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Waldrop SW, Sauder KA, Niemiec SS, Kechris KJ, Yang IV, Starling AP, Perng W, Dabelea D, Borengasser SJ. Differentially methylated regions interrogated for metastable epialleles associate with offspring adiposity. Epigenomics 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39263873 DOI: 10.1080/17501911.2024.2359365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Assess if cord blood differentially methylated regions (DMRs) representing human metastable epialleles (MEs) associate with offspring adiposity in 588 maternal-infant dyads from the Colorado Health Start Study.Materials & methods: DNA methylation was assessed via the Illumina 450K array (~439,500 CpG sites). Offspring adiposity was obtained via air displacement plethysmography. Linear regression modeled the association of DMRs potentially representing MEs with adiposity.Results & conclusion: We identified two potential MEs, ZFP57, which associated with infant adiposity change and B4GALNT4, which associated with infancy and childhood adiposity change. Nine DMRs annotating to genes that annotated to MEs associated with change in offspring adiposity (false discovery rate <0.05). Methylation of approximately 80% of DMRs identified associated with decreased change in adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Waldrop
- Section on Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Section on Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sierra S Niemiec
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katerina J Kechris
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wei Perng
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah J Borengasser
- Section on Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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2
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Soul J, Carlsson E, Hofmann SR, Russ S, Hawkes J, Schulze F, Sergon M, Pablik J, Abraham S, Hedrich CM. Tissue gene expression profiles and communication networks inform candidate blood biomarker identification in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110283. [PMID: 38880200 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Overlapping clinical and pathomechanistic features can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Spatial transcriptomics allows the identification of disease- and cell-specific molecular signatures that may advance biomarker development and future treatments. This study identified transcriptional signatures in keratinocytes and sub-basal CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with psoriasis and AD. In silico prediction of ligand:receptor interactions delivered key signalling pathways (interferon, effector T cells, stroma cell and matrix biology, neuronal development, etc.). Targeted validation of selected transcripts, including CCL22, RELB, and JUND, in peripheral blood T cells suggests the chosen approach as a promising tool also in other inflammatory diseases. Psoriasis and AD are characterized by transcriptional dysregulation in T cells and keratinocytes that may be targeted therapeutically. Spatial transcriptomics is a valuable tool in the search for molecular signatures that can be used as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Soul
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E Carlsson
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - S R Hofmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Russ
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Hawkes
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - F Schulze
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Sergon
- Institut of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Pablik
- Institut of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Abraham
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C M Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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3
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Lee H, Amatya B, Villar VAM, Asico LD, Jeong JK, Feranil J, Moore SC, Zheng X, Bishop M, Gomes JP, Polzin J, Smeriglio N, de Castro PASV, Armando I, Felder RA, Hao L, Jose PA. Renal autocrine neuropeptide FF (NPFF) signaling regulates blood pressure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15407. [PMID: 38965251 PMCID: PMC11224344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The kidney and brain play critical roles in the regulation of blood pressure. Neuropeptide FF (NPFF), originally isolated from the bovine brain, has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the roles of NPFF and its receptors, NPFF-R1 and NPFF-R2, in the regulation of blood pressure, via the kidney, are not known. In this study, we found that the transcripts and proteins of NPFF and its receptors, NPFF-R1 and NPFF-R2, were expressed in mouse and human renal proximal tubules (RPTs). In mouse RPT cells (RPTCs), NPFF, but not RF-amide-related peptide-2 (RFRP-2), decreased the forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, dopamine D1-like receptors colocalized and co-immunoprecipitated with NPFF-R1 and NPFF-R2 in human RPTCs. The increase in cAMP production in human RPTCs caused by fenoldopam, a D1-like receptor agonist, was attenuated by NPFF, indicating an antagonistic interaction between NPFF and D1-like receptors. The renal subcapsular infusion of NPFF in C57BL/6 mice decreased renal sodium excretion and increased blood pressure. The NPFF-mediated increase in blood pressure was prevented by RF-9, an antagonist of NPFF receptors. Taken together, our findings suggest that autocrine NPFF and its receptors in the kidney regulate blood pressure, but the mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewang Lee
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Bibhas Amatya
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Jun Feranil
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shaun C Moore
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Zheng
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Michael Bishop
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Jerald P Gomes
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacob Polzin
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Noah Smeriglio
- Department of Chemistry, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Pedro A S Vaz de Castro
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, 22908.5, USA
| | - Ling Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Wang B, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and its receptors in teleosts: Physiological roles and mechanisms of actions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 350:114477. [PMID: 38387532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) was the first reported hypothalamic neuropeptide inhibiting reproduction in vertebrates. Since its discovery in the quail brain, its orthologs have been identified in a variety of vertebrate species and even protochordates. Depending on the species, the GnIH precursor polypeptides comprise two, three or four mature peptides of the RFamide family. It has been well documented that GnIH inhibits reproduction at the brain-pituitary-gonadal levels and participates in metabolism, stress response, and social behaviors in birds and mammals. However, most studies in fish have mainly been focused on the physiological roles of GnIH in the control of reproduction and results obtained are in some cases conflicting, leaving aside its potential roles in the regulation of other functions. In this manuscript we summarize the information available in fish with respect to the structural diversity of GnIH peptides and functional roles of GnIH in reproduction and other physiological processes. We also highlight the molecular mechanisms of GnIH actions on target cells and possible interactions with other neuroendocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - José A Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
| | - José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain.
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Chen D, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Wu S, Yu B, Zhang X, Hu X, Zhang S, Yang Z, Kuang J, Xu B, Fang Q. The blockade of neuropeptide FF receptor 1 and 2 differentially contributed to the modulating effects on fentanyl-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176457. [PMID: 38395375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) plays a critical role in various physiological processes through the activation of neuropeptide FF receptor 1 and 2 (NPFFR1 and NPFFR2). Numerous evidence has indicated that NPFF exhibits opposite opioid-modulating effects on opioid-induced analgesia after supraspinal and spinal administrations, while the detailed role of NPFFR1 and NPFFR2 remains unclear. In this study, we employed pharmacological and genetic inhibition of NPFFR to investigate the modulating roles of central NPFFR1 and NPFFR2 in opioid-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia, using a male mouse model of acute fentanyl-induced analgesia and secondary hyperalgesia. Our findings revealed that intrathecal (i.t.) injection of the nonselective NPFFR antagonist RF9 significantly enhanced fentanyl-induced analgesia, whereas intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection did not show the same effect. Moreover, NPFFR2 deficient (npffr2-/-) mice exhibited stronger analgesic responses to fentanyl compared to wild type (WT) or NPFFR1 knockout (npffr1-/-) mice. Intrathecal injection of RF9 in npffr1-/- mice also significantly enhanced fentanyl-induced analgesia. These results indicate a crucial role of spinal NPFFR2 in the enhancement of opioid analgesia. Contrastingly, hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl was markedly reversed in npffr1-/- mice but remained unaffected in npffr2-/- mice. Similarly, i.c.v. injection of the selective NPFFR1 antagonist RF3286 effectively prevented fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia in WT or npffr2-/- mice. Notably, co-administration of i.c.v. RF3286 and i.t. RF9 augmented fentanyl-induced analgesia while reducing hyperalgesia. Collectively, these findings highlight the modulating effects of blocking spinal NPFFR2 and supraspinal NPFFR1 on fentanyl-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia, respectively, which shed a light on understanding the pharmacological function of NPFF system in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Shuyuan Wu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xuanran Hu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Shichao Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhenyun Yang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Junzhe Kuang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Biao Xu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Quan Fang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Wang Y, Zuo Z, Shi J, Fang Y, Yin Z, Wang Z, Yang Z, Jia B, Sun Y. Modulatory role of neuropeptide FF system in macrophages. Peptides 2024; 174:171164. [PMID: 38272240 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an octapeptide that regulates various cellular processes, especially pain perception. Recently, there has been a growing interest in understanding the modulation of NPFF in neuroendocrine inflammation. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the regulation of NPFF in macrophage-mediated biological processes. We delve into the impact of NPFF on macrophage polarization, self-renewal modulation, and the promotion of mitophagy, facilitating the transition from thermogenic fat to fat-storing adipose tissue. Additionally, we explore the NPFF-dependent regulation of the inflammatory response mediated by macrophages, its impact on the differentiation of macrophages, and its capacity to induce alterations in the transcriptome of macrophages. We also address the potential of NPFF as a therapeutic molecule in the field of neuroendocrine inflammation. Overall, our work offers an understanding of the influence of NPFF on macrophage, facilitating the exploration of its pharmacological significance in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Jiajia Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Yanwei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhongqian Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhouqi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Bin Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment in Special Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
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Lin YT, Wu KH, Jhang JJ, Jhang JL, Yu Z, Tsai SC, Chen JC, Hsu PH, Li HY. Hypothalamic NPFFR2 attenuates central insulin signaling and its knockout diminishes metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of diabetes mellitus. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:603-619. [PMID: 38301284 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that mediates the effects of insulin and leptin signals on peripheral metabolic functions. Previous research has shown that insulin signals in the hypothalamus act via multiple neuronal circuits and anabolic/catabolic pathways that converge on the vagus nerve and sympathetic fibers to coordinate energy metabolism in peripheral organs. Additionally, neuropeptide FF (NPFF) has been identified as a regulator of feeding behaviors and energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus, but the mechanisms underlying its involvement in metabolic control remain unclear. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of NPFF in modulating metabolic disorders. METHODS In this study, we investigated the physiological role of NPFF in insulin-related energy homeostasis and metabolic health. First, we evaluated the effects of NPFF and its receptors on central insulin signaling using mouse hypothalamic cell lines and Npffr2-overexpressing mice. To further explore the effects of NPFFR2 on insulin-related metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, we used Npffr2-deleted mice in combination with the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes and high-fat diet/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mouse models. The impacts of central NPFFR2 were demonstrated specifically through Npffr2 overexpression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, which subsequently induced type 2 diabetes. RESULTS We found that stimulating NPFFR2 in the hypothalamus blocked hypothalamic insulin activity. Npffr2 deletion improved central and peripheral metabolic symptoms in both mouse models of diabetes mellitus, exerting effects on central and systemic insulin resistance, feeding behaviors, glucose and insulin intolerance, lipid metabolism, liver steatosis, and inflammation of white adipose tissues. The overexpression of ARC Npffr2 augmented the metabolic dysregulation in the mouse model of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that hypothalamic NPFFR2 negatively regulates insulin signaling in the central nervous system and plays an important role in maintaining systemic metabolic health, thereby providing valuable insights for potential clinical interventions targeting these health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition & TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Jhu Jhang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Lan Jhang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Zachary Yu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Sze-Chi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition & TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology & Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fuxing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hung Hsu
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Li
- Department of Natural Sciences, Oregon Institute of Technology, 3201 Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA
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8
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Wu Z, Jia Q, Liu B, Fang L, Leung PCK, Cheng JC. NPFF stimulates human ovarian cancer cell invasion by upregulating MMP-9 via ERK1/2 signaling. Exp Cell Res 2023; 430:113693. [PMID: 37392963 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) belongs to the RFamide peptide family. NPFF regulates a variety of physiological functions by binding to a G protein-coupled receptor, NPFFR2. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies. The pathogenesis of EOC can be regulated by many local factors, including neuropeptides, through an autocrine/paracrine manner. However, to date, the expression and/or function of NPFF/NPFFR2 in EOC is undetermined. In this study, we show that the upregulation of NPFFR2 mRNA was associated with poor overall survival in EOC. The TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCR showed that NPFF and NPFFR2 were expressed in three human EOC cells, CaOV3, OVCAR3, and SKOV3. In comparison, NPFF and NPFFR2 expression levels were higher in SKOV3 cells than in CaOV3 or OVCAR3 cells. Treatment of SKOV3 cells with NPFF did not affect cell viability and proliferation but stimulated cell invasion. NPFF treatment upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Using the siRNA-mediated knockdown approach, we showed that the stimulatory effect of NPFF on MMP-9 expression was mediated by the NPFFR2. Our results also showed that ERK1/2 signaling was activated in SKOV3 cells in response to the NPFF treatment. In addition, blocking the activation of ERK1/2 signaling abolished the NPFF-induced MMP-9 expression and cell invasion. This study provides evidence that NPFF stimulates EOC cell invasion by upregulating MMP-9 expression through the NPFFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiongqiong Jia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Boqun Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Strnadová V, Karnošová A, Blechová M, Neprašová B, Holá L, Němcová A, Myšková A, Sýkora D, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Search for lipidized PrRP analogs with strong anorexigenic effect: In vitro and in vivo studies. Neuropeptides 2023; 98:102319. [PMID: 36669365 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide that attenuates food intake and increases energy expenditure. We designed three series of new lipidized PrRP31 analogs of different lengths of fatty acids attached at amino acids 1 or 11 directly or via linkers, part of them acetylated at the N-terminus and/or modified with dichlorophenylalanine (PheCl2) at the C-terminus. We tested their affinity for and activation of signaling pathways relevant to receptors GPR10, NPFF-R2, and NPFF-R1, effect on food intake in fasted or freely fed mice and rats, and stability in rat plasma. We aimed to select a strong dual GPR10/NPFF-R2 agonist whose affinity for NPFF-1 was not enhanced. The selected potent analog was then tested for body weight-lowering potency after chronic administration in mice with diet-induced obesity. PrRP31 analogs lipidized by monocarboxylic fatty acids showed strong dual affinity for both GPR10 and NPFF-R2 and activated MAPK/ERK1/2, Akt and CREB in cells overexpressing GPR10 and NPFF-R2. The selected analog stabilized at N- and C-termini and palmitoylated through the TTDS linker to Lys11 is a powerful dual agonist GPR10/NPFF-R2 at not enhanced affinity for NPFF-R1. It showed strong anti-obesity properties in mice with diet-induced obesity and became a potential compound for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Strnadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Karnošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Neprašová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, CAS, Prague 142 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Holá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Němcová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Myšková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, CAS, Prague 142 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic.
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10
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Jiang H, Wang L, Zhu J, Ping Z. NPFFR2 gene compound heterozygous variants associated with preeclampsia identified by whole-exome sequencing. Gene 2023; 854:147108. [PMID: 36535464 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is an idiopathic disorder of pregnancy. The exact cause of PE remains unknown. Emerging evidence indicates that the cause of PE is linked to genetic factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the susceptibility genes for PE. METHODS Nine families with severe PE were recruited. The whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on each family, and Sanger sequencing was used to identify the potential pathogenic genetic variants. RESULTS After a rigorous bioinformatics analysis, compound heterozygous variants in the NPFFR2 gene, NM_004885.2: c.601A > G, p.Met201Val and c.995C > T, p.Ala332Val were found in the No.4 pedigree. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these sites were highly conserved among several species and were predicted to be pathogenic variants according to multiple online mutational function prediction software packages. Due to the compound heterozygous variants of NPFFR2, more bonds are generated between mutant amino acids and spatial adjacent amino acids, which may lead to more stable active conformation of protein and not easy to be degraded. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that compound heterozygous variants of the NPFFR2 gene might be potentially associated with severe PE, the results of this study provide clinicians and researchers with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying severe PE in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huling Jiang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Luming Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
| | - Zepeng Ping
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
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Værøy H, Takhlidjt S, Cherifi Y, Lahaye E, Chartrel N, Fetissov SO. Blood Levels of Neuropeptide 26RFa in Relation to Anxiety and Aggressive Behavior in Humans-An Exploratory Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020237. [PMID: 36831780 PMCID: PMC9954400 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
26RFa, also referred to as QRFP, is a hypothalamic neuropeptide mainly known for its role in the regulation of appetite and glucose metabolism. Its possible relevance to emotional regulation is largely unexplored. To address this, in the present exploratory study, we analyzed the plasma concentrations of 26RFa in humans characterized by different levels of anxiety and aggressive behavior. For this purpose, the study included 13 prison inmates who have committed violent crimes and 19 age-matched healthy men from the general population as controls. Anxiety, depression and aggressive behavior were evaluated in both groups using standard questionnaires. The inmate group was characterized by increased aggression and anxiety compared to the controls. We found that the mean plasma levels of 26RFa did not significantly differ between the inmates and the controls. However, several high outliers were present only in the inmate group. The plasma levels of 26RFa correlated positively with the anxiety scores in all the studied subjects and controls. After removing the high outliers in the inmate group, positive correlations of 26RFa with anxiety and a subscale of hostility in the aggression scale were also recorded in this group. No significant correlations of 26RFa with depression scores or other parameters of aggressive behavior were found. Thus, the present results did not support an involvement of 26RFa in aggressive behavior in humans but pointed to a link between this neuropeptide and anxiety. Nevertheless, considering the exploratory nature of the present study, this conclusion should be verified in a larger cohort, including the clinical degree of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Værøy
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Saloua Takhlidjt
- Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yamina Cherifi
- Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Emilie Lahaye
- Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Chartrel
- Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Serguei O. Fetissov
- Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence:
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Zhang L, Koller J, Gopalasingam G, Herzog H. NPFF signalling is critical for thermosensory and dietary regulation of thermogenesis. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102292. [PMID: 36155087 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis is a centrally regulated physiological process integral for thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. However, the mechanisms and pathways involved remain poorly understood. Importantly, in this study we uncovered that in an environment of 28 °C that is within the mouse thermoneutral zone, lack of NPFF signalling leads to significant increases in energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which is associated with decreased body weight gain and lean tissue mass. Interestingly, when exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) at 28 °C, Npff-/- mice lost the high energy expenditure phenotype observed under chow condition and exhibited an impaired diet-induced thermogenesis. On the other hand, under conditions of increasing levels of thermal demands, Npff-/- mice exhibited an elevated BAT thermogenesis at mild cold condition (22 °C), but initiated comparable BAT thermogenic responses as WT mice when thermal demand increased, such as an exposure to 4 °C. Together, these results reveal NPFF signalling as a novel and critical player in the control of thermogenesis, where it regulates thermosensory thermogenesis at warm condition and adjusts thermoregulation under positive energy balance to regulate diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW SYDNEY, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Koller
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW SYDNEY, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW SYDNEY, NSW 2052, Australia
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Zhang L, Koller J, Gopalasingam G, Qi Y, Herzog H. Central NPFF signalling is critical in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2022; 62:101525. [PMID: 35691527 PMCID: PMC9234230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) group peptides belong to the evolutionary conserved RF-amide peptide family. While they have been assigned a role as pain modulators, their roles in other aspects of physiology have received much less attention. NPFF peptides and their receptor NPFFR2 have strong and localized expression within the dorsal vagal complex that has emerged as the key centre for regulating glucose homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the role of the NPFF system in the control of glucose metabolism and the histochemical and molecular identities of NPFF and NPFFR2 neurons. METHODS We examined glucose metabolism in Npff-/- and wild type (WT) mice using intraperitoneal (i.p.) glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. Body composition and glucose tolerance was further examined in mice after 1-week and 3-week of high-fat diet (HFD). Using RNAScope double ISH, we investigated the neurochemical identity of NPFF and NPFFR2 neurons in the caudal brainstem, and the expression of receptors for peripheral factors in NPFF neurons. RESULTS Lack of NPFF signalling in mice leads to improved glucose tolerance without significant impact on insulin excursion after the i.p. glucose challenge. In response to an i.p. bolus of insulin, Npff-/- mice have lower glucose excursions than WT mice, indicating an enhanced insulin action. Moreover, while HFD has rapid and potent detrimental effects on glucose tolerance, this diet-induced glucose intolerance is ameliorated in mice lacking NPFF signalling. This occurs in the absence of any significant impact of NPFF deletion on lean or fat masses, suggesting a direct effect of NPFF signalling on glucose metabolism. We further reveal that NPFF neurons in the subpostrema area (SubP) co-express receptors for peripheral factors involved in glucose homeostasis regulation such as insulin and GLP1. Furthermore, Npffr2 is expressed in the glutamatergic NPFF neurons in the SubP, and in cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), indicating that central NPFF signalling is likely modulating vagal output to innervated peripheral tissues including those important for glucose metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS NPFF signalling plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. NPFF neurons in the SubP are likely to receive peripheral signals and mediate the control of whole-body glucose homeostasis via centrally vagal pathways. Targeting NPFF and NPFFR2 signalling may provide a new avenue for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia.
| | - Julia Koller
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Qi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia
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