis). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 205:53-61. [PMID: 29353015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudechis (black snakes) is an Australasian elapid snake genus that inhabits much of mainland Australia, with two representatives confined to Papua New Guinea. The present study is the first to analyse the venom of all 9 described Pseudechis species (plus one undescribed species) to investigate the evolution of venom composition and functional activity. Proteomic results demonstrated that the typical Pseudechis venom profile is dominated by phospholipase A2 toxins. Strong cytotoxicity was the dominant function for most species. P. porphyriacus, the most basal member of the genus, also exhibited the most divergent venom composition, being the only species with appreciable amounts of procoagulant toxins. The relatively high presence of factor Xa recovered in P. porphyriacus venom may be related to a predominantly amphibian diet. Results of this study provide important insights to guide future ecological and toxinological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Goldenberg
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Vittoria Cipriani
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2, 8PP, UK
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Dashevsky
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nadya Panagides
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maria P Ikonomopoulou
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4049, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4002, Australia; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Renan Castro Santana
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Slt Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chris Hay
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Luke Allen
- Venom Supplies, Tanunda, SA 5352, Australia
| | - Brian Bush
- Snakes Harmful & Harmless, 9 Birch Place, Stoneville, WA 6081, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4049, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Lilin Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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12
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Sun B, Brooks ED, Koeberl DD. Preclinical Development of New Therapy for Glycogen Storage Diseases. Curr Gene Ther 2016; 15:338-47. [PMID: 26122079 DOI: 10.2174/1566523215666150630132253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease (GSD) consists of more than 10 discrete conditions for which the biochemical and genetic bases have been determined, and new therapies have been under development for several of these conditions. Gene therapy research has generated proof-of-concept for GSD types I (von Gierke disease) and II (Pompe disease). Key features of these gene therapy strategies include the choice of vector and regulatory cassette, and recently adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing tissue-specific promoters have achieved a high degree of efficacy. Efficacy of gene therapy for Pompe disease depend upon the induction of immune tolerance to the therapeutic enzyme. Efficacy of von Gierke disease is transient, waning gradually over the months following vector administration. Small molecule therapies have been evaluated with the goal of improving standard of care therapy or ameliorating the cellular abnormalities associated with specific GSDs. The receptor-mediated uptake of the therapeutic enzyme in Pompe disease was enhanced by administration of β2 agonists. Rapamycin reduced the liver fibrosis observed in GSD III. Further development of gene therapy could provide curative therapy for patients with GSD, if efficacy from preclinical research is observed in future clinical trials and these treatments become clinically available.
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13
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Godfrey R, Quinlivan R. Skeletal muscle disorders of glycogenolysis and glycolysis. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:393-402. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Krag TO, Pinós T, Nielsen TL, Brull A, Andreu AL, Vissing J. Differential Muscle Involvement in Mice and Humans Affected by McArdle Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:441-54. [PMID: 27030740 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease (muscle glycogenosis type V) is caused by myophosphorylase deficiency, which leads to impaired glycogen breakdown. We investigated how myophosphorylase deficiency affects muscle physiology, morphology, and glucose metabolism in 20-week-old McArdle mice and compared the findings to those in McArdle disease patients. Muscle contractions in the McArdle mice were affected by structural degeneration due to glycogen accumulation, and glycolytic muscles fatigued prematurely, as occurs in the muscles of McArdle disease patients. Homozygous McArdle mice showed muscle fiber disarray, variations in fiber size, vacuoles, and some internal nuclei associated with cytosolic glycogen accumulation and ongoing regeneration; structural damage was seen only in a minority of human patients. Neither liver nor brain isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase were upregulated in muscles, thus providing no substitution for the missing muscle isoform. In the mice, the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were invariably more damaged than the quadriceps muscles. This may relate to a 7-fold higher level of myophosphorylase in TA compared to quadriceps in wild-type mice and suggests higher glucose turnover in the TA. Thus, despite differences, the mouse model of McArdle disease shares fundamental physiological and clinical features with the human disease and could be used for studies of pathogenesis and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Krag
- From the Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TOK, TLN, JV); and Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain (TP, AB, ALA).
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- From the Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TOK, TLN, JV); and Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain (TP, AB, ALA)
| | - Tue L Nielsen
- From the Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TOK, TLN, JV); and Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain (TP, AB, ALA)
| | - Astrid Brull
- From the Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TOK, TLN, JV); and Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain (TP, AB, ALA)
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- From the Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TOK, TLN, JV); and Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain (TP, AB, ALA)
| | - John Vissing
- From the Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TOK, TLN, JV); and Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain (TP, AB, ALA)
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15
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Santalla A, Nogales-Gadea G, Ørtenblad N, Brull A, de Luna N, Pinós T, Lucia A. McArdle disease: a unique study model in sports medicine. Sports Med 2015; 44:1531-44. [PMID: 25028051 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is arguably the paradigm of exercise intolerance in humans. This disorder is caused by inherited deficiency of myophosphorylase, the enzyme isoform that initiates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscles. Because patients are unable to obtain energy from their muscle glycogen stores, this disease provides an interesting model of study for exercise physiologists, allowing insight to be gained into the understanding of glycogen-dependent muscle functions. Of special interest in the field of muscle physiology and sports medicine are also some specific (if not unique) characteristics of this disorder, such as the so-called 'second wind' phenomenon, the frequent exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria episodes suffered by patients (with muscle damage also occurring under basal conditions), or the early appearance of fatigue and contractures, among others. In this article we review the main pathophysiological features of this disorder leading to exercise intolerance as well as the currently available therapeutic possibilities. Patients have been traditionally advised by clinicians to refrain from exercise, yet sports medicine and careful exercise prescription are their best allies at present because no effective enzyme replacement therapy is expected to be available in the near future. As of today, although unable to restore myophosphorylase deficiency, the 'simple' use of exercise as therapy seems probably more promising and practical for patients than more 'complex' medical approaches.
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16
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Brooks ED, Koeberl DD. Large animal models and new therapies for glycogen storage disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:505-9. [PMID: 25224826 PMCID: PMC4513910 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSD), a unique category of inherited metabolic disorders, were first described early in the twentieth century. Since then, the biochemical and genetic bases of these disorders have been determined, and an increasing number of animal models for GSD have become available. At least seven large mammalian models have been developed for laboratory research on GSDs. These models have facilitated the development of new therapies, including gene therapy, which are undergoing clinical translation. For example, gene therapy prolonged survival and prevented hypoglycemia during fasting for greater than one year in dogs with GSD type Ia, and the need for periodic re-administration to maintain efficacy was demonstrated in that dog model. The further development of gene therapy could provide curative therapy for patients with GSD and other inherited metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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de Luna N, Brull A, Guiu JM, Lucia A, Martin MA, Arenas J, Martí R, Andreu AL, Pinós T. Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in McArdle disease using a mouse primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:467-72. [PMID: 25762569 PMCID: PMC4415898 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease, also termed ‘glycogen storage disease type V’, is a disorder of skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism caused by inherited deficiency of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an autosomic recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the PYGM gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional fatigue frequently accompanied by rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain (GP-BB) isoforms, which are encoded by the PYGL and PYGB genes, respectively; GP-BB is the main GP isoform found in human and rat foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in McArdle mice that mimics the glycogen accumulation and GP-MM deficiency observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with McArdle disease. We treated mouse primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed GP-BB and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of GP-BB and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with McArdle disease. Summary: Use of this in vitro model showed that sodium valproate (VPA) can reverse the muscle phenotype from a McArdle-like to a normal histological and biochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí de Luna
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Astrid Brull
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Guiu
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea, Madrid 28670, Spain Instituto de Investigación 'i+12', Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Martí
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
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18
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Yu SH, Huang CY, Lee SD, Hsu MF, Wang RY, Kao CL, Kuo CH. Decreased eccentric exercise-induced macrophage infiltration in skeletal muscle after supplementation with a class of ginseng-derived steroids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114649. [PMID: 25500579 PMCID: PMC4263678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dammarane steroids (DS) are a class of chemical compounds present in Panax ginseng. Here, we evaluated the effect of 10 weeks of DS supplementation on inflammatory modulation in the soleus muscle following eccentric exercise (EE)-induced muscle damage (downhill running). Eighty rats were randomized into 4 groups of DS supplementation (saline, 20, 60, 120 mg/kg body weight). Inflammatory markers were measured at rest and again 1 h after EE. At rest, NFκB signaling, TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNAs, 3-nitrotyrosine, glutathione peroxidase, and GCS (glutamylcysteine synthetase) levels were significantly elevated in the skeletal muscle of DS-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, there were no detectable increases in the number of necrotic muscle fibers or CD68+ M1 macrophages. However, muscle strength, centronucleation, IL-10 mRNA expression, and the number of CD163+ M2 macrophages increased significantly over controls with DS treatment in rat soleus muscle. Under EE-challenged conditions, significant increases in muscle fiber necrosis, CD68+ M1 macrophage distribution, and 3-nitrotyrosine were absent in rats that received low and medium doses (20 and 60 mg/kg) of DS treatment, suggesting that DS possess anti-inflammatory action protecting against a muscle-damaging challenge. However, this protective activity was diminished when a high dose of DS (120 mg/kg) was administered, suggesting that DS possess hormetic properties. In conclusion, our study provides new evidence suggesting that DS is an ergogenic component of ginseng that potentiate inflammation at baseline but that produce anti-inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle following muscle-damaging exercise. Furthermore, high doses should be avoided in formulating ginseng-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Hsien Yu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Health and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Health and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Fen Hsu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Howell JM, Dunton E, Creed KE, Quinlivan R, Sewry C. Investigating sodium valproate as a treatment for McArdle disease in sheep. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 25:111-9. [PMID: 25455802 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is due to an absence of the enzyme muscle glycogen phosphorylase and results in significant physical impairment in humans. We hypothesised that sodium valproate, an HDAC inhibitor, might have the ability to up-regulate the enzyme. We treated McArdle sheep with sodium valproate given enterically at 20-60 mg/kg body wt. Compared with untreated control animals, there was increased expression of phosphorylase in muscle fibres. The response was dose dependent and reached a maximum 2 hours after the application and increased with repeated applications. Improvement in mobility could not be demonstrated. These findings suggest that sodium valproate is a potential therapeutic treatment for McArdle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McC Howell
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Neuro-Muscular Research Institute, CNND, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - E Dunton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K E Creed
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Quinlivan
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Sewry
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
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