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Wang M, Han H, Shang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Su C, Lian H, Fu T, Gao T. Effect of the Replacement of Maize Silage and Soyabean Meal with Mulberry Silage in the Diet of Hu Lambs on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Slaughter Performance, and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223164. [PMID: 36428394 PMCID: PMC9686492 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage has a high demand for fertilizer and water. As an unconventional feed resource, mulberry silage has the potential to replace most maize silage and to alleviate the shortage of roughage in the mutton sheep industry in China. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of the replacement of maize silage and soyabean meal with mulberry silage in the diet of Hu lambs on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, slaughter performance, and meat quality. Ninety-six healthy Hu lambs were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates per group and four lambs per replicate. The amounts of 0, 20, 40, and 60% of maize silage were replaced by mulberry silage in each group (denoted as CON, L, M, and H, respectively). The results showed that replacing maize silage with mulberry silage had no significant effect on the growth performance or the slaughter performance of Hu lambs (p > 0.05). Feeding Hu lambs with mulberry silage significantly reduced serum glucose (GLU) and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content (p < 0.05), and it increased the content of ether extract (EE) in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of EAA in the M and H groups was significantly lower than that in the CON and L groups (p < 0.05). In addition, in the fatty acid profile, the percentage of C16:1 in the M group was significantly increased, while the percentage of C18:0 and C20:0 were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, it was recommended that 20−40% of maize silage be replaced by mulberry silage in the diet of Hu lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tong Fu
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (T.F.)
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2
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de Quadros VP, Balcerzak A, Allemand P, de Sousa RF, Bevere T, Arsenault J, Deitchler M, Holmes BA. Global Trends in the Availability of Dietary Data in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142987. [PMID: 35889943 PMCID: PMC9324857 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual-level quantitative dietary data can provide suitably disaggregated information to identify the needs of all population sub-groups, which can in turn inform agricultural, nutrition, food safety, and environmental policies and programs. The purpose of this discussion paper is to provide an overview of dietary surveys conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1980 to 2019, analyzing their key characteristics to understand the trends in dietary data collection across time. The present study analyzes the information gathered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Global Individual Food consumption data Tool (FAO/WHO GIFT). FAO/WHO GIFT is a growing repository of individual-level dietary data and contains information about dietary surveys from around the world, collected through published survey results, literature reviews, and direct contact with data owners. The analysis indicates an important increase in the number of dietary surveys conducted in LMICs in the past four decades and a notable increase in the number of national dietary surveys. It is hoped that this trend continues, together with associated efforts to validate and standardize the dietary methods used. The regular implementation of dietary surveys in LMICs is key to support evidence-based policies for improved nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Padula de Quadros
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.A.); (R.F.d.S.); (T.B.); (B.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Balcerzak
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.A.); (R.F.d.S.); (T.B.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Pauline Allemand
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.A.); (R.F.d.S.); (T.B.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Rita Ferreira de Sousa
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.A.); (R.F.d.S.); (T.B.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Teresa Bevere
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.A.); (R.F.d.S.); (T.B.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Joanne Arsenault
- Intake—Center for Dietary Assessment, FHI Solutions, Washington, DC 20009, USA; (J.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Megan Deitchler
- Intake—Center for Dietary Assessment, FHI Solutions, Washington, DC 20009, USA; (J.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Bridget Anna Holmes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.A.); (R.F.d.S.); (T.B.); (B.A.H.)
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3
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Ultra-Processed Foods Are the Major Sources of Total Fat, Saturated and Trans-Fatty Acids among Tunisian Preschool and School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9020126. [PMID: 35204847 PMCID: PMC8869835 DOI: 10.3390/children9020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Excessive fat and fatty acids intake are associated with significant health hazards such as obesity or chronic diseases. This study aimed to provide the first data on total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) intakes and their major food sources in Tunisian children. A total of 1200 children, aged 3 to 9 years old, were randomly selected from primary schools and kindergartens under a cross-sectional design. The 24-h dietary recall method and diet history for the month preceding the survey were used to assess dietary intake. The energy percentages of total fat, SFA and TFA in Tunisian children were 29.6%, 11.4% and 0.15%, respectively. No sex differences were found. The WHO recommendations for total fat, SFA and TFA were adopted by 58%, 39% and 89% of the study population, respectively. The leading food groups of fat and fatty acids were ultra-processed foods, breakfast cereals and dairy products. The meat, fish, eggs, and fish alternatives were the fifth main contributors to Tunisian children’s total fat and SFA intakes. The implementation of a relevant strategy for fat reduction, especially from ultra-processed foods, considered as low nutrient energy-dense products, is needed to promote health among children and prevent diet-related chronic diseases.
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4
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Nagpal T, Sahu JK, Khare SK, Bashir K, Jan K. Trans fatty acids in food: A review on dietary intake, health impact, regulations and alternatives. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5159-5174. [PMID: 34812504 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Trans fats are desired by the edible oil industry as they impart firmness, plasticity, and oxidative stability to oil. However, clinical trials have demonstrated the adverse effects of trans fats in food on human health and nutrition. Regulatory actions have been taken up by government and non-government bodies worldwide to eliminate the presence of trans fats in the food supply. The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a "REPLACE" action plan to eliminate trans-fat from the global food industry by 2023. A few enabling technologies are developed to mitigate trans fats namely, trait-enhanced oils, modification in the hydrogenation process, interesterification, fractionation, blending, and oleogelation. Some of them have the drawback of replacing trans-fat with saturated fats. Interesterification and oleogelation are in-trend techniques with excellent potential in replacing trans fats without compromising the desired functionality and nutritional quality attributes. This review presents an overview of trans fatty acid for example, its dietary intake in food products, possible adverse health impact, regulations, and approaches to reduce the usage of trans fats for food application. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The requirement for the replacement of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food supply globally has challenged the food industry to find a novel substitute for trans fats without compromising the desired functionality and nutritional property. This review presents detailed background on trans fats, their health impacts and current trends of reformulation of oils and fats to mitigate their presence in food supply chains. Information compiled in this paper will help food scientists and technologists, chemists, food processors, and retailers as there is an urgent need to find novel technologies and substitutes to replace trans fats in processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Nagpal
- Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatindra K Sahu
- Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Khalid Bashir
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University (Deemed to be University), New Delhi, India
| | - Kulsum Jan
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University (Deemed to be University), New Delhi, India
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5
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Pei Z, Zhang L, Fang C, Yang J, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Assessment of dietary intakes of total fat and fatty acids for residents in China in 2015–2018. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Gressier M, Swinburn B, Frost G, Segal AB, Sassi F. What is the impact of food reformulation on individuals' behaviour, nutrient intakes and health status? A systematic review of empirical evidence. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13139. [PMID: 33022095 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Food reformulation aimed at improving the nutritional properties of food products has long been viewed as a promising public health strategy to tackle poor nutrition and obesity. This paper presents a review of the empirical evidence (i.e., modelling studies were excluded) on the impact of food reformulation on food choices, nutrient intakes and health status, based on a systematic search of Medline, Embase, Global Health and sources of grey literature. Fifty-nine studies (in 35 papers) were included in the review. Most studies examined food choices (n = 27) and dietary intakes (n = 26). The nutrients most frequently studied were sodium (n = 32) and trans fatty acids (TFA, n = 13). Reformulated products were generally accepted and purchased by consumers, which led to improved nutrient intakes in 73% of studies. We also conducted two meta-analyses showing, respectively, a -0.57 g/day (95%CI, -0.89 to -0.25) reduction in salt intake and an effect size for TFA intake reduction of -1.2 (95% CI, -1.79 to -0.61). Only six studies examined effects on health outcomes, with studies on TFA reformulation showing overall improvement in cardiovascular risk factors. For other nutrients, it remains unclear whether observed improvements in food choices or nutrient intakes may have led to an improvement in health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gressier
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexa B Segal
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Franco Sassi
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Flannagan KS, Ramírez-Zea M, Roman AV, Das AK, Villamor E. Adipose tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolic syndrome among adult parents and their children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:1237-1244. [PMID: 30360954 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may play a role in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the study was to examine the associations of adipose tissue PUFA biomarkers with MetS among parents and children in Mesoamerica. METHOD AND RESULTS We conducted a cross-sectional study among 468 parents and 201 children aged 7-12 y from the capital cities of Guatemala, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, and Belize, and Tuxtla Gutiérrez in Mexico. We measured PUFA biomarkers in gluteal adipose tissue by gas chromatography. In adults, MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III definition. In children, we created an age- and sex-standardized metabolic risk score using abdominal circumference, the homeostasis model of insulin resistance, blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. We estimated prevalence ratios of MetS and mean differences in metabolic score across quartiles of PUFA using multivariable-adjusted Poisson and linear regression models, respectively. Among adults, MetS was associated with low alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and low gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). It was linearly, positively associated with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and estimated Δ6-desaturase (D6D) activity. Among children, the metabolic score was positively associated with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DGLA, and D6D activity. CONCLUSIONS Among Mesoamerican adults, MetS prevalence is inversely associated with adipose tissue ALA and GLA, and positively associated with EPA, DGLA, and the D6D index. Among children, metabolic risk score is positively associated with DPA, DGLA, and the D6D index.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Flannagan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - M Ramírez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - A V Roman
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - A K Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Flannagan KS, Ramirez-Zea M, Roman AV, Das AK, Villamor E. Sociodemographic, Anthropometric, and Dietary Predictors of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Adipose Tissue Among Mesoamerican Children and Their Parents. Food Nutr Bull 2018; 39:495-511. [PMID: 30458642 DOI: 10.1177/0379572118808639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is low throughout Latin America. Improving PUFA status could be an effective intervention against chronic disease, but information on sociodemographic and dietary patterning of PUFA status in the region is limited. OBJECTIVE To characterize sociodemographic, anthropometric, and dietary predictors of PUFA status biomarkers in adipose tissue among children and their parents from Mesoamerica. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 220 children aged 7 to 12 years and 471 parents from capital cities of Guatemala, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, and Belize, as well as Tuxtla Gutiérrez in Mexico. The PUFA from gluteal adipose tissue was quantified using gas chromatography. Participants reported sociodemographic information and the type of vegetable oil used for cooking. We estimated percent mean differences in linoleic acid (LA), total long-chain n-6 PUFA (n-6 LCPUFA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and total long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) between levels of predictors using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. RESULTS Country was the strongest predictor of any PUFA, whereas body mass index was positively associated with n-6 LCPUFA in children and adults. Cooking primarily with soybean oil was positively associated with LA in children and adults and ALA in adults. Cooking with canola oil was positively related to n-6 LCPUFA in adults and n-3 LCPUFA in children and adults. Cooking with palm oil was associated with low adipose tissue levels of all n-6 and n-3 PUFA. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue PUFA status in Mesoamerica is associated with country of origin and the type of oil used for cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry S Flannagan
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- 2 INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ana Victoria Roman
- 2 INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Arun K Das
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,4 Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Downs SM, Bloem MZ, Zheng M, Catterall E, Thomas B, Veerman L, Wu JHY. The Impact of Policies to Reduce trans Fat Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:cdn.117.000778. [PMID: 29955689 PMCID: PMC5998794 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The consumption of industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFAs) has been associated with an increased risk of heart disease. In recognition of this, countries, states, and cities worldwide have implemented TFA policies aimed at reducing their availability in the food supply. Objective: This article aims to provide an update of the evidence of the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing TFAs in the food supply. Methods: A systematic review of the literature from 2013 onward was conducted, building on a previously published review that examined the evidence of the impact of TFA policies worldwide from 2000 to 2012. Studies that were 1) empirical, 2) examined a TFA policy, and 3) examined the effect of the policy on TFA amounts and availability pre- and post-policy intervention were included. Modeling studies examining the impact of TFA policies on cardiovascular, equity, and economic outcomes were also included. Results: A total of 18 articles from the updated search were combined with 14 articles from the previous review (total = 32 articles). All types of TFA policies led to their reduction; however, trans fat bans had a larger impact (TFAs virtually eliminated) than did voluntary (range: 20-38% reduction in TFA intakes) or labeling (range: 30-74% reduction in TFA intakes, plasma serum, or breast-milk concentrations) approaches to reducing TFA amounts in the food supply. Product reformulation to reduce TFAs had variable effects on saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents in these foods; however, the combined amount of TFAs and SFAs declined in most products. Overall, the modeling studies indicated that TFA bans would reduce heart disease risk, benefit socioeconomically disadvantaged populations the most, and be cost-saving. Conclusions: Policies aimed at reducing TFAs in the food supply are effective and will likely reduce the burden of diet-related disease, particularly among the most vulnerable socioeconomic groups. Although all policy approaches lead to reductions in TFAs in foods, TFA bans are likely the most effective, economical, and equitable policy approach to reducing TFAs in the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M Downs
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ
| | - Milan Z Bloem
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elise Catterall
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beth Thomas
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lennert Veerman
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason HY Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Hyseni L, Bromley H, Kypridemos C, O’Flaherty M, Lloyd-Williams F, Guzman-Castillo M, Pearson-Stuttard J, Capewell S. Systematic review of dietary trans-fat reduction interventions. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95:821-830G. [PMID: 29200523 PMCID: PMC5710076 DOI: 10.2471/blt.16.189795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review published studies of interventions to reduce people's intake of dietary trans-fatty acids (TFAs). METHODS We searched online databases (CINAHL, the CRD Wider Public Health database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid®, MEDLINE®, Science Citation Index and Scopus) for studies evaluating TFA interventions between 1986 and 2017. Absolute decrease in TFA consumption (g/day) was the main outcome measure. We excluded studies reporting only on the TFA content in food products without a link to intake. We included trials, observational studies, meta-analyses and modelling studies. We conducted a narrative synthesis to interpret the data, grouping studies on a continuum ranging from interventions targeting individuals to population-wide, structural changes. RESULTS After screening 1084 candidate papers, we included 23 papers: 12 empirical and 11 modelling studies. Multiple interventions in Denmark achieved a reduction in TFA consumption from 4.5 g/day in 1976 to 1.5 g/day in 1995 and then virtual elimination after legislation banning TFAs in manufactured food in 2004. Elsewhere, regulations mandating reformulation of food reduced TFA content by about 2.4 g/day. Worksite interventions achieved reductions averaging 1.2 g/day. Food labelling and individual dietary counselling both showed reductions of around 0.8 g/day. CONCLUSION Multicomponent interventions including legislation to eliminate TFAs from food products were the most effective strategy. Reformulation of food products and other multicomponent interventions also achieved useful reductions in TFA intake. By contrast, interventions targeted at individuals consistently achieved smaller reductions. Future prevention strategies should consider this effectiveness hierarchy to achieve the largest reductions in TFA consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirije Hyseni
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Helen Bromley
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Chris Kypridemos
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Martin O’Flaherty
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Ffion Lloyd-Williams
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Maria Guzman-Castillo
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | | | - Simon Capewell
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
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11
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Trans Fat Intake and Its Dietary Sources in General Populations Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080840. [PMID: 28783062 PMCID: PMC5579633 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After the discovery that trans fat increases the risk of coronary heart disease, trans fat content of foods have considerably changed. The aim of this study was to systematically review available data on intakes of trans fat and its dietary sources in general populations worldwide. Data from national dietary surveys and population studies published from 1995 onward were searched via Scopus and websites of national public health institutes. Relevant data from 29 countries were identified. The most up to date estimates of total trans fat intake ranged from 0.3 to 4.2 percent of total energy intake (En%) across countries. Seven countries had trans fat intakes higher than the World Health Organization recommendation of 1 En%. In 16 out of 21 countries with data on dietary sources, intakes of trans fat from animal sources were higher than that from industrial sources. Time trend data from 20 countries showed substantial declines in industrial trans fat intake since 1995. In conclusion, nowadays, in the majority of countries for which data are available, average trans fat intake is lower than the recommended maximum intake of 1 En%, with intakes from animal sources being higher than from industrial sources. In the past 20 years, substantial reductions in industrial trans fat have been achieved in many countries.
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12
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Kim H, Kim H, Lee E, Kim Y, Ha EH, Chang N. Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study. Nutr J 2017; 16:23. [PMID: 28420388 PMCID: PMC5395920 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are essential for infant neurodevelopment. The nutritional adequacy of dietary LC-PUFAs depends not only on the LC-PUFAs intake but also on the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio (n-6/n-3 PUFAs). This study aimed to identify the association between the maternal dietary n-6/n-3 PUFAs and motor and cognitive development of infants at 6 months of age. METHODS We used data from 960 participants in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, which is a multi-center prospective cohort study. Dietary intake of pregnant women was assessed by a one-day 24-h recall method. Food consumption of infants was estimated based on the volume of breast milk and weaning foods. The duration of each feed was used to estimate the likely volume of milk consumed. Dietary intake of infants at 6 months was also assessed by a 24-h recall method. Cognitive and motor development of infants at 6 months of age was assessed by the Korean Bayley scales of infant development edition II (BSID-II) including the mental developmental index (MDI) and the psychomotor developmental index (PDI). RESULTS Maternal intakes of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and linoleic acid (LA)-to-α-linolenic acid (ALA) ratio (LA/ALA) were 9.7 ± 6.3 and 11.12 ± 6.9, respectively. Multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for covariates, showed that n-6/n-3 PUFAs was negatively associated with both the MDI (β = -0.1674, P = 0.0291) and PDI (β = -0.1947, P = 0.0380) at 6 months of age. These inverse associations were also observed between LA/ALA and both the MDI and PDI (MDI; β = -0.1567; P = 0.0310, PDI; β = -0.1855; P = 0.0367). Multiple logistic regression analysis, with the covariates, showed that infants whose mother's LA/ALA were ranked in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile were at approximately twice the risk with more than twice the risk of delayed performance on the PDI compared to the lowest quartile (1st vs. 2nd; OR = 2.965; 95% CI = 1.376 - 6.390, 1st vs. 3rd; OR = 3.047; 95% CI = 1.374 - 6.756 and 1st vs. 4th; OR = 2.551; 95% CI = 1.160 - 5.607). CONCLUSIONS Both the maternal dietary n-6/n-3 PUFAs and LA/ALA intake were significantly associated with the mental and psychomotor development of infants at 6 months of age. Thus, maintaining low n-6/n-3 PUFAs and LA/ALA is encouraged for women during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Nutrition Consultation, Seoul National University Hospital, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeni Kim
- Department of Child Psychiatry, National Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Namsoo Chang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Nantapo CW, Muchenje V, Nkukwana TT, Hugo A, Descalzo A, Grigioni G, Hoffman LC. Socio-economic dynamics and innovative technologies affecting health-related lipid content in diets: Implications on global food and nutrition security. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Colin-Ramirez E, Castillo-Martinez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Zheng Y, Westerhout CM, Ezekowitz JA. Dietary fatty acids intake and mortality in patients with heart failure. Nutrition 2014; 30:1366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Heredia-Blonval K, Blanco-Metzler A, Montero-Campos M, Dunford EK. The salt content of products from popular fast-food chains in Costa Rica. Appetite 2014; 83:173-177. [PMID: 25171851 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Salt is a major determinant of population blood pressure levels. Salt intake in Costa Rica is above levels required for good health. With an increasing number of Costa Ricans visiting fast food restaurants, it is likely that fast-food is contributing to daily salt intake. Salt content data from seven popular fast food chains in Costa Rica were collected in January 2013. Products were classified into 10 categories. Mean salt content was compared between chains and categories. Statistical analysis was performed using Welch ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer HSD tests. Significant differences were found between companies; Subway products had lowest mean salt content (0.97 g/100 g; p < 0.05) while Popeye's and KFC had the highest (1.57 g/100 g; p < 0.05). Significant variations in mean salt content were observed between categories. Salads had a mean salt content of 0.45 g/100 g while sauces had 2.16 g/100 g (p < 0.05). Wide variation in salt content was also seen within food categories. Salt content in sandwiches ranged from 0.5 to 2.1 g/100 g. The high levels and wide variation in salt content of fast food products in Costa Rica suggest that salt reduction is likely to be technically feasible in many cases. With an increasing number of consumers purchasing fast foods, even small improvements in salt levels could produce important health gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Heredia-Blonval
- Unit of Nutrition and Health, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), PO Box 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Costa Rica.
| | - Adriana Blanco-Metzler
- Unit of Nutrition and Health, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), PO Box 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Marielos Montero-Campos
- Unit of Nutrition and Health, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), PO Box 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth K Dunford
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney. PO Box M201. Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050. Australia
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Abdolshahi A, Majd MH, Rad JS, Taheri M, Shabani A, Teixeira da Silva JA. Choice of solvent extraction technique affects fatty acid composition of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:2422-7. [PMID: 25829628 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) oil has important nutritional and therapeutic properties because of its high concentration of essential fatty acids. The extraction method used to obtain natural compounds from raw material is critical for product quality, in particular to protect nutritional value. This study compared the fatty acid composition of pistachio oil extracted by two conventional procedures, Soxhlet extraction and maceration, analyzed by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Four solvents with different polarities were tested: n-hexane (Hx), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtAc) and ethanol (EtOH). The highest unsaturated fatty acid content (88.493 %) was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with EtAc. The Soxhlet method extracted the most oleic and linolenic acids (51.99 % and 0.385 %, respectively) although a higher concentration (36.32 %) of linoleic acid was extracted by maceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abdolshahi
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 3519899951, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Javad Sharifi Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 61615-585, Zabol, Iran ; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 61615-585, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Aliakbar Shabani
- Biotechnology Research Center of Semnan University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 3519899951, Semnan, Iran
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