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Veloso C, Videira RA, Andrade PB, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. In vivo methodologies to assist preclinical development of topical fixed-dose combinations for pain management. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121530. [PMID: 35121043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination in a fixed dose of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in the same pharmaceutical dosage form is an approach that has been used successfully in the treatment of several pathologies, including pain. In the preclinical development of a topical fixed-dose combination product with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities for pain management, the main objective is to establish the nature of the interaction between the different active pharmaceutical ingredients while obtaining data on the medicinal product safety and efficacy. Despite the improvement of in vitro assays, animal models remain a fundamental strategy to characterise the interaction, efficacy and safety of active pharmaceutical ingredients at the physiological level, which cannot be reached by in vitro assays. Thus, the main goal of this review is to systematise the available animal models to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new fixed-dose combination product for topical administration indicated for pain management. Particular emphasis is given to animal models that are accepted for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Metzing UB, von Loeffelholz C, Steidl R, Romeike B, Winkler R, Rauchfuß F, Settmacher U, Stoppe C, Coldewey SM, Weinmann C, Weickert MO, Claus RA, Birkenfeld AL, Kosan C, Horn P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in skeletal muscle of subjects suffering from peritoneal sepsis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:504. [PMID: 35017615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a descriptive characterization of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in skeletal muscle of human patients with peritoneal sepsis and a sepsis model of C57BL/6J mice. Patients undergoing open surgery were included in a cross-sectional study and blood and skeletal muscle samples were taken. Key markers of the UPR and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) as surrogate of inflammatory injury were evaluated by real-time PCR and histochemical staining. CD68 mRNA increased with sepsis in skeletal muscle of patients and animals (p < 0.05). Mainly the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α branch of the UPR was upregulated as shown by elevated X-box binding-protein 1 (XBP1u) and its spliced isoform (XBP1s) mRNA (p < 0.05, respectively). Increased expression of Gadd34 indicated activation of PRKR-Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) branch of the UPR, and was only observed in mice (p < 0.001) but not human study subjects. Selected cell death signals were upregulated in human and murine muscle, demonstrated by increased bcl-2 associated X protein mRNA and TUNEL staining (p < 0.05). In conclusion we provide a first characterization of the UPR in skeletal muscle in human sepsis.
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3
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Luis Araujo Minari A, Avila F, Missae Oyama L, Vagner Thomatieli Dos Santos R. Inflammatory response of the peripheral neuroendocrine system following downhill running. Cytokine 2021; 149:155746. [PMID: 34678553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the relationship between exercise inflammation and the peripheral neuroendocrine system is essential for understanding how acute or repetitive bouts of exercise can contribute to skeletal muscle adaption. In severe damage, some evidence demonstrates that peripheral neuroendocrine receptors might contribute to inflammatory resolution, supporting the muscle healing process through myogenesis. In this sense, the current study aimed to evaluate two classic peripheral neuronal receptors along with skeletal muscle inflammation and adaptation parameters in triceps brachii after exercise. We euthanized C57BL (10 to 12 weeks old) male mice before, and one, two, and three days after a downhill running protocol. The positive Ly6C cells, along with interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), α7 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs), and myonuclei accretion were analyzed. Our main results demonstrated that nAChRs increased with the inflammatory and myonuclei accretion responses regardless of NF-κB and GR protein expression. These results indicate that increased nAChR may contribute to skeletal muscle adaption after downhill running in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Avila
- Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli Dos Santos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências - Campus da Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Lee SS, Kim YA, Eun B, Yoo J, Kim EM, Nam MS, Kim KK. Betaine, a component of Lycium chinense, enhances muscular endurance of mice and myogenesis of myoblasts. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5083-5091. [PMID: 34532017 PMCID: PMC8441376 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function that occurs mainly in older adults. The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that water extract of Lycium chinense (WELC) would improve muscle function and promote myogenesis for sarcopenia. We investigated the effect of water extracts of L. chinense on muscular endurance function and myogenesis to examine its efficacy in sarcopenia. Intake of WELC-containing cheese enhanced the muscular endurance function of mice in treadmill endurance tests. In addition, the cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle of L. chinense-fed mice were greater than that of control mice. Furthermore, WELC and its key component marker substance betaine promoted myogenesis of myoblasts by increasing the expression of the myogenic protein myosin heavy chain 3 (Myh3) and myotube formation. Taken together, our results suggest that L. chinense may potentially be useful in the development of preventive and therapeutic agents for sarcopenia, as well as in providing basic knowledge on myogenesis and muscular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea
| | - Yong-An Kim
- Department of Biochemistry Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea
| | - Bokkee Eun
- Core Laboratory for Convergent Translational Research Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jayeon Yoo
- National Institute of Animal Science RDA Wanjugun Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Nam
- Division of Animal Resource Science Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea
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5
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Kim Y, Lee S, Yoo J, Kim E, Nam MS, Kim KK. Effects of Gouda cheese and Allium hookeri on thermogenesis in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1232-1239. [PMID: 33598207 PMCID: PMC7866615 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheese contains various beneficial nutrients, including calcium and whey protein, as well as large amounts of saturated fatty acids. Thus, intake of cheese increases the production of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), a well-defined risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, identification of natural products that inhibit LDL-C production following cheese intake and verification of the efficacy of such products in animal models are essential. Here, we evaluated the effects of Allium hookeri, a well-known traditional herbal remedy, on metabolism and thermogenesis in mice consuming a cheese-containing diet. Intake of A. hookeri extracts significantly blocked increases in body weight and fat mass caused by intake of Gouda cheese in mice. Additionally, increases in blood triglyceride levels following intake of Gouda cheese were alleviated by A. hookeri. Moreover, intake of Gouda cheese enhanced thermogenesis efficiency. Thus, A. hookeri may have applications as an important additive for reducing the risk of metabolic disease resulting from cheese consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐An Kim
- Department of BiochemistryChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Sang‐Soo Lee
- Department of BiochemistryChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Jayeon Yoo
- National Institute of Animal ScienceRDAWanju‐gunJeolabuk‐doKorea
| | - Eun‐Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive ToxicologyKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonKorea
| | - Myoung Soo Nam
- Division of Animal Resource ScienceChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Kee K. Kim
- Department of BiochemistryChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
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6
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Flanagan SD, Proessl F, Dunn-Lewis C, Canino MC, Sterczala AJ, Connaboy C, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Kraemer WJ. Constitutive and Stress-Induced Psychomotor Cortical Responses to Compound K Supplementation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:315. [PMID: 32322188 PMCID: PMC7158875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated ginsenoside metabolites such as Compound K (CK) are of increasing interest to consumer and clinical populations as safe and non-pharmacological means to enhance psychomotor performance constitutively and in response to physical or cognitive stress. Nevertheless, the influence of CK on behavioral performance and EEG measures of cortical activity in humans is undetermined. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-group study, dose-dependent responses to CK (placebo, 160 and 960 mg) were assessed after 2 weeks of supplementation in nineteen healthy men and women (age: 39.9 ± 7.9 year, height 170.2 ± 8.6 cm, weight 79.7 ± 11.9 kg). Performance on upper- and lower-body choice reaction tests (CRTs) was tested before and after intense lower-body anaerobic exercise. Treatment- and stress-related changes in brain activity were measured with high-density EEG based on event-related potentials, oscillations, and source activity. Upper- (−12.3 ± 3.5 ms, p = 0.002) and lower-body (−12.3 ± 4.9 ms, p = 0.021) response times improved after exercise, with no difference between treatments (upper: p = 0.354; lower: p = 0.926). Analysis of cortical activity in sensor and source space revealed global increases in cortical arousal after exercise. CK increased activity in cortical regions responsible for sustained attention and mitigated exercise-induced increases in arousal. Responses to exercise varied depending on task, but CK appeared to reduce sensory interference from lower-body exercise during an upper-body CRT and improve the general maintenance of task-relevant sensory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria C Canino
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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7
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Saby M, Gauthier A, Barial S, Egoumenides L, Jover B. Supplementation with a Bioactive Melon Concentrate in Humans and Animals: Prevention of Oxidative Damages and Fatigue in the Context of a Moderate or Eccentric Physical Activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17041142. [PMID: 32053942 PMCID: PMC7068528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is recognized to provide both physical and psychological health benefits. However, oxidative stress can occur and induce muscular damages. SOD B®; M is a melon concentrate, well known to counteract oxidative stress and prevent its side effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the melon concentrate in the context of both a strong and isolated effort associated with deleterious effects, and a moderate and regular physical activity considered as beneficial. First, a preclinical study was set up on rats to evaluate its potential on the prevention of damages induced by an eccentric exercise. Secondly, the combined effect of the melon concentrate and a regular standardized physical training was studied on the overall physical condition of healthy subjects in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), student’s t test and Mann–Whitney test were used for statistical analyses. Melon concentrate helped to prevent gastrocnemius damages induced by the eccentric exercise. It allowed a reduction of fibrosis by approximately 38% and a reduction of Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α) plasma level by 28%. This supplementation also induced a rearrangement of myosin fibers and an increase in PGC-1α plasma level. In the clinical study, melon concentrate was able to decrease oxidative stress and C-Reactive protein (CRP) plasma level. Besides, magnesium (Mg) plasma level was higher in the context of a regular training performed by healthy subjects supplemented with the melon concentrate. Therefore, the melon concentrate allowed a better adaptation to effort linked to PGC-1α activation: a regulator of energy metabolism. The antioxidant properties of the melon concentrate and its ability to mobilize magnesium also suggest that the supplementation could induce a better resistance to fatigue and recovery during regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Saby
- EA7288 UFR Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Audrey Gauthier
- Bionov Research, 939 rue de la croix verte, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (L.E.)
| | - Sandy Barial
- EA7288 UFR Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Laure Egoumenides
- Bionov Research, 939 rue de la croix verte, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (L.E.)
| | - Bernard Jover
- PhyMedExp, INSERM CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IURC, CEDEX 5, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Minari ALA, Avila F, Oyama LM, Thomatieli-Santos RV. Skeletal muscles induce recruitment of Ly6C + macrophage subtypes and release inflammatory cytokines 3 days after downhill exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R597-R605. [PMID: 31411900 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most versatile cells of the immune system that can express distinct subtypes and functions depending on the physiological challenge. After skeletal muscle damage, inflammatory macrophage subtypes aid muscles to regenerate and are implicated in physical training adaption. Based on this information, this study aimed to evaluate two classic mice macrophage subtypes and determine whether some inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the muscle adaption process after exercise. For this purpose, mice were exposed to an intermittent experimental protocol of downhill exercise (18 bouts of running, each bout 5 min with a 2-min rest interval, slope -16°) and were euthanized before [control (CTRL)] and 1, 2 (D2), and 3 (D3) days after exercise. After euthanasia, the triceps brachii was harvested and submitted to protein extraction, immunostaining, and mononuclear digestion procedures. The muscle size, macrophage accumulation, and cytokines were determined. We observed an increase in the Ly6C+ macrophage subtype (P ≤ 0.05) in D2 and D3 compared with CTRL, as well as a significant inverse correlation coefficient (-0.52; P ≤ 0.05) between Ly6C+ and Ly6C- macrophage subtypes. Moreover, we also observed elevation in several cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13) at D3, although not IL-4, which tended to decrease at this time point (P = 0.06). Downhill exercises preferentially recruited Ly6C+ macrophages with important proinflammatory cytokine elevation at D3. Moreover, despite the elevation of several cytokines involved with myogenesis, an increase in IL-6 and IL-13, which potentially involve muscle adaption training after acute exercise, was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Avila
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Saovieng S, Wu J, Huang CY, Kao CL, Higgins MF, Chuanchaiyakul R, Kuo CH. Deep Ocean Minerals Minimize Eccentric Exercise-Induced Inflammatory Response of Rat Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1351. [PMID: 30323766 PMCID: PMC6172318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We have previously shown an accelerated recovery from muscle fatigue in men challenged by prolonged exercise after oral deep ocean minerals (DOM) supplementation. Here, we hypothesized a decrease in eccentric exercise-induced muscle inflammation in rats regularly consuming DOM-containing drinks (hardness 600 mg/L and fructose 11%). Methods: Forty-seven male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups: Control (C, N = 12), Fructose (F, N = 12), Fructose+Exercise (FE, N = 12), and Fructose+Exercise+DOM (FED, N = 11). Since fructose is a commonly used ingredient in beverages, 11% of fructose was added as a vehicle of the study. Soleus muscles of rats were analyzed 24 h after an acute bout of downhill running following 9 weeks of DOM supplementation. Results: Leukocyte infiltration and TNF-α mRNA of muscle in the FE group were 5 times and 4 times greater the F group, respectively, (P < 0.05). Both markers in the FED group were significantly lower than those in the FE group (P < 0.05). IL-10 mRNA of muscle in the F group was >eight fold greater than the C group (P < 0.05). The reduced glutathione (GSH) of muscle in the F group was 34% lower than that in the C group (P < 0.05). However, GSH levels were similar for the C and FED groups. Conclusion: Prolonged fructose supplementation modulates inflammatory balance of rat skeletal muscle. The results of the study suggest that DOM can minimize eccentric exercise-induced inflammatory cytokine responses in rat skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchada Saovieng
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinfu Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Matthew F Higgins
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Alvarez P, Bogen O, Green PG, Levine JD. Nociceptor interleukin 10 receptor 1 is critical for muscle analgesia induced by repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in the rat. Pain 2017; 158:1481-8. [PMID: 28628078 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delayed-onset muscle soreness is typically observed after strenuous or unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Soon after recovery, blunted muscle soreness is observed on repeated eccentric exercise, a phenomenon known as repeated bout effect (RBE). Although regular physical activity decreases muscle hyperalgesia, likely because of increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the skeletal muscle, whether IL-10 also contributes to the antinociceptive effect of RBE is unknown. Furthermore, whether IL-10 attenuates muscle hyperalgesia by acting on muscle nociceptors remains to be established. Here, we explored the hypothesis that blunted muscle nociception observed in RBE depends on a local effect of IL-10, acting on IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) expressed by muscle nociceptors. Results show that after a second bout of eccentric exercise, rats exhibited decreased muscle hyperalgesia, indicative of RBE, and increased expression of IL-10 in the exercised gastrocnemius muscle. Although knockdown of IL-10R1 protein in nociceptors innervating the gastrocnemius muscle by intrathecal antisense oligodeoxynucleotide did not change nociceptive threshold in naive rats, it unveiled latent muscle hyperalgesia in rats submitted to eccentric exercise 12 days ago. Furthermore, antisense also prevented the reduction of muscle hyperalgesia observed after a second bout of eccentric exercise. These data indicate that recovery of nociceptive threshold after eccentric exercise and RBE-induced analgesia depend on a local effect of IL-10, acting on its canonical receptor in muscle nociceptors.
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11
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Kim YA, Jin SW, Oh SH, Lee GH, Pham HT, Choi JH, Chung YC, Lee WL, Kim SK, Jeong HG. Platycodon grandiflorum-derived saponin enhances exercise function, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and mitochondrial function. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:94-104. [PMID: 29723585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lower physical performance is an important risk factor in hypokinetic-related chronic disease, metabolic syndrome, and muscle atrophy. Our previous research demonstrated that Platycodon grandiflorum-derived saponin (PS) protects against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and mitochondrial function-related peroxisomal acyl-coenzme A oxidase (ACOX-1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and it inhibits osteoclast differentiation. However, the effects of PS on physical performance remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether PS enhances physical activity and skeletal muscle function. Supplementation with PS (2 mg/kg for 4 weeks) increased grip strength, wheel running repetition, and time to exhaustion in treadmill and swimming exercises. Marked increases in the synthesis of skeletal muscle proteins and muscle stem cell-related paired-box 7 (PAX7) were observed, and a decrease in the negative regulator myostatin was associated with enhanced muscle regeneration. Furthermore, PS induced expression of mitochondrial function proteins, including OXPHOS-III and -IV, in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that PS enhances exercise function by ameliorating skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong An Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Hoon Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoa Thi Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Lok Lee
- Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zuo Q, Wang SC, Yu XK, Chao WW. Response of macrophages in rat skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:88-95. [PMID: 29550244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrophages are known to be important for healing numerous injured tissues depending on their functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli. The objective of this study was to reveal macrophage phenotypic changes involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and regeneration. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats experienced one session of downhill running (16° decline, 16 m/min) for 90 min. After exercise the blood and soleus muscles were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w after exercise, separately. RESULTS It was showed that CD68+ M1 macrophages mainly infiltrated into muscle necrotic sites at 1-3 d, while CD163+ M2 macrophages were present in muscles from 0 h to 2 weeks after exercise. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed activated satellite cells 1 d after exercise. Th1-associated transcripts of iNOS and Ccl2 were inhibited post exercise, while COX-2 mRNA was dramatically increased 12 h after running (p < 0.01). M2 phenotype marker Arg-1 increased 12 h and 3 d (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) after exercise, and Clec10a and Mrc2 were up-regulated in muscles 12 h following exercise (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the dynamic patterns of macrophage phenotype in skeletal muscle upon eccentric exercise stimuli, and M1 and M2 phenotypes perform different functions during exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and recovery.
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Flanagan SD, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Hardesty VH, Barnhart EC, Beeler MK, Post EM, Volek JS, Kraemer WJ. The Effects of a Korean Ginseng, GINST15, on Hypo-Pituitary-Adrenal and Oxidative Activity Induced by Intense Work Stress. J Med Food 2018; 21:104-112. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William H. DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lydia K. Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent H. Hardesty
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily C. Barnhart
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew K. Beeler
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily M. Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeff S. Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The infiltration of macrophages in skeletal muscle during exhaustive exercise promotes inflammation, myofiber lesion, and muscle injury. Although neutrophils upregulate macrophage infiltration in skeletal muscles during exercise, the role of neutrophils in promoting muscle injury after exhaustive exercise remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of preexercise neutrophil depletion with antineutrophil antibody treatment on muscle injury, inflammation, and macrophage infiltration after exhaustive exercise. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups, namely, sedentary with control antibody (n = 10), sedentary with antineutrophil antibody (n = 10), exhaustive exercise with control antibody (n = 10), and exhaustive exercise with antineutrophil antibody (n = 10). The mice were given intraperitoneal injection of the antineutrophil antibody (anti-Ly-6G, clone 1A8) or the control antibody (anti-Ly-6G, clone 2A3), and remained inactive or performed exhaustive exercise on a treadmill 48 h after the injection. Twenty-four hours after the exhaustive exercise, the gastrocnemius muscles were removed for histological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages was evaluated with Ly-6G and F4/80 immunohistochemistry staining procedures. Muscle fiber injury was detected based on the number of IgG staining fiber. The mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were evaluated with real-time reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Exhaustive exercise increased neutrophil infiltration into the gastrocnemius muscle substantially by 3.1-fold and caused muscle injury, but these effects were markedly suppressed by preexercise treatment with antineutrophil antibody (neutrophil infiltration, 0.42-fold, and muscle injury, 0.18-fold). Treatment with antineutrophil antibody also decreased macrophage infiltration (0.44-fold) and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (0.55-fold) and interleukin-6 (0.51-fold) in the skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise. CONCLUSION These results suggest that neutrophils contribute to exacerbating muscle injury by regulating inflammation through the induction of macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kawanishi
- 1Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Waseda University, Tokyo, JAPAN; 2Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo, JAPAN; 3School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, JAPAN; 4Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN; and 5Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN
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Ho CT, Otaka M, Kuo CH. Improving glucose tolerance by muscle-damaging exercise. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:141-144. [PMID: 28417082 PMCID: PMC5388047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage is regarded as an unwanted medical condition to be avoided. However, introducing tolerable tissue damages has been used as a therapeutic intervention in traditional and complementary medicine to cure discomfort and illness. Eccentric exercise is known to cause significant necrosis and insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of muscle damage and blood glucose responses during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after eccentric training in 21 young participants. They were challenged by 5 times of 100-meter downhill sprinting and 20 times of squats training at 30 pounds weight load for 3 days, which resulted in a wide spectrum of muscle creatine kinase (CK) surges in plasma, 48 h after the last bout of exercise. Participants were then divided into two groups according the magnitude of CK increases (low CK: +48% ± 0.3; high CK: +137% ± 0.5, P < 0.05). Both groups show comparable decreases in blood glucose levels in OGTT, suggesting that this muscle-damaging exercise does not appear to decrease but rather improve glycemic control in men. Conclusion: The result of the study rejects the hypothesis that eccentric exercise decreases glucose tolerance. Improved glucose tolerance with CK increase implicates a beneficial effect of replacing metabolically weaker muscle fibers by eccentric exercise in Darwinian natural selection fashion.
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Huang SC, Wu JF, Saovieng S, Chien WH, Hsu MF, Li XF, Lee SD, Huang CY, Huang CY, Kuo CH. Doxorubicin inhibits muscle inflammation after eccentric exercise. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:277-284. [PMID: 27897404 PMCID: PMC5377412 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin, a widely used anti-tumour drug, is known to cause muscle loss in cancer patients. METHODS Following an acute dose of doxorubicin injection (2.5 mg/kg per body weight), we examined macrophage distribution in rat soleus muscle challenged by eccentric exercise (downhill running). Long-term doxorubicin treatment (one injection every 3 days) on muscle mass and survival were also determined. RESULTS Under non-exercised condition, increased tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA and decreased IL-10 mRNA were observed in soleus muscle of doxorubicin-treated rats, compared with saline-treated control rats. However, increases in inflammation score (leukocyte infiltration), nitrotyrosine level, and M1 macrophage (CD68+ ) invasion in exercised soleus muscle were absent in doxorubicin-treated rats, whereas increased M2 macrophage (CD163+ ) localization in exercised muscle was less affected by doxorubicin. Despites coenzyme Q (Q10) supplementation significantly elevated TNF-alpha mRNA, nitrotyrosine, and anti-oxidant gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) levels in non-exercised soleus muscle, these pro-inflammatory responses were also abolished in doxorubicin-treated rats. Results from long-term doxorubicin treatment show a significant muscle loss followed by an accelerated death, which cannot be reversed by Q10 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS (i) Doxorubicin impairs inflammation mechanism by depleting M1 macrophage in exercised skeletal muscle; (ii) Muscle loss and accelerated death during prolonged doxorubicin treatment cannot be reversed by Q10 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chih Huang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Fu Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suchada Saovieng
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Horng Chien
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fen Hsu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Translation Research Core, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ma GD, Chiu CH, Hsu YJ, Hou CW, Chen YM, Huang CC. Changbai Mountain Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) Extract Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Energy Utilization and Decreases Fatigue-Associated Parameters in Mice. Molecules 2017; 22:E237. [PMID: 28165424 PMCID: PMC6155832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Changbai Mountain Ginseng (CMG, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is a traditional medicine commonly found in Northeast China and grows at elevations of 2000 m or higher in the Changbai Mountain Range. CMG, considered to be a "buried treasure medicine", is priced higher than other types of ginseng. However, few studies have demonstrated the effects of CMG supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue, and the biochemical profile. The major compound of CMG extract was characterized by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Male ICR mice were divided into 3 groups, the vehicle, CMG-1X and CMG-5X groups (n = 8 per group), and respectively administered 0, 5, or 25 mg/kg/day of CMG extract orally for four weeks. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS results showed that the major compound in CMG extract is ginsenoside Ro. CMG extract significantly increased muscle weight and relative muscle weight (%). CMG extract supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength (p < 0.0001) and endurance swimming time, decreased levels of serum lactate (p < 0.0001), ammonia (p < 0.0001), creatine kinase (CK, p = 0.0002), and blood urea nitrogen (p < 0.0001), and economized glucose levels (p < 0.0001) after acute exercise challenge. The glycogen in the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly increased with CMG extract treatment. Biochemical profile results showed that creatinine and triacylglycerol significantly decreased and total protein and glucose increased with CMG treatment. This is the first report that CMG extract supplementation increases muscle mass, improves exercise performance and energy utilization, and decreases fatigue-associated parameters in vivo. The major component of CMG extract is ginsenoside Ro, which could be a potential bioactive compound for use as an ergogenic aid ingredient by the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Ma
- Sport Science College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
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Takamura Y, Makanae Y, Ato S, Yoshii N, Kido K, Nomura M, Uchiyama A, Shiozawa N, Fujita S. Panaxatriol derived from ginseng augments resistance exercised-induced protein synthesis via mTORC1 signaling in rat skeletal muscle. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1193-201. [PMID: 27865617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise activates muscle protein synthesis via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and subsequent muscle hypertrophy. Upstream components of the mTORC1 pathway are widely known to be involved in Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Previous studies have shown that ginseng stimulated Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that panaxatriol (PT) derived from ginseng triggers mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis by activating both the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and that PT additively stimulates muscle protein synthesis when combined with resistance exercise. The study included male Sprague-Dawley rats. The legs of the rats were divided into control, PT-only, exercise-only, and exercise + PT groups. The right legs were subjected to isometric resistance exercise using percutaneous electrical stimulation, whereas the left legs were used as controls. PT (0.2 g/kg) was administered immediately after exercise. The Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels were significantly higher in the exercise + PT group than in the exercise-only group 0.5 hour after exercise. The phosphorylation of p70S6K was significantly increased at both 0.5 and 3 hours after exercise, and it was higher in the exercise + PT group than in the exercise-only group at both 0.5 and 3 hours after exercise. Muscle protein synthesis was significantly increased 3 hours after exercise, and it was higher in the exercise + PT group than in the exercise-only group 3 hours after exercise. Our results suggest that PT derived from ginseng enhances resistance exercise-induced protein synthesis via mTORC1 signaling in rat skeletal muscle.
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Puchert M, Adams V, Linke A, Engele J. Evidence for the involvement of the CXCL12 system in the adaptation of skeletal muscles to physical exercise. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1205-1215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yang SC, Wang CC, Lee SDA, Lee YUC, Chan KH, Chen YL, Fogt DL, Kuo CH. Impact of 12-s Rule on Performance and Muscle Damage of Baseball Pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:2512-2516. [PMID: 27434082 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A recent US Major League Baseball (MLB) rule change requires baseball pitchers to deliver pitches within 12 s. PURPOSES To examine the effect of three between-pitch rest intervals on throwing performance during a simulated seven-inning game and muscle damage during postgame recovery. DESIGN A randomized counterbalanced study. METHODS Seven intercollegiate pitchers threw 15 pitches per inning for seven innings with rest interval trials of 8, 12, and 20 s between pitches and 5 min between innings. Pitchers threw aimed fastballs at their best effort. Trials were separated by ≥2 wk. RESULTS Progressive decreases in pitching speed and accuracy below baseline (first inning of 20-s trial) occurred after fourth inning during the 8-s and 12-s trials, but not the 20-s trial. Plasma creatine kinase elevated 48 h later for the 8-s and 12-s trials (+105% and +75%, P < 0.01), but not the 20-s trial (+26%, no significance). A transient interleukin (IL)-6 surges immediately after the game for the 8- and 12-s trials (+265%, +128%, P < 0.01) above baseline. IL-6 reversed below the level of 20-s trial at 48 h after game, whereas IL-10 increased significantly above the level of 20-s trial. CONCLUSIONS Under the same pitching load, decreasing rest interval from 20 to 12 s or less results in an early-onset performance loss during a game and increases in muscle damage and inflammation for more than 2 d after a game. Our data do not favor the current rule change in concern of keeping musculoskeletal health of pitchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Chin Yang
- 1Athletic Department, Shih Hsin University Taipei, TAIWAN; 2Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Tao Yuan County, TAIWAN; 3Athletic Department, National Taipei University of Business, Taipei, TAIWAN; 4Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, TAIWAN; 5Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, TAIWAN; 6Athletic Department, Vanung University, Taoyuan, TAIWAN; 7Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, TAIWAN; and 8Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Lin HF, Tung K, Chou CC, Lin CC, Lin JG, Tanaka H. Panax ginseng and salvia miltiorrhiza supplementation abolishes eccentric exercise-induced vascular stiffening: a double-blind randomized control trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16:168. [PMID: 27266702 PMCID: PMC4895816 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Muscle damage induced by unaccustomed or eccentric exercise results in delayed onset vascular stiffening. We tested the hypothesis that a 7-day supplementation of panax ginseng and salvia miltiorrhiza prior to an acute eccentric exercise could attenuate arterial stiffening. Methods By using a double-blind study placebo-controlled randomized design, subjects were randomly assigned to either the Chinese herb (N = 12) or the placebo group (N = 11) and performed a downhill running (eccentric exercise) trial and a control (seated rest) trial. Results Muscle soreness increased 1–2 days after exercise similarly in both groups, whereas the herb group demonstrated a faster recovery on active range of motion. Plasma creatine kinase concentration increased significantly at 24 h in both groups but the magnitude of increase was attenuated in the herb group. Arterial stiffness as measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity increased significantly at 24 h in the placebo group but such increase was absent in the herb group. Flow-mediated dilation did not change in either group. Plasma concentrations of CRP and IL-6 increased in the placebo group but no such increases were observed in the herb group. Changes in arterial stiffness induced by eccentric exercise were associated with the corresponding changes in IL-6 (r = 0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusions A short-term Chinese herb supplementation of panax ginseng and salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorated the delayed onset vascular stiffening induced by acute downhill running exercise. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02007304. Registered Dec. 5, 2013)
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Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Peroni G, Guerriero F, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Guido D, Perna S. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Botanicals on Skeletal Muscle Health in Order to Prevent Sarcopenia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016:5970367. [PMID: 27051451 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5970367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review to evaluate the evidence-based medicine regarding the main botanical extracts and their nutraceutical compounds correlated to skeletal muscle health in order to identify novel strategies that effectively attenuate skeletal muscle loss and enhance muscle function and to improve the quality of life of older subjects. This review contains all eligible studies from 2010 to 2015 and included 57 publications. We focused our attention on effects of botanical extracts on growth and health of muscle and divided these effects into five categories: anti-inflammation, muscle damage prevention, antifatigue, muscle atrophy prevention, and muscle regeneration and differentiation.
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Miyatake S, Bilan PJ, Pillon NJ, Klip A. Contracting C2C12 myotubes release CCL2 in an NF-κB-dependent manner to induce monocyte chemoattraction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E160-70. [PMID: 26554595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle inflammation following exercise is characterized by expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Exercise also increases muscle macrophages derived from circulating monocytes. However, it is unknown whether muscle cells themselves attract circulating monocytes, or what is the underlying mechanism. We used an in vitro system of electrical stimulation (ES) causing C2C12 myotube contraction to explore whether monocyte chemoattraction ensues and investigated the mediating chemoattractants. Conditioned medium from ES-contracted myotubes caused robust chemoattraction of THP-1 monocytes across Boyden chambers. Following ES, expression of several known monocyte chemokines [C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)1, -2, and -5] was elevated, but of these, only recombinant CCL2 effectively reproduced monocyte migration. Electrically stimulated myotubes secreted CCL2, and neutralization of CCL2 in conditioned medium or antagonizing the CCL2 receptor (CCR2) in THP-1 monocytes inhibited ES-induced monocyte migration. N-benzyl-p-toluene sulfonamide (BTS), a myosin II-ATPase inhibitor, prevented ES-induced myotube contraction but not CCL2 gene expression and secretion. The membrane-permeant calcium chelator BAPTA-AM reduced ES-induced CCL2 secretion. Hence, electrical depolarization, rather than mechanical contraction, drives the rise in CCL2, with partial calcium input. ES activated the NF-κB pathway; NF-κB inhibitors reduced ES-induced CCL2 gene expression and secretion and repressed ES-induced THP-1 chemoattraction. Thus, electrically stimulated myotubes chemoattract monocytes through NF-κB-regulated CCL2 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouta Miyatake
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kawanishi N, Mizokami T, Niihara H, Yada K, Suzuki K. Macrophage depletion by clodronate liposome attenuates muscle injury and inflammation following exhaustive exercise. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 5:146-151. [PMID: 28955817 PMCID: PMC5600362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise promotes muscle injury, including myofiber lesions; however, its exact mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that macrophage depletion by pretreatment with clodronate liposomes alters muscle injury and inflammation following exhaustive exercise. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: rest plus control liposome (n=8), rest plus clodronate liposome (n=8), exhaustive exercise plus control liposome (n=8), and exhaustive exercise plus clodronate liposome (n=8). Mice were treated with clodronate liposome or control liposome for 48 h before undergoing exhaustive exercise on a treadmill. Twenty-four hours after exhaustive exercise, the gastrocnemius muscles were removed for histological and PCR analyses. Exhaustive exercise increased the number of macrophages in the muscle; however, clodronate liposome treatment reduced this infiltration. Although exhaustive exercise resulted in an increase in injured myofibers, clodronate liposome treatment following exhaustive exercise reduced the injured myofibers. Clodronate liposome treatment also decreased the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise. These results suggest that macrophages play a critical role in increasing muscle injury by regulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kawanishi
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mizokami
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niihara
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Yada
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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